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CANADIAN JOURNAL of EDUCATIONAL COMMUNICATION Volume 15, No. 2, Spring 1986 Effective Use of Computer Graphics In

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CANADIAN JOURNAL of EDUCATIONAL COMMUNICATION Volume 15, No. 2, Spring 1986 Effective Use of Computer Graphics In CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL COMMUNICATION Volume 15, No. 2, Spring 1986 ISSN 0710-4340 CONTENTS Effective Use of Computer Graphics in CAI: A Review of the Literature Gina Siliauskas Facts About Unlicensed Use of 1/2" Videocassette Productions in the Classroom Donna M. Lavoie Extracting Training Implications from Multi-Component Needs Assessments: Extension of the R-C-D Model Richard A. Schwier The Development of VITAL: A Microcomputer-Based Videotex Teaching and Learning System for Education George A. B. Moore Alternative Approaches and Guidelines for Conducting Needs Assessments Hanna Mayer An AMTEC Publication EDITORIAL BOARD Jon Baggaley Richard Schwier Concord/a University Saskatchewan of University Thomas L. Bennett Mariela Tovar William Beaty School Concordia University F. Barry Brown Jesus Vazquez-Abad Saskatchewan of University Concordia University e Bruc e Elain Cynthia B. Weston Concordia University McGill University k Clar e Bruc F O D BOAR C AMTE University of Calgary DIRECTORS s Lewi - n Dola a Patrici University of Detroit President Ed Crisp The University of Western n Hanso m Willia Ontario Calgary Board of Education t Presiden t Pas r Hillgartne m Willia n Hanso m Willia McGill University Education of Board Calgary The Denis Hlynka t Elec t Presiden Manitoba of University s Lewi d Richar University of Windsor s Jone t Rober Sheridan College of Appliedr Treasure / y Secretar Arts and Technology Ron Eyre The Wellington County Board Richard F. Lewis of Education University of Windsor Director Hanna Mayer F. Barry Brown Bank of Montreal Institute University of Saskatchewan i Palavicin e Jaim Director Concordia University Judy Benson Saskatchewan Advanced Tom Rich Education and Manpower Prince Edward Island Department of Education Director s Jone t Rober Richard F. Schmid Arts Applied of College Sheridan Concordia University and Technology f o l Journa n Canadia ARTICLES Educational Effective Use of Computer 75 Communicatiow nRevie A : CAI n i s Graphic of the Literature Siliauskas Gina Volume 15, Number 2 5 8 d Unlicense t Abou s Fact Spring 1986 Use of 1/2" Videocassette Productions in the Classroom Donna M. Lavoie Editor 1 9 s Implication g Trainin g Extractin Robert M. Bernard From Multi-Component Needs e th f o n Extensio : Assessments Assistant Editor R-C-D Model Steven Shaw Richard A. Schwier Editor, Media News The Development of VITAL: A 105 Cheryl Amundsen Microcomputer-Based Videotex m Syste g Learnin d an g Teachin Editorial Assistants for Education Suzanne Daningburg Moore B. A. George Ida Eva Zielinska s Ros n Caroly Alternative Approaches and 117 a Genov y Mar Guidelines for Conducting Needs Assessments s Editor n Colum HannaMayer s Manager a Medi , LeBlanc l A Nancy L. Lane, Mediography COLUMNS Richard Ellis, From the Media Periodicals Len Proctor, Microware Review Media Managers 125 s Review k Boo , Daningburg e Suzann M icroware Review 129 ISSN 0710-4340 of Educational of Journal Canadian e Th 1 13 s Periodical a Medi e th m Fro y b y quarterl d publishe s i Communication y Technolog d an a Medi r fo n Associatio e th Mediography 135 in Education in Canada, 500 Victoria Road, North Guelph7 13 , Ontario N1E 6K2, Attention s : Review k Boo Ron Eyre, Secretary / Treasurer. Notifica- tion of address change should be sent to the above. All articles are eb copyrighted shoul e d by correspondenc l Al AMTEC and may be reproduced for non- addressed to: d provide n permissio t withou e us t profi d indexe s i CJEC CJEC. o t n give s i t credi r Edito , Bernard . M t Rober . Dr in the Canadian Education Index.t Departmen n Educatio Concordia University 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. W. 6 695 . No n Registratio l Mai s Clas d Secon 8 1M G H3 a Canad , PQ , Montreal 74 CJEC SPRING 1986 : CAI n i s Graphic r Compute f o e Us e Effectiv A Review of the Literature Gina Siliauskas Abstract: Computer graphics technology offering great potential for designing s Thi . designer I CA e th o t e availabl g becomin t fas s i s interaction l instructiona f o s type w ne t relevan s review n the , capabilities y displa c graphi w ne s variou s describe t firs r pape I CA n i d use e b y effectivel d coul y the w ho g determinin n i t assis d coul t tha e literatur applications. The ability to animate both graphics and text and the ability to directly e Littl . features y revolutionar t represen s display n scree n o s element c graphi e manipulat research, however, is currently available which could help provide guidelines for the development of instructional applications-for computer graphics. It has been said that CAI's greatest potential lies in its capability to individualize h Wit . 1979) , Simutis & , Nawrocki , (Moore s technique e interactiv g usin n instructio , text , programs g includin , data g manipulatin r fo s system , power g computin d increase graphics, video, voice, sound and touch, are rapidly improving, providing us with powerful I CA e th o t e accessibl y increasingl e becom s system e thes s A . interaction r fo s tool w ne designer, there will be a growing need for clarification with regard to instructional appli- cations. e dat o t d an , programs I CA n i s image f o e us e th d limite e hav e hardwar n i s Restriction more emphasis has been placed on the presentation of text in an interactive mode than on - word y b d dominate y largel n bee e hav s program I CA , result a s A . graphics f o e us e th oriented dialogues. Current significant advances in computer graphics technology, however, are now resulting in an increasing shift in emphasis from textual to graphic presentations (Bork, 1981; O'Shea & Self, 1983). Our task here will be to examine the emerging cap- y ma t tha h researc t relevan w revie o t d an I CA o t y appl y the s a s graphic r compute f o s abilitie . use e effectiv r thei g determinin n i s u t assis WHAT DO WE MEAN BY COMPUTER GRAPHICS? s thi - r compute e th y b d manipulate r and/o , stored , created e b w no n ca s object f o s Image is the essence of computer graphics (Lewell, 1985). Marcus (1977) provides us with a Gina Siliauskas is Manager of Training, Retail Banking, with the Royal Bank of Canada, Montreal, Quebec. She is currently a doctoral student in Educational Technology at I CA n i n interactio d graphic-base e includ s interest h researc r he d an y Universit a Concordi and authoring techniques for interactive systems. The author gratefully acknowledges the contribution of three anonymous reviewers and the Editor, Robert M. Bernard, to the . manuscript s thi f o n preparatio CJEC, VOL.15, NO. 2, PAGES 75-84, ISSN 0710-4340 6 198 G SPRIN C CJE 6 7 general but useful definition of computer graphics: "any kind of imagery mediated or generated by computer control and most appropriately, but not exclusively, displayed on e th m fro e rang s system r compute n i s capabilitie s Graphic . 6) . (p " screens e tub y ra e cathod printing of simple characters to sophisticated picture drawing and image manipulation commands. Computer graphic displays have been used to fulfill a variety of functions such as in the automation of manufacturing processes and the production of engineering drawings, architectural plans, and commercial art layouts. Examples of computer graphic output include: low resolution paper output; high quality black/white or color pictures of real or imaginary objects for slides, films, or video; and images produced on video displays and characterized by user intervention (Foley & Van Dam, 1982). From a CAI design standpoint our focus is the output generated on a video , produced e imag n scree f o e typ e th o t d regar h wit t exis n ca s difference t Grea . screen y displa its quality, and the extent to which it can be dynamically controlled by the viewer. This last c graphi r compute g categorizin r fo n criterio e th s a d use e b n ca l contro r viewe f o r facto applications as either passive or interactive, a distinction we shall see as having significant implications for CAI design. Current developments in microprocessor technology are resulting in the design of computer systems with a vast range of graphics capabilities. Special graphics processor chips now under development will make text-based computing systems obsolete (Lu, 1986). In addition to enabling us to create more sophisticated images on the screen, including w Ne . text h wit n integratio r easie w allo l wil s system d graphics-base , programs d animate e vehicl e th e becom l wil s capabilitie o vide y revolutionar h suc h wit s system r microcompute for the most common instructional applications of computer graphics. CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER SCREEN DISPLAYS It is helpful for our purposes to present a scheme for categorizing computer screen n i s application s graphic r compute g discussin r fo k framewor e descriptiv a s a e us o t s display CAI. The widely accepted distinction between text and graphics in relation to print can also be applied to static text and static graphics in screen displays.
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