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1984 Telecommunications

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1984 Telecommunications NBS PUBLICATIONS U.S.Depi AlllOb T7filbE of Comm Computer Science National Bureau and Technology of Standards NBS Special Publication 500-119 Future Information Technology-1 984 Telecommunications rwi M he National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress on March 3, 1901. The gK Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is performed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Center for Materials Science. The National Measurement Laboratory Provides the national system of physical and chemical measurement; • Basic Standards^ coordinates the system with measurement systems of other nations and • Radiation Research furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical and • Chemical Physics chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, in- • Analytical Chemistry dustry, and commerce; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; conducts physical and chemical research; develops, produces, and distributes Standard Reference Materials; and provides calibration services. The Laboratory consists of the following centers: The National Engineering Laboratory Provides technology and technical services to the public and private sectors to Applied Mathematics address national needs and to solve national problems; conducts research in Electronics and Electrical engineering and applied science in support of these efforts; builds and main- Engineering'^ tains competence in the necessary disciplines required to carry out this Manufacturing Engineering research and technical service; develops engineering data and measurement Building Technology capabilities; provides engineering measurement traceability services; develops Fire Research test methods and proposes engineering standards and code changes; develops Chemical Engineering^ and proposes new engineering practices; and develops and improves mechanisms to transfer results of its research to the ultimate user. The Laboratory consists of the following centers: The Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology Conducts research and provides scientific and technical services to aid Programming Science and Federal agencies in the selection, acquisition, application, and use of com- Technology puter technology to improve effectiveness and economy in Government Computer Systems operations in accordance with Public Law 89-306 (40 U.S.C. 759), relevant Engineering Executive Orders, and other directives; carries out this mission by managing the Federal Information Processing Standards Program, developing Federal ADP standards guidelines, and managing Federal participation in ADP voluntary standardization activities; provides scientific and technological ad- visory services and assistance to Federal agencies; and provides the technical foundation for computer-related policies of the Federal Government. The In- stitute consists of the following centers: The Center for Materials Science Conducts research and provides measurements, data, standards, reference Inorganic Materials materials, quantitative understanding and other technical information funda- Fracture and Deformation^ mental to the processing, structure, properties and performance of materials; Polymers addresses the scientific basis for new advanced materials technologies; plans Metallurgy research around cross-country scientific themes such as nondestructive Reactor Radiation evaluation and phase diagram development; oversees Bureau-wide technical programs in nuclear reactor radiation research and nondestructive evalua- tion; and broadly disseminates generic technical information resulting from its programs. The Center consists of the following Divisions: 'Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, MD, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Gaithersburg, MD 20899. ^Some divisions within the center are located at Boulder, CO 80303. ^Located at Boulder, CO, with some elements at Gaithersburg, MD. NBS RESEARCH INFORMATION Computer Science CENTER and Technology NBS Special Publication 500-119 Future Information Technology-1 984 Telecommunications Peg Kay and Patricia Powell, Editors Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology National Bureau of Standards Gaithersburg, MD 20899 This report was developed by the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, National Bureau of Standards, with contributions by Preston, Thorgrimson, Ellis, and Holman, and the Rural Electrification Administration. Sections were prepared for the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, the Internal Revenue Service, and the Office of the Secretary of Defense by: Arthur D. Little, Inc. TITAN Systems, Inc. 17 Acorn Park 6833 Beverly Drive Cannbridge, MA 02140 McLean, VA 22101 Aurora Associates, Inc. International Data Corp. 1140 Connecticut Ave., N.W. 1500 Planning Research Drive Suite 1200 Suite 240 Washington, DC 20036 McLean, VA 22102 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary National Bureau of Standards Ernest Ambler, Director Issued December 1984 Reports on Computer Science and Technology The National Bureau of Standards has a special responsibility within the Federal Government for computer science and technology activities. The programs of the NBS Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology are designed to provide ADP standards, guidelines, and technical advisory services to improve the effectiveness of computer utilization in the Federal sector, and to perform appropriate research and development efforts as foundation for such activities and programs. This publication series will report these NBS efforts tothe Federal computer community as well as to interested specialists in the academic and private sectors. Those wishing to receive notices of publications in this series should complete and return the form at the end of this publication. NOTE; Certain commercial products are identified in this report in order to cite rele- vant examples. In no case does such identification imply recommendation or endorse- ment by the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology or the National Bureau of Standards. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 84-601149 National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 500-119 Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 500-119, 337 pages (Dec. 1984) CODEN: XNBSAV us GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON J984 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U S. Governnnenl Printing Ollice, Washington. DC 20402 TABLt OF CONTbNTS List of Figures and Charts x List of Tables xii Abstract and Acknowledgements xiii Foreword xiv PART I: FUTURE TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY i PREFACE 3 ACRONYMS 6 1. NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 7 1.1 OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION (OSI) 7 1.1.1 Introduction and Background 7 1.1.1.1 Data Communications 7 1.1.1.2 History of Standardization 7 1.1.2 Present Approaches - The OSI Reference Model 9 1.2 THE ELEMENTS OF THE ARCHITECTURE - PROTOCOLS AND LAYERS 10 1.2.1 Protocols 11 1.2.2 The Seven-Layer Model 12 1.2.2.1 Physical Layer 12 1.2.2.2 Data Link Layer 12 1.2.2.3 Network Layer » 12 1.2.2.4 Transport Layer 14 1.2.2.5 Session Layer 14 1.2.2.6 Presentation Layer 14 1.2.2.7 Application Layer 14 1.2.2.8 Conclusions 15 1.2.3 Technological Evolution 16 1.2.4 Computer Network Architectures 17 1.2.5 Cost Performance Trends 18 1.2.6 Significant Current Developments 20 2. NETWORK MODELING AND MONITORING 21 2.1 NETWORK MODELING 21 2.1.1 Background and Present Approaches 21 2.1.2 Technological Evolution 22 2.2 NETWORK TECHNICAL MONITORING 23 2.2.1 Background and Present Approaches 23 2.2.2 Te.chnolog ical Evolution 24 3. UNDERLYING TECHNOLOGIES 24 3.1 SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY 24 3.1.1 Local Area Networks 24 3.1.1.1 Background and Present Approaches 24 3.1.1.2 Technological Evolution 27 3.1.1.3 Conclusions 29 ii i 3.1.2 Digital Microwave Radio 35 3.1.2.1 Background and Present Approaches 35 3.1.2.2 Technological Evolution 41 3.1.2.3 Conclusions 43 3.1.3 Satellite Communications 43 3.1.3.1 Background and Present Approaches 43 3.1.3.2 Technological Evolution 45 3.1.4 Cellular Radio 50 3.1.4.1 Background and Present Approaches 50 3.1.4.2 Technological Evolution 50 3.1.4.3 Conclusions 51 3.1.5 Circuit Switching 52 3.1.5.1 Background and Present Approaches 52 3.1.5.2 Technological Evolution 52 3.1.5.3 Conclusions 64 3.1.6 PABXs 65 3.1.6.1 Background and Present Approaches 65 3.1.6.2 Technological Evolution 67 3.1.6.3 Conclusions 67 3.1.7 Packet Switching 68 3.1.7.1 Background and Present Approaches 68 3.1.7.2 Technological Evolution 70 3.1.8 ISDN 70 3.1.8.1 Background and Present Approaches 70 3.1.8.2 Technological Evolution 74 3.2 DEVICES AND MEDIA 74 3.2.1 Microwave Semiconductors 74 3.2.1.1 Background and Present Approaches 74 3.2.1.2 Technological Evolution 79 3.2.1.3 Conclusions 82 3.2.2 Optical Fiber Transmission 82 3.2.2.1 Background and Present Approaches 82 3.2.2.2 Technological Evolution 84 3.2.2.3 Conclusions i 86 3.2.3 Optical Logic 86 3.2.3.1 Background and Present Approaches 86 3.2.3.2 Technological Evolution 87 3.2.3.3 Conclusions 87 3.2.4 Coaxial Cable 89 3.2.4.1 Present Situation 89 3.2.4.2 Technological Evolution
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