Ian Philip Eckford Barch (Newcastle); Dipurbregplan (New England)

Home , William Burges

Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle, Australia (1868-1979) - view from the South East in Church Street Image by the author

THE ADAPTATION OF GOTHIC REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE TO CHRIST CHURCH CATHEDRAL, NEWCASTLE, AUSTRALIA

Ian Philip Eckford BArch (Newcastle); DipUrbRegPlan (New England)

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Architecture)

The University of Newcastle, Australia School of Architecture and Built Environment

This research was supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship

November 2017

DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the work embodied in the thesis is my own work, conducted under normal supervision.

The thesis contains no material which has been accepted, or is being examined, for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. I give consent to the final version of my thesis being made available worldwide when deposited in the University’s Digital Repository, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968 and any approved embargo

------Ian Philip Eckford November 2017

ABSTRACT

Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle, is the largest Anglican cathedral in New South Wales, and the third largest in Australia. It is a State heritage-listed building and has national significance. The cathedral is relevant in the history of Newcastle and is an important example of Australia’s architectural and cultural heritage. Canadian born, American-trained architect John Horbury Hunt was the first of eight architects/architectural practices involved in the cathedral’s design over almost 130 years. Despite its significance, the architecture of the cathedral remains under-examined, and Hunt’s designs for it minimally explored.

This thesis investigates Hunt’s adaptation of Gothic Revival ecclesiastical architecture to Newcastle cathedral. The research will investigate the current literature and the primary source material available on the cathedral and on Hunt, to identify their present positioning and the gaps in knowledge for both. From these sources, it will explore and evaluate the critical influences on Hunt and the development of his architectural design principles. The validation of these principles will be determined through a critical examination and analysis of Hunt’s two designs for this cathedral. In doing so, this thesis evaluates Hunt’s stylistic progression towards a cathedral design suitable for Australia in the nineteenth century.

The research will therefore provide a new and expanded understanding of the cathedral and its primary architect, and reposition both in the context of Australian architectural history.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A thesis addressing the design and construction of an iconic cathedral naturally involves the support of numerous people.

My thanks to the University of Newcastle and to Professor Michael Ostwald for supporting my enrolment to carry out this research and for his advice on research and presentation. My gratitude and special thanks to my principal supervisor Dr Tessa Morrison. Throughout this research, Dr Morrison offered tremendously constructive commentary, advice and counselling, with remarkably prompt responses to draft submissions. The input from my first co-supervisor Dr Catherine Smith was concise and detailed, and the advice from second co- supervisor Professor Mark Taylor improved the thesis content. Dr Jill McKeowen patiently taught me further writing skills. My thanks to the Confirmation/ Upgrade Committee, Professor Mark Taylor, Dr Helen Giggins and Associate Professor Graham Brewer. I am also most grateful to Maria Roberts for her editing/ proofreading skills.

My appreciation to library staff Lisa Ogle, also Anne and Jane for their advice and support and to library archivist Gionni di Gravio and Dr Ann Hardy for advice on sources of information on local history. The staff at the State Library of New South Wales and Mitchell Library enabled access to documents on the cathedral and Hunt not examined in detail by previous historians.

The support services provided by the staff at the Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment and the Office of Graduate Studies of the University were of great benefit. My thanks also to the First Wednesday PhD Coffee Club for their friendship, advice and suggestions, particularly Rob, Brian and Ken.

The Deans and administration staff at Christ Church Cathedral Newcastle (Very Reverend Stephen Williams, Acting Dean Dr David Cole, Dean Katherine Bowyer and administrator Lisa Cater) provided enthusiastic encouragement. The Dean’s Verger, Robert Gummow, facilitated access to all parts of the cathedral and passed on his unique knowledge of the building. Cathedral guide Brenda Dryden taught me about aspects of the cathedral that are not written anywhere.

Past members of the now disbanded Horbury Hunt Club supported this research, providing information that they had collected over a 30-year period on both Hunt and Newcastle cathedral. One member in particular, Robert Irving, co-author of A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture1, provided precise information on the stylistic classification of the existing cathedral. Jan Reid supplied a list of publications relating to Hunt.

1 Richard Apperly, Robert Irving, and Peter Reynolds, A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture: Styles and Terms from 1788 to the Present (Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1995). See author’s Editorial Note on page 6

Architect Antony Deakin provided unlimited access to St Peter’s Anglican Cathedral, Armidale, and its archives in which was discovered an original drawing of Hunt’s overall design for the cathedral not previously identified.

The information provided by Bernard Collins2, the current architect for Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle, is gratefully acknowledged. His unreserved provision of drawings and documents relating to the cathedral restoration has been valuable to this research. Bernard invited this author to contribute to the Revised Conservation Master Plan for the Cathedral (2015) during the course of this research. My thanks to Phillip Williams for his images of Albi Cathedral, France, a building recommended to Hunt as a model for his second design for the cathedral.

The research for this thesis benefitted from a five-week long period of study in England examining medieval cathedrals, minsters and abbeys. This aspect of the research provided an understanding of the elements of layout, style, use of materials, ornamentation and construction of medieval Gothic cathedrals. The theorists intended the adoption of these design elements in Gothic Revival cathedral designs. Thanks go to the public relations departments and guides for the English cathedrals of Canterbury, Durham, Ely, Oxford, Salisbury, Wells, Winchester and at Westminster Abbey and York Minster for their unlimited access, which provided invaluable first-hand background information for this research. I am also indebted to Dr Timothy Brittain-Catlin’s plain-English publication Churches,3 which explained how to identify the traditional characteristic features, the terminology and styles of medieval cathedrals. This publication gave direction to the author for further research into the elements of these styles in order to interpret and understand the designs for Newcastle cathedral.

I cannot express enough gratitude to my wife Barbara for her tremendous encouragement and support throughout this research. She enthusiastically shared the whole adventure, including the fieldwork in English and Australian cathedrals, abbeys and minsters. Her experience as a former librarian was beneficial in accessing numerous libraries for research. Her language skills in translating aspects of the works by Viollet-le-Duc and Blondel enabled a better understanding of the value of these publications. Our sons Andrew and Michael provided suggestions on research and presentation techniques and numerous publications on Gothic architecture. The author’s family has historical links to Christ Church Cathedral, giving this research personal significance.

2 Bernard Collins is a director of EJE Architecture, a Newcastle-based multi-disciplinary practice in architecture, heritage, and interior design. Bernard, a heritage architecture specialist, was the director in charge of the Cathedral restoration following the 1989 Newcastle earthquake, and worked together with fellow director Peter Campbell, who managed the contracts and on-site administration of restoration works. The author of this research was the founding director of this architectural practice. 3 Timothy Brittain-Catlin, Churches (London: Collins, 2008).

My thanks to the staff at the Accident and Emergency Department and the Cardiac Care Unit at John Hunter Hospital Newcastle for their immediate and literally life-saving skills during the course of this research. Without their prompt attention, this thesis may not have been completed.

My sincere thanks to all who contributed to my research for this thesis.

Ian Eckford November 2017

Author’s Editorial Notes: 1. Footnotes throughout this thesis have been generated using EndNote X8.1 (Bld 11010) Windows User Licence Number 3091850001. 2. Citations/ Notations: Due to the historical nature of this research and the examination of numerous nineteenth century publications, the author has endeavoured throughout this thesis to cite title and publishers’ details as they were originally printed in journals, books and newspapers. Therefore, “and” may appear as “&” or the word “and” according to the original document details. 3. Glossary: See Appendix A (pp.288-295) for explanations of the architectural terminology used in this thesis.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION ...... 2 ABSTRACT ...... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... 7 LIST OF FIGURES ...... 10 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...... 19 1.1 Hypothesis ...... 19 1.2 Historical Background to Christ Church Cathedral ...... 19 1.3 Aims and Objectives ...... 28 1.3.1 Aims: ...... 28 1.3.2 Objectives: ...... 29 1.4 Significance of this Research ...... 29 1.5 Research Methodology ...... 30 1.5.1 Qualitative Methodology…………………………………………………………...... 32 1.5.2 Quantitative Methodology…………………………………………...………………….32 1.6 Thesis Structure ...... 33 1.7 Limitations to this Thesis ...... 34 1.8 Explanation of Key Words in the Thesis ...... 35 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 38 2.1 Introduction ...... 38 2.2 Current Positioning of Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle ...... 38 2.3 Current Positioning of John Horbury Hunt as Primary Architect for Newcastle Cathedral ...... 43 2.3.1 Hunt’s Background ...... 44 2.3.2 Hunt’s Technical Skills ...... 46 2.3.3 Hunt’s Library Resources ...... 49 2.3.4 Influences of Architectural Theory on Hunt ...... 51 2.3.5 Influences from Practising Architects on Hunt ...... 55 2.3.6 Hunt’s Architectural Style ...... 57 2.4 Conclusions ...... 60 CHAPTER 3: PRIMARY SOURCE MATERIAL ...... 63 3.1 Introduction ...... 63 3.2 Christ Church Cathedral ...... 63 3.2.1 Cathedral Records ...... 63 3.2.2 Journal Article on Newcastle Cathedral Design ...... 71 3.2.3 State/ Mitchell Library Records ...... 75 3.3 John Horbury Hunt ...... 81 3.3.1 Hunt’s Speeches ...... 81 3.3.2 Hunt’s Information Resources ...... 87 3.3.2.1 Hunt’s Library ...... 87 3.3.2.2 Hunt’s Scrapbook Collection ...... 88 3.3.2.3 Hunt’s Views on Architectural Style ...... 92 3.4 Historical Photographs ...... 95 3.5 Conclusions ...... 99 CHAPTER 4: NINETEENTH CENTURY ARCHITECTURAL THEORY ...... 102 4.1 Introduction ...... 102

4.2 Overview of the Development of Gothic Revival Architecture ...... 102 4.3 Nineteenth Century Architectural Theory ...... 107 4.4 Examination of the Principal Elements of Nineteenth Century Architectural Theory . 128 4.4.1 The Principles of Truth and Honesty ...... 128 4.4.2 The Principles of Architectural Style ...... 130 4.4.3 The Principles of Materials ...... 132 4.4.4 The Principles of Craftsmanship and Labour ...... 135 4.4.5 The Principles of Ornamentation and Decoration ...... 136 4.5 Summary of Key Architectural Theories and Principles ...... 137 4.6 Conclusions ...... 138 CHAPTER 5: NINETEENTH CENTURY PRACTISING ARCHITECTS ...... 143 5.1 Introduction ...... 143 5.2 Nineteenth Century English Practising Architects ...... 143 5.2.1 Case Study – St Mary’s Cathedral, Edinburgh ...... 158 5.3 Overview of Gothic Revival Architecture in Australia ...... 169 5.3.1 Pattern Books ...... 171 5.4 Nineteenth Century Practising Architects in Australia ...... 178 5.5 Conclusions ...... 184 5.5.1 Summary of Key Design Principles from Nineteenth Century Practising Architects ...... 185 CHAPTER 6: HUNT’S OTHER CATHEDRALS ...... 187 6.1 Introduction ...... 187 6.2 James Francis Turner, Bishop of Grafton and Armidale ...... 187 6.2.1 Summary of Design Principles Developed by Turner and Hunt ...... 191 6.3 The Anglican Cathedral Church of St Peter Apostle and Martyr, Armidale ...... 192 6.4 Christ Church Anglican Cathedral, Grafton ...... 209 6.5 Conclusions ...... 216 CHAPTER 7: NINETEENTH CENTURY ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES ...... 219 7.1 Introduction ...... 219 7.2 Summary of Architectural Design Principles ...... 220 7.2.1 Research and Study of Past Architecture ...... 220 7.2.2 Truth and Honesty in Architecture ...... 222 7.2.3 Workmanship and Labour ...... 222 7.2.4 Ornamentation and Decoration ...... 223 7.2.5 Architectural Style ...... 224 7.2.6 Materials ...... 226 7.2.7 Layout and Design Elements ...... 227 7.2.8 Construction ...... 228 7.3 Conclusions ...... 229 CHAPTER 8: CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF CHRIST CHURCH CATHEDRAL, NEWCASTLE, AUSTRALIA ...... 231 8.1 Introduction ...... 231 8.2 Adaptation of the Principles of Cathedral Layout ...... 233 8.2.1 Scheme 1 – Adaptation of the Principles of Cathedral Layout ...... 235 8.2.2 Scheme 2 – Adaptation of the Principles of Cathedral Layout ...... 241 8.3 Adaptation of the Principles of Architectural Style ...... 245 8.3.1 Scheme 1 – Adaptation of the Principles of Architectural Style ...... 245 8.3.2 Scheme 2 – Adaptation of the Principles of Architectural Style ...... 256 8.4 Adaptation of the Principles of Materials and Construction ...... 268 8.4.1 Materials ...... 268 8.4.2 Construction ...... 270 8.5 Conclusions ...... 274

8.5.1 Principles of Layout ...... 275 8.5.2 Principles of Style...... 275 8.5.3 Principles of Materials and Construction ...... 276 CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSIONS ...... 277 APPENDICES...... 286 Appendix A: Glossary ...... 286 Appendix B: Catalogue of John Horbury Hunt’s Scrapbooks ...... 294 Appendix C: Elements of Gothic Architectural Styles ...... 300 Appendix D: Bishop Turner’s Critique of Scheme 2 ...... 327 Appendix E: Review of Scheme 1 in The Building News Journal – ...... 329 Appendix F: Extract [transcript] from The Empire Journal – ...... 333 Appendix G: Supplementary Images of Hunt’s Three Cathedrals ...... 334 G.1: St Peter Apostle And Martyr Cathedral, Armidale ...... 334 G.2: Christ Church Cathedral, Grafton ...... 337 G.3: Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle ...... 341 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 346

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER 1 Figure 1.1 Christ Church, Newcastle 1817 - Plan Layout…………...………….....…….. 20 Figure 1.2 Christ Church, Newcastle 1817 – Drawing……………………………….….... 21 Figure 1.3 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle 1868 – Competition Entry Floor Plan Scheme 1…….…………………………………………….………... 22 Figure 1.4 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle 1868 – Competition Entry Stage 1 – Floor Plan Scheme 1...... ………….…………………………. 22 Figure 1.5 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Scheme 2 Work Commencement on Site 1882 – 1885……………………………...…… 24 Figure 1.6 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Scheme 2 Construction carried out 1892 – 1893………………………………….……….. 25 Figure 1.7 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Scheme 2 Extent of Works by John Hingeston Buckeridge 1901...... 25 Figure 1.8 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Scheme 2 Extent of Progressive Works by F.G. Castleden 1909-1910...... 26 Figure 1.9 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Scheme 2 Extent of Progressive Works by F.G. Castleden 1912...... 26 Figure 1.10 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Scheme 2 Extent of Progressive Works by F.G. Castleden 1926...... 27 Figure 1.11 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Scheme 2 Extent of Works by Castleden and Sara (John Sara) 1975-1979...... 27 Figure 1.12 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Current Floor Plan Reconstruction by the Author...... 28 Figure 1.13 Research Methodology Framework...... 31

CHAPTER 2 Figure 2.1 St Silas’ Church, Waterloo 1867...... 54

CHAPTER 3 Figure 3.1 Plan Layout of Hunt’s Second Design for Newcastle Cathedral Prepared by G. Sanders and Sons (Architects)...... 67 Figure 3.2 Plan Layout of Hunt’s Second Design for Newcastle Cathedral Drawing Reconstruction by the Author...... 67 Figure 3.3 Extract from John Straub’s Site Diary Detail of Brick Shapes and Quantities………………………...... 69 Figure 3.4 Draft Interior Perspective – Early Sketch by J H Hunt...... 70 Figure 3.5 Perspective – Proposed Anglican Cathedral at Newcastle Signed John Horbury Hunt – dated August 10, 1882...... 71 Figure 3.6 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle 1868 – Competition Entry Floor Plan by John Horbury Hunt (Architect)...... 73

LIST OF FIGURES Page

Figure 3.7 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle 1868 – Competition Entry Part Elevation by John Horbury Hunt (Architect)...... 74 Figure 3.8 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle 1868 – Competition Entry Part Interior Longitudinal Section by John Horbury Hunt (Architect)...... 74 Figure 3.9 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle 1868 – Competition Entry Cross Section by John Horbury Hunt (Architect)...... 75 Figure 3.10 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle 1868 – Competition Entry Stage 1 showing existing Christ Church and new Chancel...... 76 Figure 3.11 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle 1868 – Competition Entry Complete Plan Layout with Christ Church Demolished...... 77 Figure 3.12 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle 1868 – Competition Entry Clerestory Level Plan Layout...... 77 Figure 3.13 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle 1882 Scheme 2 by John Horbury Hunt (Architect)...... 78 Figure 3.14 ‘Christ Church Newcastle’ – Perspective from the north-west Source: The Building and Engineering Journal 28 December 1889...... 79 Figure 3.15 ‘Christ Church Newcastle’ – Perspective from the south-east Source: The Building and Engineering Journal 28 December 1889...... 80 Figure 3.16 Design for a 13th Century Cathedral. Architect R.P. Pullan Source: The Building News 25 June 1880...... 89 Figure 3.17 Truro Cathedral Concept Design. Architect: J.P. St Aubyn Source: The Building News 20 December 1873...... 90 Figure 3.18 Styles of English Architecture [Table] Source: Hunt’s Scrapbook Collection Vol 13, p.39...... 95 Figure 3.19 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle - North Elevation 23 May 1893 Source: Ralph Snowball Collection ASGN 0844-B38...... 96 Figure 3.20 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Exterior View to north-west of Chancel and Vestry 22 October 1900 Source: Ralph Snowball Collection ASGN0838-B38...... 97 Figure 3.21 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Interior View facing east from Crossing 22 October 1900 Source: Ralph Snowball Collection ASGN0839-B38...... 97 Figure 3.22 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Exterior View facing north viewing south-east entry porch 22 October 1900 Source: Ralph Snowball Collection ASGN0840-B38...... 98 Figure 3.23 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Interior View facing north-west from Crossing 23 May 1893 Source: Ralph Snowball Collection ASGN0845-B38...... 98 Figure 3.24 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Completed Perspective of Interior Source: Ralph Snowball Collection ASGN0849-B38...... 99

LIST OF FIGURES Page

CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.1 Palace of Westminster, London – 1840-1852 Architects: Charles Barry and A.W.N. Pugin...... 108 Figure 4.2 St Giles’ Catholic Church, Cheadle – Floor Plan Architect: A.W.N. Pugin Source: Pugin’s The Present State of Ecclesiastical Architecture... 1843...... 110 Figure 4.3 St Giles’ Catholic Church, Cheadle – West Elevation Architect: A.W.N. Pugin Source: Pugin’s The Present State of Ecclesiastical Architecture... 1843...... 111 Figure 4.4 St Giles’ Catholic Church, Cheadle – Chancel Architect: A.W.N. Pugin Source: Pugin’s The Present State of Ecclesiastical Architecture... 1843...... 112 Figure 4.5 Intersectional Mouldings Source: Ruskin’s The Seven Lamps of Architecture 1889...... 114 Figure 4.6 Pierced Ornaments Source: Ruskin’s The Seven Lamps of Architecture 1889...... 114 Figure 4.7 Arch Masonry Source: Ruskin’s The Stones of Venice Vol 1 1880...... 114 Figure 4.8 Plans of Piers Source: Ruskin’s The Stones of Venice Vol 1 1880...... 116 Figure 4.9 Arch Masonry Source: Ruskin’s The Stones of Venice Vol 1 1880...... 116 Figure 4.10 Detail Section Drawing of Flying Buttresses and Arcade Source: Bucknall’s Translation Lectures on Architecture...... 118 Figure 4.11 Detail Section Drawing of Flying Buttresses and Arcade Source: Bucknall’s Translation Lectures on Architecture...... 118 Figure 4.12 Interior of Kilmore Cathedral Source: Beresford Hope’s The English Cathedral... 1861...... 122 Figure 4.13 Choir of Lincoln Minster Source: Beresford Hope’s The English Cathedral... 1861...... 122 Figure 4.14 Plan of Linz Cathedral Source: Beresford Hope’s The English Cathedral... 1861...... 122 Figure 4.15 Plan of Albi Cathedral Source: Beresford Hope’s The English Cathedral... 1861...... 122

CHAPTER 5 Figure 5.1 Floor Plan of Proposal for Colombo Cathedral Architect: Richard Cromwell Carpenter...... 146 Figure 5.2 St. Mary’s Episcopal Cathedral, Edinburgh Architect: George Gilbert Scott...... 147 Figure 5.3 Memorial Church at Constantinople Floor Plan Architect: George Edmund Street...... 150

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Figure 5.4 Brisbane Cathedral Design Floor Plan Architect: William Burges...... 152 Figure 5.5 Brisbane Cathedral Design South Elevation Architect: William Burges...... 152 Figure 5.6 Brisbane Cathedral Design Section Architect: William Burges...... 153 Figure 5.7 Truro Cathedral, Cornwell, England Architect: John Loughborough Pearson...... 154 Figure 5.8 Front Elevations of Nine Designs for the New Cathedral, Berlin Source: The Architect 12 June 1869...... 157 Figure 5.9 Christ Church New Cathedral, Victoria, B.C. (Canada) Architect: ‘Hope’...... 157 Figure 5.10 St. Mary’s Cathedral, Edinburgh Perspective Architect: George Edmund Street...... 159 Figure 5.11 St. Mary’s Cathedral, Edinburgh Floor Plan Architect: George Edmund Street...... 160 Figure 5.12 St. Mary’s Cathedral, Edinburgh Perspective Architect: William Burges...... 161 Figure 5.13 St. Mary’s Cathedral, Edinburgh Interior View Architect: William Burges...... 162 Figure 5.14 St. Mary’s Cathedral, Edinburgh Perspective Architect: George Gilbert Scott...... 163 Figure 5.15 St. Mary’s Cathedral, Edinburgh Interior Perspective Architect: George Gilbert Scott...... 164 Figure 5.16 St. Mary’s Cathedral, Edinburgh West Elevation Architect: Alexander Ross...... 165 Figure 5.17 St. Mary’s Cathedral, Edinburgh South Elevation Architect: Alexander Ross...... 166 Figure 5.18 St. Mary’s Cathedral, Edinburgh West Elevation Architects: Peddie and Kinnear...... 167 Figure 5.19 Arch Designs Source: Pugin and Willson’s Specimens of Gothic Architecture 1825...... 173 Figure 5.20 Window Detail Source: Barr’s Anglican Church Architecture 1846...... 174 Figure 5.21 Window Detail Source: Barr’s Anglican Church Architecture 1846...... 174 Figure 5.22 Floor Plan York Minster Source: Fergusson’s The Illustrated Handbook of Architecture 1855...... 175 Figure 5.23 Cologne Cathedral Floor Plan Source: Gwilt’s An Encyclopaedia of Architecture 1842...... 176 Figure 5.24 Cologne Cathedral Elevation Source: Gwilt’s An Encyclopaedia of Architecture 1842...... 176

LIST OF FIGURES Page

Figure 5.25 Salisbury Cathedral Floor Plan Source: Winkles’ Architectural and Picturesque Illustrations... 1838...... 177 Figure 5.26 Chartres Cathedral Floor Plan Source: Viollet-le-Duc’s Dictionnaire Raisonné de l’Architecture...1875...... 178 Figure 5.27 Sydney Cathedral (St. Andrew’s) Perspective Source: Beresford Hope’s The English Cathedral... 1861...... 180 Figure 5.28 Sydney Cathedral (St. Andrew’s) Plan Layout Source: Beresford Hope’s The English Cathedral... 1861...... 180 Figure 5.29 St. Andrew’s Anglican Cathedral, Sydney (1837-1868) West Elevation Architect: Edmund Thomas Blacket...... 181 Figure 5.30 York Minster West Elevation ...... 181 Figure 5.31 St. Mary’s Catholic Cathedral, Sydney (1865-1882) West Elevation Architect: William Wilkinson Wardell...... 183

CHAPTER 6 Figure 6.1 St. Peter Apostle and Martyr Cathedral, Armidale (1870) Floor Plan – Hunt’s First Design...... 193 Figure 6.2 St. Peter Apostle and Martyr Cathedral, Armidale (1870) East and West Elevations – Hunt’s First Design...... 194 Figure 6.3 St. Peter Apostle and Martyr Cathedral, Armidale (1870) Footing and Brick Arch Details – Hunt’s First Design...... 195 Figure 6.4 St. Peter Apostle and Martyr Cathedral, Armidale (1870) Cross Section – Hunt’s First Design...... 196 Figure 6.5 St. Peter Apostle and Martyr Cathedral, Armidale Floor Plan – Hunt’s Modification to his First Design...... 197 Figure 6.6 St. Peter Apostle and Martyr Cathedral, Armidale Perspective Source: The Australian Town and Country Journal 2 May 1874...... 197 Figure 6.7 St. Peter Apostle and Martyr Cathedral, Armidale (1871) Perspective from North East – Hunt’s Second Design...... 198 Figure 6.8 St. Peter Apostle and Martyr Cathedral, Armidale (1871) West Elevation...... 200 Figure 6.9 St. Peter Apostle and Martyr Cathedral, Armidale (1871) Plan Layout. Drawing Reconstruction by the Author...... 201 Figure 6.10 St. Peter Apostle and Martyr Cathedral, Armidale (1871) North Transept...... 202 Figure 6.11 St. Peter Apostle and Martyr Cathedral, Armidale (1871) Brickwork Detailing West Elevation...... 203 Figure 6.12 St. Peter Apostle and Martyr Cathedral, Armidale (1871) West Doorway...... 204 Figure 6.13 St. Peter Apostle and Martyr Cathedral, Armidale (1871) Internal View Facing East...... 205

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Figure 6.14 St. Peter Apostle and Martyr Cathedral, Armidale (1871) Detail of Arches to Nave...... 205 Figure 6.15 St. Peter Apostle and Martyr Cathedral, Armidale (1871) Detail of Brickwork to Intersecting Arches...... 206 Figure 6.16 St. Peter Apostle and Martyr Cathedral, Armidale (1871) Detail of Brickwork to the East Wall...... 206 Figure 6.17 St. Peter Apostle and Martyr Cathedral, Armidale (1871) Detail of Intersecting Arches to Nave...... 207 Figure 6.18 St. Peter Apostle and Martyr Cathedral, Armidale (1871) Detail of Base to Piers in the Nave...... 207 Figure 6.19 St. Peter Apostle and Martyr Cathedral, Armidale (1871) Nave Window Detail – Triple Lancet with Circle Glazed Elements Above...... 208 Figure 6.20 St. Peter Apostle and Martyr Cathedral, Armidale (1871) Window and Brick Detail to North East Wall of the Chancel...... 208 Figure 6.21 Christ Church Cathedral, Grafton (1873) View from the South West...... 209 Figure 6.22 Christ Church Cathedral, Grafton (1873) Plan Layout. Drawing Reconstruction by the Author...... 210 Figure 6.23 Christ Church Cathedral, Grafton (1873) West Elevation Entry (Narthex)...... 212 Figure 6.24 Christ Church Cathedral, Grafton (1873) View of South Nave Arches and Piers...... 213 Figure 6.25 Christ Church Cathedral, Grafton (1873) Chancel Arch...... 213 Figure 6.26 Christ Church Cathedral, Grafton (1873) Detail of Capital to Nave Piers...... 214 Figure 6.27 Christ Church Cathedral, Grafton (1873) Detail of Base to Nave Piers...... 214 Figure 6.28 Christ Church Cathedral, Grafton (1873) East Window Detail...... 215 Figure 6.29 Christ Church Cathedral, Grafton (1873) Window Detail to Nave...... 216

CHAPTER 7 Figure 7.1 Diagram of the Stylistic Progression of Hunt’s Cathedral Designs...... 219

CHAPTER 8 Figure 8.1 Diagram of Methodology for a Critical Examination of Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle...... 232 Figure 8.2 Chartres Cathedral Floor Plan Source: Fergusson’s Illustrated Handbook of Architecture Vol 2 1855...... 234

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Figure 8.3 Amiens Cathedral Floor Plan Source: Fergusson’s Illustrated Handbook of Architecture Vol 2 1855...... 234 Figure 8.4 Inverness Cathedral Floor Plan Source: Beresford Hope’s The English Cathedral... 1861...... 236 Figure 8.5 Colombo Cathedral Floor Plan Source: Beresford Hope’s The English Cathedral... 1861...... 236 Figure 8.6 Crimean Memorial Church Floor Plan Source: Beresford Hope’s The English Cathedral... 1861...... 237 Figure 8.7 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – 1868 Design Competition Entry Copy of Drawing of Hunt’s Ground Plan for Scheme 1 Source: The Building News journal 20 October 1871...... 239 Figure 8.8 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Scheme 2 - Plan Layout 1873-1896 Architect: John Horbury Hunt Drawing Reconstruction by the Author...... 243 Figure 8.9 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Scheme 1 – Partial Exterior Elevation. Architect: John Horbury Hunt Source: The Building News journal 20 October 1871...... 247 Figure 8.10 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Scheme 1 – Partial Interior Elevation. Architect: John Horbury Hunt Source: The Building News journal 20 October 1871...... 249 Figure 8.11 Chartres Cathedral West Elevation Source: Fergusson’s Illustrated Handbook of Architecture Vol 2 1855...... 250 Figure 8.12 Reims Cathedral Perspective from North-West Source: Viollet-le-Duc’s Dictionnaire Raisonné de l’Architecture... Vol 2 [n.d.]...... 251 Figure 8.13 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Scheme 1 – Partial Cross Section Source: The Building News journal 20 October 1871...... 252 Figure 8.14 Pointed Lancet Window Detail Source: Barr’s Anglican Church Architecture 1846...... 253 Figure 8.15 Blunt Lancet Window Detail Source: Viollet-le-Duc’s Dictionnaire Raisonné de l’Architecture... Vol.5 1861...... 253 Figure 8.16 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Scheme 1 – Pier Detail to the Nave, including Capital and Base...... 254 Figure 8.17 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Scheme 1 – Clerestory Level Plan Architect: John Horbury Hunt...... 255

Figure 8.18 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Scheme 2 – Original Perspective from the South East Dated 10 August 1882 Architect: John Horbury Hunt...... 257 Figure 8.19 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle (1882-1979) - Interior View Arches to the South Side of the Nave with Aisle behind them...... 258

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Figure 8.20 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Scheme 2 – Perspective From the north-west. Attributed to John Horbury Hunt Source: Ralph Snowball Collection ASGN0848-B38………………...... 260 Figure 8.21 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Scheme 2 – Splayed Blunt Lancet Windows to Nave, Baptistry and Transepts...... 262 Figure 8.22 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Scheme 2 – Part of Hunt’s Interior Perspective looking towards the East Wall Source: Ralph Snowball Collection – ASGN0849-B38...... 262 Figure 8.23 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Scheme 2 – Nave Arch Detail south Arcade...... 263 Figure 8.24 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Scheme 2 – Brick Detail of Pier Capital...... 264 Figure 8.25 Illustration of Square Romanesque Scalloped Capital Detail Source: Viollet-le-Duc’s Dictionnaire Raisonné de l’Architecture Vol 4 1868.264 Figure 8.26 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Scheme 2 – Brick Detail of Pier Base...... 264 Figure 8.27 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Scheme 2 – Detail of Piers to the Crossing Facing south-west Source: Ralph Snowball Collection – ASGN0843-B38...... 265 Figure 8.28 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – West Doorway...... 267 Figure 8.29 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Patterned Brickwork to north Wall...... 267 Figure 8.30 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Patterned Brickwork Detail Now Painted. Part of North Wall to Chancel formerly an External Wall...... 268 Figure 8.31 Patterned Brickwork Detail Source: Viollet-le-Duc’s Dictionnaire Raisonné de l’Architecture Vol 5 1861.268 Figure 8.32 Section Through Nave Source: Viollet-le-Duc’s Dictionnaire Raisonné de l’Architecture Vol 1 1875.272 Figure 8.33 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Scheme 2 - Detail of Brick Plinths to North Façade...... 273 Figure 8.34 Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle – Scheme 2 – Flying Buttress Detail – North-West Corner...... 274

APPENDIX G – SUPPLEMENTARY IMAGES OF HUNT’S THREE CATHEDRALS

APPENDIX G.1: St. Peter Apostle and Martyr Cathedral, Armidale Figure G.1.1 Tower – View facing south-west...... 334 Figure G.1.2 Detail of Brickwork to Canopy to west Entry Porch...... 335 Figure G.1.3 Detail of Brickwork to Arch Support against a Wall...... 335 Figure G.1.4 Detail of Capital to Intersecting Arches...... 336 Figure G.1.5 Detail of Intersecting Arches...... 336

LIST OF FIGURES Page

Figure G.1.6 View of the east end of the Cathedral...... 336

APPENDIX G.2: Christ Church Cathedral, Grafton Figure G.2.1 View of the east end of the Cathedral...... 337 Figure G.2.2 East end Window Design...... 338 Figure G.2.3 View of the north Wall with Baptistry on the Right...... 339 Figure G.2.4 Detail of west Wall above the Entry...... 339 Figure G.2.5 Brickwork Detail of Inside face of west Wall...... 340 Figure G.2.6 Detail of Intersecting Arches, Piers and Capitals...... 340

APPENDIX G.3: Christ Church Cathedral, Newcastle Figure G.3.1 View of the Cathedral from the south-east...... 341 Figure G.3.2 View of north facing Wall with Baptistry on the Right...... 342 Figure G.3.3 View to Tower from the south-east...... 343 Figure G.3.4 View from the north-west towards Tower with Baptistry on the Right...... 344 Figure G.3.5 View along Nave north Aisle facing south towards Baptistry...... 345