P R OB LE M S I N W O O D - T U RN I N G

° R D 15 R W HAW B M By F E 1 C A S , . s . E .

P rofessor of M anual Arts ni . U versity of Wisconsin % Author of Prob lems in Furniture M aking

% Furniture B aign for Schools and S hops , % % M anual Arts for Vocational E nd s. % and M etal S pinning.

THE MAN UAL ARTS PRESS

P EOR A L N O S I , IL I I COP% RI GHT 1909 THE M AN A AR TS PR E S U L S . I % T E D T ON 1918 S H I I , FOREW O RD .

- N s R I . s COD TU N G doubtless is an art However, if the tatement which follow in this text

- e he s s i . are facts, the subject comprises som of t element of a c ence The art of wood turning is the ability of the operator to skilfully handle the tools in making the several wood - turning

- c cuts. T he science in wood turning is found in the mathematical prin iples discovered when these cuts

are analyzed . The following are some of the elements in a c ou rse in spindle wood- turning which should re ceive considerable emphasis % skill in handling the t ools % geometrical principles involved % the applica

tion of these principles in obj ects which have a utilitarian value % and design . There is little possi 1 P - bilify of making the subject as applied in face plate and chuck turning one of essential interest or

% r s stu benefit except in two particulars first, the study of good fo m , and econd , the dy of technical

principles to be applied in making useful objects. This book on wood -turning has been prepared for the following particular reasons

- r s s u % es ec a se i u Fi st , to help tudent of wood t rning p i lly tho who are work ng nder the supervision

e - of a teacher. I t is, therefore , a t xt book.

m s as - Second , to si plify the ubject treated in the average text on wood turning.

s reason n Third , to how the for ha dling the tool in a particu lar way for each cut .

ofier s s s s i Fou rth , to by good mechanical drawing a erie of problem which , it s hoped , are superior

s s h in many ways to those u ually found in book on t is subject . These drawings are not arranged as P R O B L E M S I N W O O D - T U R N I N G

The point of view used in this text is this % A classification of all necessary cuts used in w ood

s turning with a geometrical basis for the handling o f the tool for each cu t. The u ual point of view

has been a classification or grouping of models w ith a desc ription of how to turn each model . The author is indebted to the many teache rs of manual training w ho have helped him by ofier

s s e He w s s s ing suggestion and furnishing de igns which have made this book possibl . i he e pecially to re E of M an recognize aid from notes which we furnished b y Profess or Charles A. Bennett , ditor the ual Training M agazine .

RA H . F. D . C W S AW CON TE N T S.

Forew ord

Form and P roportion

T he Care of W ood -turni ng Chisels

Spindl e T urning

’ W ood -Turner s Kit

T he G ouge Used as a R oughi ng T ool

T he ew el e to T u rn l n er . Z Sk Chis Us d a Cy i d .

T he Skew Chisel Used to Square the E nds of a Pi ece

T he Skew Chisel Used to M ake a Long V or T aper C ut 2

T he Skew Chisel Used to M ake I nsid e Square Corners

T he Smal l Skew Chisel Used to M ake V C uts

T he Skew Chisel Used to M ake the Conv ex or B ead Cut

T he G ouge Used to M ake the Concav e Cuts

T he G ouge Used to M ake Conv ex C uts

Face-P late and Chuck T urni ng

Center Screw Face- Pl ate Turning

Face-P l ate and Chuck T urni ng Combined Finishing and

M AN D R FOR P OPO RTI ON .

D e s This section of the text might be headed chief importance , some general uggestions may sign except that ir is believed such a heading should be given as a guide for the study of wood be reserved for a place where both construction turning profiles in both their form and pro

and decoration are more prominent than they are portion .

- N ss is of s of in wood turning. everthele , there need Student manual training have been told dur carefully considering form and proportion in turned ing the past few years that they must inject into

I as - s w s work. nasmuch wood turning, perhap more their ork the principle underlying the work of

- k h than any other subject in wood wor ing, as been the artist and designer. When one attempts to

set rs of s s s i n as taught by following a cou e exerci e , it do thi , he s at once co fronted with a m s of

sub m is ffi s seems that new interest may be given the theory, fro which it di cult to elect prin

e I i j cet by introducing a consid ration of the elements ciples to be applied in the shop . t s hoped that

I s s o s o - of design . t hould be under to d in thi con the student of wo d turning may be helped by the

r e i nection s s s as s . s s t that the fo mal exerci e , uch Plat selection herein made Thi text written wi h

1 2 3 s s relimi t ss s , , and , pre ented in thi book are p the idea that brevi y and clearne hould go hand

r to s of s s as s in na y ome application the cut , uch are in hand , and with thi idea mind , the follow

shown in Plates 5 to 12 . The exercises should ing generally accepted prmciples are rather dog be made only so long as the operator feels nu matically laid dow n to control the form and pro

in . I certain the control of the tool nasmuch as portions in designs for turning. the application of the cuts in useful articles is of I t is safe to say that the use to which an oh PR O B L E M S I N W O O D - T U R N I N G

ce is s as s i s viz s j t to be put hould be the principal factor in me urement elect on , a dominant mea ure

r i s ts s . . s . dete mining general hape %Fig Thi and a measu re sequence . %Fig There hould fact does not destroy the possibility of securing w hat be some parts of the design w hich should act as is e e all often call d harmony in m asurements. By this a starting point from w hich other

as e s planned , both r gard outline T and dimensions. his part need not be an extreme in the scale

f s s s o ize , but often the malle t or

F i . 1 g . largest part is the design base for

s . A s e s term one mean the arrangement of varying other parts l o, th re hould

s s s diameter and di tance to be agreeable to the ey e. be a uniform gradation in di

s of s al ess ho mensions ro There are degree vi u agreeablen , w f m the dominant form

is s w . . ever, and it ometimes helpful in making a de up ard or downward %Fig sign to use a unit of measure in securing the most T his means a constant increasing

e - r agreeable forms. T h quarter inch squared paper or decreasing ratio in diamete s i s s s use t s s . I . I n t s ati factory to for hi purpo e t should and distances o her word , not be supposed that all distances and measure difference in profile must aecom

s st s s . n ff s s ment mu be exact multiple of thi unit The pa y di erence in length or di tances. Such

is s t as i s to . e s s unit elec ed only a mean an end , viz , uniform chang in ratio called measu re se

s m . plea ing for and proportion qu ence. T he selection of a unit measurement is of little The three principles involved in the last two importance if it is not accompanied by t wo other paragraphs make for what we most need in any F O R M AN D PR O P O R T I O N

e n l % B s I d sign , tu r ing inc uded unity. y thi term we have intimated that clearness is a paramount

of all s s mean a holding together part , or a com con ideration in the work of the designer . The l mon purpose in the design of al parts. A quota best guide for the attainment of clearness is some

is E tion which apropos here is, ach for all and % - l . te al for each The word echo, perhaps some

has s what abused , a meaning which illu trates rather well the idea of recurring lines which makes for

be unity . There must no confusion between i m i . n unity and unifor ity . U nity s necessary U

Flg . 4 .

o se s bu t o r times said t be common n e , u common

is e of sense larg ly the product public opinion , w hich in turn follows in the wake of the views

I w e of experts. t will be ell , th refore , in addi tion to the above general principles to enumerate some very specifi c and practical ones which form a veritable code for designers %

% w not rs A profile should be bold and o ing, ha h

l . F g 3 . and broken I t should not contain too many

I n is s s s su s formity is deadening. unity there harmon traight line , if di agreeable , angular re lt are

I n is s to be . . ious relation . uniformity there monotonou avoided %Fig

A on the n mus % am. sameness . %Fig. profile , other ha d , be made P R O B L E AI S I N W O O D - T U R N I N G

s of up of soft , weak outline characterized by the point change . % % curve that wande rs % neither starting nor stop O rdinarily all curves are j ow ed by some se vere change in direction which may be considered

either as continuous or contrasting. %Fig. A continuous change is one where the successive parts of

an outline are concentric, or

ofI set parallel , but are by some line which stops the A curve of each part. con

Fig . 5 . trastin is g change one where Fig . 7. s ping with definite purpose . profile mu t have the tangents to the curves I t is s a a t . . both gr ce and vivaci y %Fig u u lly at the point of change approximate ninety degrees.

s s te %Fig. Sharp and acute arc hould be

ss s s j ected as much as poss ible . The compa e hould

be used with great hesitation . The decoration of turned objects should be confined to small con

Fig . 6. cave and convex cuts or their combination at care

r s s s s. safe to use the ci cle , ellip e, ovoid , and echinu fully elected point W s s e e e s in turning outlines. %Fig. hen the e form The thr e g n ral principle laid down at the n f t s s of are either connected or broken the change in out begin ing o hi chapter and ome the more b line is made by introducing a fillet or bead at the definite ones succeeding them may e combined u F O R M AN D PR O P O R T I O N in the following conclusions if the parts are of unequal size because one is dom

A in n o %a) s a rule either one, two or three indi a t and the ther vidual and related parts may be used in any ob two are regarded sub

c is . . j et , which considered ordinate %Fig

F i . 10. as ss I f s g a unit ma , and unity the three part are

will be preserved . %Fig. equal they form the

se s If, however, more beginning of a rie than three parts are and may be used as a

Fig . 11 . placed in combination , unit in a two or three

unity is lost unless the part combination . %Fig.

Fig . 8. parts are duplicates one %e) If more than three parts are put in com

I n s s s s is s re of another. thi ca e , the erie con idered bination then some natural , logical grouping

Fi . a unit . g %b) In an object of one

part there is absolute unity . I n %c) an object of two B F ls 9 parts there is unity if the parts Fig . 12. e us are of equal size , b ca e of harmony coming so s of . two s lve the number into a group three through symmetry. %Fig If the part

ss A B C . ss ts are of unequal size unity is the result of a direct le , % , , , Fig unle the par similar in which case a series is formed B . subordination . % , Fig ,

%d) In an object of three parts there is unity Fig. E AR E F OO D - T R N I N G H I EL T H C O W U C S S.

is s s A s s s There a aying among mechanic , poor ground urface hould be about twenty to thirty %

o i . to l s worse than none, which if accompanied degrees % old saw A s s es s a by the , titch in time av nine , The kew, or ngle , which the cutting edge would make a satisfactory subject for an impor makes with the edge of the blade to form the toe

- of s tant lesson in any line of mechanical work. For or acute angled corner the kew chisel should

of cs - five s s no class mechani , however, would there be be from forty to ixty degree , depending upon greater need of emphasis upon either part than the importance of a pointed tool in the work which

- n s s s s is do. for wood turners. W ood cannot be tur ed ati the kew chi el to factorily with dull tools and the only reasonable I n all cases the ground surfaces forming the cu t time to sharpen a tool is when it first begins to ting edge of the skew chisel should be straight when

s s - on s get dull . te ted by placing a traight edge the urface

in a position at right angles to the cutting edge . The cu tting edge of the gouge should be formed The ground surfaces forming the cutting edge should by a ground surface making about twenty degrees e I n s sur be g ometrical planes. te ting the ground with the cylindrical surface of the gouge blade face on the gouge the straight- edge should take a o at the cutting edge . When l oking down upon position at right angles to a tangent to the curve as is es c lindri the blade, it held on the r t for y of the cutting edge at a point where the straight s as cal w ork, the cutting edge hould appear a edge crosses it . - semi circle . ’ - s To sharpen other tools in the wood turner kit, T he skew chisel is ground equally from each one needs to be familiar only with the principles

the set . side of the blade, and the angle between forth above N I N SPIN D LE TU R G .

S s pindle turning compri es all work which is wood freely. W hen the spur center is set the

s - s turned between the head and tail tocks of a lathe . tail tock is drawn up to within two inches of the I t is the class of w ork in w hich students first be other end of the piece come acquainted with the w ood - turning lathe and and fastened firmly to

w use - f by hich they learn the proper of wood turn the bed o the lathe . The

r ing tools. tail center o dead cen

The stock used for all spindle tu rning should ter is then screwed firmly Fig . 14 .

s ss- s s s se of e be n be approximately quare in cro ection , %Fig. again t thi cond end the pi ce to tur ed , except for pieces to the sharp point of the center entering the wood t urn three or four

s a inche in di meter . I n these the square corners should be Fig . 13 . off cut , to make the l stock octagonal . To center it in the athe the operator draw s diagonals on the ends of the piece of wood and drives it onto the spur center at the F ig . 15 . f e f o s t o . point int r ec ion the diagonals %Fig.

S s it is a ometime found convenient to s w on the on the point of intersection of the diagonals. Fig. diagonals to allow the spur center to enter the Before the dead center is fastened in PR O B L E M S I N W O O D - T U R N I N G

oil s t es woo . tion a little oil , preferably hard , hould be down be ween the r t and the revolving d % % A b placed on its end to reduce friction This w ould doubtless cause a bite . ite is

I t might be added as a precaution that a drop a gouging cut that the tool takes out Of the stock. of oil s m s good machine %or better, per oil ) hould ’ - W OOD TURN art s Krr. occasionally be used on the bearings of the head ’ A - s s T he - s Of s stock. w ood turning lathe revolve at a peed ordinary wood turner kit tool con

f s sts es s s s o from twelve hundred to three thousand revo i Of two goug , three kew chi el , one cut

lu - off - lutions per minute and should be kept well ting tool , and one round nose . The gouges

be bricae . s . T he t d hould about in and §é in . in width .

- be s w l i o es o s s s n. . in. the The to l r t for all wo d turning hould ke chi el % , 94 in and M , and

s . r B raised to such a height that the operator may round no e about V2 in o in . wide . esides take a comfortable po these tools there should be in each kit a pair of

s u hi For six- c - itio in s work . in h outside and a pair of six inch inside cali

the rs of s s - - pe on average per %al o a good slip stone and a brass edged , two

es height the tool r t for fold foot rule . most cuts w ill be kept T H E G O G S D as A RO H N a little below the level of U E U E UG I G TOOL . the line of centers of the The gouge is the first tool used to turn 0 5

lathe . %Fig. I t the corners Of the square stock and enough should always be kept as more to produce a cylinder slightly larger than

s as ss he t s am . near the revolving tock po ible , to avoid the fini hed di eter desired %Fig . For poss ibility of the tool catching and being drawn this work the lathe should be started on slow S PI N D L E T U R N I N G

s s speed . High peed should be u ed only after

i . a cylinder s formed In holding the gouge ,

Fig . 17. one stands firmly on the floor with the left hand resting on the tool and the w rist dropped

Fig . 18.

%Fig. 18) to allow the hand while guiding the

In% ‘9' tool back and forth to be held agai nst the rest. 16 PR O B L E M S I N W O O D - T U R N I N G

a s s it move back and forth with its Of is surface the gouge , which ground to form right angles to the center line Of work s s a roxi the cutting edge , mu t alway be kept pp T he l is d Of rol ing in the irection the mately a tangent surface to the revolving cylinder. is s tion and done to the chip This is necess ary in order that the tOOl will cu t 2 1 %Fig. ) and not scrape

%Fig. By scraping one means the wearing 0 5 of the wood by the tool because it is not held in this tangent or cutting

position .

Turning w ith the gouge may be continuous from

h . one s ts to t e Operator. This is a matter Of little conse the time tar

e w f r qu nce, ho ever , except o the convenience Of the cut with it until the de s t is a so is s . workman , long as the rolling only light ired diame er Obt ined Rolling the tool very much would interfere with %except for stopping to test diameters with the a rs . B s its work in cutting. c lipe ) y pu hing the tool through the left

s The chief thing which needs attention in the hand , thu keeping it continually in contact with use of the gouge as a roughing tool is this % The the revolving stock as the cylinder decreases in

P R O B L E AI S I N W O O D - T U R N I N G

w w s the of then drawn do n to ard the Operator %Fig. 24 ) ver ing direction the tool until the required s e t liding und rnea h the left hand until the heel Of diameter of stock is reached . The tool should the tool drops to allow the never be started from the end and run toward

s Of the s lower ground urface , which the center tock but always from the cen h s e w t e . i form the cutting dge , to ter and run to ard ends This suggestion s

w re as come in contact ith the given in order that the tool may not catch ,

e he s . W s i cu t on nd t s volving urface hen thi it enters upon ts , the Of tock ,

s %at s r happen the urface Of esulting in a bite .

the tool blade w ill no longer T he g eometr ical analogy of the relation of the remain in contact w ith the tool to the revolving cy lind er of w ood is that of

r lathe rest. The blade will be in contact with a plane tangen t to a cy lind e . The lower surface

ne it only on o edge . %Fig. A very slight forming the edge Of the tool is the tangent plane continuation Of the motion Of the tool tow ard the and this surface cannot have any other relation operator will bring the center of the cutting edge to the revolving cylinder except that of a tangent

s e cut. in contact with the cylindrical urfac , when the plane , and allow the edge to

s tool will begin to cut. The tool hould now T H E S C E L U S D T O S A R T E N DS be held steadily on the rest in this last contact KEW HIS E %U E HE

d w OF A PIECE . position with the woo , and moved to ard the end Of the revolving piece nearest the heel of the After the cylinder is turned it is usually neces

s is as tool . The troke continued p t the end of sary to square the ends to procure a definite

he oe s w . s is t t t the ood . length Thi done w i h Of the kew

i s its is re . Of s s The above operation repeated , alternately chisel The blade the chi el re ted on S PI N D L E T U R N I N G

s edge upon the lathe rest and turned enough out mind . Fir t , the cutting edge must always point

os w t . of the p ition perpendicular to the center line to ard the center Of revolu ion %Fig. Sec

u r ond the s o of the revolving stock to allow the ground s , ground urface ab ve referred to must

i s s e face Of the tool , which s neare t to the tock and be kept approximat ly perpendicular to the center

e t n I f which forms the cutting line Of r volu io . this latter condition is not

e e Of the is edge , to be perp ndicular maintained and the cutting edg tool

s. w to e s s to the line Of center allo ed turn %ven lightly) into the tock, a

%Fig. The right hand holds the handle and the l eft hand grasps the blade of the tOOl and the lathe- rest together by F ig . 25. having the thumb on the F i . 6. F l . g 2 g 27. rest and against the left s es urface Of the blade . %Fig. The forefinger run will be the r ult . %Fig. A run is a is placed under the rest and the last three spiral cut made by a turning tool and caused by ’ fi s e s os o 80 as nger Of the hand go und r the blade and the operator l ing control Of the to l , to

n . r t A i rest o the right side Of it The toe Of pe mit it to ca ch in the wood . run s always % % the chisel is now hinged into the revolv started by allowing the cutting edge to come in ing stock by keeping the blade in contact contact with the end Of the pi ece w hen only the

e as f . s with th rest and r i ing the handle O the tool toe or heel hould have contact .

is s As this done, two thing must be kept in I n case the end is to be formed at some little PR O B L E M S I N W O O D - T U R N I N G

t e l rs s be distance from h athe cente , the tool mu t which will produce with the end cut a right V %

as s of s used alternately above de cribed to form the new second , to turn the tool out the po ition per

s s % A endicular end , and as follow to clear away the tock fter p to the center

e the %as above describ d ) is made, line of stock enough to allow the lower ground surface forming the cut ting edge to be tangent to the conical surface O f the

V cut . %Fig. In

the conical cut, as well

as in the end cut , form

ing this right V, the toe is the point O f contact and must be moved in i the ward , keeping the cutting edge point ng toward

center line . %Fig .

s the by hinging the toe of the tool into the tock , T H E SKEW CHIS EL U SED TO M A KE A LON G V OR blade is tipped on the rest and at the same time TAP ER CU T . s % rs turned on the rest to permit Of t wo thing Fi t , difierence w s the ground surface nearest the lathe center to take There is only one bet een u ing the tangent position to a slant cut or conical su r the skew chisel to cu t a cy linder and using it

s . As has e s face toward the bottom Of the end cut ju t made , to cut a taper or a long cone b en aid S PI N D L E T U R N I N G

n Of is s o as s Of . the ce ter the cutting edge u ed to make the cu tting edge t cut , in the ca e a cylinder c a . I t is s s H i u s to ylindric l cut al o u ed to make the taper owever, it s q ite as sati factory let the heel cut %or may be ) except at the point w here the continue to be the point Of contact and the cut

s. At s s taper begin thi point the heel hould be ting point on the cutting edge for the entire cut. K used . eeping in mind the ve ry essential point to t with reference angency, we will immediately appreciate the necessity of tipping the blade Of the skew chisel on the lathe rest in order to make

r s the lowe ground urface Of the blade , forming

he the cutting edge , a tangent plane to t taper, o T or cone t be formed . his tipping Of the tool will give it a contact on the rest only on one

e e e s edg Of the blad , and cons quently hould the Operator start the cut w ith the center Of the cut ting edge there w ould be a leverage produced which would almost certainly result in a back I f this is done care must be taken not to tip the % % e O f T s to e the s or ward mov ment the tool . hi would cause tool enough goug tock make a Scooped

as e e c t s. a slight gouging Of the sto k back Of the desired taper, indicated by do t d lin %Fig . I t

s is r s n the starting point Of the taper . For this rea on the ve y ea y in maki g taper cut w ith the heel

is s w as t tOOl too taper tarted ith the heel , and the ool Of the to tip the tool much , thereby cut runs dow n the taper it may be drawn toward ting too deeply into the stock and destroying the

the Operator to allow the center point Of the taper desired . PR O B L E M S I N W O O D - T U R N I N G

be made far enough away from the lines made T H E SKEW CH ISE L U S ED TO M A KE I N SID E

with the pencil or knife , w hen laying out, to allow S% U A R E CORN ERS . the ends Of the large parts or steps to be finished is se sam The skew chisel u d much the e in mak with the toe of the skew chisel as described under as is the % ing an inside square corner it in making The Skew Chisel U sed to Square the E nds Of a long taper except that the tOOl is not tipped on , Piece . A s is the lathe rest . fter the tock turned down After the cut has been made with the cutting to the diameter Of the largest part Of the finished s a Off tool , to determine the mall di meters, all super piece it is laid 0 3 for the lengths Of parts by using a sharp pencil %or the point of a knife) and a ruler held against the stock as it re

volves. The cut

- 3 2. ting OH tool may be F lg . used to determine the approximate di fluons stock on the small parts may be roughed OH

r s i s amet e o f t h e with a gouge . %Fig. The f ni hing cut on s s Of As maller part the these parts should be made with a skew chisel .

s e s fini hed p i e c by in using the skew chisel to cut a cylinder, the kew binging it into the w ood and keeping the lower for this work is drawn down toward the operator ground surface tangent to the revolving stock at and held firmly on the lathe rest and revolving

- all times. %Fig . This cutting off cu t should stock until the heel drops to allow the lower ground S PI N D L E T U R N I N G

u e to e surface, which forms the c tting edg , com in T H E SM A L L S C S L U S E D T O M A s KEW HI E KE V contact with the wood as a tangent plane . In tead w is CUTS Of continuing to draw the tool down ard , it stopped when the heel becomes the contact point Of s s s and the tool is moved tow ard the large part of the The method u ing the kew chi el to make e the V cut has been partly described under the h ad ,

% T he Skew Chisel U sed to Square the Ends Of a

Of s Piece , where the method forming a fini hed end some distance from the first end Of stock w as dis ’ s s Of V s cussed . After the width dimen ion the have % % he f s w s is been laid Off, t toe O the ke chi el hinged into the stock at the center Of each V as though this center point marked the end Of the finished

piece. The tool cannot be hinged far into the

s e . T O tock howev r, without being burned avoid

B s e s e s s . . e c r tock %Fig y thi m an the h el doe this and to produce a cl an cut, the lea ance

one is e cut i the cutting, and abl to make a clean cut must be taken . This s made by tipping the into the corner w hich would not be possible if any tool on the rest enou gh to allow the lower ground

on e w as or s e s other point the cutting dge the cutting , urfac , which form the cutting edge , to take a

f s is on s he the . contact point . O cour e the tool placed the po ition parallel to t required side Of V The rest at first w ith the heel nearest the large part Of tool is held in this relative position to the revolv % % e s s ss s th stock . ing tock, and ucce ive hinge cut are taken P R O B L E IWS I N W O O D - T U R N I N G

B w t toe he . i h the traveling toward t center line y the large cylinders to the diameter and width of s o alternating the e cuts and the vertical cuts n the the beads and the small cylinders to the diameter

- center line Of the V one half Of the V w ill be w s w and idth Of the tock bet een the beads. This is

w t - off done ith the cu ting tool and small skew chisel , % as described under The Skew Chisel U sed to M ake % I s n ide Square Corners.

The convex or bead cut is made on this F ig . 34 . series of large cylinders as follows % The heel is completed . %Fig. The other half made by % Of the skew chisel is taking the successive hinge cuts above referred placed at the center to but in the opposite direction and on the other Of the large cylinder side Of the V. in the position taken T H E SKEW CHISEL U SED T O M A KE THE CoN VEx to cut an inside O B A T R E D C U . s e . quare corn r. %Fig The convex or bead cut is usually considered This means

he - I i t hardest of all wood turning cuts. t s made that the l o w e r s with the heel Of the skew chisel and the method g r o u n d urface ,

s is se s s m u ed , in a n e , a combination Of the method for ing the cutting i used in the taper and the square end cuts already edge of the tool , s tangent to the revolving stock

c e is off cu t or is f des ribed . T h stock first laid and and that the heel the point O contact. The

s is s turned into consecutive large and small cy linder , tool tipped on the re t and the handle moved

26 PR O B L E M S I N W O O D - T U R N I N G into the stock at the middle points Of the concave the handle O i the tool is gradually dropped and cuts enough to make an opening for the tool to be moved in the di rection to make the handle perpen

dicular to e of e s . used as b low de cribed the lin centers . These three motions

he is on to of es the T gouge placed edge on p the r t rolling, dropping handle , and moving it to

the w osI ti on in such a position that center line of the ground ard the perpendicular p , are continued until the tool is %at upon the rest and in the position taken w hen the rough ing cut is made to form an open ing for the tool to take the cut

s s ju t de cribed . The end of the cut should bring the gouge out at

the s top of the tock . %Fig.

s is ss Thi important , for, unle this

s condition prevail , the operator w ill not be dropping the handle

r e is er endicu Of s fi t w surface , fo ming the cutting dge , p p the tool uf cien ly to allo the ground surface,

Of s e Of the a lar to the line center , and the c nter line forming cutting edge , to be t ngent at all times

he e f o the tool is pointing toward t c nter line O the t the revolving cylinder . I i a s . t s s s s revolving tock. %Fig The tool in hi po i t advi ble to alternate the cuts from left

tion is pushed into the stock and immediately rolled to right %Fig . 39) and alw ays toward the bot

C s w not tom the he s on the rest . are mu t be taken , ho ever, Of cut to avoid t pos ibility Of the sides

A u the to roll the tool too rapidly. t the same time Of the c tting edge Of tool catching and cans S PI N D L E T U R N I N G

A t s as is s . s s ing a bite l o in gra ping the blade Of the ure uch found in a chi el handle .

es e e s T he Of is w tool , besid having the for fing r under the re t blade the tool gripped ith the thumb

of i s is and the thumb on top the blade , it s well to and forefinger onto the re t, and the tool turned on the rest considerably to point in the direction

w is in hich the tool about to move . %Fig. The ground surface forming the c u t t i n g edge is kept tangent to F ig . 39. the revolving surface and the center point Of grip the tool onto the rest tightly enough to avoid is e r the cutting edge k pt F l 40 a un. I f the center line Of the tool is pointing s the A contact point . s directly toward the line of centers a run is im

ss is the diameter of the po ible , but it difficult to determine this posi s ses the a of e tock decrea , tion exactly % hence , the desir bility th grip handle Of the tool is above spoken of. raised to allow the F i 4 1 cutting point to drop g . . T H E G O U OE U S D T O M A oN V Ex T E KE C CU S . as it approaches the

O s s is se of rdinarily the kew chi el u d for convex line centers. The tool is brought into the posi s as s e to cut , de cribed under that head , but the goug tion perpendicular the line Of centers as it swings

as s s s . s is es u es the end of the may l o be u ed for thi purpo e Thi pe aro nd and approach curve . %Fig. cially true if the convex surface has a long cu rva I t finally passes this perpendicular position PR O B L E M S I N W O O D - T U R N I N G and at the end Of the cut takes the position de s in e cribed making the concave cut, wh n the tool is first put in position for the finishing cut.

The cu ts described for spindle turning together with the tools used may be class ified as follows % ACE - LA E AN D CH U CK U R N I N F P T T G .

I n al tw o s Of re e the s tools s gener only classe tools a us d cientific handling Of in pindle turning,

e- - - for fac plate and chuck turning , viz . , round nose and in face plate and chuck turning upon the best

s s se I h s f tool and kew chi ls. t as been Observed no method O manipulating the w ood to produce the

s ss on s es s. doubt , in the di cu ion pindle turning, that required r ult all cuts are made with a view to producing a There are two classes Of face-plates used for

- - shavin . I n w t . O ne sc g other ords, in spindle turning the face plate urning , the center rew face s s s in s t as or everal tool are u ed to cut the wood . I n face plate, which the crew may be ei her f t

n s s or s - s plate and chuck turning, o the other hand , the loo e , and the other, the out ide urface crew

- T he f w s s as s . s O s t o s s tool are u ed crapers only. For this reason face plate fir t the e hould be u ed spindle turning is generally considered more suit to fasten onto the lathe blocks of wood w hich do

- he r able than face plate and chuck turning for purely not need deep cutting at t center. The su

e- - s - s s s educational purposes. Fac plate and chuck turn face crew face plate hould be u ed to fa ten all ing is practised in the schools because of its ap large blocks to the lathe% such as chuck blocks

s s s s be plication in the trade and technical proce ses, such and block from which large Object are to

- as I s . pattern making. t hould be considered valu turned able becau se it teaches the Operator methods Of N T R SCR AC - LAT R CE E EW F E P E TU N IN G . handling the wood on the lathe . Spindle turn ing teaches him more particularly methods Of hand A good example Of the class of work handled

- - . S ss s ling the tool tre , therefore , hould be laid upon on the center screw face plate is illustrated by the PR O B L E M S I N W O O D - T U R N I N G

i A s darning block and ts ring. %Plate block plate and chuck turning the lathe rest hould be is fas tened onto the center screw by holding it in placed in height just enough below the center of the right hand against the face - plate screw w hile revolution to allow the lathe tool to come in con

- the left hand turns the head stock spindle until tact with the wood On a level with the center. The cylindrical surface is roughed Oil by using the toe Of the Skew chisel as the cutting point and pushing the skew chisel squarely toward the

face- plate over the top

s w Of the lathe re t, hich is fastened onto the the block comes in contact w ith the surface of the lathe at right angles to

- s face plate . %Fig. This contact surface Of the way , and directly the block should first be planed to a level and in front Of the revolv

- w bit for . . a hole bored ith an auger the screw . The ing block %Fig diameter of the bit used for this purpose should This surface may be be the approximate diameter of the root of the smoothed by scraping s of s Bizfore w - crew thread at the center the crew . it ith the round nose chisel . For this purpose the the block is placed in position the corners should lathe rest is fastened in the usual position for spindle

s Ofi be awed to make it approximately round . turning. For %Fig. this purpose either a hand turn T he %at surface of the block is roughed off with

- - i - ing saw or a band saw s serviceable . For all face the round nose chisel and smoothed by using the FA CE - PL A T E AN D C H U C K T U R N I N G

e e he - s w s Ou st w is s th t . k chi el , the re , hen it fa tened to block and iron face plate the lathe at right angl es to the w ays and in front The ring for the darning block above referred

I n to out Of f of the revolving block. %Fig. fact any will be cut a circular block O wood by desired form may be Obtained first tu rning it to the size of the outside diam

s t e ff by u ing h di erent sizes of eter Of the ring, and then cutting out the interior round - noses and skew chisels as of the block by using the skew chisel and round

s s. T e s For s craping tool h y should be no e over the rest . thi purpose the rest should

placed %atly on top Of the lathe be placed at right angles to the w ays. The ring

es is s s the s r t, which placed close to the hould be cut loo e from block by u ing the

s e - Off o as s revolving urfac in the most cutting to l in pindle turning, and mak convenient position for using ing the last cuts by holding the tool w ith the right

I n he e w . I the tool . general t sk w hand and turning the lathe ith the left t will

s is se to s s to s chi el u d crape convex urfaces , the round be desirable finally ever the ring from this nose to scrape concave surfaces and the toe of the block by using the toe of the skew chisel next to skew chisel to cut square corners and cylindrical su r the ri ng in the corner Of the cut made by the cutting

Ofi . faces inside the block . %Fig . tool

W e the s T o s ou of r henev r Skew chi el in turning the cyl fa ten the block, t which the ing is

‘ ind rical s - is t the t s - s w - urface Of a face plate block , liable to cut, on o la he , the Out ide cre face plate

- is e o ru n against the iron face plate upon w hich the should be used . This don t hold the stock

is s block fastened , the block should be backed up firmly and to avoid the possibility Of the tock turn

- - w one . I n on he s s s ith a thin board about fourth inch thick ing t center crew , hould the center crew

s s - other word , a thin board hould be placed between face plate be used . - FACE PLATE AN D C HU C K T U R N I N G CO M BI N ED .

A s of - A is s very good illu tration combined face plate fter the block urfaced and sized , the cut

is w - Off s s r and chuck turning given in the to el ring, Plate ting tool hould be u ed to cut a g oove in

A i s e e on c 17. block s fa ten d to the lath either the block at a distance from the front surfa e

- - r r the center screw face plate or. the outside o su of the block a little greater than the thickness

- - ff T he - s is w e O to . . face scre face plate , fac d and turned the Of the ring %Fig round no e next I f size O f the outside diameter of the ring. the used to aw ay the stock to form the hole in block is thick enough to al low the screw s Of the su r

face - screw face - plate to enter their full length w ithout en

tering the ring to be turned , it w ill be preferable to the

F . ig 46 . F ig . center- screw face- plate for

Of be . s w s is se to this piece turning, the ring The toe Of the ke chi el u d

F ig . 45 . cause all Of the center part make a straight inside cut determining the inside

H w . . Of the ring need not be turned out. o ever , diameter Of the ring %Fig There will now

- - t s bu t w ou t w os ss s is s . the center screw face pla e may be u ed , it ill be blocked a ring h e cro ection a quare not hold the stock as w ell as the outside- screw The three outside corne rs Of this ring may be cut

- off s s face plate . to make three of the ide of an octagonal

PR O B L E M S I N W O O D - T U R N I N G

s in - feren I is t s t asses . t tool face plate and chuck turning, and , in a cl Of turning hoped bo h Of the e

s l for e t s e T e general way, handling tock on the athe fac hing have be n done . h author believes that t f pla e and chuck work. a careful follow ing o the directions herein given

As w as s the one w en one t n s r s tated in introduction , Of the ill able to ur any de ired fo m in pindle

s s Of s is n r - purpo e thi book to simplify the text o o face plate and chuck turning. turning and to give the use Of the tools for dif N I SHI N G AN D FI PO L I SHI N G .

. I venture to say that the average teacher of wood allowing a soft cloth to press against the tu rned as tum ing permits the use Of sandpaper on all turned work it revolves . A light application of thin work except on those pieces which are for the spe shellac may follow this operation when all su r ifi Oil has s c c s s s . I purpo e Of howing tool kill t may be prae face been ab orbed or evaporated . This tical and sensible from the economic point of view should be ru bbed dow n in the same manner as was

. to do this, but an article success fully turned in the Oil accordance with the cutting principles herein em A high polish can be secured by pressing a

s w has phasized is finished superior to one which is sand oft cotton cloth , hich had a very little thin

s s ss. s u s papered ub equent to the turning proce hellac placed pon it , again t the revolving work. I f the cu tting tool has left irregularities in the The cloth should be moved back ward and for

Ol r w s turned contour , very d o fine sandpaper may be ward over the ork with uniform peed and under

ss . s used before apply ing the finishing material . light uniform pre ure Thi operation is similar % is ss satisfac to one w as s If a high polish unnece ary , a very the kno n French poli hing and re tory finish can be secured by applying hot boiled quires considerable practice before the best results linseed Oil and thoroughly rubbing it down by can be Obtained .