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Educational Electronic Information Dissemination and Broadcast

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DOCUMENT RESUME EM 009 266 ED 055 419 Singh, Jai P.; Morgan, RobertP. AUTHOR Dissemination and TITLE Educational Electronic Information Broadcast Services: History,Current Infrastructure and Public BroadcastingRequirements. INSTITUTION Washington Univ., St. Louis, Mo. SPONS AGENCY National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration, Washington, D.C. REPORT NO IN-71/3 PUB DATE 9 Aug 71 NOTE 91p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29 *Broadcast Industry; DESCRIPTORS Audiovisual Communication; Broadcast Television; CableTelevision; Closed Circuit Television; *CommunicationSatellites; Dial Access Information Systems;Educational Television; Fixed Service Television;*Information Dissemination; Information Networks; InformationRetrieval; Information Services; InformationSystems; *Instructional Television; Radio;*Telecommunication; Television National Public IDENTIFIERS Corporation for Public Broadcasting; Radio; Public BroadcastingServices ABSTRACT This memorandum describesthe results of a study on electronic educational informationdissemination and broadcast services in the United States.Included are detailed discussionsof (both in terms the historical developmentand current infrastructure of organization and physicalplant) of the followingservices: educational radio and televisionbroadcasting, instructional information retieval (dial access) television fixed services (ITFS), The television, and closed-circuit,responsive, and cable television. creation of the Corporation forPublic Broadcasting, thePublic Broadcasting Service, and NationalPublic 1,tadio have made itpossible to develop a national baseand goals for nationwidecoverage. These organizations have set fGrththeir requirements in responseto the with the Federal CommunicationsCommission recent filing of proposals satellite by eight organizations forowning and operating domestic requirements, the authorshave set systems. After reviewing these for public forth potential long-haultelecommunications requirements television and radio distribution.An appendix summarizesthe key features of the eight proposalsand comments on theirsuitability for meeting the requirements ofpublic broadcasting. (Author/JE) PROGRAM ON APPLICATION OFCOMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES TO EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY August 9, 1971 Internal Memorandum No. 71/3 EDUCATIONAL ELECTRONIC INFORMATIONDISSEMINATION AND BROADCAST SERVICES: HISTORY, CURRENT INFRASTRUCTURE AND PUBLIC BROADCASTINGEQUIREMENTS NattOiliteet*itilOr*Sifid Space HOUR4tion,"qpdet Gra, nt'no.-11/NGL.--008=054. plert inemofaridum pittifiatly'410A*04t*ittil04#9!)`:,,M,*49eA.Aq necesarily 441t,Ote, or.fie,,latl.s.0441,,,M***0'00-SPOPP:-.1i4Ontkiragon. PROGRAM ON APPLICATION OFCOMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES TO EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO- WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FRDM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG- INATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR CPIN- IONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU- CATION POSITION OR POLiCY. Internal Memorandum No. 71/3 August 9, 1971 EDUCATIONAL ELECTRONIC INFORMATIONDISSEMINATION AND BROADCAST SERVICES: HISTORY, CURRENT INFRASTRUCTURE AND PUBLIC BROADCASTING REQUIREMENTS Jai P. Singh Robert P. Morgan .; 201. This research is supported bythe National Aeronamtics and Space Administration under Grant No.YAGL-26-008-054. ihis memorandum necessarily is primarily for internal-distributionand does not the research team as a whole represent theviewsof either and Space Administration. I or the National Aeronautics , SUMMARY This memorandum describes the results of astudy conducted on electronic educational information dissemination andbroadcast services in the United States. Included are detailed discussions of thehistorical development and current infrastructure, both in termsof organization and physical plant, of the following se-vices: educational radio broadcasting, educational television broadcasting,Instructional Television Fixed Services (ITFS), Information Retrieval(Dial Access) Television (IRTV), Closed-Circuit Television, ResponsiveTelevision and Cable Television. All of the information disseminationand broadcast services described herein can currently be characterized asproviding one-way transfer of information on a point-to-multipoint basiswith the population of the receiving terminals being independent of thetransmitter or origination point within the coverage area. In the United States, a variety ofelectronic educational information dissemination and broadcast services havedeveloped, reflecting the local character of U.5.. education and a lack of resourcesand organization vis-a-vis commercial broadcasting. A series of maps have been plotted which indicate that these services, whichinclude both intra- and inter- state television networks, are notdistributed uniformly over theentire Mountain States and to U. S. Certain areas--such as Alaska, the Rocky some extent Appalachia--generallycharacterized as remote or rural areas, tend to have a dearth of services. Public television and radio, representing onesegment of electronic educational information,dissemination and broadcastservices, have in recent years developed anationalorganizational and networking base as well as goals for nationwide coverage. The creation of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the PublicBroadcasting Service and National Public Radio have made it possible to developthis capability. These organizations have set forth their requirements in responseto the recent filing of proposals with the Federal CommunicationsCommission by eight organizations for owning and operating U. S. domesticsatellite systems. After reviewing these requirements, and afterconsidering key issues such as regional versus national versusspecial programming, we have set forth potential long-haul telecommunicationsrequirements for public television and radio distribution. An Appendix to this memorandum summarizes the key features of the eight U. S.domestic satellite proposals and comments on the suitability ofthese proposals for meeting tne requirements of public broadcasting. 3 CONTENTS Page No. 1 1. Introduction 2. Educational Broadcasting 2 2.1 Educational Radio Broadcasting 2 2.1.1 The Early Development 6 Current Status 2.1.2 12 2.1.3Subsidiary CommunicationsAuthorization 14 2.2 Educational TelevisionBroadcasting 14 The Early Development 2.2.1 15 Current Status 2.2.2 23 Regional Networks 2.2.3 27 Intra-State Networks 2.2.4 35 Instructional Television 2.2.5 38 2.2.6 Discussion 40 2.3 Special Television Closed Circuit Television andInstructional 2.4 42 Television Fixed Service 42 Introduction 2.4.1 43 2.4.2Closed-Circuit Television Instructional Television FixedService 45 2.4.3 50 2.4.4 Closed-Circuit Networks 51 2.5CATV and Educational Televisionand Ran 58 2.6 Information Retrieval/Dial-AccessTelevision 60 2.7 Responsive Television 61 3. Public Broadcasting ProgramDistribution, 72 4. References Analysis of EducationalTelecommunications Needs: Appendix A 79 Service Categories Suitability of Eight Domestic Appendix B Some Comments on the Satellite Proposals for MeetingPublic Broadcasting 81 Requirements Table 1 Summary of Domestic SatelliteProposals . LIST OF FIGURES Page No. Radio Stations in the UnitedStates. 7 1. Growth of Educational Radio Stations 8 2. Distribution of Educational Radio Affiliates 10 3. Distribution of National Public 13 4. SCA and FM SpectrumDiagram 16 5. Growth of ETV Stations Television Stations 17 6. Distribution of Educational Networks. 29 7. Inter- and Intra-StateEducational Communication 49 8. Distribution of ITFSInstallations 52 9. Growth of CATV Households 52 10. Growth of CATV OperatingSystems 57 11. Projected Growth of Cable TV 59 12. Projected CATV Service Areasin 1975 63 13. Proposed Public BroadcastingOriginating Points Terrestrial Links Only 65 14. Time-Zone Operations by Satellite Links 66 15. Time-Zone Operation by t4; 5 LIST OF TABLES Page No. ETV Broadcast Stations 18 1. Distribution and Ownynip of of State ETV Systems 19 2. Hours Per Week of Operation by State ETV Systems 20 3. Days Per Week of Operation 24 4. Regional ETV Netwotks Facilities 28 5. Intra-State Interconnection PBS Survey of 15 StateEducational Telecommunications 6. 30 Networks by Type in 1967 44 7. Number of CCTV Installations Instructional TelevisionFixed 8. Frequency Assignment for 46 Service (ITFS) ITFS Systems 48 9. Ownership and Distribution of City/Broadband Communication 10. Potential CATV/Wired 56 System Services 70 11. Public Television Service 71 12. Public Radio Service 6 BROADCAST SERVICES: EDUCA1IONAL ELECTRONICINFORMATION DISSEMINATION AND HISTORY, CURRENT INFRASTRUCTUREAND PUBLICBROADCASTING_EgUIREMENTS* 1. INTRODUCTION Washington University has undertaken aNASA sponsored program on within application of comwniqationssatellites to educational development is to investigate the United States.illui A major objective of the program utilizing com- and devise systems andstrategies for improving education the systems synthesis munications satellites. An essential foundation for possible, phase of the work is ananalysis , in as quantitative terms as educatioral/instructional services which are pos- of the wide variety of sible using telecommunicatons and adetermination of future requirements for such services. For the purposes of systemssynthesis, one has to havedetailed information, to the cxtentfullest possible, regarding thetelecommuni- dedicated type cations infrastructure thatalready exists--especially the designed to provide exclusiveeducational
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