DOCSLIB.ORG

Minority Rights in Ukraine Before and After the Illegal Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014: the Case of Crimean Tatars

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Minority Rights in Ukraine Before and After the Illegal Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014: the Case of Crimean Tatars MINORITY RIGHTS IN UKRAINE BEFORE AND AFTER THE ILLEGAL ANNEXATION OF CRIMEA BY THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN 2014: THE CASE OF CRIMEAN TATARS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY YELİZ ÖZ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN IN THE DEPARTMENT OF EURASIAN STUDIES MAY 2020 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Yaşar KONDAKÇI Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Işık KUŞÇU BONNENFANT Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Ayşegül AYDINGÜN Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Pınar KÖKSAL (METU, ADM) Prof. Dr. Ayşegül AYDINGÜN (METU, SOC) Assist. Prof. Dr. Yuliya BİLETSKA (Karabük Uni., IR) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Yeliz ÖZ Signature : iii ABSTRACT MINORITY RIGHTS IN UKRAINE BEFORE AND AFTER THE ILLEGAL ANNEXATION OF CRIMEA BY THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN 2014: THE CASE OF CRIMEAN TATARS ÖZ, Yeliz M.S., Department of Eurasian Studies Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ayşegül AYDINGÜN May 2020, 153 pages This thesis analyzes the impact of the illegal annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation on the minority rights policies of Ukraine by examining the case of the Crimean Tatars, one of the indigenous peoples of the Crimean Peninsula. The Euromaidan in 2013, the illegal annexation of Crimea in 2014, and the ongoing conflict in Donbas have caused dramatic changes within Ukrainian politics including the country’s minority rights policies. Throughout this process, a security-based perspective has been dominant in not only the military sector, but also within the societal sector as it relates to national identity. Ukrainian attempts to protect a common national identity and the country’s territorial unity have affected the relationship between the Ukrainian government and Ukraine’s national minorities. This thesis argues that increased national security concerns in the post- 2014 period led to the securitization of minority rights policy in Ukraine; however, unlike the general discourse towards minorities in Ukraine, state discourse regarding the Crimean Tatars was desecuritized as a result of changing relations between the Ukrainian state and the Crimean Tatars. It is also argued that the recognition of Crimean Tatars as an indigenous people of Ukraine following the iv Crimea’s illegal annexation emerged as a result of the desecuritization of the relationship between Ukraine and the Crimean Tatars. Keywords: Ukraine, Crimean Tatars, Minority Rights, Indigenous Peoples, Securitization. v ÖZ KIRIM’IN 2014’TE RUSYA FEDERASYONU TARAFINDAN YASA DIŞI İLHAKI ÖNCESİ VE SONRASINDA UKRAYNA’DA AZINLIK HAKLARI: KIRIM TATARLARI ÖRNEĞİ ÖZ, Yeliz Yüksek Lisans, Avrasya Çalışmaları Tez Yöneticisi Prof. Dr. Ayşegül AYDINGÜN Mayıs 2020, 153 sayfa Bu tez, Kırım’ın Rusya Federasyonu tarafından yasa dışı ilhakının Ukrayna’nın azınlık hakları politikaları üzerindeki etkisini, Kırım’ın yerli halklarından biri olan Kırım Tatarları örneğinde inceleyerek analiz etmektedir. Ukrayna’da 2013’te yaşanan AvroMeydan olayları, 2014’te Kırım’ın ilhak edilmesi ve Donbas’ta hala devam etmekte olan çatışmalar, azınlık hakları politikaları dahil olmak üzere ülke siyasetinde önemli değişiklere neden olmuştur. Bu süreç boyunca, ülkede güvenlik temelli bakış açışı yalnızca askeri alanda değil, aynı zamanda ulusal kimlikle ilgili olarak toplumsal alanda da benimsenmiştir. Ukrayna’nın ortak bir ulusal kimliği ve ülkenin toprak bütünlüğünü korumak için attığı adımlar, Ukrayna hükümeti ile Ukrayna’nın ulusal azınlıkları arasındaki ilişkiyi de etkilemiştir. Bu tezde, 2014 sonrası artan ulusal güvenlik kaygılarının Ukrayna’da azınlık hakları politikalarının güvenlikleştirilmesine yol açtığı ancak ülkedeki genel azınlık söylemlerinden farklı olarak Kırım Tatarlarına ilişkin devlet söyleminin Ukrayna devleti ile Kırım Tatarları arasındaki değişen ilişkiler sonucunda güvenliksizleştirildiği savunulmaktadır. Ayrıca, Kırım Tatarlarının, Kırım’ın ilhakı sonrasında Ukrayna'nın yerli halkı olarak tanınmasının, Ukrayna ile Kırım Tatarları arasındaki vi ilişkinin güvenliksizleştirilmesinin bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıktığı iddia edilmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ukrayna, Kırım Tatarları, Azınlık Hakları, Yerli Halklar, Güvenlikleştirme. vii To My Family viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to sincerely thank my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Ayşegül Aydıngün, for her guidance, criticism, and advice throughout the writing of this thesis. I am also grateful to my examining committee members, Prof. Dr. Pınar Köksal and Assist. Prof. Dr. Yuliya Biletska, for their comments and contributions to improving this study. In addition, I would like to thank several individuals from the Crimean Tatar community for sharing their knowledge and experiences with me during my eight months on assignment in Ukraine for the Presidency for Turks Abroad and Related Communities in 2017. I thank Mustafa Abdülcemil Kırımoğlu (Mustafa Dzhemilev), the leader the Crimean Tatar national movement and a Member of the Ukrainian Parliament; Refat Chubarov, Chairman of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People; Eskender Bariyev, head of the Crimean Tatar Resource Center; Tamila Tasheva, founder and coordinator of the civil initiative Crimea SOS; and Anife Kurtseitova, head of the Crimean Family public organization. While our conversations were not part of this thesis, the subject of which had not yet been determined, the insightful comments and helpful access to documents that they provided broadened my knowledge and perspective about their community and enriched my study. I would also like to thank my colleague Fazile Zeynelzade for her contribution to the translations of Ukrainian and Russian texts. I must express my profound gratitude to my wonderful and loving sisters, Yeşim Öz and Özlem Öz, who never stopped supporting me during difficult times during the writing of this thesis. Last, but not least, I owe special thanks to Matthew Kellogg who helped, supported, and encouraged me in every stage of the thesis. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ....................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... iv ÖZ ...................................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................ xii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 1.1. Introducing the Study ............................................................................. 1 1.2. The Research Question ........................................................................... 4 1.3. The Crimean Tatars ................................................................................ 4 1.4. Theoretical Framework .......................................................................... 6 1.5. Research Method .................................................................................... 8 1.6. Organization of the Chapters .................................................................. 9 2. THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK .............................. 11 2.1. Theoretical Framework ........................................................................ 11 2.1.1. Securitization Theory ....................................................................... 11 2.1.2. Sectors of Securitization ................................................................... 14 2.1.3. Societal Security............................................................................... 17 2.2. Conceptual Framework ........................................................................ 20 2.2.1. The Concept of Minority .................................................................. 21 x 2.2.2. The Concept of Indigenous People ................................................... 24 2.2.3. Minority Rights in International Law ................................................ 28 2.2.4. Indigenous Rights in International Law ............................................ 31 2.3. Evaluation of Current Debates on Minorities and Indigenous People in the Securitization Framework ........................................................... 33 3. MINORITY RIGHTS AND THE CRIMEAN TATARS IN POST-SOVIET UKRAINE (1991-2014) ................................................................................ 37 3.1. Social and Demographic Characteristics of Ukrainian Society ................. 37 3.2. National Legislation on Minority Rights in Ukraine Between 1991-2014 . 41 3.3. A Brief History of Crimean Tatars and the 1944 Deportation ................... 47 3.4. The Return of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hungary's Policy Towards Its Kin Minorities
    Hungary’s policy towards its kin minorities: The effects of Hungary’s recent legislative measures on the human rights situation of persons belonging to its kin minorities Óscar Alberto Lema Bouza Supervisor: Prof. Zsolt Körtvélyesi Second Semester University: Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem, Budapest, Hungary Academic Year 2012/2013 Óscar A. Lema Bouza Abstract Abstract: This thesis focuses on the recent legislative measures introduced by Hungary aimed at kin minorities in the neighbouring countries. Considering as relevant the ones with the largest Hungarian minorities (i.e. Croatia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and Ukraine), the thesis starts by presenting the background to the controversy, looking at the history, demographics and politics of the relevant states. After introducing the human rights standards contained in international and national legal instruments for the protection of minorities, the thesis looks at the reasons behind the enactment of the laws. To do so the politically dominant concept of Hungarian nation is examined. Finally, the author looks at the legal and political restrictions these measures face from the perspective of international law and the reactions of the affected countries, respectively. The research shows the strong dependency between the measures and the political conception of the nation, and points out the lack of amelioration of the human rights situation of ethnic Hungarians in the said countries. The reason given for this is the little effects produced on them by the measures adopted by Hungary and the potentially prejudicial nature of the reaction by the home states. The author advocates for a deeper cooperation between Hungary and the home states. Keywords: citizenship, ethnic preference, Fundamental Law, home state, human rights, Hungary, kin state, minorities, nation, Nationality Law, preferential treatment,Status Law.
    [Show full text]
  • Autonomy Ambitions in Subcarpathia
    Viktória Ferenc – Norbert Tóth Autonomy ambitions in Subcarpathia Subcarpathia and its ethnic composition During the 20th century the region of Subcarpathia belonged to several different states: the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Czechoslovakia, the independent Carpatho-Ukraine, the Hungarian Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and finally to Ukraine. A century ago the administrative region known today as Subcarpathia did not exist either as a geographi- cal, or as a geopolitical unit, and it has been known by various names. Today it is one of Ukraine’s 24 counties (oblast’), which stretches over 12800 km² and includes 13 districts (rayon). The official name of the administrative unit today is TranscarpathiaZakarpattya ( ), which reflects a geographical and/or political viewpoint as well, namely: viewed from Moscow and Kyiv, the region is situated beyond the Carpathian Mountains. At the same time the local population of the region refers to the territory as Subcarpathia (Pidkarpattya), because in their view it is situated at the foot of the Carpathian Moun- tains. Given that we deal with the topic of autonomy ambitions from the perspective of the local population, hereafter we’ll use the term Subcarpathia.1 Due to its very diverse historical past today several ethnicities and languages, reli- gions and cultures live side by side here. Ukrainian/Rusyn, Hungarian and Romanian ethnic groups are the most significant in number. Rusyns constitute the largest mi- nority in the county; however, their situation is quite controversial, since they have to fight for mere recognition, and in official statistics they are represented as Ukrainians. Rusyns have been living in the territory of the present-day Subcarpathia for several hundred years maintaining an identity distinct from Ukrainian.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hungarian Minority in Ukraine (Pdf)
    a n F P 7 - SSH collaborative research project [2008 - 2 0 1 1 ] w w w . e n r i - e a s t . n e t Interplay of European, National and Regional Identities: Nations between States along the New Eastern Borders of the European Union Series of project research reports Contextual and empirical reports on ethnic minorities in Central and Eastern Europe Research Report # 13 Belarus The Hungarian Minority Germany in Ukraine Hungary Authors: Latvia Vil Bakirov | Alexander Kizilov Kseniya Kizilova | Hans-Georg Heinrich Lithuania Olga Alekseeva Poland Russia Slovakia Series Editors: Ukraine Hans-Georg Heinrich | Alexander Chvorostov Project primarily funded under FP7-SSH programme Project host and coordinator EUROPEAN COMMISSION www.ihs.ac.at European Research Area ENRI - E a s t R e s e a r c h Report #13: The Hungarian Minority in Ukraine 2 About the ENRI-East research project (www.enri-east.net) The Interplay of European, National and Regional Identities: Nations between states along the new eastern borders of the European Union (ENRI-East) ENRI-East is a research project implemented in 2008-2011 and primarily funded by the European Commission under the Seventh Framework Program. This international and inter-disciplinary study is aimed at a deeper understanding of the ways in which the modern European identities and regional cultures are formed and inter-communicated in the Eastern part of the European continent. ENRI-East is a response to the shortcomings of previous research: it is the first large-scale comparative project which uses a sophisticated toolkit of various empirical methods and is based on a process-oriented theoretical approach which places empirical research into a broader historical framework.
    [Show full text]
  • The Crimean Tatar Question: a Prism for Changing Nationalisms and Rival Versions of Eurasianism*
    The Crimean Tatar Question: A Prism for Changing Nationalisms and Rival Versions of Eurasianism* Andrew Wilson Abstract: This article discusses the ongoing debates about Crimean Tatar identity, and the ways in which the Crimean Tatar question has been crucial to processes of reshaping Ukrainian identity during and after the Euromaidan. The Crimean Tatar question, it is argued, is a key test in the struggle between civic and ethnic nationalism in the new Ukraine. The article also looks at the manner in which the proponents of different versions of “Eurasianism”—Russian, Volga Tatar, and Crimean Tatar—have approached the Crimean Tatar question, and how this affects the attitudes of all these ethnic groups to the Russian annexation of Crimea. Key words: Crimean Tatars, Euromaidan, Eurasianism, national identity, nationalism—civic and ethnic Introduction In the period either side of the Russian annexation of Crimea, the Crimean Tatar issue has become a lodestone for redefining the national identities of all the parties involved. The mainstream Crimean Tatar movement has been characterized by steadfast opposition first to the Yanukovych regime in Ukraine and then to Russian rule. This position has strengthened its longstanding ideology of indigenousness and special rights, but it has also * The author is extremely grateful to Ridvan Bari Urcosta for his invaluable help with research for this article, to Bob Deen and Zahid Movlazada at the OSCE HCNM, to Professor Paul Robert Magocsi, and to the anonymous reviewers who made useful comments and criticisms. 1 2 ANDREW WILSON belatedly cemented its alliance with Ukrainian nationalism. Meanwhile, Ukraine’s would‐be new supra‐ethnic civic identity draws heavily on the Crimean Tatar contribution.
    [Show full text]
  • APPLICATION of the CHARTER in UKRAINE 2Nd Monitoring Cycle A
    Strasbourg, 15 January 2014 ECRML (2014) 3 EUROPEAN CHARTER FOR REGIONAL OR MINORITY LANGUAGES APPLICATION OF THE CHARTER IN UKRAINE 2nd monitoring cycle A. Report of the Committee of Experts on the Charter B. Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on the application of the Charter by Ukraine The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages provides for a control mechanism to evaluate how the Charter is applied in a State Party with a view to, where necessary, making recommendations for improving its language legislation, policy and practices. The central element of this procedure is the Committee of Experts, set up under Article 17 of the Charter. Its principal purpose is to report to the Committee of Ministers on its evaluation of compliance by a Party with its undertakings, to examine the real situation of regional or minority languages in the State and, where appropriate, to encourage the Party to gradually reach a higher level of commitment. To facilitate this task, the Committee of Ministers adopted, in accordance with Article 15, paragraph1, an outline for periodical reports that a Party is required to submit to the Secretary General. The report should be made public by the State. This outline requires the State to give an account of the concrete application of the Charter, the general policy for the languages protected under Part II and, in more precise terms, all measures that have been taken in application of the provisions chosen for each language protected under Part III of the Charter. The Committee of Experts’ first task is therefore to examine the information contained in the periodical report for all the relevant regional or minority languages on the territory of the State concerned.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnic Bargaining Versus Nation-Building in the Case of Hungarians in Ukraine
    BALANCING ON A KNIFE EDGE: ETHNIC BARGAINING VERSUS NATION-BUILDING IN THE CASE OF HUNGARIANS IN UKRAINE By István Áhi Submitted to Central European University Department of International Relations In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Supervisor: Professor Erin Kristin Jenne CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2019 ABSTRACT This thesis analyzes the ethnic mobilization of the Russian and Hungarian minority groups in Ukraine with the support of the theory of ethnic bargaining. For this purpose first the theories of ethnic mobilization are presented with a thorough assessment of their strengths and weaknesses in explaining the selected cases. A brief historical background of the minority issues in Ukraine is also provided for a comprehensive account on the causal effect of the minority radicalization and the nation-building as well as the time of their occurrence. Finally the thesis examines the behavior of the states through the lens of the ethnic bargaining model. The model suggests, that the kin state behavior is the key for minority behavior and the latter selects its step on the basis of the perceived leverage. If there is no outside support, the minority is not likely to radicalize its demands. On the other hand, if the minority is certain of outside support, it will radicalize despite the host state is non-repressive. The thesis argues that in the ongoing Ukrainian war the external kin states use the ethnicities inhabiting the territory for strategic reasons, and the minorities respond to differential levels of kin state support by radicalizing or moderating their demands.
    [Show full text]
  • Implementation of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe: Findings and Recommendations Five Years After Helsinki
    96th Congress)l 2d Session I COMMITTEE PRINT IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FINAL ACT OF THE CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE: FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FIVE YEARS AFTER HELSINKI REPORT SUBMrI'I'FD '1'O TIIE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES BY TIIE COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE AUGUST 1, 1980 L'rinited for the use of the Commission on Security and Cooperation In Europe U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 6l-2119 0 WASHINGTON: 1980 For sale by the Supnrintendent of Doeciuments, U.S. Government Printing Office Wnshington. D.C. 20402 COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION INEUROPE ROOM 3281, HOUSE ANNEX #2 U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES WASHINGTON, D.C. 20515 REP. DANTE B. FASCELL, FLORIDA, CHAIRMAN SEN. CLAIBORNE PELL, RHODE ISLAND, CO-CHAIRMAN SEN. GEORGE MCGOVERN, SO. DAKOTA REP. SIDNEY YATES, ILLINOIS SEN. PATRICK LEAHY, VERMONT REP. JONATHAN BINGHAM, NEW YORK SEN. RICHARD STONE, FLORIDA REP. PAUL SIMON, ILLINOIS SEN. JACOB JAVITS, NEW YORK REP. JOHN BUCHANAN, ALABAMA SEN. ROBERT DOLE, KANSAS REP. MILLICENT FENWICK, NEW JERSEY EXECUTIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS PATRICIA DERIAN, DEPARTMENT OF STATE DAVID MCGIFFERT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE HERTA SEIDMAN, DEPARTMENT UF COMMERCE COMMISSION STAFF R. SPENCER OLIVER, STAFF DIRECTOR AND GENERAL COUNSEL SAMUEL G. WISE, DEPUTY STAFF DIRECTOR BARBARA BLACKBURN, SECRETARY BETH KNISLEY, PRESS OFFICER WARD BONDURANT, INTERN NEIL KRITZ, INTERN GEORGE BOUTIN, SENIOR CONSULTANT SUSAN PEDERSON, STAFF ASS'T CHRISTOPHER BRESCIA, STAFF ASS'T PAULA PENNINGTON, OFFICE MAN. DEBORAH BURNS, ADMINISTRATIVE ASS'T YALE RICHMOND, SENIOR CONSULTANT CATHERINE COSMAN, STAFF ASSISTANT MARTIN SLETZINGER, STAFF ASS'T LYNNE DAVIDSON, STAFF ASSISTANT KATE STILLMAN, STAFF ASSISTANT MEG DONOVAN, STAFF ASSISTANT CAROL VAN VOORST, STAFF Ass' T (II?; LETTERS OF SUBMITTAL Commission-on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Congress of the United States, Washington, D.C., August 1, 1980.
    [Show full text]
  • Theme 4 What Is the Unfinished Business?
    78 Uncaptive Minds Special Issue • 25 Years After 1989 Theme 4 What is the Unfinished Business? IRENA LASOTA We are initiating the topic that is at the heart of this seminar. We have here four speakers—Isa Gambar from Azerbaijan, Tunne Kelam from Estonia, and Vytautas Landsbergis from Lithuania, who were not only very active during the events of 1988–91, but may be described as the very conscience of the independence movements in their countries. Mustafa Dzhemilev is the national leader of the Crimean Tatars and may also be described as the conscience of the Soviet human rights movement. Panel Discussion Mustafa Dzhemilev, Tunne Kelam, Vytautas Landsbergis & Isa Gambar Mustafa Dzhemilev To tell you the truth, I am not really ready to participate in this aca- demic seminar. I asked Irena what I should speak about and she said the topic should really be “How to liberate Crimea.” Of course, if I knew how to liberate Crimea, I wouldn’t be participating in conferences, I would be liberating Crimea. So if we are not liberating Crimea yet, let me talk about the situation as it is. Firstly, what are the consequences of the Russian occupation for the Crimean Tatars, the indigenous nation of the Crimean peninsula? They are dramatic. As you know very well, the Crimean Tatars survived the mass depor- tation from Crimea in 1944 and the partial genocide perpetrated by Stalin. We survived over decades and worked in a democratic and peaceful way to return to our historic homeland, the Crimean Tatars’ motherland. From the moment of the declaration of independence of Ukraine, the Crimean Tatars were a well-organized group within Crimea that could counteract the Russian separatist movement supported by Moscow.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ethnobarometer Reports Ethnic Conflict and Migration in Europe
    The Ethnobarometer Reports Ethnic Conflict and Migration in Europe First Report of the Ethnobarometer Programme CSS - CEMES © CSS/CEMES for The Ethnobarometer Programme 1999. All rights reserved Designed by Utta Wickert-Sili, Rome Setting by Cecilia Bazzini Printed by ??????????????????, Rome ISBN 92-9184-004-1 Keywords: Ethnicity – Migration – Europe – Human Rights Consiglio Italiano per le Centre for European Migration Scienze Sociali (CSS) and Ethnic Studies (CEMES) Via Brescia 16 PO Box 4 00198 Rome Torpoint PL11 3YN Italy UK Fax: +39 06 841 71 10 Fax: +44 (0)1503 230031 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ethnobarometer.org Website: www.cemes.org Contents Preface 7 Executive Summary 9 Section I - Introduction: an overview of events and issues 13 Section II - Towards an analysis of inter-ethnic relations 37 Chapter 1 Constructing a typology of ethnic conflict 39 Chapter 2 Territorialist conflicts: separatism in the post-Soviet space 53 Chapter 3 National minorities: Hungarians in Romania, Slovakia and Ukraine 81 Chapter 4 Ethno-caste conflicts: the Roma in Slovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and the Czech Republic 105 Chapter 5 Ethno-class conflicts: industrial minorities in European cities 125 Chapter 6 New migration: undocumented immigrants in Italy and Greece 139 Chapter 7 Temporary migrants: the search for asylum 159 Section III - Case studies in inter-ethnic relations 169 Chapter 8 Eastern Europe 171 8.1 Russia 171 8.2 Ukraine 193 Chapter 9 Central Europe 211 9.1 Slovakia 211 9.2 Hungary 223 9.3 Romania 236 Chapter 10 South-Eastern Europe 249 10.1 Greece 249 10.2 Turkey 259 10.3 Bulgaria 272 Chapter 11 Western Europe 285 11.1 Germany 285 11.2 France 299 11.3 Belgium 312 References 323 Appendix A - Programme staff 330 Preface This is the first report of the Ethnobarometer Programme.
    [Show full text]
  • Soviet Ukraine
    Journal of the H an Rights Movement in the USSR • ...CIL •4 t7.1 V.;450' to • foi 'Vow, • • esty International Publications A Chronicle of Current Events Number 52 ronic e o urrent vents Number 52 Amnesty International Publications 10 Southampton Street London WC2E 7HF 1980 Subscription ra e inside back cover Russian original C Khronika Press 197M, New York Contents English translation copyright C Amnesty International, 1980 Page All rights reserved List of Illustrations iii Published 1979 by Amnesty International Publications Abbreviations iv Designed and produced by Index on Censorship,London and New York Preface Printed in Great Britain by Billing & Sons, Ltd, London ISBN 0 86210 004 6 AI index EUR 46 /01/80 Chronicle No. 52 (1 March 1979) Copyright of photographs : requests for permission to reproduce any of The Case of the Explosion on the Underground the photographs in this book should be directed to Amnesty International 1 Publications, 10 Southampton Street, London WC2E 711F, England, The Death of Gely Snegiryov 10 which will pass such requests on to copyright-holders. The Trial of Ovsienko 14 Arrests, Searches, Interrogations 18 The Zisels Case 18 The Kuleshov Case 21 The Morozov Case 22 The Case of the Journal Searches 23 The Case of the Journal Jews in the USSR 25 In the Prisons and Camps 28 Chistopol Prison 28 The Mordovian Camps 28 The Perm Camps 29 In Other Prisons and Camps 48 Letters and Statements of Political Prisoners 51 In Defence of Political Prisoners 68 Releases 70 In Exile 71 In the Psychiatric Hospitals 73 In Special Psychiatric Hospitals 73 In Ordinary Hospitals 74 Releases 76 After Release 77 Persecution of Crimean Tatars 79 Resolution No.
    [Show full text]
  • Information and Analytical Review National Minorities' Rights Violation
    1 Information and analytical review National minorities’ rights violation in Ukraine April 2020 2 Content Introduction 3 I. Changes in national legislation affecting the interests of 5 Russian and other national communities in Ukraine 1. Law of Ukraine "On ensuring the functioning of the Ukrainian 5 as the state language" 2. Law of Ukraine "On complete general secondary education" 12 II. National minorities’ rights violation by government officials 16 1. The elimination of schools with the Russian language of 16 instruction 2. Establishment of the authorized representative’s institution for 18 the protection of the state language 3. Problems of the Hungarian community in Ukraine 19 4. The problem of recognition of Transcarpathian Rusyns as a 22 national minority III. Cases of discrimination of Ukrainian citizens by language 24 in various spheres of public and everyday life 1. Violations of the right to use freely the native language in the 24 socio-political sphere 2. Discrimination of the Russian language in education 24 3. Discrimination of the Russian language in healthcare 25 4. Violation of the cultural identity rights. Imposition of fines for 26 non-compliance with "language quotas" IV. Illegal actions of radical nationalist groups. The incitement 27 of ethnic hatred, the use of hate speech. Acts of vandalism 1. Acts of violence, attacks and other illegal actions of radical 27 nationalist groups 2. The incitement of ethnic hatred, the use of hate language 29 3. Acts of anti-Semitic vandalism 32 4. Administrative dereliction of enforcement agencies and the 32 judicial system of Ukraine to persecute incite of national, racial or religious hatred The V.
    [Show full text]
  • Third Kurultai Held in Simferopol
    Third Kurultai held in Simferopol Vol. 5, No. 143, October 11, 1999 On October 1, 1999, the third session of the third Crimean Tatar people's congress, Kurultai, gathered 134 representatives, elected as delegates in the Crimea and former Soviet Republics to address the issue of introducing changes and amendments to regulations stipulating the procedure of the National Congress and its Auditing Commission. Another issue addressed by the Kurultai was the selection of a presidential candidate and an agenda that Crimean Tatars wished to support. The session was also expected to confirm the authority of their current chairman of the Crimean Tatar Medjlis, Mustafa Dzhemilev. In addition to Crimean Tatars and the media, the Kurultai attracted attention of the executive branch, represented at the congress by chairman of the State Committee for Nationalities and Migration of Ukraine Mykola Rudko. Speaking to the congress of Crimean Tatar representatives, the high-ranking state official admitted that notwithstanding certain achievements in solving the issues of repatriation and accommodation of Crimean tatars who arrive to Ukraine, still "there are people in the parliament, [and] executive structures of power, who underestimate the importance of the Crimean Tatar issue". The session of the congress symbolically started with the Crimean Tatar anthem, "Ant Enkenmen", and the national anthem of Ukraine. However, general Ukrainian issues were mentioned at the congress mainly in the context of the forthcoming presidential election due on October 31, 1999. During this election campaign, described by Mr. Rudko as the period when a ballot becomes "a man's weapon", Crimean Tatars have paid more attention to the issue than in the year of the previous presidential election,1994.
    [Show full text]