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APPENDIX A Acronyms and Abbreviations*

a atto (10-18) A ampere A angstrom AAR automatic alternate routing AARTS automatic audio remote test set AAS aeronautical advisory station AB asynchronous balanced (mode) (Link Layer OSI-RM) ABCA American, British, Canadian, Australian armies abs absolute ABS aeronautical broadcast station ABSBH average busy season busy hour ac alternating current AC absorption coefficient access charge access ACA automatic circuit assurance ACC automatic callback calling ACCS associated common-channel signaling ACCUNET AT&T switched 56-kbps service ACD automatic call distributing automatic call distributor

*Alphabetized letter by letter. Uppercase letters follow lowercase letters. All other symbols are ignored, including superscripts and subscripts. Numerals follow Z and Greek letters are at the very end.

1127 Appendix A 1128

ac-dc alternating-current direct-current (ringing) ACE automatic cross-connection equipment ACF/VTAM advanced facility (VT AM) ACK acknowledge character acknowledgement ACK/NAK acknowledgement/negative acknowledgement ACS airport control station asynchronous ACSE association control service element ACTS advanced communications technology satellite ACU automatic calling unit AD addendum AID analog to digital A-D analog to digital ADAPT architectures design, analysis, and planning tool ADC analog-to-digital converter automatic digital control ADCCP Advanced Data Communications Control Procedure (ANSI) ADH automatic data handling ADP automatic data processing automatic data processor ADPCM adaptive differential pulse code Association for Data Processing and Computer Management ADPE automatic data processing equipment ADPS automatic data processing system ADPSSO automatic data processing system security officer ADS automatic dependent surveillance ADSP AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol ADSU automatic dependent surveillance unit ADU automatic dialing unit ADX automatic data exchange AECS Aeronautical Emergency Communications System AECSP Aeronautical Emergency Communications System Plan AEF aircraft emergency frequency aeronautical emergency frequency AEQ automatic recovery quotient AES aeronautical Earth station AF audio frequency AFC area frequency coordinator automatic frequency control automatic frequency control Appendix A 1129

AFI address and fonnat identifier (ISO)

AFNOR Association Fran~ais Nonnal (France standards body)

Association Fran~aise des Nonnes (France Standards) AFP AppleTalk Filing Protocol AFRN Anned Forces Network AFRS Anned Forces Radio Service AFS aeronautical fixed service aeronautical AG gain AGC automatic gain control AGE aerospace ground equipment AGRS air-ground service AGWCS air-ground worldwide communications system AHF adaptive high frequency (radio) AI absorption index artificial intelligence AIG address indicator group address indicating group AIM amplitude intensity modulation AIN advanced intelligence network AIOD automatic identified outward dialing AIS automated infonnation system AISC application-specific integrated circuit AISS automated infonnation systems security AJ anti -jamming AL Application Layer ALAP AppleTalk Link Access Protocol ALBAM air-land battle assessment model ALC automatic level control automatic load control ALE automatic link establishment ALGOL Algorithmic Language ALMRBS airport land ALMRS airport land mobile radio station ALOHA an experimental radio broadcast network ALU arithmetic and logic unit arithmetic and logical unit Nm amperes per meter AM amplitude modulated amplitude modulation amplitude modulator Appendix A 1130

angle modulation ante meridian AMA automatic message accounting AMC administrative management complex AME amplitude modulation equivalent automatic message exchange AMI alternate mark inversion alternate mark inversion (signal) AMLCD active matrix liquid crystal display AMlPMNSB amplitude modulation/phase modulation/vestigial sideband AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Service automatic message processing system AMPSSO automated message processing system security officer AM(R)S aeronautical mobile (route) service AMS aeronautical aeronautical service AMS(OR)S aeronautical mobile-satellite (off-route) service AMS(R)S aeronautical mobile-satellite (route) service AMSS aeronautical mobile-satellite service AMTS automated maritime system ANA article numbering association ANI automatic number identification ANL automatic noise limiter ANMCC Alternate National Military Command Center ANS ambient noise level American National Standard ANSI American National Standards Institute (formerly ASA) ANT antenna noise temperature AP anomalous propagation applications processor APC adaptive predictive code adaptive predictive coding automatic phase control apd avalanche photodiode a.p.d. avalanche photodiode APD automatic phase control avalanche photodetector avalanche photodiode APDC avalanche photodiode coupler APEX Advanced Project for Exchange API application program interface Appendix A 1131

APIICS application program interface/communications service APK amplitude phase-shift keying APL A Programming Language Array Programming Language average picture level APPC Advanced Program-to-Program Communications (IBM) APPN Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking APSK amplitude phase-shift keying APT Automatically Programmed Tool ARENA Automated Recourse to Electronic Negotiations Archive ARM asynchronous response mode (Link Layer OSI-RM) ARN air reporting net ARNS aeronautical radionavigation service ARNSS aeronautical radionavigation-satellite service ARP address resolution protocol Address Resolution Protocol (standard) ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency (now DARPA) ARPAnet Advanced Research Projects Agency Network ARPANET Advanced Research Projects Agency Network ARQ automatic repeat-request automatic request for transmission ARR airborne radio relay ARS automatic route selection automatic route selector ARTIC a realtime interface coprocessor ARU audio response unit AS abstract syntaxe ASA American Standards Association (Now ANSI) ASAS all-source analysis system ASC AUTODIN Switching Center axis of signal communications ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASE automatic switching equipment ASIC application-specific integrated circuit ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation 1 (ISO) ASOCnet Army Special Operations Command Network ASP adjunct service point Aggregated Switch Procurement AppleTaJk Session Protocol ASR automatic send and receive Appendix A 1132

ASRT automatic send/receive terminal ASS amateur satellite service automatic switching system ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials AT asynchronous transmission ATACS Army Tactical Communications System (U.S.) ATB all trunks busy (signal) ATC air traffic control air traffic controller ATOM asynchronous time-division ATE automatic test equipment ATF advanced tactical (optical) fiber ATM alternative test method alternative test mode asynchronous transfer mode Asynchronous Transfer Mode (standard) automatic teller machine automatic tracking mechanism ATOF advanced tactical ATOW acquisition and tracking orderwire ATV advanced television au astronomical unit AU access unit AU! access unit interface attachment unit interface AUTODIN Automatic Digital Network (U.S. 000) AUTOSEVOCOM Automatic Secure Voice Communications Network AUTOVON Automatic Voice Network (U.S. 000) AVO alternate voice/data AVPO axial vapor phase oxidation (process) AWG American Wire Gauge AWGN additive white Gaussian noise AWM appliance wiring material AWSIM air warfare simulation AZ azimuth

b bit (binary digit) byte B bel, byte balun balanced-to-unbalanced BAS basic activity set (OSI Session) Appendix A 1133

basecom base communications BASIC beginner's all-purpose symbolic instruction code BB baseband BBC back-to-back connection British Broadcasting Company BBLAN baseband BBS bridge-to-bridge station BCC block check character BCD binary coded decimal BCH Bose-Chaudhuri-Hochquenghem (code) BCI bit count integrity BCS B-channel circuit-switched basic combined set (OSI Session) BCVT basic class virtual tenninal (OSI) Bd BEL bell (transmission control character) bell BEL character BEP block error probability BER basic energy reduction (errors/time) bit error ratio (errors/characters sent) block error ratio BERT' bit error ratio test bit error ratio tester BES BETRS Basic Exchange Telecommunications Radio Service BEX broadband exchange BFlCC British Facsimile Industry Consultative Committee BFL back focal length BFOG Brillouin fiber optic gyroscope BIGFON experimental Gennan video service BIH Bureau International del 'Heure International Time Bureau BIOD Bell integrated optical device BIOS basic input-output system bis second version of a recommendation (CCITr) BISDN broadband integrated services digital network B-ISDN Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (Standard) bi-sync binary synchronous (communications) bit binary digit BIT built-in test Appendix A 1134

BITE built-in test equipment BID basic infonnation unit (lBM/SNA) bus interface unit BLER block error rate BLERT block error rate test block error rate tester block error rate testing BLP block loss probability BLR block loss ratio BMLC Basic Mode Link Control BMMG British Minicomputer Manufacturing Group BMR bit misdelivery ratio block misdelivery ratio BNF Backus-Naur fonn BNR Bell Northern Research BOB break-out box BOC Bell Operating Company BOCs Bell Operating Companies BOP Bit-Oriented Protocol bpi bits per inch bytes per inch BPI bits per inch bytes per inch bps bits per second BPS B-channel packet-switched BPSK binary phase-shift keying BR BRA basic rate access BRI basic rate interface Basic Rate Interface (ISDN) BRL balance return loss BRLP bit-rate· length product BS broadcasting service b/s bits per second b· S-I bits per second b/sec bits per second b • sec-I bits per second BSA basic serving arrangement BSC binary synchronous BSE basic service element BSGL branch systems general license Appendix A 1135

BSI British Standards Institution BSO bit-synchronous operation BSS basic synchronized set (OSI Session) broadcasting-satellite service BT British Telecom BTl British Telecom International BTN billing number BTR block transfer rate BW BWDF bandwidth • distance factor B3ZS bipolar with three-zero substitution B6ZS bipolar with six-zero substitution B8ZS bipolar with eight-zero substitution

c centi (10-2) symbol for the speed of light in vacuum C capacitance (electric circuit) coulomb (electric charge) command and control command and control system (tactical) command, control, and communications command, control, and communications system (tactical) C4 command, control, communications, and computers CAA collinear antenna array CAC2 combined arms command and control CACS centralized alarm control system CAD computer-aided dispatching computer-aided design computer-assisted design CAD/CAM computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing. CALS continuous acquisition and lifecycle support CAM computer-aided manufacturing computer-assisted manufacturing CAMA centralized automatic message accounting CAN cancel character (control character) CAP competitive access provider customer administration panel CARS cable (television) relay service cable (television) relay station CAS centralized attendant services channel-associated signaling Appendix A 1136

CASE common application service elements computer-aided software engineering computer-aided system engineering computer-assisted software engineering computer-assisted system engineering CATV cable TV community antenna television CBEMA Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (Sponsor ANSI X3) CBMS computer-based messaging system (NIST) CBR Carson bandwidth rule CBS common-battery signaling corps battle simulation CBX computer branch exchange computerized branch exchange (IBM) cc cubic centimeter (milliliter) CC country code CCA carrier-controlled approach CCC call control character command and control center communications control center CCCCP Committee on Computer-to-Computer Communication Protocols CCD charge-coupled device CCEB Combined Communications-Electronics Board cch hundred circuit • hours CCR connections per circuit-hour hundred circuit-hours CCI character count integrity CCIF International Consultative Committee for Telephone CCIR International Radio Consultative Committee CCIS common channel interoffice signaling CCIT International Consultative Committee for Telegraph (now CCITT) CCITT Comite Consultatif International Telegraphique et Telephonique International Consultative Telegraph and Telephone Committee command, control, and communications countermeasures commitment, concurrency, and recovery ccs hundred call· seconds (c=l00, Roman) CCS clear confirmation signal common channel signaling hundred call-seconds (C=l00, Roman) Appendix A 1137

CCSA switching arrangement CCSS No.7 common channel signaling system No. 7 (CCITT) CCTV closed-circuit television CCW cable cutoff wavelength cd candela CD carrier detect CD ROM compact disk read-only memory CDC call directly code chromatic dispersion coefficient CDF combined distribution frame cumulative distribution function CDM color division multiplexing conditioned diphase modulation CDMA code division multiple access code-division multiple-access (spread spectrum) CDPSK coherent differential phase-shift keying CDR call detail recording CDS chromatic dispersion slope CDT control data terminal CDU central display unit C-E communications-electronics CEC Committee of European Communities CEI comparably efficient interconnection CELP code-excited linear prediction (coding) CEM common equipment module (Ferranti) CEN Comite Europeen de Normalization CENLEC European Committee for Electrotechnological Standardization CEP circular error probability circular error probable CEPT Conference Europeen des Administrations des Postes et des Teltkommunica• tions CERN European Nuclear Research Center CES CF critical frequency CFE contractor-furnished equipment CFR Cambridge fast ring Code of Federal Regulations CFSK coherent frequency shift keying cgs centimeter-gram-second (system of units) CHIEF customs handling of import and export freight CHILL CCITT high-level language ( use) Appendix A 1138

CHINAPAC China national network CHOP change in operational control ChR channel reliability ch • S-I characters per second C31 command, control, communications, and intelligence C41 command, control, computers, communications, and intelligence CI computer industry cooperation index CIAS circuit inventory and analysis system CIC content indicator code CICS customer information control system CIF common interface format common intermediate format CIFAX ciphered facsimile CIM computer-integrated manufacturing corporate information management CINC commander-in-chief CINCLANT Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic CINCPAC Commander-in-Chief, Pacific ciphony ciphered CiR circuit reliability CIS communications and information systems C/kt carrier-to-receiver noise density cl centiliter CL connectionless CL connectionless (mode) CLASS custom local area signaling service CLIO calling line identification CLIP calling line identification presentation CLIR calling line identification restriction CLIS calling line identification signal CLIST command list CLR clear request (connection) cm centimeter CM configuration management CMA centralized message accounting CMC communications management configuration customer management complex CMDR command reject CMI coded mark inversion CMIP Common Management Information Protocol Appendix A 1139

CMIS common management information service common management information system CMOS complementary metal oxide complementary metal oxide substrate CMOT CMIS management over TCP CMP communications management processor CMRR common-mode rejection ratio CMT connectionless mode transmission CMW compartmented mode workstation C/N carrier to noise power ratio carrier-to-noise-ratio CNL carrier noise level CNM communications network management communications network manager CNR carrier-to-noise power ratio carrier to noise ratio combat net radio CNS complementary network services CO central office central office (telephone network) connection oriented C.O. central office COAM customer owned and maintained equipment COAT coherent optical adaptive technique coax COBOL common business oriented language COD catastrophic optical damage codec coder-decoder COG centralized ordering group CO-LAN central office local area network COM computer output microform COMINT communications intelligence COMJAM communications jamming compandor compressor-expander COMPUSEC computer security COMSAT Corporation COMSEC communications security CONEX connectivity exchange CONUS continental Continental United States COS Corporation for Open Systems (U.S.) Appendix A 1140

COT customer office terminal CO{fP Connection-Oriented Transaction Protocol cp candlepower CP carrier pulse CPE customer premises equipment cpi characters per inch CPI common physical interface (ISDN) cpm characters per minute counts per minute CP/M control program for microcomputers CPP Cable Patch Panel (DEC) cps characters per second counts per second cycles per second (deprecated for frequency) CPS call progress signal CPU central processing unit communications processor unit CR call request (ISO) carriage return (character) channel reliability character recognition circuit reliability connection request (ISO) contrast ratio CRADA cooperative research and development agreement CRC cyclic redundancy check CREG concentrated range extension with gain CRITCOM critical intelligence communications CRITICOM Critical Communications Intelligence Network CROM control read-only memory CRSS C3I reusable software system. CRT cathode-ray tube cis cycles per second (deprecated for frequency) CS carrier system communications survivability c • s call • second communications survivability CSC center common signaling channel CSCINT closed source intelligence CSDN circuit-switched data network Appendix A 1141

CSE communications security equipment CSM communications security material communications system management communications systems management Communications and Systems Management CSMA carrier-sense multiple-access CSMA/CA carrier-sense multiple-access w/collision avoidance CSMA with collision avoidance CSMA/CD carrier-sense multiple-access w/collision detection CSMA with collision detection CSNET computer science network (U.S. research) CST compatible sideband transmission CSU channel service unit circuit switching unit customer service unit CTCA Canadian Telecommunications Carriers Association CID clock time difference CTL critical technical load CTM circuit transfer mode CTS clear to send clear to send (EIA RS-232) CTX Centrex® clear to transmit CUG closed user group (X.25) CVD chemical vapor deposition (process) CVPO chemical vapor phase oxidation (process) CVSD continuously variable slope delta (modulation) cw composite wave continuous wave CW carrier wave composite wave continuous wave CWSS communications wiring system CX composite signaling CX connection (mode) cxr carrier

d deci (10-') D" D star (specific detectivity) da deka (10) Appendix A 1142

D-A digital to analog D/A digital to analog DACS digital access and cross-connect system DAD draft addendum DAMA demand assignment multiple access DAP Data Access Protocol (DECnet) DAR dynamically adaptive routing DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (U.S.) DASS digital access signaling system DASS2 digital access signaling system two DATAPAC a public packet-switched network (Canada) DATEX-L digital circuit-switched service (Germany) DATEX-P public packet-switched network (Germany) dB decibel dBa weighted noise power in dB referred to -85 dBm DBA directed broadcast address dBa(FIA) noise power measured with FlA-line weighting dBa(HAI) noise power measured with HA I-receiver weighting dBaO noise power measured at zero transmission level point dBc dB relative to carrier power DBC dense binary code DBI decibel above isotropic dBm dB referred to I milliwatt (0 dBm = I milliwatt) dBm(psoph) noise power in dBm with psophometric weighting dBmO noise power in dBm referred to or measured at OTLP dBmOp noise power in dBmO measured with psophometric weighting noise power in dBmO measured with C-message weighting DBMS database management system dBmV dB referred to I millivolt across 75 ohms decibel referred to I millivolt (signal level) dBnW dB referred to I nanowatt (0 dBn W = I nW) DBP Deutsche Bundespost (German Communications) dB(psoph) noise power in dBm measured with psophometric weighting dBpW dB referred to I picowatt (0 dBpW = I pW) dBr dB referred to a given reference dBm dB above reference noise dBmC noise power in dBm measured with C-message weighting dBmCO noise power in dBmC referred to or measured at OTLP

dBm(f\-f2) flat noise power in dBm dBm(144-line) noise power in dBm measured with I44·line weighting DBS direct broadcast satellite Appendix A 1143

DBTVS direct broadcast television satellite dBv decibels relative to I volt peak-to-peak dBV dB relative to I V (volt) dBW dB referred to 1 W (watt) (0 dBW = 1 W) decibels referred to I watt (0 dBW = 1 watt) dBx dB above reference coupling decibels above reference coupling dBO noise power in dBm referred to or measured at OTLP DB-25 EIA RS-232 connector dBJlW dB referred to 1 microwatt (0 dBJlW =1 JlW) dc direct current DC direct current double crucible (process) DCA Defense Communications Agency document content architecture (IBM) DCC data country code digital cross-connect DCD data carrier detect DCE data circuit-terminating equipment DCF doubly cladded (optical) fiber DCI diametral cooperation index DCOF doubly cladded optical fiber DCPSK differentially coherent phase-shift keying DCS Defense Communications System DCTN Defense Commercial Telecommunications Network DCWV direct-current working volts DDCMP Digital Data Communications Message Protocol (DEC) DDD direct distance dialing DDL data description language DDM distributed data management DDN Defense Data Network (U.S.) DDP Datagram Delivery Protocol DDR disengagement denial ratio DDS dataphone digital service (AT&T) digital data service direct dialing service doped deposited silica (process) DE data element DEB differentially encoded baseband DEC Digital Equipment Corporation DECCA digital positioning system Appendix A 1144

DECnet Digital Equipment Corporation network architecture DECT Digital European Cordless Telecommunications digital European cordless telephone digital European cordless telephony DEL delete character (control character) DELNI DEC Local Network Interface demarc demarcation point demod demodulator DEMOD demodulator DEMPR DEC Multiport Repeater demux demultiplex demultiplexed demultiplexer demultiplexing deMUX demultiplex (et al. above) DEMUX demultiplex (et al. above) demuxing demultiplexing DEPS departmental entry-processing system dequeue double-ended queue DES data encryption standard Data-Encryption Standard (NBS now NIST) double-ended synchronization detem detector/emitter DETEM detector/emitter DF direction finder direction finding distress frequency DFB distributed feedback (laser) DFM digital DFSK double frequency-shift keying OOPS differential global positioning system ooT Direction Geneale des Telecommunications (France) DHCF Distribution Host Command Facility DlA Defense Intelligence Agency document interchange architecture (IBM) DID direct inward dialing DIN Deutsche Industrie Normenausschuss (Germany) Deutsches Institut fiir Normung (German Standards) Deutsches Institut flir Normung (German standards body) German Industrial Standards Committee German Institute for Standardization (German standards body) Appendix A 1145

DINA direct noise amplification (jammer) diopt diopter DIP dual in-line package dual in-line package (switch) DIS Draft International Standard DISA Defense Information Systems Agency disc disconnect disconnect command DISC disconnect disconnect command DISH data interchange for shipping (U.K.) DISN Defense Information Systems Network DISNET Defense Integrated Secure Network DISOSS distributed office support system DIW D-inside wire D/L downlink DLA Defense Logistics Agency DLC digital loop carrier DLCI data link connection identifier DLE data link escape data link escape character DLL Data Link Layer DM delay modulation delta modulation differential modulation DMA Defense Mapping Agency differential mode attenuation direct memory access (data transfer) DME distance measuring equipment DMI digital multiplexed interface (data transfer) DMS data management system Defense Message System digital multiplexed switch (Northern Telecom) DMT digital multiplexed trunk DMW digital microwave DN digital network directory number DNA DEC network architecture Defense Nuclear Agency DNIC data network identification code Data Network Identification Code (CCITT) Appendix A 1146

DNPA data numbering plan area DNS Domain Name System DNSIX Defense Network Security Information Exchange DO design objective DoC Department of Commerce (U.S.) DoD Department of Defense (U.S.) DOD direct outward dialing DoD-STD Department of Defense Standard DoDD Department of Defense Directive (U.S.) DoDI Department of Defense Instruction (U.S.) DoDISS DoD Index of Specfications and Standards (U.S) DOS disk operating system DOV data over voice dp draft proposal (ISO) DPBX data private branch exchange DPCM differential pulse-code modulation dpIS draft proposed international standard (ISO) DPLL digital phase-locked loop DPM digital phase modulation dual-precedence message DPNSS digital private network signaling system DPPB digital primary patch bay DPRS domestic DPSK differential phase-shift keying DQDB distributed queue, dual bus (MAN) distributed-queue dual-bus (network) DQTV distribution-quality television DRAM dynamic random access memory DRS disengagement request signal DRSI destination station routing indicator DS digital signal direct support dispersion-shifted (optical fiber) duplex signaling DSA dial service assistance Defense Security Agency directory service agent DSAP destination service access point (IEEE 802) DSB Defense Science Board dial service board double-sideband (transmission) Appendix A 1147

DSB-RC double-sideband reduced carrier DSB-SC double-sideband suppressed carrier (transmission) DSC digital DSCS Defense Satellite Communications System DSE data switching equipment data switching exchange DSI digital speech interpolation DSL digital subscriber loop (AT&T) DSM delta-sigma modulation direct sequence modulation direct-spread modulation DSN Defense Switched Network DSP digital signal processing domain specific part (addressing) DSR data sampling rate digital signaling rate disengagement success ratio DSS direct station selection DSSCS Defense Special Service Communications System DSSS direct sequence spread spectrum DSTE data subscriber terminal equipment DSU data service unit DSO DSI DSIC digital signal 1C DS2 digital signal 2 DS3 digital signal 3 DS4 digital signal 4 DS-l multiplexed telephone signal (1.544 Mb/s) DS-3 multiplexed telephone signal (44.736 Mb/s) DTCM differential trellis coded modulation DTE data terminal equipment data terminal equipment (CCITT) DTG date-time group DTI Department of Trade and Industry (U.K.) DTMF dual-tone multifrequency dual-tone multifrequency (signaling) DTN data transfer network data transmission network Appendix A 1148

DTP data transfer process DTR data terminal ready data transfer rate DTRS data transfer request signal DTU data tape unit data transfer unit digital transmission unit direct to user DU data unit dispersion-unshifted (optical fiber) DVD digital video disk DVM data/voice multiplexed data/voice multiplexer data/voice multiplexing DX direct current signaling duplex D3 Type 3 fiber optic connector D4 Type 4 fiber optic connector DO.. ) chromatic dispersion coefficient 6. delta modulation refractive index contrast

E exa (10 18) extinction ratio EA effective availability EAN electronic article numbering EAR echo attenuation ratio EARN European academic and research network EAS extended area service EBCDIC extended binary-coded decimal interchange code (IBM) EBE embedded base equipment EBO embedded base organization EBS Emergency Broadcast System EBX electronic branch exchange EC Earth coverage Earth curvature echo canceling electrooptic coefficient ECC electronically controlled coupling error-correcting code ECCM electronic countercountermeasure Appendix A 1149

ECM electronic countermeasure ECMA European Computer Manufacturing Association ECPE embedded customer-premises equipment ECSA Exchange Carriers Standards Association ECU European currency unit EDACSTM Enhanced Digital Access Communications System EDC error detection and correction error-detecting code EDFA erbium-doped fiber amplifier EDI electronic data interchange EDP electronic data processing EDTR effective data transfer rate EDTV extended-definition television EEC electromagnetic emission control European Economic Community (Common Market) EEP electromagnetic emission policy EER effective Earth radius EESS Earth exploration-satellite service EFIS electronic flight information system EFL equivalent focal length EGC equal gain combiner EGP exterior gateway protocol Exterior Gateway Protocol (DARPA) EHF extremely high frequency EHz exahertz (1018 Hz) EIA Electronic Industries Association EIN European Information Network eirp effective isotropically radiated power equivalent isotropically radiated power EKMS electronic key management system el elevation ELECTRO-OPTINT electro-optical intelligence ELED edge-emitting light-emitting diode ELF extremely low frequency ELINT electromagnetics intelligence electronics intelligence ELSEC electronics security ELT emergency locator transmitter EM electromagnetic end-of-medium (control character) E&M ear and mouth (receiver/transmitter leads) Appendix A 1150

ear and mouth (signaling) Ear and Mouth (receive and transmit leads) e-mail electronic mail e-Mail electronic mail E-mail electronic mail E-MAIL electronic mail EMC electromagnetic compatibility EMCON emission control EMD equilibrium mode distribution EME electromagnetic environment emf electromotive force (voltage) EMI electromagnetic interference (energy) electromagnetic interference (control) EMP electromagnetic pulse EMPD equilibrium modal-power distribution EMR electromagnetic radiation electromagnetic radiation (hazard) e.m.r.p. equivalent monopole radiated power EMS electromagnetic surveillance electronic message system EMSEC emanations security emu electromagnetic unit EMUG European MAP Users Group EMUT enhanced manpack ultrahigh frequency terminal EMV electromagnetic vulnerability emw electromagnetic wave EMW electromagnetic warfare electromagnetic wave E/N energy-to-noise ratio EJNo signal-energy-per-bit per hertz of thermal noise ENA extended network addressing ENQ enquiry enquiry character (control character) ENT equivalent noise temperature ENVOY 100 Telecom Canada electronic mail system EO end office (network) E.O. end office (network) EOC electrooptic coefficient EOD end of data (signal) EOF end of file EOL end of line Appendix A 1151

EOM end of message end of message (control character) EOP end of output end of program EOS end of selection character EOT end of tape end of text end of text (control character) end of transmission end of transmission (control character) EOW engineering orderwire EP Emergency Preparedness emulator package EPRM erasable programmable read-only memory EPROM electrically programmable read-only memory erasable programmable read-only memory EPSCS enhanced private switched communications system EQ equalizer EQTV extended quality television ER error ratio ERC electromagnetic radiation control ERL echo return loss e.r.p. effective radiated power ERP effective radiated power ES Earth station electronic switch end system (network) enhanced service expert system ESA electrical spectrum analyzer electronic spectrum analyzer ESC escape (control character) escape character (control) ESD electrostatic discharge ESF extended superframe ESI equivalent step index (profile) ESM electronic warfare support measure ESP enhanced service provider ESPRIT European Strategic Precompetitive Research Programme for Information Tech• nology ESS electronic switching system Appendix A 1152

Electronic Switching System (AT&T) ESTELLE electronic format for protocol description (ISO) formal format for protocol description (ISO) esu electrostatic unit ET Earth terminal exchange transmission ETA estimated time of arrival ETB end of transmission-block end of transmission-block (control character) ETC Earth terminal complex ETD estimated time of depaiture ETR effective transmission rate external timing reference ETS effective transmission speed (Deprecated, use ETR) ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETX end of text end of text (control character) eV electron • volt EW early warning electronic warfare EWSM electronic warfare support measure EXCSA Exchange Carriers Standards Association

f femto (10-15) F frequency FAA Federal Aviation Agency frequency assignment authority FAADC2 forward area air defense command and control facs facsimile FADU file accessible data unit (ISO) FAI functional address indicator FAL file access list FAQ frequently asked question (file) facs facsimile FAS frarne alignment signal FASSET Functional Advanced Satellite System for Evaluation and Test FATAM file application, transfer, access, and management facsimile FAX facsimile FBBC full baud bipolar coding FC fiber optic connector Appendix A 1153

functional component FCC Federal Communications Commission (U.S.) FCCRP Federal Communications Commission Registration Program FCS frame check sequence Frame Check Sequence (CRC) frequency change signaling FCW fiber cutoff wavelength FD frequency division FDDI fiber distributed data interface FDDI-2 Fiber Distributed Data Interface 2 FDHM full-duration at half-maximum (pulse) full-duration half-maximum (pulse) FDM frequency-division multiplex frequency-division multiplexed frequency-division multiplexer frequency-division multiplexing FDMA frequency-division multiple access frequency-division mUltiplexed access FDX full duplex FE format effector FEC far end crosstalk forward error correction front end computer FECC Federal Emergency Communications Coordinators FED-STD Federal standard FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FEN feeder echo noise FEP fluorinated ethylene propylene front end processor perfluorinated ethylene propylene FES frequency exchange signaling FET field effect transistor (photodetector) FEXT far-end crosstalk FFL front focal length FGS facility grounding system FHSS frequency-hopping spread spectrum FIFO first in-first out FIP Federal Information Processing FIPS Federal Information Processing Standard FIPS-Pub Federal Information Processing Standard (Publication) FIR finite impulse response Appendix A 1154

FIRM functionally integrated resource manager FIRMR Federal Information Resources Management Regulation FISINT foreign instrumentation signal intelligence FLETC Federal Law Enforcement Training Center flop floating point operation flops floating point operations floating point operations per second FLTSATCOM Fleet Satellite Communications FM frequency modulated frequency modulating frequency modulation frequency modulator full modulation fundamental mode FMIF frequency modulation improvement factor FMS flight management system FO fiber optic fiber optics FOC fiber optic combiner fiber optic connector final operational capability full operational capability FOCC fiber optic cable component FOG fiber optic gyroscope FOL fiber optic link FOM fiber optic FOMS fiber optic myocardium stimulator FOT fiber optic transmitter frequency of optimum traffic frequency of optimum transmission optimum traffic frequency optimum transmission frequency FOTM fiber optic test method FOTP fiber optic test procedure FOTS fiber optic telemedicine system fiber optic transmission system FPD flat panel display FPGA field programmable gate arrays FPI functional process improvement FPIS forward propagation ionospheric scatter fpm feet per minute Appendix A 1155

fps feet per second frames per second fp/s foot • pounds per second FPS fast packet switching fault protection subsystem focus projection and scanning FRENA frequency and amplitude (system) FRM fixed-reference modulation FRMR frame reject fs femtosecond (10-15 seconds) FSC frequency spectrum congestion FSD frequency spectrum designation FSDPSK filtered symmetric differential phase shift keying FSF fully separate facility FSK frequency shift keying FSL facsimile signal level FSS fixed-satellite service fully separate subsidiary FST frequency shift FSTS Federal Secure Telephone System FT fiber optic T -carrier FTAM file transfer, access, and management File Transfer, Access, and Management (ISO standard) FTC fast time constant fast time constant (logarithmic) Federal Telecommunications Fund FTP file transfer protocol File Transfer Protocol (DARPA) FTS Federal Telecommunications System FTS2000 Federal Telecommunications System 2000 FTSC Federal Telecommunications Standards Committee FTT fault-tracing time FU functional unit FWHM full width at half maximum (pulse) full-width half-maximum (pulse) full-width half-maximum (spectral power) FWM four-wave mixing FX fixed service foreign exchange (telephone connection) foreign exchange (service) FYDP Five Year Defense Plan Appendix A 1156

g acceleration of gravity profile parameter

G giga (109) Goubau (line) GAT go-ahead tone GBH group busy hour Gbps gigabits per second (109 bps) GCA ground controlled approach (landing) ground controlled approach (system) GCT Greenwich Civil Time (UTC) GDDS global decision support system GDF group distribution frame GFC general flow control GFE Government-furnished equipment GFI general format identifier GGP gateway-to-gateway protocol Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol (DARPA) GHz gigahertz GI graded-index (refractive index) GIP graded-index profile GKS Graphical Kernel System GMSK Gaussian minimum shift keying GMT Greenwich Mean Time (UTC) GOS grade of service GOSIP Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile Government OSI Profile GPI glide-path indicator GPIRS global positioning inertial reference system GPS global positioning system Global Positioning System GRC ground return circuit GRIN graded index (refractive index) GRWSIM ground warfare simulation GS group switch (Ericson) GSA General Services Administration GSI glide slope indicator GSTN general switched telephone network Gff gain to noise-temperature ratio (antenna) GTMOSI general teleprocessing monitor for OSI GTP Government Telecommunications Program GTS Government Telecommunications System Appendix A 1157

GUI graphical user interface GUS Guide to the Use of Standards

h hecto (102) hour Planck's constant HBB half-baud bipolar (coding) HBC half-baud coding HCN hierarchical hybrid communications network HCS hard clad silica (Spectran optical fiber) HD half-duplex (circuit or operation) HDLC high-level data link control High-Level Data Link Control (ISO) HDSL high bit-rate digital subscriber line HDTV high-definition television high-definition TV HDX half-duplex (circuit or operation) HEll fundamental hybrid (mode, optical) HEC header error check heading error check HEMP high-altitude electromagnetic pulse HERF hazards of electromagnetic radiation to fuel HERO hazards of electromagnetic radiation to ordnance HERP hazards of electromagnetic radiation to personnel hf photon energy (Planck's constant x photon frequency) HF high frequency HFAARS High-Frequency Adaptive Antenna Receiving System HFDF high-frequency distribution frame HIPERLAN high-performance local area network high-performance radio local area network HLL high-level language HLP high-level protocol HM Her Majesty's (UK) His Majesty's (U.K.) heterogeneous multiplexing HMS hydrological and meteorological station HOC highest outgoing channel HRC hybrid ring control HSN hierarchically synchronized network HTML HyperText Markup Language Appendix A 1158

hypertext metalanguage HTTP hypertext transfer protocol Hypertext Transfer Protocol (standard) HV high voltage h polarization-holding parameter (value) Hz hertz (frequency unit)

information IA International Alphabet (CCrn) IAGC instantaneous automatic gain control lAS A integrated AUTODIN system architecture IATV interactive television IAI International Alphabet No. 1 (CCITT) IA2 International Alphabet No. 2 (CCITT) IA3 International Alphabet No. 3 (CCITT) IA4 International Alphabet No.4 (CCrn) IA5 International Alphabet No. 5 (CCITT) IB interface bus IBC information bearer channel integrated broadband communications IBCN integrated broadband communications network IBDN Integrated Building Distribution Network (Northern Telecom) IBM International Business Machines (Corporation) IBNPR in-band noise power ratio IBS international broadcasting station international broadcasting system IBT isochronous burst transmission I&C installation and checkout IC integrated circuit ICA integrated communications adapter International Communications Association icand multiplicand ICI incoming call identification interface control information (ISO) ICL International Computers, Ltd. ICMP Control Message Protocol ICN! Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Identification ICS integrated communications system ICW interrupted continuous wave ID identification identifier Appendix A 1159

IDDD International Direct Distance Dialing IDF intermediate distribution frame IDM isochronous demodulation IDN integrated digital network IDP internetwork datagram protocol Internetwork Datagram Protocol (Internet) IDR isochronous distortion ratio IDT interactive data transaction IDTV improved definition television IDU interface data unit (ISO) IEC International Electrotechnical Commission lEE Institution of Electrical Engineers (U.K.) IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (U.S.) ier multiplier IF intermediate frequency interface I-F interface I/F interface IFF identification friend or foe IFIP International Federation for Information Processing IFL interfacility link (fiber optic) IFOC integrated fiber optic circuit IFR instrument flight rule IFRB International Frequency Registration Board IFS ionospheric forward scatter IFSK incoherent frequency shift keying IG insertion gain IHL Internet header link IlL integrated injection logic IlLS Information Industry Liaison Committee I1R infinite impulse response infinite impulse response (filter) IKBS intelligent knowledge-based system IL insertion loss intermediate language 12L integrated injection logic ILD injection laser diode ILF infralow frequency ILLED integral lens light-emitting diode ILS instrument landing system I&M installation and maintenance Appendix A 1160

1M intensity modulation intermodulation intramodulation isochronous modulation IMA integrated modular avionics Inmarsat International Maritime Satellite (System) IMD intermodulation distortion IMP interface message processor Interface Message Processor (DARPA) IMS information management system IN intelligence network intelligent network INFOSEC information systems security INS inertial navigation system Inertial Navigation System integrated network system Integrated Network System (NTT) INSP Internet Name Server Protocol INT interchange internal international INTAP Interoperability Technology Association for Information Processing (Japan) INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium INWATS incoming wide area telephone service inward wide area telephone service IN/I intelligent network concept I IN/l+ intelligent network concept I plus IN/2 intelligent network concept 2 I/O input/output (data, device, channel) input/output (devices, data, terminals, channels) 10C initial operational capability input-output controller integrated optical circuit lOS improper abbreviation for ISO IP intelligent peripheral (device) Internet Protocol (ISO and U.S. DoD) internetwork protocol IPA intermediate power amplifier IPC information processing center interpersonal communication interpersonal communications Appendix A 1161

IPDS intelligent printer data stream (IBM) IPDU internet protocol data unit ipm impulses per minute interference prediction model internal polarization modulation interruptions per minute IPM incremental phase modulation Institute of Practical Mathematics (Germany) interference prediction model internal polarization modulation interpersonal messaging (X.400) ips inches per second interruptions per second IPSS international packet-switched network (U.K.) IPX Internet Packet Exchange internetwork packet exchange IQF intrinsic quality factor IR information retrieval infrared IRAC Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee (U.S.) IRAMS innovative real time antenna modeling system IRC Interagency Radio Committee international record carrier IRF industrial radio frequency IRQ interrupt request IRR image rejection ratio IS information superhighway interactive service international Standard (ISO) ISA industry standard architecture ISB independent sideband (transmission) ISDN integrated services digital network Integrated Services Digital Network (Standard) lSI intersymbol interference ISLU integrated services line unit (AT&T) ISM industrial, scientific, and medical (applications) ISN information systems network (AT&T) ISO International Organization for Standardization ISPBX integrated services PBX (British Telecom) ISUP ISDN user part ITA International Telegraph Alphabet Appendix A 1162

ITA-l International Telegraph Alphabet Number 1 ITA-2 International Telegraph Alphabet Number 2 ITA-3 International Telegraph Alphabet Number 3 ITA-4 International Telegraph Alphabet Number 4 ITA-5 International Telegraph Alphabet Number 5 ITAB Information Technical Advisory Board ITC International Teletraffic Congress ITF interframe time fill ITI Industrial Technology Institute (MAP) ITS Institute for Telecommunications Sciences ITS international temperature scale ITSO International Telecommunications Satellite Organization IT&T International Telephone and Telegraph (Company) ITT International Telephone and Telegraph (Company) information transfer transaction invitation to tender lTU International Union ITU-R International Telecommunication Union-Radio ITU-T International Telecommunication Union-Telegraph and Telephone lTV interactive television IVD inside vapor deposition integrated voice/data IV/DT integrated voice/data terminal integrated voice-data terminal IVHS intelligent vehicle highway system Intelligent Vehicle Highway Society IVPO inside vapor phase oxidation (process) IXC interexchange carrier interexchange character

JANAP Joint Army-Navy-Air Force Publication JANET Joint Academic Network (U.K.) JCL job control language JCLAS joint computer-aided acquisition and logistics support (system) JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff JCSI Joint Chiefs of Staff Publication No. 1 (Glossary) JEDI joint electronic data interchange JES job entry subsystem JMTS Joint Multichannel and Switching JMTSS Joint Multichannel Trunking and Switching System JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory Appendix A 1163

JSC Joint Steering Committee (now JTSSG) JTC3A Joint Tactical Command, Control, and Communications Agency JTIDS Joint Tactical Information Distribution System JTM job transfer and manipulation JTRB Joint Telecommunications Resources Board JTSSG Joint Telecommunications Standards Steering Group JUTCPS Joint Uniform Telephone Communications Precedence System

k Boltzmann's constant kilo (1Q3) (prefix) K coefficient of absorption kelvin kilo-ohm (103 ohms, 1,000 ohms) 1000 (suffix) 1024 (storage) kbps kilo bits per second (data signaling rate unit) KDC key distribution center KDD Kokusai Denshin Denwa Company, Ltd. (Japanese international carrier) KDR keyboard data recorder KDT keyboard display terminal kg kilogram (unit of mass) kgms kilogram-meter-second (deprecated) (use MKS) kHz kilohertz (1000 Hz, unit of frequency) km kilometer (unit of distance) kpps kilopulses per second KSR keyboard send/receive device kT Boltzmann's constant times temperature noise power density KTS key telephone system KTU key telephone unit KWIC keyword in context (index) KWOC keyword out of context (index)

L inductance (electric circuit) LAA locally administered address LAN local area network LANFLT Atlantic Fleet (U.S.) LAP link-access procedure LAP-B Data Link Layer protocol (CCITT X.25 (1989)) LAP-D link access procedure for D channel (ISDN) LAPB link-access procedure, balanced (X.25) Appendix A 1164

LAPD link-access procedure for D channel (ISDN) link-access procedure-D LAPM link-access procedure, modem laser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation LASINT laser intelligence LAT local area tenninal Local Area Transit (DEC protocol) LATA local access and transport area local access and transport area (U.S. telephone) LBO line buildout LC leased circuit LCD liquid crystal display LCN logical channel number LCR inductance-capacitance-resistance (meter) LD laser diode long distance LDD limited distance dialing LDDC long-distance direct current (dialing) LDL long-distance line LDM limited distance modem LEA longitudinally excited atmosphere (laser) LEC local engineering circuit local exchange carrier LED light -emitting diode LEN low-entry networking LEOW low-cost exploitation operator workstation LF line feed line feed (character) low frequency LFB look-ahead-for-busy (infonnation) LGN logical group number LHC long-haul communications LHCN long-haul communications network LHOTS long-haul optical transmission set LI length indicator (OS I) LIC lowest incoming channel LIDAR light detection and ranging LIF logarithmic intennediate frequency (amplifier) LIFO last in, first out LIM line-access module (Ericson) LINCS Leased Interfacility National-airspace Communications System Appendix A 1165

LIS labeled interface structure LISP list processing (programming language) LL link level LLC logical link control logical link control (sublayer) LLIF linear LIF (amplifier) LLP low-level protocol 1m lumen 11m lines per minute LME layer management entity LMF language media format 1m· hr lumen· hour 1m· s lumen • second LMS LMSS land mobile-satellite service LNA launch numerical aperture (optical) In natural logarithm LNMF local network management function LOC large optical cavity (diode) LOF lowest operating frequency lowest operational frequency log FfC logarithmic fast time constant loran long-range aid to navigation long-range electronic navigation LORAN long-range aid to navigation long-range electronic navigation LORO lobe on receive only () LOS line of sight LOTOS formal format for protocol description (ISO) LOW link orderwire LP linear programming linearly polarized (wave) linking protection log periodic log periodic (antenna) log periodic (array)

LPo! fundamental mode (optical) LPA linear power amplifier LPC linear predictive coding LPD low probability of detection Appendix A 1166

lpi lines per inch LPI low probability of interception lpm lines per minute LPP Light-weight Presentation Protocol Ips lines per second LPS lightning protection subsystem LQA link quality analysis L-R left-to-right long route LRC longitudinal redundancy check LRM line route map Us lines per second LS logical station logical storage LSAP link service access point (OSI) LSB least significant bit lower sideband LSC local switching center LSE local system environment Local System Environment (OSI) LSI large scale integrated (chip) line status identification LSIC large scale integrated circuit LTC line traffic coordinator LU logical unit (IBM/SNA) LU 6.2 logical unit (program-to-program) (SNA) LUF lowest usable frequency lowest useful frequency LUHF lowest usable high frequency lowest useful high frequency LULT line-unit-line termination LUNT line-unit -network termination LV low voltage LW long-wave LX local exchange LZW Lempel-Ziv-Welsh (algorithm)

m meter

milli (l0-3) minute Appendix A 1167

M mutual inductance (electric circuit) mega (abbreviation, as in MHz and Mbps) thousand (suffix, as in 100M) MAA maximum acceptance angle MAC maritime air communications medium access control (LAN) medium access control (sublayer) MACOM major command MAGIC Multidimensional Application and Gigabit Internetwork Consortium MAl message alignment indicator MAMI modified alternate mark inversion (code or signal) MAN metropolitan area network MAP manufacturer automation protocol Manufacturing Automation Protocol (General Motors) maser microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation MAU medium access unit medium attachment unit (802.3) multistation access unit (802.5) Mb megabyte Mbps megabits per second (data signaling rate) MBR minimum bend radius MBS marine broadcast station Mbyte megabyte MCA maximum calling area MCC maintenance control circuit MCD manipulative communications deception MCEB Military Communications-Electronics Board (U.S.) MCEF military common emergency frequency MCM multicarrier modulation MCS Master Control System MCVD modified chemical vapor deposition (process) MCVFf multichannel telegraph MCW modulated continuous wave MCXO microcomputer-compensated crystal oscillator MD modulation division MDAS multiple database access system MDC material dispersion coefficient MDF main distribution frame MDIS medical diagnostic imagery system MDM modulation division multiplexing MDN managed data network Appendix A 1168

MDS multipoint distribution service MDT mean downtime MED manipulative electronic deception MEECN Minimum Essential Emergency Communications Network Megastream 2.048 Mbps British Telecom system MERCAST merchant ship broadcast system Mercury Mercury Communications Ltd. (Cable & subs.) MES MF medium frequency multifrequency multifrequency (signaling) MFD mode field diameter MFJ Modification of Final Judgement MFS modem fault simulator MFSK multiple frequency shift keying MHD magnetohydrodynamics MHF medium high frequency MHS message handling service message handling system MHW magnetohydrodynamic wave MHz megahertz (unit of frequency) mi mile (statute) MIB management information base MIC medium interface connector microphone microwave integrated system minimum ignition current monolithic integrated circuit mutual interface chart MICR magnetic ink character reader magnetic ink character reading magnetic ink character recognition MIDS multifunction information distribution system MIFR Master International Frequency Register MIL-NET military network MIL-SID military standard MIL-STD-XXX Military Standard (Number) Milnet military network MIM mechanically induced modulation -based service (France) videotex-based terminal (France) Appendix A 1169

MIP medium interface point mips million instructions per second MIS management information system MISFET metal insulator semiconductor field effect transistor MISSI multilevel information systems security initiative MIVPO modified inside vapor phase oxidation (process) MKS meter-kilogram-second (system of units) ml milliliter (cubic centimeter) ML multilevel MLP multilevel precedence MLPP multilevel precedence and preemption MLS microwave landing system mm millimeter MM multimode optical fiber mmf magnetomotive force (voltage) MMF maximum modulating frequency MMFS Manufacturing Message Format Standard (MAP) MMI man-machine interface multimedia interface MMS manufacturing message service maritime mobile service MMSE minimum mean square error MMSER minimum mean square error restoration MMSS maritime mobile satellite service MMW millimeter wave MNCS master net control station MNP Microcom Networking Protocol MNRZ modified nonreturn to zero (level code) mo magnetooptic magneto-optic MOD modulator modem modulator-demodulator modified AMI modified alternate mark inversion (code) mol mole (molecular weight in grams) MOP Maintenance Operation Protocol morph mathematical morphology MORPH mathematical morphology MOS metal oxide semiconductor MOSFET metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor MOTIS message-oriented text interchange system (ISO) MPDS multipoint distribution service Appendix A 1170

MPEG Motion Picture Experts Group MPR maximum pulse rate MPSK multiple phase shift keying MRNS maritime radionavigation service MRNSS maritime radionavigation satellite service MRS multirole system ms millisecond (10-3 seconds) MS message store (U.K.) mobile service mobile station molecular stuffing (process) MSATCOM mobile satellite communications MSAU multi station access unit MSB most significant bit MSE Mobile Subscriber Equipment (System) msec millisecond (10-3 seconds) MSK minimum-shift keying MSL multisatellite link MSN multiple subscriber number MSR maximum stuffing rate MSS mobile satellite service MT machine translation MTA message transfer agent MTBF mean time between failures MTBM mean time between maintenance MTBO mean time between outages MTBPM mean time between preventive maintenance MTF modulation transfer function (optical fiber) MTI moving target indicator MTL message transfer layer MTM McLintock theater model MTP message transfer part MTS message transfer service MTSR mean time to service restoral MTIF mean time to failure MTTR mean time to repair MTTSR mean time to service restoral MUF maximum usable frequency maximum useful frequency muldem multiplexed/demultiplexed multiplexer/demultiplexer Appendix A 1171

multiplexing/demultiplexing MUS marine utility station MUSR maximum user signaling rate MUX multiplex multiplexed multiplexer multiplexing muxer multiplexer MUXing multiplexing MVS multiple virtual storage (an operating system) mw microwave MW medium wave microwave MWI message waiting indicator MWV maximum working voltage M(A.) material dispersion coefficient

n nano (10-9) refractive index N newton (force) No sea level refractivity (refractive index) spectral noise density NA numerical aperture (waveguides, antennas) NACISO NATO Communications and Information Systems Agency NACK negative acknowledge NACSEM National Communications Security Emanation Memorandum NACSIM National Communications Security Information Memorandum NAK negative acknowledge character (control) negative acknowledgement (transmission control) NAND negative AND (gate) NAPLPS North American presentation-layer protocol syntax NARSAP National Advanced Remote Sensing Application Program NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration nat natural unit of information content NATA North American Telecommunications Association NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NAU network addressable unit (IBM/SNA) NAVSTAR Navigational Satellite Timing and Ranging NAVSTAR-GPS NA VSTAR Global Positioning System NBFM narrowband frequency modulation NBH network busy hour Appendix A 1172

NBP netBIOS Protocol NBRVB narrowband radio voice bandwidth NBRVF narrowband radio voice frequency NBS National Bureau of Standards (U.S.) (now NlST) NBSV narrowband secure voice (system) NC network connection network control NCA National Command Authorities National Command Authority NCC network control center National Coordinating Center NCCF network communications control facility NCP NetWare Core Protocol network control program NCS National Communications System net control station NCSC National Communications Security Committee network data control station network data control system NCTE network channel-terminating equipment N+D noise plus distortion NDC National Destination Code NDCS network data control station network data control system NDRENET Norwegian Defence Research Establishment network NE network element NEACP National Emergency Airborne Command Post NEC National Electric Code® NEP noise equivalent power NES noise equivalent signal NET Normes Europeennes de Telecommunications NetBIOS network basic I/O system NETCONSTA net control station NEXT near-end crosstalk NF noise figure normalized frequency NFAR network file access routine NFS network file system Network File System (Standard) NFSP NetWare File Service Protocol NlC network interface card Appendix A 1173

NICE network information and control exchange NICS NATO Integrated Communications System NID network information database network indialing network interface device network inward dialing NIl national information infrastructure NIOD network inward/outward dialing NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly NBS) NIU network interface unit NL Network Layer new-line new-line (control character) NLDC (pumped) nonlinear directional coupler NLDM network logical data manager NLO nonlinear optical (material) run nanometer (10-9 meters) NMA network management architecture NMAR network management and access routine NMC network monitoring and control NMCS National Military Command System runi nautical mile NMI nonmaskable interrupt NMM network management module NMU noise measurement unit NNBS NetView Network Billing System NNI network-network interface network to network interface NOD network outdialing network outward dialing NOR negative OR (gate) Nordforsk Nordic Cooperative Organization for Applied Research NORDUNET Nordic University Network NOS network operating system NOTAL not all (message indicator) NOTAM Notice to Airmen Np neper NPA numbering plan area NPD noise power density NPDA network problem determination application NPDN Nordic Public Data Network Appendix A 1174

NPDU network protocol data unit (ISO) NPR noise power ratio NPSI NCP packet-switching interface NR Nyquist rate N(R) receive sequence (ACK) number NRI net radio interface NRM network resource manager normal response mode NRZ nonreturn to zero NRZ-B nonreturn to zero, mark NRZ-C nonreturn to zero change NRZ-L nonreturn to zero level NRZ-M nonreturn to zero, mark NRZ-S nonreturn to zero, space NRZI nonreturn to zero, inverted NRZM nonreturn to zero, mark NRZS nonreturn to zero, space NRZl nonreturn to zero, change on l's NRZ-l nonreturn to zero, one ns nanosecond (10-9 seconds) N(S) send sequence number NSA National Security Agency NSAP network service access point (OSI) NSC National Security Council NSDU network service data unit (OS I) nsec nanosecond (10-9 seconds) NSIEP National Security or Emergency Preparedness NSFnet National Science Foundation Network NSP Network Services Protocol NSR Nyquist sampling rate NSTAC National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee NT network termination NTDS Naval Tactical Data System NTE network termination equipment (British Telecom) NTELOS NetView Traffic Engineering Line Optimization System NTI network terminating interface NTIA National Telecommunications and Information Administration NTN network terminal number NTO network terminal operation network terminal operator network terminal option Appendix A 1175

NTSC National Television Standards Committee NTSC STD NTSC standard NTT Nippon Telegraph and Telephone NT! network tenninator, Type 1 (ISDN) NT2 network tenninator, Type 2 (ISDN) NUL null character NVIS near vertical incidence skywave near vertical incident skywave NXX North American direct distance dialing numbering system (code)

OA office automation OAA open avionics architecture OBCS on-board communications station OBE out-of-band emission OBS out-of-band signaling OC open circuit OCC other common carrier OCR optical character reader optical character reading optical character recognition OCS on-board communications station OCU orderwire control unit OCVCXO oven-controlled/voltage-controlled crystal oscillator OCXO oven-controlled crystal oscillator OD optical density outside diameter ODA office document architecture ODAPS oceanic display and planning system ODB open dual bus ODETTE European motor industry EDI project ODIF office document interchange fonnat ODIS oceanographic data interrogating station ODS oceanographic data station ODTR optical time domain reflectometry OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OFBG optical fiber Bragg grating OFC optical fiber, conductive OFCP optical fiber, conductive, plenum OFCR optical fiber, conductive, riser OFN optical fiber, nonconductive OFNP optical fiber, nonconductive, plenum Appendix A 1176

OFNR optical fiber, nonconductive, riser OFfEL Office of Telecommunications OFTF optical fiber transfer function OIC optical integrated circuit OLTS optical loss test set O&M operations and maintenance organization and methods OMAP operations and maintenance applications part OMB Office of Management and Budget (U.S.) ONA open network architecture Open Network Architecture (Bell) OPB optical power budget OPC on-premises cabling optical phase conjugator opcode operation code OPEVAL operational evaluation OPL optical path length opm operations per minute OPMODEL operations model OPSEC operations security OPSEC-A operations security (OPSEC) assessment OPSEC-S operations security (OPSEC) survey OPW on-premises wiring OPX off-premises extension on-premises extension OR off-route (aeronautical mobile service) operations research optical range outage ratio OIR originator/recipient (X.400) ORS omnidirectional range station ORSA operations research/systems analysis OS operating system operations system OSA open systems architecture optical spectrum analyzer OSCINT open source intelligence OSD optical space division multiplexing OSDM optical space division multiplexing OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration OS! open switching interval Appendix A 1177

open systems interconnection Open Systems Interconnection (ISO) OSIA Open Systems Interconnection architecture OSIE Open Systems Interconnection-Environment (ISO) OSINet Open Systems Interconnection Network (U.S. NIST) OSI-RM Open Systems Interconnection-Reference Model (ISO) OSI-SD Open Systems Interconnection-Service Definition OSI-SM Open Systems Interconnection-Systems Management OSI-TP Open Systems Interconnection-Transaction Processing OSNS open systems network support OSRI originating station routing indicator OSS operational service state Operations Support System OSSN originating station serial number OTAM over-the-air management (automated HF network nodes) OTAR over-the-air rekey over-the-air rekeying over-the-air rekeying (of cryptographic equipment) OTDR optical time domain reflectometer OTDR optical time domain reflectometry OTF optimum transmission frequency OUTWATS outgoing wide-area telephone service OVD optical video disk outside vapor deposition OVPO outside vapor phase oxidation (process) OW orderwire (signaling circuit) OWM orderwire message

p pico (l 0-12)

P peta (1015) profile dispersion parameter

Pa pascal (l Pa = 1 N • m-2) PA personal agent PABX private automatic branch exchange (Use PBX.) PACVD plasma activated chemical vapor deposition PACX private automatic computer exchange PAD packet assembler-disassembler packet assembler/disassembler PAL phase alternate line phase alternation by line PAL-M phase alternation by line-modified Appendix A 1178

PAM pulse amplitude modulation PAMA pulse address mUltiple access PAP preassignment access plan Printer Access Protocol par peak-to-average ratio p/a-r peak-to-average ratio plar peak-to-average ratio P/AR peak-to-average ratio PAR performance analysis and review positive acknowledgement plus retransmission paramp parametric amplifier PARAMP parametric amplifier PARC Palo Alto Research Center (Xerox) par peak-to-average ratio (meter) PAS private profile alignment system PASL primary area switch locator PAX private automatic exchange PBER pseudo bit error ratio PBX private branch exchange PC carrier power (radio transmitter) personal communications personal computer phantom circuit primary channel printed circuit PCB power circuit breaker printed circuit board PC DOS personal computer disk operating system PCI protocol control information Protocol Control Information (ISO) PCM plug compatible module process control module pulse code modulation pulse code modulator pulse code mUltiplexing PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association PCS personal communications service personal communications system plastic clad silica (optical fiber) PCSR parallel channels signaling rate Appendix A 1179

PCSS personal communications system service PD packing density photodetector photodiode PDF pulse duty factor PDM plain-dress message pulse delta modulation pulse duration modulation PDN public data network PDP profile dispersion parameter PDS power distribution system Premises Distribution System (AT&T) primary distribution system program data source protected distribution system PDT programmable data terminal PDTS public data transmission service PDU protocol data unit Protocol Data Unit (ISO standard) PE phase encoded (recording) picture element protocol emulator pel picture element PEM peripheral equipment module (Ferranti) PEP Packet Exchange Protocol peak envelope power perfluoronated ethylene propylene pF picofarad (10-12 farad) PF packing fraction (fiber optics) power factor primary frequency PIF polVfinal (link protocol) PFM pulse frequency modulation POI parameter group identifier (ISO) PGS primary guard station PH packet handler PHOTINT photographic intelligence PHY Physical Layer Protocol (FDDI) PHz petahertz PI parameter identifier (ISO) protection interval Appendix A 1180

PIC plastic insulated cable PICS protocol implementation conformance statement PIDB peripheral interface data bus (AT&T) PIN positive-intrinsic-negative (semiconductor junction) PINFET PIN (photodiode) field effect transistor PIN-FET PIN (photodiode) field effect transistor ping packet internet groper PING Packet Internet Groper (Internet) PIRS positioning inertial reference system (global) PISAB pulse interference suppression and blanking PIV peak inverse voltage PKES public key encryption system PL Physical Layer Presentation Layer PL/1 programmable language 1 Programming Language 1 PLA programmable logic array PLL phase-locked loop PLM pulse-length modulation (Use PDM) PLN private line network PLR pulse link repeater PLS physical signaling sublayer pm phase modulation PM mean power packet mode phase modulation polarization-maintaining (optical fiber) post meridian (time) preventive maintenance pulse modulation PMB pilot make-busy (circuit) PMD physical medium-dependent specification (FDDI) p-n positive-negative (semiconductor junction) POI point of interface POP peak power output point of presence (networking) POSI Promoting Conference for OSI (Japan) POSIX portable operating system interface for computer environments POST power-on self-test pot potentiometer POT point of train Appendix A 1181

POTS plain old telephone service POp peak-to-peak PIP point-to-point PP polarization-preserving (optical fiber) (Use PM.) PPI planned position indicator ppm parts per million PPM parts per million pulse position modulation PPO peak power output PPP Point to Point Protocol pps pulses per second PPS perimeter protection system PPSN pilot packet-switched network (U.K.) PQA path quality analysis PR pattern recognition pulse rate PRA primary rate access PRBS pseudorandom binary sequence PRF pulse repetition frequency (Use PRR.) PRI primary rate interface PRM pulse-rate modulation PROFS Professional Office System (IBM) PROM programmable read-only memory PROSIGN procedure sign PROWORD procedure word PRR pulse repetition rate PRSL primary area switch locator PS packet switch packet switched packet switching permanent signal PS/2 Personal System/2 ps picosecond (10-12 s) PS permanent signal phase shift portable station PSDN packet-switched data network PSDTS packet-switched data transmission service psec picosecond (10-12 s) psi pounds per square inch (pressure) Appendix A 1182

PSK phase shift keying PSN packet switching network public switched network packet switching PSPDN packet-switched public data network PSS packet-switched stream physical signaling sublayer p-static precipitation static P-static precipitation static PSTN public switched telephone network PT payload type personal telecommunications PTF patch and test facility PTI packet type indication PTM packet transfer mode pulse time modulation PTT post, telephone, and telegraph postal, telegraph, and telephone printing teletypewriter telegraphy push to talk (operation) PTTC paper tape transmission code PTTI precise time and time interval PU physical unit (ffiM/SNA) power unit PUC public utility commission PUP PARC universal packet (XNS) PVC permanent virtual circuit Permanent Virtual Circuit (X.25) polyvinyl chloride (insulation) polyvinyl chloride (plastic) pW picowatt (l0-12 watts) PWM pulse width modulation (Use PDM.) pWp picowatt, psophometrically weighted pW, psophometrically weighted pWpO pWp relative to a OTLP pX peak envelope power, in dB PX peak envelope power, in watts private exchange (Use PBX.) PXP Packet Exchange Protocol pY mean power, in dB PY mean power, in watts Appendix A 1183

pZ carrier power, in dB PZ carrier power, in watts PZT piezoelectric transducer

q electronic charge QA quality assurance QAM quadrature amplitude modulation QBE query by example QC quality control QCIF quarter common intermediate format QM quadrature modulation quantum mechanics QMR qualitative material requirement QO quartz oscillator QOS quality of service QPSK quadrature phase shift keying QRC quick reaction capability QSTAG Quadripartite Standardization Agreement

R resistance (electric circuit) route service RACE Research in Advanced Communications Technology for Europe racon radar RACON rad radian radiation absorbed dose radar radio detection and ranging RADC Rome Air Development Center RADHAZ electromagnetic radiation hazard RADINT radar intelligence RADP remote access data processing RAM random access memory reliability, availability, and maintainability RAS radio astronomy station RAIT radio teletype (system) radio teletypewriter RBOC regional Bell operating company Regional Bell Operating Company RBR radar blind range RBS radar blind speed reverse battery signaling Appendix A 1184

RbXO rubidium-crystal oscillator RC receive clock reference clock reflection coefficient resource controller restricted channel RCC radio common carrier RCP real time control program RCS radar cross section radiocommunications service RCT reduced carrier transmission RCVR receiver RD received data reflection density routing diagram routing directory R&D research and development RDF radio direction finding request data transfer RDI restricted digital information RDT request data transfer request data transfer (signal) RDT&E research, development, test, and evaluation RDTF radio-telephone distress frequency REA Rural Electrification Administration REED restricted edge-emitting diode REJ reject (link: protocol command) REMOS reflective membrane optical scintillator REN ringer equivalency number RENAN ISDN pilot project (France) (French philosopher) REP reply RES reserved (asynchronous transfer mode) rf radio frequency range finder RF radio frequency reference frequency RFA radio frequency allotment radio frequency assignment RFC request for commands RFCA radio frequency channel allotment RFI radio-fiber optic integration Appendix A 1185

radio frequency interference RFOI radio-fiber optic integration RFP request for proposal RFQ request for quotation RFS real file store real file system RO/U grade of coaxial cable ROB red-green-blue (television) RH relative humidity RHI range height indicator RHR radar horizon range radio horizon range RI ring in ring indicator routing indicator RIA routing indicator allocation routing indicator assignment RIP refractive index profile RIPSO revised interconnection protocol security option RISC reduced instruction set chip RJ registered jack RJE remote job entry RLC resistance-inductance-capacity resistive-inductive-capacitive (circuit) RLLS radiolocation land station RLMS radiolocation mobile station RLSD receive line signal detect RM reference model (OS I) (ISO) rms root mean square RNLS radionavigation land station RNMS radionavigation mobile station RNR receiver not steady (link protocol command) RNSS radionavigation satellite service RO read only receive only ring off ring out ROC required operational capability ROM read-only memory ROS read-only storage remote operation service Appendix A 1186

ROSE remote operations service element Remote Operations Service Element (protocol) ROW remote orderwire RPC remote procedure call RPDU response protocol data unit rpm revolutions per minute RPM rate per minute (telephone call) RPOA recognized private operating agency (common carrier) rps revolutions per second RQ repeat request request repeat RR radio range receiver ready (link protocol command) repetition rate RRC radar resolution cell RRS radio range station radio relay system RSA Rivest, Shamir, Adleman RSL radio signal level received signal level rss root-sum-square RlSrr ISDN reference points RSW relative spectral width RT radiotelegram R{f real time RTA remote trunk arrangement RTI radiation transfer index RTL relative transmission level RTM reference test method RTMOS room temperature metal oxide semiconductor RTMP Routing Table Maintenance Protocol RTS reliable transfer service request to send Request to Send (EIA RS-232) RTSE reliable transfer service element RTTY radio teletype (system) radio teletypewriter RTU remote terminal unit RTX request to transmit RVA reactive volt-ampere (deprecated, use VAR) RWI radio and wire integration Appendix A 1187

radio-wire integration radio-wire interface RWT recorder warning tone RX receive receiver receiving RZ return to zero (code) RZI redundant zero insertion

s second SAA systems applications architecture (IBM) SABER situation awareness beacon with reply SABM set asynchronous balanced mode SABME set asynchronous balanced mode extended SAFDT data transmission SAM self-assembled monolayer (coplanar) serving area multiplex SAP service access point (OSI) SAPI service access point identifier SARAH search and rescue and homing SARBE search and rescue beacon SARM set asynchronous response mode SAS survivable adaptive system SASE specific application service element (OSI) SAT Societe Anonyme Telecommunications (Telecommunications, Ltd) SATCOM satellite communications SB-ADPCM subband adaptive differential pulse code modulation SC subcommittee (ISO) SIC signal-to-crosstalk ratio SCA signal communications axis scc signal communications center specialized commercial carrier specialized common carrier SCCP signaling connection control part SCE service creation environment SCF service control facility SCOI standing communications operating instruction SCP service control point SCPC single channel per carrier SCR semiconductor controlled rectifier Signal Corps radio Appendix A 1188

Signal Corps Radio (number) signal-to-crosstalk ratio silicon-controlled rectifier SCS scattering cross section SCSR single-channel signaling rate S/CT signal-to-crosstalk ratio SD space division SDCD secondary data carrier detect SDE submission and delivery entity (X.400) SDL specification and description language (CCITT) SDLC synchronous data link control SDM space division multiplex space division multiplexer space division multiplexing SDMA space division multiple access SDN software-defined network SDU service data unit SDU Service Data Unit (OSI) SE software engineering spontaneous emission systems engineer systems engineering SECAM electronic color system with memory Sequential It Memoire (Color TV Standard, France) systeme electronique couleur avec memoire SECORD secure voice cord board SECTEL secure telephone SEDFB Surface Emitting Distributed Feedback (laser) selective calling SELED surface-emitting light-emitting diode SEM scanning electron microscope SER satellite equipment room (DEC) SETAMS systems engineering, technical assistance, and management services SEVAS Secure Voice Access System SF secondary frequency single frequency (signaling) store and forward S-F store and forward SFf system fault tolerance SFfS standard frequency and time signal SG study group Appendix A 1189

SGDF supergroup distribution frame S/H sample and hold S?H sample and hold SHA sidereal hour angle SHF super high frequency SHIELD silicon hybrids with infrared extrinsic long-wavelength detector SHORAN short-range aid to navigation SI International System of Units Systeme International d'Unites SID sudden ionospheric disturbance SIGCOMM special interest group on data communications (ACM) SIGINT signals intelligence SILO signal intercept from low orbit SINAD signal plus noise plus distortion to noise plus distortion ratio SINCGARS Single-channel Ground and Airborne Radio System SIP single inline package step index profile SITRRO simplification of international trade procedures SL session layer Session Layer SLA service-level agreement SLC subscriber loop carrier system life cycle SLD superluminescent diode superluminescent LED SLED superluminescent light-emitting diode SLI service logic interpreter SLIC subscriber line interface card SLIP Serial Line Interface Protocol SLL superluminescent LED SLP service logic program SLR service-level reporter SM single-mode (optical fiber) SMA type connector (optical or rf) SMART NET skywave management for automatic robust transmission network SMART-T secure mobile antijam reliable tactical terminal 5MB server message block SMDR station message-detail recording SMDS switched multimegabit data service SMS ship movement service SMSA standard metropolitan statistical area Appendix A 1190

SMT station management (FOOl) SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (ARPA/DOD) SIN signal-to-noise ratio SN subscriber number SNA systems network architecture (IBM) SNADS SNA distribution service (IBM) SNAP Subnet Access Protocol S+N+D signal plus noise plus distortion SNDCP Subnet Dependent Convergence Protocol (ISO) SNI SNA network interconnect SNICP Subnet Independent Convergence Protocol (ISO) SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol (S+N)IN signal plus noise to noise ratio SNR signal-to-noise ratio SNR/bit signal-to-noise ratio per bit (SIN)+l signal plus noise to noise ratio SOA semiconductor optical amplifier SOH start of header start of heading character SOl signal operating instruction signal operation instruction signal operations instruction SOM start of message sonar sound navigation and ranging sonet synchronous optical network Sonet synchronous optical network SONET Synchronous Optical Network (Standard) SOP standard operating procedure SOR start of record SOS distress signal SOSIC silicon on sapphire integrated circuit SOSTEL solid state electronic logic SOW statement of work SIP serial-to-parallel SPAG Standards Promotion and Applications Group (Europe) SPBX satellite private branch exchange SPDU session protocol data unit SPG signal processing gain SPP Sequence Packet Protocol SQL structured query language sr steradian Appendix A 1191

SR secondary radar spectral responsivity SIR send and receive SRD superradiant diode (See SLED) SREJ selective reject SRTS secondary request to send SS selection signal single sideband sounder station space service spread spectrum SIS start/stop (character, asynchronous) SSAP session service access point (ISO) SSB single sideband single sideband (transmission) SSB-SC SSB suppressed carrier (transmission) single sideband suppressed carrier SSCP system services control point (IBM) SSCSG spread spectrum code sequence generator SSD start-stop distortion SSDR start-stop distortion ratio SSG spare signal group SSMA spread spectrum multiple access SSN station serial number SSP service switching point SSRT subsecond response time SSUPS solid-state uninterruptible power system SS7 signaling system 7 STALO stabilized local oscillator STANAG Standardization Agreement (NATO) STARS stored terrain access and retrieval system STATMUX statistical multiplexer STD standard subscriber trunk dialing Subscriber Trunk Dialing (Europe) STDM synchronous TDM synchronous time division multiplexer synchronous time division multiplexing STE Signaling Terminal Equipment (CCm) STELLA satellite interconnection of LANs (Europe) STFS standard time and frequency signal Appendix A 1192

Standard Time and Frequency Signal (service) STL standard telegraph level studio to transmitter link STM synchronous transfer mode STP signal transfer point standard temperature and pressure STRADIS Structured Analysis, Design, and Implementation of Information System STS synchronous transfer signal STU secure telephone unit STX start of text start of text character SU signal unit SUB substitute substitute character SVC switched virtual call SW shortwave spectral width standing wave SWAN satellite SWR standing wave ratio SX simplex signaling SXS step-by-step step-by-step switch step-by-step switching step-by-step switching system SYN synchronization synchronize synchronizer synchronizing synchronous synchronous idle character SYSGEN system generation SXS step-by-step switch SO.. ) chromatic dispersion slope

tera (1012) response timer Technical Advisory (Bellcore) terminal adapter (ISDN) TAC terminal access controller TACSIM tactical simulation Appendix A 1193

TADIL tactical digital information link TADIL-A tactical digital information link-A TADIL-B tactical digital information link-B TADIXS-B Tactical Data Information Exchange System (Broadcast) TADS teletypewriter automatic dispatch system TADSS tactical automatic digital switching system Tactical Automatic Digital Switching System TAl International Atomic Time TARE telegraph automatic relay equipment TASA Telef6nica de Argentina TASI time assignment speech interpolation TAT trans-Atlantic telecommunication (cable) Tbps terabits per second TC technical committee (ISO) telecommunications center thermocouple toll center transmission coefficient transmit clock transport connection TCAM telecommunications access method (IBM) TCAP transaction capabilities application part TCB trusted computer base trusted computing base TCC telecommunications center telephone country code (CCITT) TCCF Tactical Communications Control Facility TCF technical control facility TCM time compression multiplexing trellis coded modulation TCP transmission control protocol Transmission Control Protocol (U.S. DoD) TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol!lntemet Protocol TCS tactical communications system trusted computer system TCTS trans-Canada telephone system TCU teletypewriter control unit TCVXO temperature-compensated voltage-controlled crystal oscillator TCXO temperature-controlled crystal oscillator TC97 ISO Technical Committee for Information Systems TC 97/SC I Subcommittee for Vocabulary, TC 97, ISO Appendix A 1194

TD time delay time division transmitted data transmitter distributor TDC theater deployable communications TDCS theater deployable communications system TDD telecommunications devices for the deaf time division demultiplexing TDI trade data interchange TDM time division multiplexed time division multiplexer time division multiplexing TDMA time division multiple access TDR time domain reflectometer time domain reflectometry TDT total delay time TDTG true date-time group TE terminal endpoint terminal equipment time error transverse electric (mode) TEM transverse electromagnetic (mode) transverse electromagnetic (wave) TECHEVAL technical evaluation TED trunk encryption device TEF Teflon TEFG terminal endpoint functional group TEl terminal endpoint identifier TEK traffic encryption key telco telephone company TELENET a public packet-switched network (U.S.) ® The International Network TELEX International Teleprinter Network TELNET Teletypewriter Network Protocol (DARPA) TEM transverse electromagnetic transverse electromagnetic (mode) transverse electromagnetic (wave) TEMPEST compromising emanations ter third version of a recommendation (CCITT) TERM telegraph error rate measuring (equipment) Appendix A 1195

TETRA trans-European TEW trapped electromagnetic wave TEl Terminal Equipment Type I (ISDN terminal) TE2 Terminal Equipment Type 2 (non-ISDN terminal) TFL thin-film laser TFOM thin-film optical modulator thin-film optical multiplexer TFOS thin-film optical switch TFOW thin-film optical waveguide TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol TFTS terrestrial flight telephone system TGM trunk group multiplexer THAAD theater high altitude area defense THD total harmonic distortion THF tremendously high frequency THz terahertz (10 12 hertz) TIA Telecommunication Industries Association TIBS Tactical Information Broadcast Service TIE time interval error TIFF tag image file format TIMS transmission impairment measuring set TIP terminal interface processor TIS traveler information station TK response time response timer TL Transport Layer TLM telemetry TLP transmission level point TLS telemetering land station TLV type, length, value (OS I) TM transverse magnetic (mode) transverse magnetic (wave) T&M test and measurement (activity) test and measurement (equipment) TM transverse magnetic (mode) transverse magnetic (wave) TMN telecommunications management network TO tandem office timeout (in protocols) toll office Appendix A 1196

TOD time of day TOM thin-film optical modulator thin-film optical multiplexer TOP Technical and Office Protocol TOS thin-film optical switch type of service (DARPA) TOW thin-film optical waveguide TP toll point Transport Protocol (ISO NIST) TPDU transport protocol data unit TPM total productive maintenance TPOA telecommunications private operating agency TQ toll quality TQM total quality management TR Technical Reference transfer request TRADACOMS trading data communications TRANSEC transmission security TRANSPAC public packet-switched network (France) TRAP Tactical Receive Equipment and Related Applications TRC transverse redundancy check TREE transient radiation effects on electronics TRF tuned radio frequency TRI-TAC tri-services tactical (equipment) TRITAC-E tri-services tactical equipment TRIXS Tactical Reconnaissance Intelligence Service TRMS transmission resource management system TRN token ring network TROPO tropospheric scatter TSA telecommunications system architecture TSAP transport service access point TSDU transport service data unit TSI time slot interchanger TSK transmission security key TSM telecommunications system management TSO telecommunications system operator TSP telecommunications service priority TSPS traffic service position system TSR telecommunications service request terminate and stay resident Appendix A 1197

TIL transistor-transistor logic TITN tandem tie trunk network TIX teletypewriter exchange (service) telex TIXAU teletex access unit TIY!I'DD telecommunications device for the deaf TIY teletypewriter TV technical vulnerability television TW traveling wave TWA two-way alternate TWC two-wire circuit TWS two-way simultaneous TWT traveling wave tube TWTA traveling wave tube amplifier TWX® Teletypewriter Exchange Service TX transit exchange transmit TYMNET a public packet-switched network (U.S.) T1 1.544-Mbps transmission system

U/L uplink UA unnumbered acknowledgement user agent (in message systems) UAB user agent entity (in message systems) UAL user agent layer UART universal asynchronous receiver transmitter UDI unrestricted digital information UDP user datagram protocol User Datagram Protocol (DARPA) UER undetected error ratio UHF ultra high frequency UI unnumbered information UL Underwriters Laboratories ULF ultra low frequency ULL ultralow-loss (fiber) urn micron, micrometer UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. UNI user-network interface U-NI user-network interface Appendix A 1198

UNIVERSE U.K. project connecting LANs via satellites UNIXTM computer operating system UNTDI United Nations trade data interchange UPS uninterruptible power supply UPT Universal Personal Telecommunications USART universal sync, async, receiver, transmitter USAT ultrasmall aperture terminal (antenna) USB upper sideband USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture USDJ U.S. Department of Justice USFJ U.S. Forces, Japan USFK U.S. Forces, Korea USNO U.S. Naval Observatory USOC universal service order code USS unilateral synchronization system USTA United States Telephone Association UT Universal Time UTC Coordinated Universal Time UTC(i) Coordinated Universal Time (i) UTC(USNO) Coordinated Universal Time U.S. Naval Observatory UTP unshielded twisted pair uv ultraviolet UV ultraviolet

V normalized frequency number (normalized frequency parameter) reference point (Integrated Services Digital Network) volt V/D voice/data Vim volts per meter (electric field gradient) VA value-added (service) value-added (network service) volt-ampere volt • ampere volt • amperes VAD vapor-phase axial deposition (process) VADS value-added and data services VAN value-added network VAR value-added reseller volt-amperes, reactive Appendix A 1199

volt • amperes, reactive VARISTOR variable resistor VARS volt • amperes, reactive VAT value-added tax VC virtual call (X.25) virtual circuit VCAPS vertical cavity amplifying optical switch VCI virtual channel identifier VCO voltage-controlled oscillator VCR video cassette recorder VCS virtual communications system visual communications system VCSELO vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diode VCXO voltage-controlled crystal oscillator Vdc volts, direct current VOl virtual device interface VOT video display terminal (CRT) VOU video display unit visual display unit VES virtual environment software VF voice frequency VFCT voice frequency carrier telegraph VFCTG voice frequency carrier telegraph VFDF voice frequency distribution frame VFO variable frequency oscillator VFS virtual file store virtual file system VFT voice frequency telegraph VFTG voice frequency telegraph VGC voice grade circuit VHF very high frequency VLF very low frequency VLSI very large scale integration (of ) VLSIC very large scale integrated circuit VN virtual network VNL via net loss VNLF via net loss factor V number normalized frequency vocoder voice coder vodas voice-operated device, antising Appendix A 1200

vogad voice-operated gain-adjusting device volcas voice-operated loss-control and echo-signaling device YOM volt-ohm meter vox voice-operated relay circuit voice-operated relay device V parameter normalized frequency VPI virtual path identifier VRC vertical redundancy check VSAT very small aperture terminal (antenna) very small aperture terminal (satellite) VSB vestigial sideband (transmission) VSM vestigial sideband modulation VSWR voltage standing wave ratio VT variable time vertical tabulation (character) video teleconference virtual terminal VTAM Virtual Telecommunications Access Method (IBM) VTP Virtual Terminal Protocol VTS virtual terminal service VTU video teleconferencing unit VTX videotex vu volume unit (abbreviation) VU volume unit (unit of measure) V value normalized frequency

W watt WADS wide area data service WAIS Wide Area Information Servers WAN wide area network WARC World Administrative Radio Conference WATS wide area telecommunications service wide area telephone service WAWS Washington Area Wideband System WB wideband WBCS wideband communications service wideband communications system WCC wire line common carrier WD wavelength division working draft Appendix A 1201

WDM wavelength division multiplex wavelength division multiplexer wavelength division multiplexing WG working group (ISO SC subgroup) WIN WWMCCS Intercomputer Network WITS Washington Integrated Telecommunications System WLAN wireless local area network WM wavelength modulation WMO World Meteorological Organization WORM write once, read many times WP wirephoto wpm words per minute wps words per second WRU who are you who are you (control character) WSWS weighted standard work second WT World Time WU wv working voltage WVDC working voltage, direct current WWDSA worldwide digital system architecture WWMCCS World Wide Military Command and Control System WWW world weather watch World Wide Web

X reactance (electric circuit) X-OFF control character to stop information flow X-ON control character to start information flow XDR exchange data representative XID exchange identification XMIT transmit XMITTER transmitter XMODEM file transfer protocol, micro to mainframe XMSN transmission XMTD transmitted XMTR transmitter XMUX transmultiplexer XNS Xerox Network Systems (Xerox protocol) XO crystal oscillator XOFF transmitter off Appendix A 1202

transmitter off (transmission control character) XON transmitter on transmitter on (transmission control character) XT crosstalk XTAL crystal XU X unit

Z impedance (electric circuit) Zulu (time) Zulu Zulu Time Zo characteristic impedance ZBTSI zero byte time slot interchange ZD zero defects ZDW zero-dispersion wavelength ZIP Zone Information Protocol ZRL zero relative level Z Time Zulu Time

o dBm TLP zero dBm transmission level point ORL zero relative level OTLP zero transmission level point 2BIQ two binary, one quaternary 4B/5B four bits encoded into five bits (FDDI) 4B3T four bits in three ternary signals 5ESS Number 5 Electronic Switching System (AT&T)

~ refractive index contrast ~-~ delta-beta (switch) s).. spectral width (delta-lambda)

~-r. delta-sigma (modulation)

£ electrical permittivity (epsilon) wavelength (lamda) zero-dispersion wavelength fiber cutoff wavelength fiber cutoff wavelength cutoff wavelength magnetic permeability (mu) micro (10-6, prefix, as in ~A, ~F, and ~m) micrometer (1Q-6 m)

~A microampere (10-6 A) ~F microfarad (10-6 F) Appendix A 1203

11-law mu-Iaw 11m micron (10-6 m) micrometer (10-6 m) micropascal (10-6 Pa, sound pressure unit) microsecond (10-6 s) microvolt (10-6 V) microwatt (10-6 W) ohm (omega) electric charge density (rho) electrical conductivity (sigma) APPENDIX B Tables

Table 1: Frequency Ranges and Designators

Frequency Ranges United States Designators ITU Designators·

30-300 Hz ELF (Extremely Low Frequency 2** 300-3000 Hz ULF (Ultra Low Frequency) 3** 3-30 kHz VLF (Very Low Frequency) 4 30-300 kHz LF (Low Frequency) 5 300-3000 khz MF (Medium Frequency) 6 3-30 MHz HF (High Frequency) 7 30-300 MHz VHF (Very High Frequency) 8 300-3000 MHz UHF (Ultra High Frequency) 9 3-30 GHz SHF (Super High Frequency) 10 30-300 GHz EHF (Extremely High Frequency) 11 300-3000 GHz THF*** (Tremendously High Frequency) 12

"'The eight obsolete microwave frequency bands, designated by the letters C, L, S, X, K, Q, V, and W, that represent the frequency ranges from 225 MHz to 100 GHz and used to describe radar bands, have no official status and are deprecated. "'''' An extrapolation that is not designated by the International Telegraph Union (ITU) as part of the radio spectrum. "'''''''The term "THF' is not in the Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

1204 Appendix B 1205

Table 2: Higher Frequency Ranges and Extension Designators

Frequency Ranges ITU Designators (Extended)

3-30 THz 13 30-300 THz 14 300-3000 THz 15 3-30 PHz 16 30-300 PHz 17 300-3000 PHz 18 3-30 EHz 19 30-300 EHz 20 300-3000 EHz 21

THz = Terahertz (1012 Hz) PHz = Petahertz (l015 Hz) EHz = Exahertz (1018 Hz)

Table 3: The Metric System of Units

Quantity Base Unit Abbreviation

Length meter m Mass kilogram kg Time second s Electric current ampere A Temperature kelvin K Amount of substance mole mol Luminous intensity candela cd

Supplementary Units

Plane angle radian rad Solid angle steradian sr

Certain derived tenns have been standardized, such as the hertz (21t radians per second), fonnerly one cycle per second. Appendix B 1206

Table 4: Prefixes Used with Metric Units

Unit Abbrev. Value

exa E 1018 peta P 1015 tera T 1012 gig a G 109 mega M 106 kilo k 103 hecto h 102 deka da 101 10° deci d 10-1 centi c 10-2 milli m 10-3 micro 10-6 nano n 10-9 pico P 10-12 femto f 10-15 atto a 10-18

Examples

Term Abbreviation Meaning

megahertz MHz 106 hertz picofarad pF 10-12 farads nanosecond ns 10-9 seconds

Note: Additional examples of metric units and units used in the meter-kilogram-second system of units are (a) electric charge, coulombs, C; (b) energy, joules (watt-seconds), J; (c) force, new• tons, N; (c) power, watts, W; (d) voltage, volts, V: (e) capacity, farads, F; (t) resistance, ohms, Q; (g) inductance, h, henries; and (h) magnetic field strength, H, oersteds. Appendix B 1207

Table 5: Radiometric Terms

Term Symbol Quantity Unit

Radiant energy Q Energy joule (1) Radiant power cp Power watt (W) Synonym optical power Irradiance E Power incident per unit area W'm-2 regardless of angle Spectral irradiance E). Irradiance per unit wavelength interval W. m-2 • nm-1 at a given wavelength Radiant emittance W Power emitted (into a full sphere) W'm-2 Synonym radiant per unit area exitance Radiant intensity I Power per unit solid angle W'sr-I Radiance L Power per unit angle per unit W. sr-I • m-2 projected area

Spectral radiance L~ Radiance per unit wavelength W • sr-I • m-2 • om-I interval at a given wavelength

Table 6: T·Carrier Hierarchy for North America

Designator* (DS Level) DSR Mbps** Number of Channels

TO (DS 0) 0.064 1 TI (DS 1) 1.544 24 TIC 3.152 48 T2 (OS 2) 6.312 96 T3 (OS 3) 44.736 672 T4 (OS 4) 274.176 4032 T5 (OS5) 400.352 5760

*See Table 10 **Data Signaling Rate Megabits/Second Appendix B 1208

Table 7: T·Carrier Hierarchy for Japan

Level* DSR Mbps** Number of Channels

1.544 24 2 6.312 96 3 32.064 480 4 97.728 1440 5 400.352 5760

"'See Table 10. "''''Data Signaling Rate (megabits/second)

Table 8: T·Carrier Hierarchy for Europe (CEPT)

Level* DSR Mbps** Number of Channels

OS 1 2.048 30 OS 2 8.448 120 OS 3 34.368 480 OS4 139.268 1920 OS 5 565.148 7680

"'See Table 10. """Data Signaling Rate (megabits/second) Appendix B 1209

Table 9: Near, Intermediate, and Far Field Characteristics

Near Field Intermediate Field Far Field

Near Field Region Intennediate Field Region Far Field Region Electrostatic Field Induction Field Radiation Field Near Zone Intennediate Zone Far Zone Fresnel Region Fraunhofer Region Fresnel Zone Fraunhofer Zone Varies 1/,-3 Varies 1/r2 Varies 1/r

Ee oc (sin OJt)/OJr3 Ee oc (cos OJt)/rv Ee oc -co(sin OJt)/rv2

Er oc (sin OJt)/OJ,-3 Er oc (cos OJt)/r2v r« f.../6 r -f.../6 r > 2s2(A or f.../6 Adjacent to source* Short distances away Great distances away Wavefront depends on Curved wavefront depends on Wavefront is that of source shape source shape and distance a plane wave

/..l = magnetic penneability s = overall or characteristic dimension of the source (antenna), E = electric pennittivity s» A- t = time A- = wavelength co = angular velocity = angular frequency = 21tf v =propagation velocity of electromagnetic wave = 1!(/..lE)112 1t = -3.1416 *Nominal distances compared to wavelength and source f = frequency (antenna) size r = radial distance from the source (antenna)

Table 10: T·Carrier Characteristics*

1. The designators for T-carrier in the North American digital hierarchy correspond to the designators for the digital signal (DS) level hierarchy. 2. T -carrier systems were originally designed to transmit digitized voice signals. Current applications also include digital data transmission. 3. Tables 6, 7, and 8 list the designators and data signaling rates for current T -carrier systems. 4. If an "F" precedes the "T", a fiber optic cable system is indicated at the same data signaling rates. S. T-carrier hierarchies for North America and Japan are based on multiplexing 24 voice• frequency (VF) channels and multiples thereof. The hierarchy for Europe is based on multiplexing 30 voice frequency (VF) channels and multiples thereof. 6. See also carrier, carrier system, channel, data signaling rate, digital signal, digital transmission system, digroup, fiber optic cable, fiber optic channel, fiber optic transmission system, frequency, mUltiplexing, T-carrier, transmission rate, voice frequency, voice frequency channel, voice-grade circuit.

*AT-carrier is the generic designator for any of several digitally multiplexed telecommunications carrier systems. APPENDIX C Bibliography

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fonnerly on the staff of U.S. Forces European Theater Columbia University U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratories U.S. Army Office of the Chief of Research and Development Defense Communications Agency National Communications System

fonnerly a consultant to U.S. Naval Research Laboratory U.S. Naval Sea Systems Command U.S. Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command

fonner consulting affiliations Dynamic Systems, Incorporated, Alexandria, Virginia Science Applications International Corporation, Sierra Vista, Arizona

fonner: Chainnan, Glossary Subcommittee Committee on Scientific and Technical Infonnation Executive Office of the President

Chainnan, Glossary Subcommittee Federal Telecommunication Standards Committee National Communications System

Chainnan, Glossary Subcommittee Computer Society Standards Committee Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

Chainnan, Technical Committee X3K5 Vocabulary for Infonnation Systems American National Standards Institute

Chief U.S. Delegate to TC97/SCl Vocabulary for Infonnation Systems International Organization for Standardization

Member, Department of Defense Working Group on Federal Standard 1037C: Glossary of Telecommunications Tenns National Communications System