Educational Electronic Information Dissemination and Broadcast

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DOCUMENT RESUME EM 009 266 ED 055 419 Singh, Jai P.; Morgan, RobertP. AUTHOR Dissemination and TITLE Educational Electronic Information Broadcast Services: History,Current Infrastructure and Public BroadcastingRequirements. INSTITUTION Washington Univ., St. Louis, Mo. SPONS AGENCY National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration, Washington, D.C. REPORT NO IN-71/3 PUB DATE 9 Aug 71 NOTE 91p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29 *Broadcast Industry; DESCRIPTORS Audiovisual Communication; Broadcast Television; CableTelevision; Closed Circuit Television; *CommunicationSatellites; Dial Access Information Systems;Educational Television; Fixed Service Television;*Information Dissemination; Information Networks; InformationRetrieval; Information Services; InformationSystems; *Instructional Television; Radio;*Telecommunication; Television National Public IDENTIFIERS Corporation for Public Broadcasting; Radio; Public BroadcastingServices

ABSTRACT This memorandum describesthe results of a study on electronic educational informationdissemination and broadcast services in the United States.Included are detailed discussionsof (both in terms the historical developmentand current infrastructure of organization and physicalplant) of the followingservices: educational radio and televisionbroadcasting, instructional information retieval (dial access) television fixed services (ITFS), The television, and closed-circuit,responsive, and cable television. creation of the Corporation forPublic Broadcasting, thePublic Broadcasting Service, and NationalPublic 1,tadio have made itpossible to develop a national baseand goals for nationwidecoverage. These organizations have set fGrththeir requirements in responseto the with the Federal CommunicationsCommission recent filing of proposals satellite by eight organizations forowning and operating domestic requirements, the authorshave set systems. After reviewing these for public forth potential long-haultelecommunications requirements television and radio distribution.An appendix summarizesthe key features of the eight proposalsand comments on theirsuitability for meeting the requirements ofpublic broadcasting. (Author/JE) PROGRAM ON APPLICATION OFCOMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES TO EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY

August 9, 1971 Internal Memorandum No. 71/3

EDUCATIONAL ELECTRONIC INFORMATIONDISSEMINATION AND BROADCAST SERVICES:

HISTORY, CURRENT INFRASTRUCTURE AND PUBLIC BROADCASTINGEQUIREMENTS

NattOiliteet*itilOr*Sifid Space HOUR4tion,"qpdet Gra, nt'no.-11/NGL.--008=054. plert inemofaridum pittifiatly'410A*04t*ittil04#9!)`:,,M,*49eA.Aq necesarily 441t,Ote, or.fie,,latl.s.0441,,,M***0'00-SPOPP:-.1i4Ontkiragon. PROGRAM ON APPLICATION OFCOMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES TO EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO- WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FRDM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG- INATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR CPIN- IONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU- CATION POSITION OR POLiCY.

Internal Memorandum No. 71/3 August 9, 1971

EDUCATIONAL ELECTRONIC INFORMATIONDISSEMINATION AND BROADCAST SERVICES:

HISTORY, CURRENT INFRASTRUCTURE AND PUBLIC BROADCASTING REQUIREMENTS

Jai P. Singh Robert P. Morgan

201. This research is supported bythe National Aeronamtics and Space Administration under Grant No.YAGL-26-008-054. ihis memorandum necessarily is primarily for internal-distributionand does not the research team as a whole represent theviewsof either and Space Administration. I or the National Aeronautics

, SUMMARY

This memorandum describes the results of astudy conducted on electronic educational information dissemination andbroadcast services in the United States. Included are detailed discussions of thehistorical development and current infrastructure, both in termsof organization and physical plant, of the following se-vices: educational radio broadcasting, educational television broadcasting,Instructional Television Fixed Services (ITFS), Information Retrieval(Dial Access) Television (IRTV), Closed-Circuit Television, ResponsiveTelevision and Cable Television. All of the information disseminationand broadcast services described herein can currently be characterized asproviding one-way transfer of information on a point-to-multipoint basiswith the population of the receiving terminals being independent of thetransmitter or origination point within the coverage area.

In the United States, a variety ofelectronic educational information dissemination and broadcast services havedeveloped, reflecting the local character of U.5.. education and a lack of resourcesand organization vis-a-vis commercial broadcasting. A series of maps have been plotted which indicate that these services, whichinclude both intra- and interstate television networks, are notdistributed uniformly over theentire Mountain States and to U. S. Certain areas--such as Alaska, the Rocky some extent Appalachia--generallycharacterized as remote or rural areas, tend to have a dearth of services.

Public television and radio, representing onesegment of electronic educational information,dissemination and broadcastservices, have in recent years developed anationalorganizational and networking base as well as goals for nationwide coverage. The creation of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the PublicBroadcasting Service and National Public Radio have made it possible to developthis capability. These organizations have set forth their requirements in responseto the recent filing of proposals with the Federal CommunicationsCommission by eight organizations for owning and operating U. S. domesticsatellite systems. After reviewing these requirements, and afterconsidering key issues such as regional versus national versusspecial programming, we have set forth potential long-haul telecommunicationsrequirements for public television and radio distribution. An Appendix to this memorandum summarizes the key features of the eight U. S.domestic satellite proposals and comments on the suitability ofthese proposals for meeting tne requirements of public broadcasting.

3 CONTENTS

Page No.

1 1. Introduction

2. Educational Broadcasting 2 2.1 Educational Radio Broadcasting 2 2.1.1 The Early Development 6 Current Status 2.1.2 12 2.1.3Subsidiary CommunicationsAuthorization 14 2.2 Educational TelevisionBroadcasting 14 The Early Development 2.2.1 15 Current Status 2.2.2 23 Regional Networks 2.2.3 27 Intra-State Networks 2.2.4 35 Instructional Television 2.2.5 38 2.2.6 Discussion 40 2.3 Special Television

Closed Circuit Television andInstructional 2.4 42 Television Fixed Service 42 Introduction 2.4.1 43 2.4.2Closed-Circuit Television Instructional Television FixedService 45 2.4.3 50 2.4.4 Closed-Circuit Networks 51 2.5CATV and Educational Televisionand Ran 58 2.6 Information Retrieval/Dial-AccessTelevision 60 2.7 Responsive Television 61 3. Public Broadcasting ProgramDistribution, 72 4. References

Analysis of EducationalTelecommunications Needs: Appendix A 79 Service Categories Suitability of Eight Domestic Appendix B Some Comments on the Satellite Proposals for MeetingPublic Broadcasting 81 Requirements

Table 1 Summary of Domestic SatelliteProposals . . LIST OF FIGURES

Page No.

Radio Stations in the UnitedStates. . 7 1. Growth of Educational Radio Stations 8 2. Distribution of Educational Radio Affiliates 10 3. Distribution of National Public 13 4. SCA and FM SpectrumDiagram 16 5. Growth of ETV Stations Television Stations 17 6. Distribution of Educational

Networks. . . 29 7. Inter- and Intra-StateEducational Communication 49 8. Distribution of ITFSInstallations 52 9. Growth of CATV Households 52 10. Growth of CATV OperatingSystems 57 11. Projected Growth of Cable TV 59 12. Projected CATV Service Areasin 1975 63 13. Proposed Public BroadcastingOriginating Points Terrestrial Links Only 65 14. Time-Zone Operations by Satellite Links 66 15. Time-Zone Operation by

t4;

5 LIST OF TABLES

Page No. ETV Broadcast Stations 18 1. Distribution and Ownynip of of State ETV Systems 19 2. Hours Per Week of Operation by State ETV Systems 20 3. Days Per Week of Operation 24 4. Regional ETV Netwotks Facilities 28 5. Intra-State Interconnection

PBS Survey of 15 StateEducational Telecommunications 6. 30 Networks by Type in 1967 44 7. Number of CCTV Installations Instructional TelevisionFixed 8. Frequency Assignment for 46 Service (ITFS) ITFS Systems 48 9. Ownership and Distribution of City/Broadband Communication 10. Potential CATV/Wired 56 System Services 70 11. Public Television Service 71 12. Public Radio Service

6 BROADCAST SERVICES: EDUCA1IONAL ELECTRONICINFORMATION DISSEMINATION AND

HISTORY, CURRENT INFRASTRUCTUREAND PUBLICBROADCASTING_EgUIREMENTS*

1. INTRODUCTION

Washington University has undertaken aNASA sponsored program on within application of comwniqationssatellites to educational development is to investigate the United States.illui A major objective of the program utilizing com- and devise systems andstrategies for improving education the systems synthesis munications satellites. An essential foundation for possible, phase of the work is ananalysis , in as quantitative terms as educatioral/instructional services which are pos- of the wide variety of sible using telecommunicatons and adetermination of future requirements for such services.

For the purposes of systemssynthesis, one has to havedetailed information, to the cxtentfullest possible, regarding thetelecommuni- dedicated type cations infrastructure thatalready exists--especially the designed to provide exclusiveeducational services--plannedextensions the history of the to it, any growth trendsthat might be traced through political and tech- usage of a particularservice, and social, economic, trend.** nological factors that couldpotentially influence the existing In addition, one also needsto know the estimateddemands for various services utilizing telecommunications overa certain period oftime in the voice, future, the type of messagethat will be transmitted--video, analog/digital--the data rate, messageduration, geographicaldistribution for the messages of messages, technicalquality or performance requirement (Signal-to-Noise ratio at the receiver output ora certain probability of error in decoding digitaldata stream), and the coverage area.

For the purposes of analysis,educational/instructiona; telecnmmuni- following three cations requirements/demands canbe grouped under the broad service categories(see Appendix A): Broadcast Services: Broadcast a) Information Dissemination and TOM and Television-,--InstructionalTelevisiim Fixed Services (ITFS), Closed Circuit TV installations(CCTV), Cable Television (CAW), Information Retrieval Television(IRTV) and Responsive Television (RTV) etc.

* This is one of a seriesof memoranda on educationaltelecommunications Robert R. Bruce of Public Broad- needs. The authors wish to'thank Mr. of 15 state casting Service fur providingthe results of the PBS survey for the very ETV networks, and Mrs. EmilyPearce and Miss Barbara Morose skillful typing of the manuscript.

Education Programreport[105] surveys the physical **A recent Satellite and edvca- characteristics and costs of selected communications media tional technologies but does notexamine telecommunicationsinfrastrucl- ture per se. '7 Services: Teleconferencing, b) Interactive Telecommunications OTT:1717eTTT6FFIAlon retrieva , remotetime-sharing, computer- based instruction, etc.

Services: Remote batch processing, c) Computer Interconnection resourciihring, distributerintelligence,etc. infrastructurE of In this memorandum wehave surveyed the existing Information Dissemination the services fallingin the first category, i.e. for both public andinstructional use. The his- and Broadcast Services been discussed briefly for torical development ofthese services has also discussion and estimates oflong- future planning. Also presented are requirements for Public Radioand Television distance telecommunications assembly, advance preview of pro- for program distribution, program live coverage of specialand sports events. grams, and on-spot the Estimates for long-distancetelecommunications requirements for forthcom- instructional segment of theservices* will be presented in a ing memorandum.

2. EDUCATIONAL BROADCASTING

2.1 Educational Radio Broadcasting

2.1.1 Early_leAp_loment educational The history of educationalradio, as well as that of broadcasting, begins in 1917when the University ofWisconsin constructed station, relicensed Station 9XM, the oation'spioneer educational radio regional programs in 1921, in 1921 asWHA.E1J Prior to the beginning of point-to-fliBt the activities of 9XM(now known as WHA) were limited to conversations with otherexperimental units throughout thecountry.12.1 Wisxnsin, In 1921, radio stations wereoperated by the Universities of had an educaticmal Iowa, and Nebraska. Michigan State University has and then regular- radio station since 1918,first on experimental basis the rural ized in 1922, which continues toprovide extension services for Also, in 1922, the Universityof the State of New York was population. received completing plans for troaocastinglectures which were to be through loud-speakers invarious classrooms. by The credit for the first realeducational courses carried on State Department of radio transmission is awardedto the Massachusetts The courses were begun in Education, Division of UniversityExtension.

broadcast *The term "public educationaliaformation dissemination and services intended services" is used throughoutthis report to describe services" is intended for for general public usewhereas "instructional For example, formal instructional purposesin schools, colleges, etc. defined as according to current usage,educational television (ETV) is television, i.e. being made up of publictelevision and instructional "Special television/radio" isused in this report to ETV . PTV + ITV. they, designate public and instructionalservices to minority groups, be cultural, ethnic or professional. -3-

During this time September 1923, and wereconducted for four years. The subjects offered 4,530 persons enrolled in 21different subjects.[2] English literature, included languages, musicappreciation, psychology, American literature, homeeconomics, law, journalism, etc.

While both educational andcommercial radio broadcasting were pro- 1922-1929, the gressing and spreading at an enormouspace in the period and effective field was plunging intochaos due to the lack of proper of radio inter- regulatory organization. At the request of a conference began to ests in Washington in March1923, the Secretary of Commerce and hours assign a specific frequency toeach station ane to limit power of operation to accommodate morestations. However, grave questions marine radio communi- were raised as towhether the 1912 law concerning licenses. cation gave the Secretary thediscretionary power to issue declared in The House Committee on theMerchant Marine and Fisheries reporting out the bill that ttdid not give the Secretarysuch pow..v..[3] effect, In 1912, the AttorneyGeneral rendered an opinion to the same license holding that the 5ecretarylacked the power to refuse to grant a the authority to a corporation.L4J A 1926 court decision removed even of Commerce. over assignment of aparticular frequency by the Secretary the On July 1, 1926, 52Qbroadcasting stations were operating on completely their channels.E4J Many of these were ignoring 90 available result assigned frequencies and powerassignments, with the invariable that chaos reigned, and it was afortunate listener who could tuneto from other un- the station of his choicewithout receiving interference that 41 stations in the wanted stations. Things went so out of control reserved for United States began using thesix channels that had been appeals from Cabinet mem- the exclusive use ofCanadian stations despite goodwill bers, who pleade4 that nationalgood faith and international were atstake.DJ concerned, Following the breakdown ofregulation In 1926, all parties of new legisla- including the broadcasters,favored the prompt enactment listener from a tion to save the levelopingindustry from chaos and the The result was the creationof the Federal RadioCommission headache. government, with under the limited control ofthe Executive Branch of the the service each class powers to classifyradio stations, to prescribe individual sta- should reneer, to assignfrequencies to classes and to operation, to reg- tions, to determine eachstation's power and hours of regulations to ulate the kind of apparatus tobe used, and to prescribe However, at that time, certainadministrative prevent interference. appli- functions were retained by theSecretary of Commerce--receiving qualifications of sta- cations from operators orlicensees, prescribing conformity tion operators, inspection oftransmission apparatus to ensure reporting of with the regulations, designationof call letters, and violations to the Federal RadioCommission (FRC). In July of 1932, the Radio Division Congress acted to transferall duties and functions of Commission (FRC). of the Department of Commerceto the Federal Radio

It must be noted that theFRC only had authority overnon-federal radio--commercial, private or marine. The Interstate CommerceCommission General had authority over was handlinglong-lines and the Postmaster

9 -4-

telephone company facilitiesfor federal agencies. tariffs for telegraph and assign frequencies for the use In addition, thePresident had authority to federal government agencies. In of radio stationsowned and operated by Commerce, at the suggestionof the President, estab- 1933, the Secretary of of undertake a comprehensivestudy of the regulation lished a committee to in the The recommendations ofthis committee resulted communications. creation of the Federal enactment of the CommunicationsAct of 1934 and the Communications Commission. taking place, educators werenot sitting While these developments were Education by In the year 1929, thefirst National Conference on by idly. by educators against Radio was called and anextensive campaign was started by commercial broad- continued absorption ofeducational radio facilities of a 1926 committeeinvestigatina casters. Based on the recommendations education, the Secretary ofInterior appointed the the uses of radio in to make a nation- National Advisory Committee onEducation by Radio (NACER) 1929, the committee sub- al survey of all radiostations. On December 30, radio be established mitted its recommendationsthat a section devoted to then a part of the Depart- and financed as part ofthe Office of Education, examine and to determine the causesof any conflicts ment of the Interior, to time an inclusive with commercial interests,and to carry on at the same towards perfecting the useof radio for educa- research program directed the beginning ofplan- tional purposes.[6] The adoption of this report was ned progress in the areaof educational radio(ER). conference on The U.S. Commissioner ofEducation called a national at the request ofradio Radio and Education inChicago on October 13, 1930 state governments,schools, colleges, univer- stations operated by various as organizations. That committee recommended, sities and other non-profit the assign- its program, (a) thatlegislation be enacted to assure a part of for educational use; ment of broadcastingfrequencies with a block reserved of educators be appointedto formulate definite and (b) that a cwittee In December 1930, plans for the promotion ofeducational broadcasting. The National Com- the proposed committee wasappointed and designated as mittee on Education byRadio (NCER). and univer- During the period from 1920 to1930, schools, colleges, least 176 radio stations. Properly speaking, a sities constructed at broadcasting endeavors, but ex- great many of these werenot educational tranamission technology bydepartments of physics perimental projects in following the eco- and electricalengineering.0] By the mid-thirties, only 35 of these stationsremained. Significantly, nomic crash of 1929, land-grant univer- most of the survivors werelocated on the campuses of and to programs of sities where a commitmentto off-campus education chartered obligation underthe Morrill Act extension education was a of these which created theseinstitutions. The radio station managers the National Associ- land-grant universitiescomprised the leadership of later spearheaded the ation of EducationalBroadcasters (NAEB), which and TV channels for education. In the early days, effort to reserve FM radio were played by pioneering roles in thedevelopment of educational Michigan State), and the Ohio State, MichiganAgricultural College (now Universities of Illinois,Wisconsin and Iowa State.

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educational During the debates on theCommunications Act of 1934, the in favor of direct- lobbying forces were strongenough to create sentiment 25 percent of all broadcastfacilities for the ing the FCC to reserve Although this did not ma- exclusive use of non-profitorganizations.(7] FCC to study the al- terialize, in it3 final formthe Act did direct the facilities to parti- location of fixed percentagesof radio broadcasting The deadline given tothe cular types or kinds ofnon-profit activities. 1935. FCC for reporting back tothe Congress was February 1, broadcasters and However, after hearingrepresentatives of commercial the Commission networks, educational institutions,labor organizations, etc., broadcast facilities recommended to Congress that nospecific percentage of be allocated for the use ofnon-profit organizationsbecause commercial available to such stations were able andwilling to make their facilities The Commission argued thatthis would better serve the organizations. equipment and to latter by giving them access toexpensive and efficient The Commission urged, however,the commercial established audiences. would "assist broadcasters be required to cooperate,and declared that it opportunities for the non-profit organizationsto obtain the fullest expression":1203 Federal Radio Edu- Pursuant to this pledge, theFCC established the under the Chairmanship ofthe Commissioner of cation Committee (FREC) educators Education to promote actualcooperative arrangements between level. FREC was and broadcasters on thenational, regional and local it did undertake relatively inactive and impotentin early days, although non-profit organizations could some studiesregarding the manner in which best serve radio listeningaudiences.0] service Though no exclusive allocations weremade for an AM-radio stations have been licenseddirectly to non- for education, broadcasting city and profit organizations includingeducational institutions and At first, the FRC had takenthe view that government state governments. virtue of the stations are not entitled topriority of considgration by This ticcision was fact that the licenseeis a public corporation.LIIJ the Unlversity of Wisconsin first taken in the caseof the reapplication of York City municipal and was upheld in a courtof law in the case or a New However, the first victory ofthe united educationalforces station.[12] the establishment of a new came in January1938, when the FCC announced

during the period *Tn the early days ofradio broadcasting, particularly of FM radio, com- between the inception ofAM broadcasting and the birth American children, mercial radio did play animportant role in bringing to could legitimately be called as well as manyadults, many programs which Some of the early roles ofcommercial radio in educational educational. documented else- broadcoAtirig, including programsfor in-school use, are Commercial Networks, CBS andNBS fr.ad separate sectionsfor where.00.1 the American educational programming andfeatured such famous series as Town Meeting of School of the Air, MusicAppreciation Hour, America's Society of New York, Music the Air, Sunday Concertsof the Philharmonic Local commercial out- Makers, Youth Health, Ideasthat Came True, etc. providing lets also made time availablefor the express purpose of instructional programming forlocal schools. -6-

which it called "non-commercialeducational". kind of broadcast station educational agencies These stations are licensedonly to organized nonprofit educational programs. In addition to this for use in advancing their own regarding ad- primary function, they may beused to transmit information to broadcast ministrative matters to severalunits of a school system or The service educational programs andentertainment to the generalpublic. originating must be on a nonprofit andnoncommercial basis, and programs commercial announce- in commercial stations maynot be rebroadcast unless minimum hours of opera- ments areeliminatedp] No definite schedule or tion are reouired.[14

2.1.2 Current Status method for In the late 1930's,Major E. H. Armstrong devised a new Modulation (FM). aural broadcasting which wasto be known as Frequency high quality and high This technique madepossible the transmission of In 1940, the FCC madeavailable an eight megahertzwiae fidelity audio. year it allocation (42-50 MHz) forFM experimentation and in the same should incorporated in its rules thatnoncommercial broadcast stations is a special need 2mp1oy frequency modulation"unless it is 5hown there This service was assigned for the use of amplitudemodulation (AM)".1.15i frequencies adjoining the thenexisting FM broadcastfrequencies. a band of (92-108 MHz) in When commercial FM services weremoved to a higher band listener 1946, the noncommercial services weremoved with it, enabling any as well. who has an FM receiver to tuneto the noncommercial programs 88.1-91.9 MHz portion of This action resulted inthe reservation of the FM broadcast band for theexclusive use of educa- the standard 88-108 MHz known Thg 8Q.1-91.9 MHz bandaccommodates 20 channels tional stations. also been made avail- as channels201-220.116J Channel 206 (89.1 MHz) has in New York City and theFCC has decided against able to the United Nations station. that would interfere withthe operation of the U.N. any allocations exclusively to Govern- In Alaska, the frequencyband 88-100 MHz is allocated and 100.1 - ment Radio Service and thenon-government fixed service, 107.9 MHz (channels 261 through300. inclusive) is shared by noncommercial FM with commercialFM.[I6] divided Educational noncommercial FMbroadcasting stations can be than a 10 into two major categories: (a) those operating with no more (Class D); and (b) those operatingat trans- watt transmitter power output for on- mitter power in excess of10 watts. Class D stations are meant campus listening. in the Figure 1 shows the growth ofeducational radio broadcasting the FCC established a United States since 1938when for the first time stations known as "noncommercialeducational" stations. As new class of take-off point came with the is evident from thegrowth curve, the real in the late 1940's. Unfortunately, it was again advent of FM broadcasting became "the hidden: . overshadgye0 by the growth oftelevision and very much medium".118.1 radio stations in As of December 1970,there were 457 educational Figure 2 shows theirge9gr4phica1 distribution. Of the United States. Nearly two dozen of the these, 25 were AM stationsand 432 wereFM.L17.1 12 Finure 1 THE UNITED STATES GROWTH CF EDUCATIONALRADIO STATIONS IN [From Ref. .112]

450

350

300

-4200

CC lig150

100

.- 4.0 CO Cn CO 00

YEAR

a 13 P. 3,4 Oa 11, *WO 04) e. colc41

DISTRIBUTION OF EDUCATIONAL RADIO STATIONS -9-

A high percentage FM stations wereoperating on unreservedfrequencies. broadcast limited schedules onlimited power. Of of the radio stations 10 watt trans- these 432 FM stations, 273 wereClass D stations limited to mitter power-output. 71% are Of the current ER station"population" of 457, approximately school systems, licensed to colleges anduniversities, some 15% to public shared by independent schools,theological and the remaining licenses are libraries institutions, state councils,educational organizations, public The dominant group oflicensees is the colleges and and municipalities. the The nature of licenseeorganizations is reflected in universities. educational authori- nature of their programming. The colleges and higher for cultural enrichment,extension training, ties have used their stations In Odition, student training and, in afew cases, for studentteaching. The they see their stations ashaving a public relationspurpose.L18.1 instruction. school districts focus upondirect teaching and supplementary primarily concerned The nonprofit organizationsand public libraries are particularly cultural enrichment,and the theologi- with adult education, few accentu- cal groups generally favorinformal adult education, with a ating religious education. established a list The Corporation for PublicBroadcasting (CPB) has far as its services and of criteria on "what apublic ER station is" as transmitter power assistance is concerned. The requirements include a originatipn output of more than 250 wattsfor both AM and FM, a propram members, minimum studio, equivalent of threefull-time professional staff day, and a on-air time of 48 weeks/year,6 days a week and 8 hours a output be broadcast schedule in which atleast half of the station's Of 457 ER stations, devoted to informational andcultural programming. requirements. Figure 3 presents the geograph- only 92 stations meet these with National Public Radio. ical distribution of thesemajor ER stations,affiliatrad of the country It becomes evident fromFigures 2 and 3 that some areas The northeastern are well coveredand some are very poorlycovered. blanketed with educational radiolicensees (at least quadrant is generally Lakes region in the major metropolitancenters), as is much of the Great But the Southeastern and the major cities of theWest and Pacific coast. along with a number of Plainsand Rocky Mountain and Southwestern states, fill in the covered. In short, there is a need to states are inadequately States are to be pro- gaps in existing coverageif all areas of the United vided with educational radioservices.

Until recently, most ER stations wereaffiliated with either or both (NER), organizations: (a) National Educational Radio of the following two (NAEB), the National Association ofEducational Broadcasters a division of The National Educational and (b) National EducationalRadio Network (NERN). Radio Network (NERN) is neither aninterconnected network nor one which Instead, NERN is a does any centralizedproduction of network programs. educational radio stations servedthrough the national organization of Urbana, distribution of tape recorded programsby network headquarters in NERN has Peen a self-supportingoperation through the payment Illinois. It provides its of fees by affiliates forthe last 15 of its 23 years. affiliates with a minimum of 865hours of new programming perquarter. educational stations include theBroadcasting Other networks serving from abroad, Foundation of America, whichdistributes programming services DISTRIBUTION OF NATIONAL PUBLIC Figure 3 RADIO AFFILIATES [From Ref. 17] (EERN)--a group of to U.S. stations; EasternEducational Radio Network which exchange taped programs,cooperate in the Eastern Radio stations broadcasting; and the production of shows andinterconnect lines for some Sytem, which serves mainlycarrier-current Intercollegiate Broadcasting hours of material per campus operationswith about four and three-fourths week.1.18.1 April In addition to the regionalnetworks discussed above, as of 1967 many states were movingahead with plans for statewideeducational radio networks and state-wide cover-NeiThe only comprehensive study on the status of ER dates back to19671I8J and at the time the study was Ohio, Oregon, conducted, Colorado, Iowa,Michigan, Minnesota, New York, and Pennsylvania, South Carolina, SouthDakota, Tennessee, Washington networks were Missouri were states in whichplans for full-coverage radio current status in various stages ofdevelopment. No information on the However, it should be of radio networks in thesestates is available. noted that the development of stateETV networks has provided new oppor- A network tunities for the statewideinterconnection of ER stations. communication medium such as television canbe for any single wideband radio, slow- the substructure upon whichother narrow-band media such as scan/still-picture television, etc. canbe constructed at relativelylow marginal cost. National Early in 1970, the Corporation forPublic Broadcasting formed Public Radio (NPR), Inc., a nonprofitcorporation funded by CPB for the to the principal purpose of providing anational network program service Membership in non-commercial public radio stationsof the United States. NPR is open to any institution ororganization which operates a non- commercie, public radio station inthe United States and itsterritories. earlier Membership is contingent upon meetingthe qualifications discussed wtich have to do with station programphilosophy and policy, local pro- to a duction capability as measuredby staff and facilities, and access significant body of potential,DAteners asmeasured by antenna power and length of broadcast schedule.ilvi

As of April 1, 1971, membershipin NPR numbered 85 institutions operating a combined total of 92AM and FM transmitters.The largest colleges and universities. group of memberstations, 68, are operated by operate 7 of the NPRmember stations. Public non-profit organizations systems, two by Seven stations are operatedby public and private school public libraries; and one by amunicipality. These stations have access NPR expects that by to about 48 millionpeople in their coverage area. operating the end of 1971, membershipwill increase to 108 institutions nearly 137transmitters.[19]

On May 3, 1971, NPR initiated aninterconnection of its affiliates consist of using AT&T facilities. Interconnection service will largely coverage of publicevents, issues and ideas aswell as acquired and pro- will duced special public affairs programs.The interconm.ction system in the national permit some 28 member stationsto insert their programs However, the present limitationof the system to 5 kHz total network. distribution of bandwidth (some parts limited to3.5 kHz) precludes live NPR is also engaged in theplanning of an musical and stereo programs. Puerto experimental satellite interconnectionof its members in Alaska and Rico.

t -12-

library service in NPR is also planning forthe implementation of a for program exchange oflocally produced programs the later half of 1971 Washington, O. C. radio stations. A library facility in among all public stereo or high-fidelity will act as a depositoryfor NPR programs requiring scheduled tape service usingthe reproduction. NPR plans to operate a mails for delivery. radio stations Today, the educational,non-commercial non-profit the new challenges posed tothem and also have have begun to respond to expand their service started to innovate. School stations are hoping to conventional classroom and the commoncurriculum. beyond the limits of insight of physicians They are bringing to youngpeople the professional problems of alcoholism anddrug addiction, the and psychiatrists into the citizens make realistic knowledge of local executivesin helping school age cultural programs like theSpring ShakespeareFestival. vocational plans, and such as the men- Fducational radio is turningtowards forgotten audiences economically disad- tally retarded, youngcriminals, the culturally and vantaged, and young mothers.

2.1.3 Subsidiary CommunicationsAuthorization multiplexing,M] authorized under The new technique ofmulti-channel Authorization (SCA) awarded hythe FCC to FM Subsidiary Communications varied needs, radio operators in 1955, hasoffered the hope of meeting transmitting multiple signals even in view ofspectrum overcrowding, by Each FM channel is allocated200 kHz of using a single transmitter. Of the 200 spectrum, 100 kHz on eachside of the allocatedfrequency. 15 kHz on either side kHz, only 30 kHz are usedfor the FM main channel, There are two guard bands atthe of the station'sassigned frequency. each occupying 25 kHzbandwidth. This leaves outer ends of the channel, frequency) to be used for 120 kHz (60 kHz on each sideof the assigned auxiliary transmissions onthe FM channel. and Figure 4 shows a typical spectrumassignment foran FM channel When transmissions are madein stereo, stereo signals occupy for SCA. 32 kHz is left for SCA trans- an additignal60 kHz of bandwidth and only When stereo is broadcast bythe FM station, the FCCallows missions.L44.1 however, transmission on only one SCAchannel. Without a stereo signal, channel program. two SCA subchanaels maybe added to the main FM radio sets. SCA programs can not bereceived on conventional FM lowest cost Special receivers cost as much as10 times the cost of the These receivers are notavailable to the generalpublic AM/FM receivers. function, since, according to the FCCdefinition, SCA is a non-broadcast service giving each equivalent to a privatepoint-to-point communication station control over its SCAtransmissions. However, this offers a con- specialized venient format for transmittingspecialized programs for audiences--information that is notdesigned for the general publicand from reaching them. rU4has already been used must be, somehow, stopped and for providing to provide credit coursesat high achQol levell-44-1 physicians.LaJ A number of applicationsusing medical information to detailed SCA, including facsimiletransmission of newspapers and of medical histories to home aswell as for education at home arebeing contemplated.[24,25] 18 -----88.7 MHz 108MHz 8 o nru F M -- SPECTRUM I z ifir- / ./ i4Zta., rtiLa Z l .... ceLa inccce . 1 / I-v) u. 1.... _ 41. 1A1..- Ar Gil 25 kHz 16 kHz 6 kHz 30 kHz 8 15kHz kHz 200 kHz 15_ _ kHz 8 . _ kHz . .. kHz ------Figure 4. SCA AND FM SPECTRUP DIAGRAM -14-

2.2 Educational Television Broadcasting

2.2.1 The Early Development States The beginning of educationaltelevision (ETV) in the United experimental station developedby the State is traced to Station W9XK, an broadcast its University of Iowa elestcicalengineering department, which system instead of an first program in 1932.LIJ Using a "scanning disc" station between electronic scanning tube likeOrthicon or Vidicon, the than 400 programs includinglecture courses 1932 and 1939 transmitted more drama and other in art, shorthand,engineering and botany as well as entertainment. people's interest After the Second World Warended, television captured non-experimental stations and by 1946 there were sixregularly authorized, reaching 6,500 receivers. By 1948 there were 40 com- in the United States However, until mercial stations in operationand 600,000 receivers in use. pioneering effort then there were no ETVstations. The year 1948 saw the ETV. They were the of five U.S. educationalinstitutions in the field of University of Iowa (Iowa City),Iowa State University(Ames), Kaloaa,5tate University, The University ofMichigan, and AmericanUniversity.L1,40.1 educationally owned televisionstation in the The first nonexperimental, in air in United States was WOI-TV at IowaState University which went February 1950 as the 100thtelevision station in the UnitedStates. (FCC) announced a In 1948, the FederalCommunications Commission develop a comprehensive "freeze" over televisionlicenses so that it could In 1950, the FCC came outwith its chan- plan for frequency assignments. Frequency nel allocation plan without anyexclusive reservations for ETV. oppor- allocation hearings in 1951 heldby the FCC afforded educators an allocations For educational purposes. KoenigL25J tunity to bid for frequency A major pro- has documented the plight ofeducators during this period. pleas from dif- blem was the emergence ofunorganized, and contradictory Some educators wantednonprofit educational ferent educational groups. others wanted television while others wantednoncommercial ETV, and still Office of Through the efforts of theradio chief for the U.S. both. of Educational Education and the presidentof the National Association by Broadcasters (NAEB), educators werebrought under a single umbrella Educators forming an ad hoc JointCommittee on EducationalTelevision. jointly called upon the FCC to reservea number oftelevision channels both non- for the exclusive use ofeducation--channels to be operated as In April 1952, the FCCestablished profit and noncommercialundertakings. broadcast entity, the noncommercial,nonprofit educational a new kind of UHF) for the television station, and reserved242 channels (80 VHF and 162 By 1966, these allocationshad been increased to exclusive use of ETV. University of 116 VHF and 516 UHFchannels. KUHT, jointly licensed to the Board of Education, was thefirst nonprofit non--- Houston and the Houston and commercial station to go on air(May 12, 1953) under the Sixth Report Order of the FCC in the matterof TV frequency allocations.

20 -15-

2.2.2 Current Status of ETV in the UnitedStates to date and Figure 5 presents the growth Figure projects future growth tomatch commercial TVoopulation coverage. distribution of ETV stations. Most ETV stations 6 shows the geographical especially in the eastern part are located inthe densely populated areas, Certain areas have access totwo ETV channels whereas of the country. have any ETV coverage. large areas of the centraland western states do not have any ETV statiogs4 Three states, Alaska,Montana and Wyoming, do not receiving ETVsignals.L7J Some 74% of the Americanpeople are capable of compared with 140 Today there are some 204 ETVoutlets on the air as Another 6-10 are underconstruction. Of these in 1967 and 62 in 1962. educational systems, 204 outlets, some 43% arelicensed to state and local colleges and the remainder tocommunity organiza- 32% to universities or agencies receive about tions (see Table 1). Stations operated by state appropriations. Those operated by the col- 95% of their funds from state their income leges, universities and schoolsystems obtain about 75% of whereas community ETV stationsdepend upon gifts, from direct budget support for 75% of grants and compensationfor production of in-school programs their support.1.27] involved with in- Stations licensed to school systemsare primarily off the air in the structional programming. A typical school system goes after broadcasting special programsfor teachers early evening each day Though the FCC demands and a few NET tapes forchildren and adults at home. the educational needs" of thecommunities they that ETV licensees "meet by school eystems is serve, the programmingschedule of stations operated in favor of in-schoolprogramming. School systems oper- very unbalanced their responsibility ating the station feel,perhaps very rightly, that and they do not have the moneyfor anything else. is mainly to the schools they say at Teachers and principalslike the television service, or so medium in most schoolsremains far from meetings, but the use of the description of the intensive and the word"supplementary" is common in service .[28] well Statiors licensed to stateagencies have, in most cases, a According to the FrymireSurvey[29] conducted balanced program schedule. ETV systems devote some for the Corporation forPublic Broadcasting, state public television programs,42% to in-school 52% of their on-air time to education, adult instructional programs and theremaining 5% to continuing (see Table 2). Eleven out of twenty-fourstate industrial training, etc. five days a ETV systems operate sixdays a week. Four state systems operate (Table 3). week and only seven operateduring all seven days universities are more orientedtowards The ETV stations licensed to stations have con- public television programming. A good many of these board of education andalmost 30 percent of their tracts with the local at programming is specifically forin-school use. A few series are aimed the offerings are for college students andprofessionals, and the rest of the entirecommunity.[28]

21 275300 250225 175200 125150 100 75 5:51 lest V.01 01 01 .0.1. 201 -vV, 201 Ul 2at 01`4?, at 01'Z. at at at atrz "01rs 01rft. YEAR --3* 2 Figure2 5. GROWTH OF ETV STATIONS [Ref., 112] 1; I1 7 1 al I i ..1 1:q l' 1\81 ,i[ DISTRIBUTION OF EDUCATIONAL Figure 6 TELEVISION STATIONS [From Ref. 17] 1 8

TABLE 1 DISTRIBuTION ANn 0WNERSHIp OF ETVBROADCAST STATIONS

SCHOOL COUNTY TOTAL UNIVERSITY COMMUNITY JUNIOR sTATE sTATE DISTRICT OWNED OWNED OWNED OWNED COLLEGE OwNED OWNED STATIONS STATIONS STATIONS STATIONS STATIONS STATIONS

0 9 0 0 0 ALABAMA 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ALASKA 0 2 0 0 0 ARIZONA 0 2 o o 1 0 o o ARKANSAS 1 10 2 0 1 0 1 6 CALIFORNIA 0 1 0 0 i COLORADO 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 CONNECTICUT 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 DELAWARE 0 2 2 0 0 DISTRICT OF COLUmBIA 0 0 3 10 3 4 0 FLORIDA 0 10 0 1 0 8 1 0 GECRGIA 2 2 0 0 0 0 HAWAII 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 ID/CAT 0 0 0 0 5. 0 3 2 ILLINOIS 5 0 2 0 0 2 1 INDIANA 2 D 0 0 2 0 0 IOWA 0 2 1 0 Ci KANSAS 0 1 0 1 13 0 0 0 KENTuCKY 12 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 LOUISIANA 4 0 0 0 0 3 1 MAINE 0 2 0 0 0 0 MARYLAND 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 MASSACHUSETTS 0 0 4 3 1 0 MICHIGAN 0 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 MINNESOTA 0 1 0 0 0 1 . . 0 MISSISSIPPI 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 MISSOURI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 MONTANA 0 0 0 B 1 0 NEBRASKA 1 1 0 0 o el NEVADA 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 0 NEW HAMPSHIRE 0 0 2 0 0 0 NEW JERSEY 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 NEW MEXICO 1 0 12 2 9 0 NEW YORK 0 8 0 1 0 0 7 0 NORTH CAROLINA 0 0 1 0 1 0 NORTH DAKOTA 0 8 1 0 4 3 0 OHIO 0 3 0 1 0 2 0 0 OKLANOMA 0 0 2 0 0 0 OREGON 2 8 0 0 0 0 1 7 PENNSYLVANIA 0 0 1 0 0 0 .RhOBE ISLAND 1 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 SOUTH CAROLINA 0 0 4 3 0 0 SOUTH DAKOTA 1 5 0 1 0 3 0 1 TENNESSEE 1 o 8 5 2 o TEXAS 0 5 0 2 0 3 0 IRAN o o 4 0 o o 0 4 VERMONT o o 4 0 4 0 VIRGINIA 0 0 4 0 6 0 2 0 WASHINGTON 0 o o 3 2 1 0 WEST VIRGINIA o 3 0 0 2 0 1 0 WISCONSIN o o o 0 0 0 WYOMING 0 2 0 0 o 6 PUERTO RICO 2

19 210* 64 57 2 TOTAL 63

operational in near-future. *Includes 6 stations expected to be 2 4 -19-

TABLE 2

HOURS PER WEEK OF OPERATIONOF STATE ETV SYSTEMS [From Ref.29]

Hours per Hours per Hours per Total Hours State per Week of Systems Week of Week of Week of Other Operation Reporting Public TV In-School Programs Programs Programs

0 70 Alabama 35 35 0 70 Arkansas 321/2 371/2 6 66 Connecticut 30 30 0 931/2 Georgia 48 451/2 71 Hawaii 38 251/2 71/2 0 851/2 Indiana 15 701/2 5 90 Iowa 50 35 0 671/2 Kentucky 221/2 45 8 79 Maine 41 30 100 Maryland 60 35 5 59 Minnesota 25 30 4 0 0 *Mississippi 0 0 15 95 Nebraska 48 32 0 74 New Hampshire 49 25 0 *New Jersey 0 0 0 88 New York 39 40 9 58 North Carolina 45 10 3 0 0 *Ohio 0 0 0 67 Oklahoma 32 35 0 74 Oregon 56 18 0 45 Pennsylvania 45 0 62 Rhode Island 32 30 0 16 901/2 South Carolina 42 321/2 1.* ... 93 South Dakota 63 27 67 Tennessee 32 35 0 0 77 Utah 47 30 15 40 Vermont 5 20

1782 TOTAL: 932 7531/2 961/2

*Under Construction 25 -20-

TABLE 3

DAYS PER WEEK OF OPERATIONBY STATE ETV SYSTEMS [From Ref. 29]

STATE SYSTEMS 6 DAYS 7 DAYS REPORTING 5 DAYS PER WEEK PER WEEK PER WEEK

Alabama X Arkansas X X Connecticut Georgia X Hawaii Indiana *Iowa

innesota *W_IPS1 Nebraski New Hampshire *New Jersey New York nhio X Oklahoma Oregon Penns lvania K oae islanu §6TEE-CaTiTirTa Sout Da ota -1eTriirsee

Vermont

*Under Construction

SUMMARY

Total Operating 7 Days Days Per Week 5 Days 6 Days

9 State ETV Systems 4 11

26 -21-

nonprofit organiza- The ETV stations operatedby community groups or ITV. In the tions put,greater emphasis onpublic television as opposed to programming schedule is case of ETV stationsin Pennsylvania, the entire entertainment programming built around generaleducational, cultural and Some community ETV stationsdo broadcast ITV pro- for their communities. in weekdays under contract withlocal boards of education as grams during Sometimes as much as half the case of universityoperated ETV stations. budget comes from "participating"school districts of a station's operating instruc- in its coverage area, which pay$1.25-2.50 per student per year for tional programs. States was A major milestone in thedevelopment of ETV in the United 1954 as a service the creation of NationalEducational Television (NET) in (NETRC). At the of the National EducationalTelevision and Radio Center center was conceivedbasically as an "exchange time of its creation, the produced by the member center" for which most ofthe programming would be Center was supported by the stations.themselves. In its early years, the Education (FAE), a creation ofthe Ford Founda- Fund forthe Advancement in and more with However as the years passedby, NET got involved more tion. general public. the production of qualityeducational programming for the its affiliates every week, It provided five hoursof new NET programming to 260 hours per y*;).r. Individual stations also had the oppor- or a total of for additional tunity to draw upon NET's vestfilm and video tape library Prior tb 1964, efiliates had to pay anaffiliation fee which programming. area and scaled was based upon thepopulation within a station's coverage $7,200 to a maximum of $18,700annually. In 1964, the from a minimum of of $100.[26] affiliation fee was replaced by atoken annual membership payment the In 1963, ETV programming got a newboost when, after a study of (which had taker problems and potentialitiesof ETV, the Ford Foundation of the Center) announced thefirst of its annual over the basic support At this stage $6 million grants to financethe program service of NET. activities in radio, instruc- NET turned over to otheragencies its previous station activation and welfare. All resources tional television, and ETV service of sub- objective: a television program were concentrated on one through the stance and quality, to beprovided to the American people with NET.[30] nationwide network of noncommercialETV stations affiliated referred to as the "fourth It was at this stage thatNET started becoming network". president of NET, has describedNET's,o0eration, John White, former eisewhere1.30J and it would development and the guidingphilosophy in detail dwell upon this subject atlength in this memorandum. not be appropriate to practices, However, some observationswill be made concerning NET's program interconnection. NET-affiliate relationships andNET's attempts for a live

NET devotes at least halfof its resources andhalf of its schedule inducing people to to programs in publicaffairs with the intention of public issues, of providinginformation and in- think critically about and of provoking stilling a new awareness anddesire for more information, The rest of NET's programming-- a new alertnessand civic responsibility. into two categories: cultural programming almost half of the total--falls programming can be and programs for chi1dron4 Detailed discussions on NET found in an NETbooklet1313 published in 1964.

t 27 -22-

noted that not all ETVstations were members However, it should be excluded Non-duplication of networkservice in any coverage area of NET. Some stations did notbecome mem- many ETV stationsfrom its membership. different. In addition, bers of NET becausetheir functions were quite by NET programming on somehotly controversial there were problems created of NET being run by an issues and the view, heldby quite a few people, who were not responsive tothe people's realwishes. elite group of people dominating Some others wereafraid of NET turningintora pperstructure AppyL32J gives an interesting the American ETV scene. An article by affiliate relationships whichhave been described insight into the NET and responsibility with serious as balanced instation-network acceptance of imbalances only being shortlived. first took solid The idea of liveinterconnection for ETV stations the Ford Foundation madeits now famous domestic shape in August 1966 when the creation of a "non- satellite proposal. Ford's proposal called for under the management of a"Broadcaster's Non- profit satellite system" both Corporation" (BNSC). It had provisions for Profit Satellite Service Though commercial and noncommercialtelevision and radioprogramming. this direction, it stirred uppeople's imagination nothing materialized in for live interconnection and made them aware ofthe potential desirability In January 1967, NETbegan a series ofinterconnection of ETV stations. of the contribution demonstrations to give theAmerican people some idea Since then NET has provedthe that national interconnectioncould make. interconnection could makewith its coverage of contribution that live and its live special events, its backgroundanalyses of breaking events science and arts. However, the cost of series on politics, education, the meager resources establishing full-timeinterconnection was beyond limited amount of time wasinterconnection of a of NET and only for a continued to select few ETV stationsachieved. Most of the distribution be accomplished viamail (film or videotape). ETV in the Another milestone, and a major onein the development of sponsored of a Commission onEducational Television (iSA, was the creation convened to by the Carnegie Corporationof New York. The Commission was conceived study of noncommercialtelevision" and to "conduct a broadly exclusively, on community- "focus its attentionprincipally, although not services to the generalpublic".1_33.1 The Commission owned channels and their noncommercial stations might was asked torecommend lines along which ahead. most u:;efullydevelop during the years recommendations[33] In 1967, the Commissionpublished its report and immediate action to extendand strengthen educational which called for for continuing study television, for enlargedfederal support for PTV, establish a new institutionfor public to improve ITVand for Congress to endorsed the objectives of the Com- television. President Johnson also "Public Television" wascoined. Soon mission. It was here that the word sent his proposal forsuch legislation to the after, President Johnson Broadcasting Act of Congress and the Senate. The result was the Public nonprofit, independentcorporation known as 1967 and the creation of a The Corporation was em- the Corporation forPublic Broadcasting(CPB). from both the governmentand private sources. powered to receive funds strengthen local public The 1967 Act specifiedCPB's role as being to

28 -23-

that they would better servetheir communities, broadcasting stations so stations (but effective nationalinterconnection of these to develop an and to augment thenational inven- not to operatethis networkjng system) (Fut not to produce any pro ramsitself). In addition, tory of programs keeping the public informed it was to provide anumber of services such as of public broadcastingactivities. CPB has given a veryimpressive account In slightly over two years, threshold of Today, Public Televisionfinds itself on the of itself. salvaging at one time. The 1970 greatness from what wassupgosed to be beyond in developing ETV annual report of theCPB[17J describes its achievements and extendingtelevision's spectrum. of NET. The latter The creation of CPBbrought a change in the role and more into an organizationprimarily involved has been turning more In the early days of CPB with the production ofquality PTV programming. NET managed programdistribution and live inter- and until very recently, latter was forbidden connection (on a limitedscale) for CPB because the Corporation from operating a networkingsystem. In November 1969, the private corporation for Public Broadcastingcreated a new nonprofit, Service (PBS) to select,schedule, promote named the Public Broadcasting noncommercial ETV and distribute national programsto the country's PBS finally took over the programselection, promotion and stations. independent agent. distribution responsibilityfrom NET as CPB's (PBS) is a user-controlleddistribution Public Broadcasting Service It is supported by system and is responsibleto the stations it serves. the Ford Foundation. Its the Corporation forPublic Broadcasting and board is made up of fiverepresentatives from local ten member governing outside the industry, and PTV operations, twopublic members chosen from the presidents of CPB, NETand PBS. interconnection servicefeeding some Currently PBS is operating an Some to its affiliates viaAT&T facilities. 25 hours/week of programming distribution at scheduled 140 ETV stations areinterconnected for live negotiating an interconnectionsystem times. Currently, PBS and CPB are points all PBS affiliates. Some 109 drop-off with AT&T which will cover The AT&T facilities and another98 on state networks. are conceived on that PBS will have to main hitch is over thelevel of the reduced rates is demanding some$5 -million annually pay. According to one source, AT&T CPB and PBS are to provide this service on anon-preemptive basis whereas willing to pay in theneighborhood of $3 million/year.

2.2.3 'Regional Networks national PTV network, thePublic Broadcasting In addition to the networks that are Service (PBS), there areseveral regional and state number six; Eastern Educa- currently in operation. The regional networks Communications Association tional Network (EEN),Southern Educational Network (CEN), MidwesternEducational Tele- (SECA), Central Educational Network (RMPBN), and vision (MET), RockyMountain Public Broadcasting Table 4 gives a brief summaryof the Western EducationalNetwork (WEN). -25-

distribution of regional networks--theiraffiliates, geographtcal their affiliates, andthe modes of programdistribution. these The oldest, most vestigiousand perhaps most successful of Network which was establishedin December 1960 is the Eastern Educational producing, repro- with the purpose ofpromoting education by preparing, furnishing, relaying and otherwiseassisting and ducing, desseminating, Among its first cooperating with others inbroadcasting by television. members were two ETV stations,community ETV organizations,universities, Islandl and the State Departments ofEducation of Connecticut, Rhode and NETRC.134] As Vermont, the CanadianBroadcasting Corporation (CBC) members representipq of January 1970, EENhad grown to 25 licensee transmission stations in 10 statesand the District ofColumbia.05J 725 public EEN's library of films and tapesnumber 891 instructional and member station contribute television programs. EEN requires that every most of the stations in a certain amountof programming each year, and smaller communities have sharedrather extensively in theproduction first- chores, apparently attractedby the opportunity to produce one rate program and recoin many morein return, with thei'fiTT3W EEN mem- 1ikewise.L3*.1 EEN iViliates haveproduced programs such as bers doing have been "The French Chef" and FredRoger's children's program that accomplished by a com- nationwide hits. The distribution within EEN is bination of private microwave, commoncarrier and bicycling of video tapes.

Midwestern Education Television(MET) was incorporated in 1961 as throughout an effort tofacilitate the sharing of educational resources by microwave facil- the upper midwest. MET affiliates are interconnected MET is that its ities that they own. A most interesting feature about affiliate stations (six innumber) pay no "affiliation fee" but are instead paid by MET for carryingMET's programs. As Robertson[35] has to pointed out, the one possiblelimitation in the MET formula appears be that there are no fundswith which to feed on the network programs priority to which cannot "pay for themselves". This would seem to-give funded programs over any not fundedwith the result that viewersmight not have any not receive some programs ofvalue because the.program does funds to pay its way through.

The Southern EducationalCommunications Association (SECA) was organ- which ized in 1967 to undertake almnst anykind of cooperative activity might prove to be necessaryin the field of educationalcommunications. 48 trans- As of January 1970, SECA had20 licensee members representing networks. mitters ip 11 states making itthe largest of all the regional Robertsonlni points out that SECA membership, onthe whole, is not so it that interested in being a "southernbloc" as they are in seeing to acted upon by their views on matters ofimportance in ETV are heard and belong those in national organizations. Several southern stations do not they do not wish to assoeiatethemselves with to SECA primarily because pri- what sometimes has appeared tothem as a pressure group organized Other reasons marily to make special pleadings onbehalf of "the South". apparently are the lack ofenthusiasm for regional split programmingin of which a series is produced atvarious stations jointly, and the lack activity in the instructionalprogramming field. As far as interconnection -26-

inter-state interconnectionexists but quite a few states is concerned, no Carolina, etc. have intra- within SECA, notably,Alabama, Georgia, South state networks for programdistribution. Network (CEN) was foundedin 1967 to be a The Central Educational had 19 licensee midwestern counterpartof EEN. As of January 1970, CEN 72 states. These affiliates members representing30 transmitters serving the total finance for theoperation of CEN. During the were providing library has grown to 600public two years of itsexistence, the CEN tape by CEN affiliates,proving that Boston, television programs produced markets for Philadelphia, New York and SanFrancisco are not the only interconnection facility andthe program ETV production. CEN has no live distribution is strictly viavideotape mailing. successfully In 1969, eight ETVstations in the Rocky Mountain area Rocky Mountain States tohelp them establish persuaded the Federation of RMCPB is Mountain Corporation forPublic Broadcasting(RMCPB). a Rocky that it essentially a regional counterpartof the national CPB, except television activities in its scope.The board includes instructional eight states (Arizona, of RMCPB is made upof two members from each of Utah, Montana andWyoming) appointed by Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Mountain Public their respective Governors. RMCPB has set up the "Rocky (RMPBN) which receives its nationalfeed through Broadcasting Network" The Denver delay center a networkdelay center established inDenver. almost mandatory function: it makes it possible performs effectively an at hours when audi- for all stations toschedule nationally-fed programs likely to see them. It also ences in the RockyMountain area are most The networking is feeds the regional programsof RMPBN to affiliates. achieved through AT&T facilities. Network (WEN), establishedin 1968, is a The Western Educational in the Rocky Moun- confederation of 20 stations,three of which also are Other than these three andthe ETV tain Public BroadcastingNetwork. members are located inWashington, Oregon, station at Las Vegas, all regional delay center California and Hawaii. Station KCET serves as a and Southern California. Interconnection is for the Pacific Northwest distribution and there achieved via AT&T facilitiesfor national program programming and program is not much activity, inthe area of cooperative members are KCET (LosAngeles) exchange in spit, of thefact that among WEN producers of national ETV and KQED (SanFrancisco)--two of the largest programs in thecountry. these obviously independentand dissimilar One often wonders why service (NET) and by ETV stations, alreadyserved by a national program (ETS-NAEB), organized themselves a professionaland trade organizatign Robertson[35.1 has tried to classify the reasons into regional groups. wanted to im- under two generalcategories. First, individual stations and second, stations felt alack of adequate com- prove their programs Improvement in pro- munication with one anotherand national agencies. joint acquisition andcooperative grams was soughtthrouah tape exchanges, workshops and seminars,through interconnection regional production, through virtue of release. Communication was improved by and multiple station at a national level. small groupinteraction--something not possible

31 -27-

and mid-sixties when mostof these "networks", many Perhaps in the early the banding together of of them without anynetworking, were created, interests gave them afeeling of security as well stations with common "those people in that they could maketheir views heard to as a feeling miA-sixties, One must not forget thefact that during the New York". rapidly communication between NET andaffiliate stations deteriorated becoming more and moreunresponsive and station managersfelt that NET was to them. developments which have However, since 1967 therehave been several Among these are thecreation of affected the role ofregional networks. the Congress to provideleader- the Corporation forPublic Broadcasting by stations in a variety of ways,the creation of the ship and assistance to managing a national inter- Public Broadcasting Servicefor operating and shift in the role ofNET--from a "national net- connection system, and a PBS, which work" to that of a primeproducer for nationaltelevision. selection, distribution andpromotion is a has taken over the program had once been user-controlled group, and thecommunication problems that "regionals" will hopefullydisappear. a prime forcebehind establishment of in question of what should bethe role of regionals This all leads to the should they view of these newdevelopments. Should they be disbanded, in view of the developmentof national libraries abandon tape distribution be given new roles? and improved ETS programservice, or should they concluded Robertson[35], in his study of the"regionals" for CPB, had in the future will notbe able to main- that: (1) regional organizations operators of tape exchangeservices because of tain themselves merely as will be available the likelihood that inthe near future, PTV programs (2) joint acquisition of programsand possibly from a centralized source; while not adequate reason joint purchasing of tapeand other essentials, real possibilities for in itself for maintaining aregional group, holds (3) regional organizations have a veryimportant role to aid to stations; its member stations; play in encouraging "morethen local" production by to be likely agenciesthrough which to (4) regional organizations seem interconnection will handle professional workshopsand seminars; (5) PTV station-managed Public BroadcastingService (PBS) be a function of the "re- regional organizations toimplement it; and (6) and will not require its station rela- gionals" might provide PBSwith a workable solution to communications between tions problems, while atthe same time improving NAEB, etc. stations and other nationalorganizations such as NIT,

2.2.4 Intra-State Networks

At least 15 states havetheir ETV stationscompletely interconnected moving towards this goal. Of the 15 states (Table 5) and 6 states are network and with complete interconnection,nine own the interconnection private facilities. the remaining six useeither common carrier or network interconnection Figure 7 shows the locationof state and private systems. (PBS) conducted a In January 1971, thePublic Broadcasting Service the results of which aretabu- survey of thestate ETV network systems, network is a multipurpose one-- lated in Table 6. In many states, the 32 -28-

TABLES

1NTRA-STATE INTERCONNECTION FACILITIES

COMBINATION PRIVATELY REMARK STATE STATE COMMON OWNED CARRIER OWNED

Complete Interconnection ALABAMA X No ETV Stations ALASKA No Interconnection ARIZONA One ETV Station ARKANSAS No Interconnection CALIFORNIA One ETV Station COLORADO X Complete Interconnection CONNECTICUT Closed-Circuit ETV Syst. DELAWARE Only one ETV Station DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA No Interconnection FLORIOA Complete Interconnection GEORGIA Complete Interconnection HAWAII No Interconnection 1CAHO Partial Interconnection ILLINOIS Partial Interconnection INDIANA No Interconnection IOWA No Interconnection KANSAS Complete Interconnection KENTUCKY Only one ETV Station LOUISIANA Complete Interconnection MAINE X No Interconnection MARYLAND EEN Interconnection Feed MASSACHUSETTS X Partial Interconnection MICHIGAN X Complete Interconnection MINNESOTA Only :n.s. Er: St7ticn MISSISSIPPI No Interconnection MISSOURI No ETV Station KINTANA Complete Interconnection NEBRASKA No Interconnection NEVADA (Only one Station) 'Complete Interconnection NEW HAMPSHIRE X System 'Onder Construction NEW JERSEY X No Interconnection NEW MEXICO Complete Interconnection NEW YORK X Complete Interconnection NORM CAROLINA X Only one ETV Station NORTH DAKOTA Partial Interconnection 'OHIO X Partial Interconnection OKLAHOMA X Complete interconnection OREGON X Complcn Interconnection PENNSYLVANIA X OnIy ! Station RHODE ISLAND Complete Interconnr,:;ion SOUTH CAROLINA X Partial Interconnection SOUTH DAKOTA X Partial Interconnection TENNESSEE X No Interconnection TEXAS X Complete Interconnection UTAH Complete Interconnection VERIONT No Interconnection VIRGINIA No Interconnection WASHINGTON No Interconnection WEST VIRGINIA No Interconnection WISCONSIN No Interconnection WYOMING

33 - - -

do.X$ POMO ""7iCC:r. ----ExclusivelyState and Private Instructional Educational Interconnection Interconnections RIO INTER- AND INTRA-STATE EDUCATIONAL COMMUNICATION se up to ow NETWORKS !lc" -30- TABLE 6

PBS SURVEY OF 15 STATE EDUCATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS

CHANNEL CAPACITY COVERAGE STATE Number of One-wav or Expected USERS SERVED % of State's % of the Changes Video Circuits Two-way Number of population geographic areaExpected in Use Channels Video Circuits reached by of the state by 1975 by 1975 the network covered by the network

.ABAHA 1 Limited 2 12 PTV Stations 99% 95% Very Two-way Little

ANNECTICUT 3 One-way 4 out from 3 PTV Stations 95% 100% Increased Power (plus 1 remote Hartford and New Trans- pickup) mitters/Translators

DIANA 43 Limited 44 3 PTV Stations 50% of 32% Increased PTV coverage to (10 Simulta- Two-way [6. by 1972] households 80% of Indiana households neous Transmi- 1 High School and 63% of total geographic ssions) 16 main and area% Increased higher edu- branch university cation interconnection; campuses 80% of Indiana's extension of services to ele- university and mentary and secondary schools. 2 colleges college student 17 Hospitals population 2 CATV Systems 90% Population; 40% :1WA One-way 1 2 PTV Stations 52% 80% area coverage. (65% by late 1971) 100% population; 1+1TUCKY 3 Limited Not known 13 PTV Stations 100% . 100% Two-way 4 Universities 100% area. 5 mental hospitals 1 Community College [2 universities and 3 community colleges will be added in near-future] +RYLAND Two-way 1 interconnect- 2 PTV Stations 60% 50% 100% population and ing 7 PTV stations amt.

,SSISSIPI One-way 2 two-wry 8 ETV Stations 100% 100% [Two-way by channels . by end of 1971 .by endof 1971 by endof 1971 1972] 5 Universities by 1972 1 ETV station-currently

No change. 'BRASKA One-waY 2 9 al! Stations 98% 98% [Limited two-way by - end of 1971; statewide two- way by 1974] W JERSEY One-way 4 two-way 4 ETV Stations 98% 97% with except fer 80 dbu UHF a small two- signal way hop

4 YORK 1 Two-way Not known 7 ETV Stations 95% Not known 2 State University campuses Griffis AF Base 95% of population; 5 ETV Stations 75% 60% RTH CAROLINA Limited bwo- Not knoorn 90% of area. way between 3 Campuses of the studios and University of master control North Carolina 100% coverage by 2 ETV Stations 50-60% 33% 10 1 Two-way .5 Two-way the end of 1971. with drops from five main legs to all 12 ETV stations Towards 100%. 3 1 Two-way 12 9 ETV stations 96% 97% [9 in New [7 in New System] System]

..1TH4NSYLVANIACAROLINA 11 Two-wkr 24 5 ETV Stations 97% 24% 100% coverage." 218 Schools 17 University campuses 9 Hospitals 32 other.institutionS

35 -31-

TABLE 6 (Continued)

PROGRAM PROGRAM ORIGINATION PROGRAMMING SERVICES OTHER THAN NUMBER OF HOURS/WEEK SOURCES PROGRAM STATE TV SIGNAL DISTRIBUTION --- -. ORIGINATION ON TAPE REAL TIME/ TODAY PLANNED POINTS IN THE NETWORK REGIONAL/NATIONAL FOR 1975 NETWORK FEED Locally Produced 90% 10% 84 hrs 45 mts ALABAMA Datalinks/ 7 NET, ETS, NIT, Teletype MPATI, GPITL. SECA, and PBS. Locally Produced 90% 10% CONNECTICUT .... Datalinksi 2 NET, NIT, EEN Teletype (including a AND PBS. remote unit) Locally Produced 79% 21% 123 hrs 15mts INDIANA State Univer- Facsimile, 6 NET, PBS. sity Voice Bio-sensing Network, signals, tele- Teletype & writer and Data. instructional radio. Locally Produced IOWA NET, ETS, NIT, CEN, and PBS. Locally Produced 50-75% 50-25% KENTUCKY Datalinks/ 4 NET, ETS, NIT, TeletYpe [additional MPATI. GPITL, 3 in near- SECA, and PBS. future] Locally Produced MARYLAND 1 NET, ETS, NIT, MPATI, GPITL, EEN and PBS.

MISSISSIPI No firm 1 plans 95 hrs Locally Produced 10 913100% NEBRASKA -Remote . ... NET, ETS, NIT, Controls: [Only One GPITL. GEN Dataphone being used] and PBS.

0 p NEW JERSEY No firm 1 plans yet 12 hrs Locally Produced 9 NEW YORK TeletYPe EEN, NET, PBS. limited to internetwork communication Locally Produced NORTH CAROLINA No firm NET, ETS, SECA. plans and POS. 100% 30. hrs/week OHIO No firm 2 plans [In near- future 10 stations] Locally Produced 70% 30% 4.5 hrs/week PENNSYLVANIA TWX TWX, 2 NET, EEN, PBS. Datalinks (when new interconnection system becomes operational, 7 stations will be able to originate Programs) Locally Produced 95% .5% 3 hrs/week SOUTH CAROLINA No firm 1 NET, ETS, NIT, plans (+remote GPITL, SECA and facility) PBS.

36 -32-

TABLE 6(Continued).

IF SYSTEM IS OWNEO, IF LEASED, IF YOU PLAN TYPE OF --MAL CAPI- MODE-Or FURTHER EXPAN wIyH WHOM PERIOD OF PAYMENT/YR DETERRENTS STATE OWNERSHIP THAT EXIST TO TAL INVEST- FINANCE SION, WILL YGI IS YOUR LEASE LOWNE0/ TERMINATION MENT IN OIS- LEASE OR OWN LEASE03 AGREEMENT PRIOR TO THE TRIBUTION END OF THE FACILITIES LEASE

OWN $3,436,2/2 State Appro- priations and ALABAMA OWNED Federal Grants. OWN $90.000 HEW Grant, State CONNECTICUT OWNED and Private financing. LEASE Ten-year $200,000 State Indiana Bellmonth- $699,063 Appropriations INDIANA LEASED decreasing Tel. Co. to-month except termination ITFS systems at lessee's discretion liability of 6520,000. LEASE $21,000 Northwestern 10 years- $45,000 IOWA LEASED under a 10-yr Bell Tel Co. to 1979 tamination liability 30 days Southwestern 30 days 6500,000 FENTUCKY LEASED terminal Bell Tel Co terminal notice notice LEASE Chesapeake & 10-yr $70,000 Financial MARYLAND LEASED Penalities Potomac Tel Co LEASE with 10-yr $235,000 option MISSISSIPI LEASED with option to with year to purchase purchase by year option to purchase Obligated to Lincoln Tel 10-year $205,000 NEBRASKA LEASED pay full term & Tel Co & terminating June 1974. of lease if Northwestern terminated Bell Tel Co. early $250,000 1968 STATE-OWNED NEW JEaSEY OWNED Bond issue State 6365,000 $120,000 $365,000 NEW YOR4 LEASCO New York Tel 10-year Appropriations Co reduced by +OWNED 1/120 for everymonth in operation STATE-OWNED $2.500,000. State NORTH CAR1LINA OWNED Appropriations $169,762 State Not yet OHIO OWNED Appropriations decided

$564,000 Proportionate PENNSYLVALIA LEASED Penna. BellRegular Tel CO. & tariff descending .NY-Penn -- 10 Yr $634,000 termination Microwave from (from 10-71] charges CorporationOctober1971 [by Fall 1971] $1,300,000 None SOUTH CAROLINA LEASED Southern Bell Annual Tel & Tel Co Renewal

37 -33-

TABLE 6 (Continued)

WHAT WOULD BE POTENTIAL HOW MUCH COST SAVING WOULD IF SATELLITE INTERCONNECTION COULD STATE AOMINISTRATIVE, OR POLITICAL YOU HAVE TO INCUR BEFORE DUPLICATE WHAT YOUR TERRESTRIAL SHIFTING TO A SATELLITE BARRIERS? NETWORK CAN BO. WOULD YOU USE IT? DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM?

Oifficult to determine at None, As lcie.;: as no deficit ALABAMA Yes this time, but none are is incurred.

foreseeable. . Present network is state owned. None. CONNECTICUT Yes Current cost is basically a maintenance and replacement cost and therefore is very small.

Language of the enabling statute: Impossible to state with INDIANA Yes, provided that: precision, but any reasonable IHETS retains the power to specify "to arrange...for the use of a... state-wide telecoemunications cost saving would naturally be kind and quality of service at all welcome. points; Maintenance and trouble- system furnished by communications shooting matches or surpasses quali- common carriers subject to the jurisdiction of the Public Service ty of present system; Cost are comparable; and that potential for Commission of Indiana...." growth and expansion matches or Further: exceeds that of land-based system. "No plans or arrangements for the use of such telecommunication system shall be adopted or entered into... without the specific approval of the governor, the state budget COW, mittee and the state budget agency...." As long as the None at present. State board or Very little. IOWA Yes authority has jurisdiction over -change could be made without noncommercial broadcasting acti- disruption or major changes vities in the state. in service.

KENTUCKY Yes. For national programs. The political force of the Unknown. Certainly! MARYLAND telephone company.

None, except financing and legal. Don't know yet. MISSISSIPPI Interested. Substantially unless compen- Yes, if it is as reliable, cost isless, ETV Commission's commitment in NEBRASKA Nebraska's consolidated state com- sated by increased services. and/or if greater services are provided. munications network is major. Would need adjustments to compensate Would need release of commitment for time-zone changes. to this effort. Cost savings would have to Since New Jersey is building a state- None are foreseeable at present NEw JERSEY exceed annual maintenance awned microwave system, if present Mx costs for the present system. system could be used for backup or for services to additional.users., a satellite service may be considered. None, if service duplicates Yes. NEW YORK current network.

Depends on who controls No idea. NORTH CAROLINA Probably. access to the satellite. Probably a 10-15% savings. If the satellite concept could OHIO It would depend upon the type of interconnection system in use at be proved to be more effective or economical, no political or the time satellite became available. administrative barriers are anticipated to adopting such a system.

Minimal if statewide access to Sufficient to offset termination Depends on the cost savings. Also, PENNSYLVANIA the system is guaranteed. charges and replacement leased ability to transmit from and to all uxiliary service charges. points in Pennsylvania system is Example: Termination charge in important. 1975 is about $900,000. Auxili- ary service runs about $50,000 per year.

Nominal. SOUTH CAROLINA Yes. Whatever would be common to all Cannot say at this point. Though Yes, if state could afford it and if WEST VIRGINIA states making use of a satellite cost savings would be of vital it would allow for local programming importance, they are secondary state te be sent from one part of the to improved services. to another.

38 TABLE 6 (Continued) -

WHAT TYPE or SUPPLEMEN- REALISTICALLY, WW MINIMALLY, WOULD ANY NATIONAL HUN, If ANYTHING. ir CHANNELS WERE NOT AVAILABLE TARY PROGRAMMING SERVICES ITV SERVICE BY SATELLITEBE WOULD YOU PAY FOR FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OFYOUR WOULD BE PARTICULARLY USE- STATE AN EFFECTIVE SUPPLEMENT TO AN HOUR OF SUCH STATE NETWORK, COULD YOU FORE- FUL TO YOU? WITH YOUR NETWORK EVEN IF LOCAL PROGRAMMING, IF IT SEE SHARING ARRANGEMENTS DISTRIBUTION CONTINUED OVER NEIGHBORING STATE NETWORKS? WERE OF EXCELLENT TERRESTRIAL FACILITIES? QUALITY?

Pre-School Dependent upon need YES. and capability of a ALABAMA YES. Provided.National Programs Civics and Government were available forbroadcast Current Events and Affairs local studio to pro- at a mutually acceptabletime. NOTE: It would be necess- duce the same prr-A-al ii77or most ITV programs $50-100 per hour woul to follow state adapted be realistic. of study in order to be used on an in-school

Live, on-going coverage of Notpossible to give YES, if it were for remotepickup YES. lengthy events such as any estimates. Would CONNECTICUT depend upon futue on a shared basis. Foroutgoing sessions of Congress and the programming, we would need four U.N. General Assembly. On budgets. channels for our exclusive use going coverage of "public since IDS and local programming affairs" or "social studies" for each area will still come programs done specifically from Hartford for the most part. for young people. Access to National Informa- Not possible to CERTAINLY YES! IHETS is guess. Would depe- IND15NP Yes. But administrative,politicalbased en the concept of "shar-tion Data Banks; Seminars in and tariff barriers mightarise. highly specialized areas for nd upon users. Indeed.] ing of educational resour- In principle, no objection. professionals; and reports and ces". This concept certainly discussions of new developments it would be most advantageous toneed not be bounded by state be linked with neighboringstate and discoveries in any areaof lines. institutions. knowledge. Vg=mately YES, probably the major wayofCurrent Affairs, Special YES, if prooer agreements could IOWA distributing ITV programming Events. Major instructional reached. nationally. projects of'a timely nature or cooperative seriesthat cannot be produced on a local 'basis. Higher education programs with nationwide curriculum -acceptance.

ITV - national, e.g., If as described Absolutely. earlier, we could KENTUCKY For National Originations. Sesame Street; both as a supplement and."alter- and would, if native" to teachers in necessary, pay in the tens of thou- . classrooms. sands.

MARYLAND YES. Secondary school SURE! MISS/SSIPI SURE! Instruction Additional Program previews You've got tobe COULD SHARE NATIONAL INTER- YES, if offered expanded kidding!!! NEBRASKA services with the Closed Circuit in-house CONNECTION OR COOPERATIVE possibility for addi- information; Continuing REGIONAL INTERCONNECTION. IT tional regional and state professional education WOULD NOT BE POSSWE TO SHARE including television skills level input. STATE ORIENTED PROGRAMMING upgrading. INTERCONNECTIONS. ITV service would begin Unknown. NEW JERSEY YES. in Fall 1971. It would take several years before schools could be expected to require additional services. Supplementary Material is NEW YORK always welcome. ALMOST ANYTHING NOT YES. NORTH CAROLINA IT WOULD BE AWKWARD BUT ALREADY AVAILABLE THROUGH POSSIBLE. NATIONAL LIBRARIES, AND MUCH OF THAT TOO.

OHIO WOULD DEPEND UPON THE TfPE OF SHARING. AS LONG AS THE SHARED CHANNEL PROVIDES THE SAME SER- VICE(s) OF THE TERRESTRIAL NET- WORK IT REPLACES, THERE DOES NOT SEEM TO BE ANY PROBLEM IN SHARING A CHANNEL. If it is supplemental in Special and current events. $00.00 PENNSYLVANIA QUALIFIED YES, given access "Real Time" coverage of assurances and so forth. nature to what in being done via terrestMal faci- events such as UN Sessions, Congressional hearings, debates, lities. Professional meetings, conven- tion, etc. IF SUITABLE, ALL TYPES PROGRAM CONTENT ADEQUATE YES! AND NEED WOULD SOWN CAROLINA TO SOME EXTENT; HOWEVER, OF ETV PROGRAMMING. FACILITIES MUST BE PROVIDED FOR DETERMINE THIS HIGH NUMBERS OF MULTIPLECHANNEL FIGURE. TRANSMISSION FOR STATE SYSTEM'S PROBABLY NO EXCLUSIVE USE. WORLDWIDE CULTURAL MORE THAN WHAT IS MORE THAN LIKELY. DEFINITELY. AND PUBLIC SERVICE WEST VIRGINIA USUALLY CHARGED PROGRAMMING. FOR PROGRAMS FROM LIBRARIES AND -35--

distribution, medical education for a variety of useslike instructional TV PTV program distribution. Of 15 state educational and experimentation and capable of networks that were surveyed,Indiana had 43 TV circuits and was the entire net- carrying as many as 10simultaneous TV transmissions over South Carolina had 11 videocircuits in use. Pennsylvania was plan- work. fall of 1971. North ning to extend its capacityto 9 TV circuits from 3 by Carolina had 6 TV circuits in use,Connecticut and Kentucky each had 3 Five video circuits whereas theremaining states had one videocircuit network facilities were eitherprivately or state of these 15 statewide the tele- owned, one was partially stateowned and partially leased from phone company, and the remainingnine were leased from the telephone The total annual payment forfacilities leased summed up to companies. investment in the nearly $4.05 million per yearwhereas the total capital $7 state and privately ownedinterconnection facilities amounted to over million.

2.2.5 Instructional Television Taylor[36] has well documented the developmentof instructional television in the U.S. elsewhere:When television caught theimagination educators in the early thirtiesat a time when the of a few innovative experimenting technology itself was notdeveloped fully, educators began However, with TV with the primary purposeof using it for instruction. used for providing it was not until themid-1940's when television was Schools announced credit courses and training. In 1945 the Chicago Public methods of instruction" andstarted that "TV will open startling new Programs were using TV as an integral partof their educational program. broadcast over the commercial TVstation WBKB. In the fall of 1946, Ithaca College introduced an ETV courseprepared by ABC as part of its in-school ITV regular credit curriculum. One of the first extensive series was inaugurated with one program aweek by the PhiladelphiaPublic By the School System in 1947 in cooperationwith WPTZ, WFIL and WCAU. week serv- early 1950's, the service hadincreased to thirteen programs a continued to be among ing over 60,000 students. Philadelphia schools have the leaders in the utilization ofITV. Today, two ETV stations--SUHY, Philadelphia, and WHYY, Wilmington(Delaware)--broadcast forty ITV lessons students in per week to some 40,000publico,s0vate and diocesan school Philadelphia and nearby areas.Liii Western As far as TV for collegeinstruction is concerned, in 1950 in offering the firstbroadcast ETV college Reserve University pioneered literature in credit courses in elementarypsychology and comparative cooperation with commercial TVStation WEWS. Even with a tuition of 66 persons sixteen dollars per credit hourfor the three-unit courses, and 228 enrolled and 472 audited thepsychology course, and 42 enrolled audited the literature course. the On the statewide scale, thefirst ITV project can be credited to University of Texas which added TVin 1948 to its famous "RadioHouse". of 1,303 During the 1949-50 school year,"Radio House" broadcast a total program hours through threeAustin commercial TV stationsand seventy state commercialstations.[38J

40 -36-

particularly NBC In the 1950's and early60's, commercial networks, institutions for and CBS, cooperated with oroffered time to educational Two of the most widelydistributed and viewed educational ITV programming. "Continental Classroom" programs were CBS's"Sunrise Semester" and NBC's "Sunrise which were estimated to haveserved an audience of300,000. Semester" included courses such as"Introduction to Ethics","Classical Mythology", "Age of Michelangelo",etc. NBC's "Continental Classroom", physics, included courses which began in the fall of1968 with a course in in physics, chemistry, contemporarymath, American government, etc. creation of the The fund for the Advancementof Education (FAE), a instrumental in the development ofITV, particularly Ford Foundation, was in classrooms on the at the collegelevel. In 1954, FAE introduced TV grant to PennsylvaniaState University to college level when it made a teaching by TV. undertake a systematic inquiryinto the effectiveness of and found no The study compared TV withconventional teaching methods The Pennsylvania significant differences inachievement or attitude. State experiment grew to afully operational systemin which, by 1950, registered for one some 3,700 of theUniversity's 14,000 students were closed circuit on thecampus.L39J or more ofthe thirteen courses taught over another grant to the Chicago Boardof Education and In 1956, FAE made the Junior College Station WTTW to undertake a"TV College" curriculum for In addition to its successful programleading to an Associate of Chicago. TV College became involved of Arts (A.A.) degreefor at-home students, the and teaching gifted with teacher training,direct instruction on campus high schoolstudents.00] Another major innovation in ITV camein 1959 when the FordFoundation feasibility of trans- lent support to PurdueUniversity to investigate the potential mitting televised lessons from anairborne transmitter, with a within the six state coverage of five millionstudents in 13,000 schools Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, andWisconsin. region of Illinois, Indiana, permit to ex- In 1959, the FCC grantedPurdue University a construction (Channels periment in airborne transmissionand instruction on UHF-TV the Midwest Program forAirborne 72 and 76). The program incorporated as (MPATI), in 1960, became operational on anexperi- Television Instruction operated very mental basis early in 1961. For many years this program the FCC's successfully but now it has beenphased out in part due to six refusal in 1965 to grant the programregular status and to provide that a channels in the UHF band. There was also considerable concern permanent aorne system mightlimit potential localground-based ETV development04.1 and the latter appears tohave been the main reasonfor to MPATI the denial of the MPATIrequest. The FCC did grant permission ITFS band for airborne in 1966 to conduct anexperiment in the 2500 MHz However, this experiment nevergot off the ground and the transmission. major airborne transmission was phasedout. MPATI continues to exist as a program productionand distribution center. interested in teaching bytelevision realized At this time, educators educational re- that the anticipated needs ofeducation to fully utilize of information to class- sources andeffectively augment the distribution the available broadcast room and otherservices could not be met with broadcast stations. People became more and more channels or via existing capability. interested in closed-circuittelevision to obtain multi-channel 41 -37-

Plainedge, Long Island, The now famous AdlerElectronics Experiment in paved the way for a newclass of wirelessinstructional distribution economical over- service which combinesthe advantages of a relatively capability. the-air type of transmission on2500 MHz with multi-channel Television This distribution system isknown today as the Instructional FCC in July Fixed Service (ITFS) and wasformally established by the educational TV broadcast service. Similar needs 1963 to supplement the applications such for multi-channeldelivery capability and specialized professional education andtraining, medical education as continuing administrators to and experimentation, etc.have forced educators and dissemination other than broadcastchannels. look at avenues for program networks such The result has been theinception of specialized microwave (TEMP), the Graduate Engineer- as the TexasEducational Microwave Project (GENESYS) of the University ofFlorida, the Inter- ing Education System Stanford Uni- medical Television Networkin Washington, D. C., and the In addition, in urban versity Television System forGraduate Education. and suburban areas, the growthof cable televisien offers manyinter- educational applications, bothin terms of esting possibilities for learn- diversity of programs and bringinginteractive services to enhance The development and the currentstatus of closed-circuit TV,ITFS ing. (CATV) will be facilities, specialized networksand cable television discussed in the followingsection. would be complete No discussion on thedevelopment of ITV in the U.S. production and dis- without looking at theregional, state and national In 1961, the McBridestudy,L41J conducted for the tribution libraries. television U.S. Office of Education onthe use of recorded instructional of televised materials in the nation'sscho6s, observed that the use increasing instructional series by schools,colleges and universities was and that there was a need to developdistribution systems to facilitate in the McBride the excbabge of these materials. The recommendations made National reportLq1J were implewentd throughthe establishment of the Instructional Televiston Librry(now known as the NationalInstructional Great Television Center), tho NortheastRegional ITV Library, and the Plains National InstructionalTelevision Library (GPNITL). wide series Until recently, only theGPNITL provided a significantly It started in 1962 with oneseries at the Universityof Nebraska of tapes. related teacher uti- and today offers more than100 repr4ed courses and Distribution of GPNITL recorded lization and in-servicematerial.L42-1 made from duplication courses is throughduplicate video tape recordings masters held at the Libraryin Lincoln. Individual and fresh recordings format and tape speed are made for each userto meet the tape width, scan requirements of his playbackequipment. National Instructional Television (NIT) also established in 1962 atthe Indiana University,Bloomington, function of strengtheningeducation by developing, ac- serves a similar for wide- quiring and distributing televisionand otber related material spread use as major learningresources.[43J NIT has three regional Millbrae offices at Belmont(Massachusetts),Milwaukee (Wisconsin),and (California).NIT comes closest tooriginal plans for a rationalProgram material are based on school Foundation. The rental fees for ITV program enrollment (grades K through12) and apply to all forms ofelectronic ITFS transmissiog iqcluding open andclosed-circuit as well as 2500 MHz facilities.L44.1 42 -38-

In addition to these libraries, MPATI also offers alibrary of its own instructional material forstation use, further adding to the national sources for instructional progrvmmingclosely related to the activities of the instructional libraries in the NationalProject for the Improvement of Televised Instruction (established in 1964through a Ford Foundation grant) sponsored by the National Association of EducationalBroadcasters (NAEB). The primary purpose of this project has been theimprovement in the quality and the utilization of televisedimtruction whenever it con- stitues a significant part of the total programin schools and institutions of higher education.

2.2.6 Discussion

From all these discussions and historical facts, oneimmediately becomes aware of the absence of any consciousness atthe national level about a planned and coordinated growth at the time ETV wascreated and during its early stages. The sole exception to this comment could be found in the matter of the allocation of channels for theexclusive use of ETV. As Dr. Harry J. Skornia, a pioneer in educationalbroadcasting puts it:[45] "It was created on a shoestring as a last resort to provide education access to these new media of our agewhich both the FCC and our commercial brethren repeatedly denied us. Of course it was madness, it still is."

Though one may take exception to the latter half ofhis statement, one can not help agreeing with thefact that ETV has grown primarily due to individual efforts at the local or regionallevel. The very failure to "unify individual efforts and to weld theminto a viable national construct" at its early stages and until recently, hasbeen responsible for the absence of a nationwide ETV network for a long time andled to duplication of effort, time and money which were meager tobegin with. However, the PTV segment of the ETV is undergoing atransition since the passage of the Public Broadcasting Act of1967 which resulted in the establishment of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting(CPB). Within a short time the CPB has considerably raised thejm4geof public broadcasting to what some say as the threshold ofgreatnessi46J from a miserable state which had led some to believe ttlat,ETV was verymuch a lost cause and beyond the point of redemption.L47J One could only hope that a similar action would be taken for instructional broadcastingeither by broadening the CPB's charter, by encouraging and supporting otheragencies such as National Instructional Television Center (NITC),Children's Television Workshop (CTW), etc. or by setting up an independent agencywhose sole mission would Oe the systematic development andqualitative improvement of ITV and IR.L48j

In addition to this issue, another one that remainsto be solved and deserves serious attention is that ofproviding ETV services to large areas of the country, accounting for some26% of the nation's' population, which do not have access to these services. A major portion of these areas can be identified as Alaska, theRocky Mountains

43 -39-

All these areas can becharacterized as not so andAppalachia.[50,51] sparsely populated areaswhere extremes intopography affluent, scattered, ground based tele- and/or weather conditionsimpose severe penalties on communIcations services. to have a very high The improvement ofcommunications in Alaska seems In testimony before theHouse of Repre- priority among stateofficials. held on December sentatives Subcommittee onSpace Science and Applications, Gravel from Alaska said,"We in Alaska have in- 16-19, 1969, Senator Mike natign. Many Alaskans herited the most backwardcommuni-:ations system in the have no access at all toradio or television ortelephone."09] almost a one hundred, In 1960, the populationof Alaska was 226,167, By 1969, it had grown toabout 270,000,L49j percent increase since1950. Alaska only 14 communities outof three hundred in However, even in 1969, in Alaska: than 1,000. There are two major cities had populations greater (1960 population of Anchorage (1960 populationof 44,237) and Fairbanks 140,000,or more than half, wasclassified 13,311). Of the 1960 population, dense in the The distribution ofsettlements is slightly more as rural. expect, but the settlements southern than the northernpart, as one could are still evenlydistributed over the state. Aleuts. These About fifty thousand Alaskans areIndians, Eskimos and the life of the statealthough they groups are verypoorly integrated into the total population. They are also, in the comprise about one-fifth of uneducated and politically words of one observer,"unspeakable poor, grossly unsophisticated".152.1 twenty-six radio stations inAlaska, the service Although there are stations are educational). is far from beingcomplete (two of these radio stations are located in fourcities (three in Anchorage, The seven television Additionally, no pro- two in Fairbanks, onein Juneau and one inSitka). in "real-time" and programs aregenerally broadcast in grams are received because there are no Alaska two weeks later thanin the lower 48 states links for overlandtransmission. and mountains. The Rocky MountainStates* are isolated by deserts of Alaska is evenly sparse(averaging about However, while the population in mile), the mountain statespopulation is concentrated 0.4 persons/sq. empty. Average densely populated areaswhile the rest is almost a very few 8 persons/sq. mile. population of the mountainstates region is about of the population, However, according to the1960 census, some 40 percent lives in ten StandardMetropolitan Statistical totalling over 2,874,,10, the total region.**Eliminating that number from Areas (SMISAs) in the persons/sq. regional population yields an averagedensity of about 4.6 population is composedextensively of rural mile. This non-metropolitan less than 1,000 persons. Indian populations population in settlements of in 4,000 in Colorado to 56,000in New Mexico and 83,000 range from about least as heteroge- The population of themountain states is at Arizona. and economically. neous as that ofAlaska, ethnically, culturally

New Mexic:,, Utah andWyoming. * Arizona, Colorado,Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Tucson, **Billings, Montana; Great Falls,Montana; Phoenix, Arizona; Salt Lake City, Arizona; Colorado Springs,Denver, Pueblo, Colorado; Utah; Provo, Utah; andOgden, Utah. 44 -40-

There are 12 ETV stations inthe Rocky Mountains with twostates, radio Montana and Wyoming, having none. There are some 36 educational Of these, ix are members of NationalPublic Radio (NPR). stations. have any NPR The states of Colorado,Idaho, Montana and Wyoming do not only provide coverage to affiliates. Those TV stations that do exist SMSA's and neighboring areas. Assuming that each station can serve a since population in a 20 mile circle(a highly exaggerated supposition mountainous terrain severly limitscoverage), then about sixty percent the total land of the stations serve atotal of roughly two percent of However, the 50-55 area but nearly fiftypercent of the population. percent of the people who livespread across the remaining97-98 percent virtually no ETV or ER coverage.Of these remain- of the territory have in areas of ing 3,645,000 people, aboutsixty percent are rural, living 2,500 or fewer inhabitants. These latter areas are the areas forwhich alternatives other than conventional radio and TVbroadcasting are to be considered.A strong provide argument can be made that CPBand its instructional counterparts necessary coverage to theseoutlying areas to extend equitable access Such to educational informationdissemination and broadcast services. help in slowing migration toalready overcrowded metropolitan a step could the quality of areas and tn strengtheningthe desirability of living and life in remote areas for many persons.

2.3 Special Television csra 5pecial Television (STV) was a conceptadvanced by the EDUSAT study groupLb3J in response to needs which areneither purely The need for more adequate com- cultural nor instructional innature. munication between groups with commoninterests and information to share has been well known for sometime. One could sum ip the STV serve concept of EDUSAT study as a TVservice to meet the informationrequire- minorities who are increasinglyfacing obsolescence ments of professional teaching, of their knowledge andpractices, e.g. medicine, engineering, etc. Currently, limited use is made of ETVfor special audiences such as medical groups, law enforcement agencies,colleges and universities, and research and industrial organizations. Most of the efforts are local and have been implemented byeither using ITFS orcontinuing/graduate available to cater to education networks. No channels are nationally Library of all the potential audiences. For some time, the National Medicine has addressed itself to thequestion of networking ETV stations nationally for a limited time everyweek to disseminate biomedical_infor- mation nationally to practicingphysicians and medicalschools.155J Unfortunately, in the engineering andteaching professions there is no national agency that has addresseditself to these questions but this does not mean that their needs areless pressing nor that opportunities might not be available for moreextensive use of telecommunications. min- Tn this class of service,originally designed for professional orities, the authors have decidedto include services for culturaland ethnic minorities as well, such asSpanish-Americans, American Indians

4 5 -41-

The program needs for these"minorities" and their and migrant workers. Certain of these geographical distributions maybe quite different. American Indians and migrantworkers, do have the following groups, e.g. their population in common--they all are sosparsely distributed that radio or TV within the coverage area of aconventional ground based After all, transmitter is not large enough tocommand any attention. broadcast stations operate on moreor less theprinciple of "common special programming denominator programming".The reason for proposing ethnic minority groups is topromote better communica- for cultural and their identity. tion among themselvesand with them and to preserve of the The Negro population, whichamounts to about 11 percent in urban total U.S. population, and acorAderably larger percentage attention from a significant core areas, hasbeen able to get special in the form of their own programsproduced by number of ETV stations relevant to their own people concerningmatters that they think are could be questioned. them, though the sufficiencyof the program volume such as Spanish-Americans* orAmerican Indians, But no other minority, PTV been able to get similarattention. Blame can not be put on has often on an stations alone--thy have manythings to do and that too This issue of diversity of outlet shared byinstructional interests. program material poses someinteresting questions. of educators As far as physicians,engineers and a large number they live in urban or suburban areaswhich will soon are concerned, if they do not have have multi-channel(12-40 TV channels) CATV systems For example, there were272,8l Don-federal such systems already. Of these, physicians in the flnitedStates a: of December1966.155J Standard Metropolitan some 84.5 percent or230,518 were located in 300 which have strong potentialsfor CATV Statistical Areas (SMSAs), areas would It is believed that similar orperhaps even stronger penetration. However, be the case for engineers,university and college educators. thinks of extendingthe a majordecision-making point comes when one the professionals in smalltowns, villages andremot- same coverage to service because they are seo- areas. Should they be deprived of such a centers? This would be contrary to a ing away from urban/suburban and edu- policy that aims to encouragemedical and;paramacitca1 people cators to go to rural, smalland remote ateas. and The case for providing specialservice to dispersed cultural ethnic minorities is also verymuch the same as that forprofessionals in remote, rural and small areas--areaswhich are untouched by cable un,ouched due technology and which, in allprobability, would remain These are the cases where the to the lack of an economicsupport base. signals direct reception from a satelliteand rebroaocast of satellite through relatively low powerUHF transmitters needs tc beexplored. Force on One of the studies sponsoredby the President's Task Communications Policy was"Telecommunications in Urban Development"

New York *Two exceptions are the twoSpanish-speaking UHF ztations in City. '46 -42-

competently and rather Corporation.[57]This RAND report dealt by the RAND much a perceptively with the multiple usesof TV in the 'ghetto", very jobs, minority culture in itself, andsuggested some modest experiments on education, city business, pub:icservice, minority culture, andcommunity stations using locally availa- interaction. Use of low-power TV broadcast ble management and productiontalents was suggested. A national program beneficial. exchange to supplement localproductions would be highly include in Two additional services thatthe authors have decided to the "Special Television" category arerelated to "health delivery", for With general population, and "daycare" for children of workingparents. the very small number the physician becoming asuburban phenomenon and with in many of non-white physicians, theresidents of the urban ghetto are, instances, unable to receive evenminimal medical care. In New York City, children each year for example, about 40 percentof the women who deliver attri- have not seen a doctor duringpregnancy.[58] An NAE Committee[59] expectancy butes high infant mortality ratesand the relatively poor life help for large within the United States tothe unavailability of medical ameliorated by using segments of the population.This situation might be with only either automated screeningfacilities or by operating centers medical center paramedical attendants withprovisions of access to a large within the city via two-waytelevision. Such an approach of extending outlying rural areas some of the servicesof a sophisticated hospital to Ohio has recent- is currently under investigationin Texas and New Mexico. ly completed a design study of amicrowave TV system for healthdelivery.1.60] concept Given the will and the resources,there is no reason why the same However, could not be implemented inurban ghettos via CATV facilities. from a extension of the same service toymall and rural areas distant sophisticated hospital poses a differentkind of question and here rela- have tively narrow band radio channels,perhaps satellite based, would to be used for remotediagnosis.

Another important application oftelevision seems to be in the area above 18-19 of supplementing day-carefacilities for pre-school children its worth for 3-5 year months of age. Sesame Street has already saown For a day-care facility, inaddition to programs like old pre-schoolers. "Let Us Sesame Street, one can conceiveof programs like "Let Us Play", its viewers. Sing", etc.--programs whichrequire active participation from 60's and 70's This is an area where BBCeducational radio programs of the can provide Someguidelines.

2.4 Closed Circuit Television CCTV) and Instructional Television Fixed Service (ITFSL

2.4.1 Introduction in-school Educational telecasters,particularly those concerned with programming, realized quite earlyin the game the limitation of open- There circuit or broadcast TVfor delivery of high-volumeprogramming. of in:uffi- were iwo reasonsfor this. First, the broadcast spectrum was is essentially a point-to- cient capacity. Second, a broadcast service programming, the output is area service,whereas for much instructional

4'7 -43-

Furthermore, certain groups needed at relatively fewpoints in an area. pickup and use, always were interested inthe prevention of unauthorized standard broadcast signals. In this section we will a problem with obstacle, describe two services which aredesigned to overcome this Yelevision namely Closed CircuitTelevision (CCTV) and Instructional Fixed Service (ITFS).

2-4.2 Closed Circuit Television(CCTV) of in-school CCTV According to an NEAreport[61] on the utilization Educators be- and ITFS, the first CCTVsystems were installedin 1954. innovation and experimenta- came so intriguedwith the opportunities for conference on tion which CCTV offered thatin 1956 they..organized a teaching by closed-circuittelevision.[U.1This conference provided well as to provide educators, then experimentingwith CCTV for research as credit courses, with a platformto exchange experiences. In the early institutions of higher years of CCTV, thegrowth rate was much higher at However, since 1964, learning than in elementary andsecon04a schools. the situation seems to havereversed.101.1 distribution of The last available dataregar4pg,the number and CCTV facilities dates back to1967.101JSince then, to the best of our Since CCTV knowledge, no new survey of CCTVutilization has been made. it installations do not need anyregistration with a national agency, growth and is impossible to gather any newinformation regarding their without conducting a detailednationwide changes in their utilization be In addition, some confusionexists concerning,wh4t can survey. mailed for nroperly labeled as a CCTV system. NEA questionnaires01J CCTV operation as one inwhich it is not che 1967 survey defined a the possible for unauthorized TV monitorsto intercept and reproduce of program or informationbeing represented. The use of a combination videotape recorder and/or anaccompanying single camera and a portable magnification pur- television monitor sometimes usedfor observatiog or poses is alsoconsidered CCTV in the NEAsurvey.L61] educational The NEA survey[61] conductedin 1967 pinpointed 717 The total number institutions with closed-circuittelevision systems. television installations was 812indicating that of closed-circuit Of these 717 some institutionshad more than one operationalsystem. institutions, some 45.4 percent wereelementary-secondary school sys- junior tems, 1.7 percent werenonpublic schools, 7.9 percent were (includ- colleges, 43.3 percent wereinstitutions of higher education institutions such ing medical colleges),and 1.7 percent were other as seminariesand special training schools.

The type of CCTV installationsin educational institutions ran with 22 percert the full gamut from singleclassroom to state system other systems. Some of all systems beingused in conjunction with microwave link. were linkedtogether by either an ITFS system or a in terms of Table 7 presents a breakdownof the CCTV installations tnstallations were limited to their coverage. The majority of the a single room.

48 -44-

Installations by Type in1967[61] TABLE 7 Number of CCTV

Local State, Mobile, Single Single Local Inter- Regional Portable Room Building Campus Connection 122 41 64 472 369 173

classifications rather care, The reader is cautionedto view the above inferences due to thedivergence of the natureand pur- fully in making any For example, the "cal Campus pose of CCTVsystems within a givencategory. both a three-four channelCCTV facili intercon- CCTV" category includes y or secondary necting two or three buildings asin the case of an element scale CCTV systems capableof delivering as many school, as well as large the as 15-20 widelyseparated buildings as in as 12 programs to as many wiring, there are State University. In addition to the case of Michigan system described also differences due tothe usage. The Local Campus CCTV be used sporadically forsupplementing the teacher for a single school may Local Campus Category, whereas the Michigan Statesystem, included in the students with half of themenrolled in may be serving as manyas 20,000 multi-channel system. courses taughtprimarily by TV via the 1967 NEASurvey[61], Of the 812 CCTVinstallations reported in the at least one Video TapeRecorder (VTR). Some 1087 only 368 reported having regular 2" be in use--842 werehelical scen, 207 were VTRs were reported to Howevfx, since 1967,the use quadratures, and 18 weremiscellaneous types. elementary schools seems tohave gone up tremen- of VTRs in secondary and Center for According to recent statisticsissued by the National dously. about 21,000 of the EducationalStatistics[63.1, some 26 percent, i.e. schools reported owningVTRs. Twenty-one percent, nation's 81,000 public This leads to a feel- i.e. some 17,000, reportedboth VTRs and TV sets. all educationalinstitutions ing that the number ofCCTV installations in tharply since 1967. After all, the minimumrequire- may have risen very NEA survey is a VTR and ment for being counted as aCCTV facility in the TV monitor and camera. Delaware, Illipol, New From a geographicstandpoint, California, Texas were the largest usersof CCTIL161j As of York, Pennsylvania, and intra-state CCTV system belongs 1967, the most extensiveand sophisticated channel facility linking over177 to Delaware. It consists of a three reaching a student populationlarger than 115,000 school locations and and The system is planned fordecentralized program production students. locally produced programsinto allows about 22 stationsto insert their the system.

49 -45-

Service (ITFS) 2.4.3 Instructional Television Fixed designed Instructional Television FixedService (ITFS) is primarily schools, separated for linking closed-circuitTV installations in various (up to 20 miles) with eachother or to a central trans- by wide distances CCTV mitting station as the need maybe. Interconnecting widely separate school district, installations in various schoolsby cable, even within a anywhere may be anexpensive affair. Laying a 20 channel cable costs depending upon the localterrain conditions, between $4,000-$10,000/mile of wireless whereas within a certaininterconnection distance, the cost be less than cable interconnection by ITFS is fixedfor any length and can class- For example, interconnectionof 20 schools (300 in many situations. the neighborhood of rooms) with a four channel IIFSsystem will cost in interconnection by cable $262,000 in capitalcostsL64.1 whereas the same depending upon the distances may cost anywherebetween $10,000-$1,0e0,000 between the central facilityand remainingschools.* permission The seeds for ITFS were sownin 1961 when the FCC gave New York) to experimentin to the PlainedgePublic Schools (Long Island, of 2000 MHz fordistributing high quality the uncrowded frequency range The experiment Plainedge High School to sevenother schools. programs from channels (see successful and on July 25,1963, the FCC opened 31 was highly educational insti- Table 8) in the 2500-2690 MHzfrequency range for use by The commission officiallydesignated this ser- tutions and organizations. defined it as vice as "Instructional TelevisionFixed Service" (ITFS) and follows:[65j

"A fixed station operated by aneducational organization and aural and used primarily forthe transmission of visual instructional, cultural, and othertypes of educational material to one or more fixedreceiving locations". of Complete details regarding the purposeand permissible services (Vol. III, Part 74, Subpart ITFS can be found in FCCRules and Regulations licensee. In brief, the I) along with requirementsfor eligibility as a has to be an institut4onal orgovernmental licensee for an ITFS facility students or a organization engaged in theformal education of enrolled for the purpose of providinginstructional TV nonprofit organization formed No numerical material to such institutional orgovernmental organizations. stations.that may be licensed to asingle limit is placed on the number of channels to However, an applicant is limitedto nq more than four licensee. selected 'from the same channel group. serve a single area,all of which must be like in standard Each channel is 6-MHz wide andAM-VSB modulation is used broadcast TV. limited to the Although the name of the serv,(esuggests that ITF$ is transmission of television signals,nothing-in the FCC r4ulations of facsimile, prohibits the use of audiotransmission alone, the introduction of-computers and ferminalsby-ITFS. Several oxi% the interconnection future develop- ITFS systems now opei"atingtelevision channels contemplate ment of other types ofinformation services.1.66J A recent amendment of

*However, cable can carry as many as20+ channels. 46

TABLE 8 SERVICE (ITFS) FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT FORINSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION FIXED

BAND LIMIT MHz GROUP I CHANNEL NUMBER

A - 1 2500 - 2506 A - 2 2512 - 2518 A A - 3 2524 - 2530. A - 4 2536 - krA2

B - 1 2506 - 2512 8 - 2 2518 - 2524 B B - 3 2530 - 2536 B - 4 2642 - 2548

C - 1 .2548 - 2554 C - 2 2560 - 2566 C C - 3 2572 - 2578 C - 4 2584 - 2590

8 - 1 2554 - 2560 8 - 2 2566 - 2572 0 D - 3 2578 - 2584 8 - 4 2590 - 2596

E - 1 2596 - 2602 E - 2 2608 - 2614 E E - 3 2620 - 2626 E - 4 2632 - 2638

F - 1 2602 - 2608 F - 2 2614 - 2620 F F - 3 2626 - 2632 F - 4 2638 - 2644

G - 1 2644 - 2650 G - 2 2656 - 2662 G G - 3 2668 - 2674 G - 4 2680 - 2686

H - 1 2650 - 2656 . 2662 - 2668 H H - 2 H - 3 2674 - 2680 -47-

expand and change dramati- the FCC rules andregulations governing ITFS may character of the system. In its second Report andOrder cally the unique the 18346, effective April 17,1970, the Commission authorized on Docket stations "to provide communica- use of the2686-2690 MHz band for response data signals" between afixed station operated at an tion by voice and/or This type of two-way authorized location and anassociated ITFS station. (several instruc- communication system has longbeen advocated by educators; communication, usually tional TV systems incorporatethe elements of two-way bytelephone.) licensed to As of September 1970,there were some 157 ITFS systems institutions/organizations in the U.S.and another 10 various e&cational of 556 channels. Figure 8 shows were underconstruction covering a total distribution of ITFS stationswithin the U.S. Table 9 the geographical stations. Of 157 gives the ownership andstatewide distribution of ITFS owned by uni- operational ITFS stations, two arestate owned, thirty are religious organi- versities, six by communityorganizations, fifty-one by school districts and zations, one by a juniorcollege, thirty-eight by surprisingly belongs thirty-nine by variouscounties. The largest group organizations which use ITFS forinstructional purposes in to religious 31L66.1 presents an their parochial school systems. EPIE* Bulletin No. ITFS systems. The interesting survey of 65licensees operating over 120 number of channels, statistics include originationand relay stations, amount of local program- staff, equipment, studiesfor program origination, substantial. ming, program type andbudget. The latter appears to be balance According toBirmingham[67], the fate of ITFS hangs in the vitally affecting theservice. as the FCCconsiders two important actions notice of proposed rule-making onthe regularization The FCC has put out a "affords the This proposal, inCommissioner Rex Lee's words, of ITFS. with solid, educational community a uniqueopportunity to come forward "It may," he warns, "be positive plans and commentsconcerning ITFS." compromise with nonedu- their last chance."The present proposal would the number of servedchannels from 31 to 28, cational users by reducing settle the i.e. by giving up Group H;nonetheless, it would at least legitimacy of education'sclaim to these channels. worried over sharing However,Birmingham[67] seems to be unnecessarily "educational TV, public TVservices, and other edu- the 2500 MHz band for and ter- cational and noncommercialcommunications, co-equally for space is the best way for restrial services."1681 In many instances, sharing of limited butnon-depleting frequency resources. the efficient utilttation TV trans- Positive conclusion3 regardingpossible sharing of wide-band already been missions from space and strongVSB-AM ITFS signals have reached.[69) (1) FCC authorization of ITFS has indeed sufferedfrom two things: MHz band for ITFS withoutfirm foundations reservations in the 2500-2690 the evaluate either the technicalcapability of the system or on which to (2) the stereotype ultimate needs of educationfor this service; and

*Educational Products Information Exchange. 52 48

TABLE 9

.OWNERSHIP AND DISTRIBUTION OF ITFSSYSTEMS

JUNIOR SCHOOL COUNTY TOTAL UNIVERSITY COMMUNITY RELIGIOUS STATE STATE COLLEGE DIST. OWNED OWNEO OWNED ORGANIZATION OWNED OWNED OWNEO OWNEO

4 9 , 0 0 0 4 0 1 . 0 2 (2) ALABAMA 0 0 0 (Applied For). 0 0 6 5 26 .0 0 7' 1 0 7 0 2 (2) CALIFORNIA 0 0 0 (Applied For) 0 0 DISTRICT OF 0 0 1 0 1 0 COLUMBIA 0 0 0 0 8 16 0 '. 0 8 0 1 (1) FLORIDA 0 0 0 0 (Applied For) 0 0 lae 0 1 0 0 0 0 GEORGIA 0 0 3 0 6 3 0 a ILLINOIS 0 0 0 0 3 111 0 INDIANA 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 KENTUCKY 0 0 2 0 0 0 LOUISIANA 2 0 . 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 MAINE 0, 7 , 0 6 0 0 0 1 0 (1) MASSACHUSETTS 0 0 0 .0 (Applied For) 0 1 1 4 1 0 1 0 1 0 MICHIGAN 0 1 0 0 0 1 MINNESOTA 0 0 .0 0 1 0 0 MISSOURI 0 1 0. 2 0 2 0 0 0 NEBRASKA 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 NEVADA 0 24 16 0 7 0 1 0 NEW YORK 3 0 0 0 0 1 NORTH CAROLINA 0 2 ' g 9 5 0 i 0 1 2 OHIO 1 0 (I)* 0 0 0 (Applied For) 0 0 C c c c 0 0 0 0 011/40:7, 0 0 -0 :(1) 0 1 0 (Applied For) s 0 0 0 s 0 0 . 0 OREGON 2 9 , 0 0 5 0 2 0 0 PENNSYLVANIA 0 0 1 (1) 0 0 0 (Applied For) o 6 6 0 0 0 TENNESSEE 0 0 0 0 4 0 7 1 2 . 0 TEXAS 0 0 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (1) UTAH 0 0 0 (Applied For) 0 . 1 0 1 0 10 1 7 WISCONSIN 0 1

39 157 51 1 38 2 30 6 TOTAL (10)* (Applied For)

*Applied For Authority (Working in cooperation withEmory University) *tl.,censed to Fulton-DeKelb Hospital Transmissions. 'Licensed to MidWest Airborne TVInstruction Program. Inc. for Airborne Not in use. COLORADO, CONNECTICUT, DELAWARE. HAWAII,ICAHO, IOWA. KANSAS, NOTE: States ALASKA, ARIZONA, ARKANSAS, ISLAND, SOUTH MISSISSIPPI, MONTANA, NEW HAMPSHIRE, NEW JERSEY,HEW MEXICO, NORTH DAKOTA, RHODE WASHINGTON, ANO WEST VIRGINIA DO NOT HAVEANY ITFS CAROLINA, SOUTH DAKOTA, VERMONT, VIRGINIA, INSTALLATIONS. !

DISTRIBUTION OF ITFS Figure 8 INSTALLATIONS -50-

type image that conception of ITV based onthe traditional broadcast development of ITFS forexperimentation with the has inhibited full ITFS has been used pri- medium of television. With notable exceptions, traditional program material; marily for the distributionof existing or less limited to traditionalclassroom situa- its use has been more or instructional TV tions and ITFS distributionhas been restricted to computer- material, with very littleapplication of the medium for communications, data transmission,and educationaladministration.

2.4.4 Closed-Circuit (CCTV/ITFS)Networks networks Since the late 1960's, alarge number of instructional primarily for the continuingeducation of working have come into being, "upgrading" their engineers with the intentof "updating' as well as files and training education and for quick accessto the centralized No discussion of closed- skills and techniques forhospital personnel. would be complete withoutlooking at these circuit and ITFS systems well as common "networks" which are comprisedof closed-circuit, ITFS as carrier facilities. Graduate Engineering The first such "network"to be organized was the the University of Education System (GENESYS). It was established by ofremRloyed engi- Florida in 1964 to meet thecontinuing education need Currently neers at eightdifferent locations some 350miles apart.1.70.1 there are plans to double some 44 courses perquarter are offered and Similar facilities, inter- aswell as intra-university, this number. these are exist at a number ofuniversities. Most prominent among (MERGE) at the Univer- Mirhigan Expanded Resourcefor Graduate Education Michigan,[71] The University (.:F Texas ETVmicrowave relay system sity of and four colleges, linking some 14 locationsincluding six universities Instructional Television the TAGER system of NorthTexas and the Stanford Network. the part of The TAGER system is perhapsthe first joint venture on educational establishment toallow participation of the industry and the the employer's industrial employees in graduateand other programs right on major disruption premises with minimum loss ofworking time and without any closed-circuit system using of the day's activities. It is essentially a the 12.2-12.7 GHz businessradio band. The live interconnection in model except for the Stanford System[72] is verymuch based on the TAGER The system is capa- fact that it isessentially a one universityeffort. 180 three-unit coursesduring a calendar year ble of televising some year. Pro- representing more than 5000hours of academic lectures every is made via a four-channelITFS system with a 12-GHz gram distribution points in studio-to-transmitter link (STI) connecting the origination the university to thetransmitter located on ahill-top. future It is conceivable that at sometime in the not-too-distant to have access these inter- as well asintra-university networks may wish and some sharing provisions maydevelop because to each other's resources various cur- in higher educationthere is considerable conformity among ricula.

1, 5 5 -51-

2.5 CATV and Educational Television al,dRadio

Community Antenna Television(CAW) has its roots in the late 1940's and early 1950's, a time when TVbroadcasting was still very much in its infancy and the few TV stations that vlreoperating were mainly in metropolitan areas. The first CATV systemis credited to Astoria, Oregon where in 1949 one L. E. Parsons "wentsearching all over the Clatsop County, Oregon" with signal-survey equipment forsignals ot television station KRSC-TV, 125 miles away in Seattle.The "search" was in response to his wite's request for "pictu.,swith radio". Parsons finally settled on the top of his own apartment ,ilding and developed a "watchable" service which he later on extended to a hotellobby and a nearby music store with the help of a home-made threl-tubedistribution amplifier. Soon, other locations were attached to Parson'sinstallation at arcoat of $100 per connection and the nation'sfirst CATV system was born.L73J

In 1950, the number of CATV installationsin the country was only five, but by 1953, there were almost 300systems--concentrated in the Appalachian mountains and Pacific Northwest. Almost all systems were designed to bring distant TV signals to areaswhich did not have any By coverage. However, in the late 50's, tile trend began tochange. 1958, there were more than 700 cablesystems--still concentrated in mountain cciontry, but now also extending intowide, sparsely settled plains areas of Texas. A few CATV systems were operating in townswhere a single TV station already existed but mostpeople u:ere willing to pay a fee for a service thatadded program diversity.

Today, nearly 21 years after the first CATVsystem was born, the number of CATV systems have grown to over2400 serving more than 5 million TV households out of a total of nearly62 million. Figure 9 presents the growth rate of CATV since 1956 in terms of TVhouseholds served whereas Figure 10 shows the growth of operating systems.This all has been accomplished in the face of massive resistanceforces. It would be out of place to say anything in detail regardingthe development of CATV, FCC's regulations on CATV, and the opposition put upby various factions who think that the growth of CATV would harmtheir,interests. However, interested readerare referred to we's bySmithL75J, Barnett[76J, and Legg & Company[78J for detailed discussions onthese matters. A recent publication by the National Cable TelevisionAssociation (NCTA) also illustrates some of the issues in the area ofregulation and copyright.L77J

The service, that originated solely forthe purpose of providing access to distant TV channels inorder to obtain greater TV program diversity and im2rPved reception, has evolvedtoday into a new micept of "wired city"LI9J alias IntegratedUrhm&qmmunication System,L80.1 alias "Broadband CommunicationsNetdork".04.1 Today CATV has become an accepted means for providing a much largerquantity of radio and television programing than is possible withbroadcast TV and radio due to the limited availability of the frequency spectrumfor the latter service. Since prGgrn distribution is made through acable, a "non-radiating" medium, a", the allocated TV channels could beused locally and the same channels could be used any number of times throughthe use of multiple cables.

56 1950 55 tO 65 75 1980 Figur 13. Growth of CATV pmatia Systems [Ref. 111] Figure 9. Growth r.Ref. 111] of CATV Households YEAR -53--

connection CATV systems[83], whichallow individual home terminals line, offer with the program "exchange"through an individual cable or unlimited program selection thanthe a greaterpotential for virtually distribution--the constraint beingwhat is standard AM-VSB/FDM* cable In addition available for delivery and notthe delivery system itself. delivery of a greater quantityand choice of radio and to the improved variety of other TV programs, today systemdesigners are thinking about a services that a cable networkcould handle. What started as Community to a point Antenna Television (CATV) orCable Television (CTV) has grown fail to do justice to thepotential of the where the terms CATV nr CTV System" (IUCS) or communication medit. ntegrated Urban Communication Network" (BCN) are moresuitable terms to "Broadband Communico .ons potential CATV or wired describe the medium. Table 9 shows some of the city services. needs of its A cable television system mayserve tble educational community in any of thefollowing ways:L84J educational stations (i) Carrying the signals of one or more to citizens of the community(if the ETV station happens to be a local one, a cablesystem is required to carry it under the FCC regulations). outlets to local (ii) Providing connections and multiple schools, enabling the teachersto make use of educational and commercial programsin the classroom.

(iii) Providing a channel throughwhich educational programming originated by a localschool or educational agency and its may be distributedto the entire school system community. interrelationships between thecable systems To date, the primary broadcast ETV and educators have comeabout because CATV systems carry 719 CATV systems locatedin signals. According to 1966 statistics, of the signals of 94 ETVstations located in 36 45 states which received 1 ETV signal, states and the District ofColumbia, 641 were carrying ETVAignals, 5 carried 3 ETVsignals and 1 system 72 were carrying 2 that all cable sys- carried 4 ETV signals.00.1However, the FCC ruling 3500 subscribers mustoriginate programming "to a tems having more than new and significant extent" by April 1,1971 may very well lead to some between CATV systems andeducators.**This means exciting relationships facilitie :. and that cablecasters would haveto have local production some programmingexpertise.

Division * Amplitude Modulated VestigialSideband Video/Frequency Multiplexing. court **This has not completely materializedto date due to a successful challenge in St. Louis. POTENTIAL CATV/ WIRED CITY/ BROADBAND TABLE 10 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM SERVICES HOUSEHOLD BUSINESS SCHOOLS GENERAL'Pt PUBLIC IC SURVEILLANCE POLICE, FIRE HELP SIGNAL; AND MEaki. CCTVDATA RETRIEVAL CCTVPUBLIC RADIO & TV TRAFFICFIRE SIGNAL AND CRIME SURVEILLANCECONTROL TELEMETERING - ELECTRICMGAS, WATT'. METER AND CO4PUTERFACSIMILE TIMii-SNARINB MAIL AND NEWS COMPUTERCOMPUTER TIME-SHARING BASED INSTRUCTION POLLUTION SURVEILLANCE BANKINGELECTRONIC MAIL DATACONTINUOUS TRANSMISSION. BUSINESS NEWS - DATAINFORMATION RETRIEVAL RETRIEVAL TV SHOPPINGCONSUMER INQUIRY CUSTOMER SALES STOCK MARKET SITUATION ETC. IMPLEMENTATION OF ANSYSTEMEDUCATIONAL (EIS) INFORMATIONFOR CONTINUOUSFACSIMILE NEWS, NEWSPAPERS AND BUSINESS WEATHER INFO. TELEMETERINGPOLICE AND FIRE SIGNALS MANAGEMENTIMPROVED EDUCATIONAL LARGEPAY TELEVISION NUMBER OF RADIO PROGRAMS TV AND -55-

closed-circuit Because a great manyeducational institutions possess TV facili-pe5 (a minimumof a video tape recorderand a camera) Schwartz asset to and Woods186J suggest thatthey can prove to be a marketable cablecasters'dilemma or in fulfillingthe cable- assist in resolving the fraction of casters'desire to provide localoriginations at a very small commercial TV costs. A recent report byFeldman[87] of RAND Corporation several types examines the local originationissue in detail and suggests There of programs that could belocally orioinated at reasonablecosts. be is no reason why local educationalinstitutions and students can not suggest that involved in their production. A recent article[88] does some cable systems aremoving in this direction. must approach In most states anyonewishing to operate a CATV system the officials of the city,town or village in whichhe wishes to operate. the matter A CATV franchise is thennegotiated after a public hearing on Educators have started takingquite an active part has been conducted. the operator in these hearings to insurethat the franchise offered to York), SCOPE, a defines the ETV-CATV relationship. In Long Island (New of monitor- regional educational service centerhas pioneered in the area member schgol districts ing CATV developments inthe areas covered by its provisos into CATVfranchises.184J The follow- and in writing educational been able ing are some of the importantofferings that SCOPE members have to extract from CATVsystems: charge into each school (1) CATV operator installs without building, private and public,college and library, receiving terminal and cable connectionsto enable each building to receive all programstransmitted and distributed over the CATV system. channel, without (2) Allocation of at least one video-audio charge, for educational use. Channel to be used primarily for transmission of locallyoriginated educational programming to home. video tape recorder (3) CATV operator providing for school use a so that school authorities canprovide the operator pre- recorded video tape programs fortransmission, without charge, at the requested time anddates. reception and distribution (4) CATV operator agrees to provide of one ITFS channelduring first five years offranchise if a school district constructs anITFS system. CATV operator has to bear the costof down-converting the ITFS channel to VHF midband(between Standard TV channels6-7) and at school buildings again up-ordown-converting them to VHF and/or UHF channels. after first ten years of his (5) CATV operator agrees that franchise, he will provide,without charge, to each school district in its coverage area aCATV channel which will inter-connect the school districtmedia center and school media centers of each schooldistrict within the system franchise area, and the educationalchannel of the local CATV system and theeducational channel of CATV systems in adjacent towns. '60 -56-

he has held his franchise (6) CATV operator agrees that after for ten years, he will,without charge, vovide a TVstudio to school districts for up to50 percent of operating time or at least 20hours/week (inclusive of technicaloperating and graphics personnel). "model" SCOPE (Suffolk EducationalCenter) has been circulating a franchise based on the above-mentionedservices to all educators who are ETV-CATV interested in seeing that CATVfranchises specifically spell out According to one source, the4engfits mentioned above are relationships. to be estimated worth $200,000 to$250,000 annually00J and may seem in the rather expensive, particularly onsmall CATV operators serving being a neighborhood of 3,500-10,000 homes,their main revenue source this memorandum to say $4-7 monthly charge. it is beyond the scope of what "benefits" are appropriate andwhat are not. They have been mentioned between ETV- to make readers of thismemorandum aware of the relationships telecommuni- CATV and the thinking of educatorsinterested in educational cations.[101] "Public Dividend In addition to thesebenefits, the FCC disclosed a pending decision Plan" sometime ago that itis considering in view of its and copyright issues. Under this plan, in addition to on CATV regulation will be made by all CATV a copyrightroyalty payment, which vesumably impose a fee(5% of gross revenuesfrom sub- systems, the FCC proposes to to scriptions) on CATV systems, in the top100 markets only, to be payed However, none of the two the Corporation for PublicBroadcw,ting.[77] studies made recently by the FCCstaff endorse this idea,and instead a th4,s fee to separate internal FCC documentis said to have recommended be given to local groups forprogramming.[91J is that One thing that becomes evidentfrom the above discussion what ever path the FCC decides totake in the matter of theregulation from CATV. and copyright, educational TVand radio have a lot to gain growth of CATV However, much of these benefitswould also depend on tbe estimates for and its ultimate penetration. Figure llshows Taylor's1.74J of TV households reached. This estimate the CATV penetration in terms critics say that has been described as"pessimistic" by some because the induatry,that it represents an average growthrate of 14.2 percent for an PenwellLiObJ of has been experiencing growth atrates of 25-40 percent. penetration National Cable Television Associationthinks that a 60 percent within the next ten yearsprovided the FCC of TV households is possible into major relieves its interdiction on thecarriage of distant signals markets, low-cost programming sourcessuch as CBS-EVR are available, allowed. and that a direct satellite-to-CATVheadend interconnection is

In a recently published RANDreportr.107], Park has estimated an ultimate penetration of 40 to 4§ percentof TV households nationally which does indicateTaylor's[74J estimates being rather pessimistic. Park's[107] analysis is based on thelogistic growth curve and a measure signals, of "attractiveness" definedin terms of the missing network the distant signals and thelocal carriage.What makes one suspicious that nowhere of Park's[107] estimatesalso being on the lower side is increased "attractiveness" due tovarious kinds of has he accounted for both-- services CATV-BCN would bring topeople--households and business services which are currentlynon-existant. 61 57

MUM MI= 1 111 MEM C 32 52 WM--SEW 6 1 4IIFILMIlliEg .111111 I ... High'I 1111 . 1 1.11PagrilliM 1;6111.11111111111 MANLow 1 4ril Mall I 21 1 I I 2 I I I I . e 0Itc33 amai C 0.62=211111 1 .4I Wall . ra 1 21III III= III =11 1972 1976 1980 1956 1960 1964 1968

Figure 11. Projected Growth ofCATV [From Ref. 74

62 -58-

service areas Figure 12 presents oneprojection for CATV geographic the cost to provide CATV to50 for 1975.E108J One must remember that quoted as $11 billion butit rises to $56 billion percent of households is in the cost saturation.[93JThis 400 percent increase for 100 percent acts as a dqterrent toCATv for covering half ofthe nation's housenolds penetration in these areas. interconnect4on of Another thing of interestto educators is the domestic satellite facility. Many of the domestic CATV headends by a in (see Appendix B) haveexpressed strong interest satellite proposals with One by Hughes AircraftCompany has come out this interconnection. for the CATV industrywhich the proposal of providing aprogram package aspects and selectedby would include a segmentdevoted to educational potentially importart benefit committee. In addition, a an advisory time, the Corporationfor would arise if andwhen, at an appropriate decided to start a secondPTV service becauseCPB Public Broadcasting headend interconnection. could readily use theavailable satellite-to-CATV according to the FCC TVchannel assignmentplan[94], One must note that at very few locations the second ETV broadcastservice could be provie_d assignments have been made for alarge number of araas. as no second ETV solution for a second The CATV-satellitecombination offers a potential ETV service.

Access Television 2.6 Information Retrieval/Dial (IRTV) is the name used todescribe Information Retrieval Television their demand. system that servesmultiple users according to a television depending upon theirposition Users get access to thecentral facility and the program of theirchoice. When the request for in the "queue" receive system is a simpleinfor- the program is madeby a phone, the television lodging but when a "dial" isadded for the direct mation retrieval system system is called a "dial of the request withthe central library, the access" system. about IRTV systems is lnOttawa (Canada). One of the most talked Electric experimental system sponsoredby Bell Canada, Northern It is an Education and the Laboratories, the OntarioInstitute for Studies in The system links classroomsin four schools Ottawa Board of Education. video tapes and a trans- with a central librarycontaining 2500 films and with telecine units andvideo tape reproducers. mission center equipped with a coaxial gablecapable Classrooms are linked tothis centralrlArary To use the system, ateacher of carrying 12simultaneousprograms.1.9*.1 the library catalogue,phones the library from selects a program from for the time it isrequired. the classroom telephoneand books the program is not available, analternative time is offered. If the time In the case Bookings may be made on anon-demand basis or inadvance. transmitted to the classroomin of on-demand bookings,the program is less than two minutes. infor- However, a look at theliteratureE95,97] suggests that the the U.S. The first mation retrieval TV concept wasfirst implemented in operational were in Beverly dial-access type IRTVsystems to become Both of these systems Hills, California and inEvanston, Illinois. CANADA

0 -0 .1 0- . Figure 12. PROJECTED CATV SERVICE AREAS IN 1975 [From twall Irg erftwommmi--- Ref. 108] -60-

the Elementary andSecondary Education Act(ESEA) were i'umied under Hills system was published Title III of 1965. Evaluation of the Beverly of EducationalTelevision.[96JThe main pro- in the June, 1970 issue for a large blems seem to be (1) how youimplement a dial-acess system (3) who has priority? number of users, (2) whatshould be delivered and Delivering wideband signals un ademand-access basis to a largenumber costly business and the plannerhas to devise schemes of viewers is a very which can not be tol- of putting those programs onthe dial-access system erated on a hard-scheduledsystem. with the design The problem of "how todeliver" also seems to rest (coaxial cables or HF twinpairs). Ordinaril'y of the distribution system Frequency Division Multi- twenty TV channels arestacked together using The dial-access TV systemdeveloped by the plexing on a singleycatle. for implementing Rediffusion in U.K.1.83.1 seems tobe a more suitable choice Unfortunately, dial-access TV systems as opposedto using coaxial cables. in the U.S. the Rediffusiondial-access system has not caught on in the U.S. Today there are only a handfulof dial-access systems these systems are primarilylocal, or at most From their very nature, of It is believed th&t thelong-distance telecommunications cost regional. station simultaneously giving thousands of students accessto a distant central TV. programs may.prove tobe prohibitive. In all for receiving indep-endent basis--a probability, dial-access systems wouldbe implemented on a local individualized terminals. The central library servingnearby-schools through telecommunications will be limitedto the distribution role of long-distance generally of program material to theselocal centers. Local Centers would would be used heavily, andwould be able to store program material that if someone desires, obtain special programs from aregional or national library

2.7 Responsive Television (RTV) Responsive TV is a unique systemdesigned to convert videotaped or It allows broadcast programs into anactive-participant involvedmedium. similar to that the viewer to interactwith the program in a fas01911 phono-teaching machines.Ly0.1 The system allows found in film-strip and for the viewer the interruption of the programstory and an opportunity Responsive television to select one ofseveral "story" alternatives. compatible with all existingtelevision program has the virtue of being broadcast TV, CATV, oeigination and disseminationsystems, including Electronic Video Recorder/Cartavision. The Video Tape Recorders and have to be transmit! d viewer response isprocessed locally and does not back to the program source. (a small key- The responsive TV systemconsists of a response unit black/white) and board device) attachable to anyTV monitor (color or The response unit has four rowsof push buttons with a video source. depressed in each rum. four buttons in each row. Only one button can be all other buttons in that When a second buttonis depressed in a row,

Massachusetts. *One such system is underdevelopment at Dennis Port, 65 -151-

These buttons, which aredesigned to "unblank" a par- row are released. "screen-splits" and "branching". ticular portion of theTV screen, allow lf(rn- 0, the announcer onthe television screen At each step of comprehension of thematerials might ask questionsto '(?.st,ne viewers' directing Lnem to press oneof the response buttonsto just covered, be given time tomake indicate their answers.The viewers would then learning individually(even though at different re- their choices, each incorrect, receivingfurther ,eiver locations)whether he is correct or material or clarificationaccording to his answers. much has been reported Responsive TV is a newcomerand so far nothing the _, Most of its applicationshave been reported in on itsperformance. literatureLt,01, certain skills. According to the promotional area of teaching has demonstrated of California (LosAngeles) research stvdy a University 30 percent mir!mumand that this system reducesthe learning time by a percent. increases retentionlevels as high as 56 be investigated,especially about the cost Though much remains to responsive interactivP programs andlearning performance, of producing One of the mostattractive features TV seems to have somegreat potential. unit can be attachedexternally to anyconventional is that the responsive into a responsive system. television receiver ormonitor, converting it unit is in thc-_,neighborhood of $700-800 Though the cost of the response down in the range of$200- there is no reason whyit could not be brooght 250 if mass usage iscontemplated.

PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION ANDNETWORKING REQUIREMENTS 3. PUBLIC BROADCASTING in this memorandum,Public As is evident fromthe earlier discussions far as a n4iorialconstruct goes. It Broadcasting is relatively new as satellite General ElectricStudyL99J investigating is expanding, and as a expecta- needs of puolicbroadcasting comments, "the systems to meet the in not in the terms offirm requirements but tions for the future are from earlier discussions, future possibilities". However, as one notices subnational program distributionand networking service a national and produce all ETV stations would gobroke if they had to is needed as many There is a need to makeavailable the programming thatthey broadcast. local of a quality andkind not possible through to local stations program of an event production, and to provideinstantaneous nationwide coverage of simultaneousbroadcasting. or issuewhich is deemed worthy broadcastinrj, which The current and expectedneeds of educational instructional broadcasting, canbe cate- is compried ofboth public and gorized as: future Distribution of programmaterial to existing and (1) stations, CATV educational radio andtelevision broadcast broadcast stations headends, and communityTV and low-power growth of con- in areas where thegeography prohibits the ventional broadcasting.

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program (2) Distribution of supplemental as well as core material to schools, hospitals,ITFS headends, instructional networks and other educationalcenters for instructional purposes and integrationinto curricula.

As mentioned earlier, in thismemorandum, the authors have concerned themselves primarily with requirementsfor public broadcasting. The requirements for the instructional segmentwill be discussed in a forthcoming memorandum.

Public television coverage at presentis such that some 204 stations disseminate signals which are capable ofreaching some 74 percent of the American people, although the viewingaudice is currently limited to approximately 33 million people eachweek.L 7J Though some 20 new public television stations are expected tobecome operational before the end of 1973, the coverage provided by publicbroadcasting networks will be far from satisfactory because according tothe projections of CPB andNAEB, 95 percent more than 330 stationswill be needed to provide service to of the Americanpeople.[100]

In the case of radio, the 92major rublic radio stations areclustered in 32 states, the District ofColumbia, and Puerto Rico. However, the signals of the total complex of 457stations are estimated to cover 75 should be percent of the population. The program distribution service in able to interconnect the existingand anticipated stations, keeping and ITV mind the state networkinterconnections, the shared nature of PTV operation for the majority of thestations, and the growing CATVfacilities.

Theiturrent organization of publicbroadcasting--program acquisition and distribution policies, regionaland state networks, and thediverse ownerships of ETV stations--imposes a set of programdistribution requirements very different from that ofcommercial network program distribution. Two of the major differences relate tothe need for operational flexibility in terms of national, regional andstatewide distribution, and the need for multiple-point program origination. In commercial network program distribution, the distribution is mostlynational and sub-national(regional) and the program origination points arefew--generally two, one on the East Coast (New ;ork) and the other on theWest Coast (Hollywood).

Currently, negotiations between the PBSand AT&T are in progress for provide a weekly an interim dedicatedterrestrial network so that PBS can schedule of approximately 50 hours of programming asopposed to only 15 hours of programming per week thatit is distributing currently. Some 109 AT&T "drop" points are planned in around robin configuration whichpermits regional and some 28 stations tooriginate programming to feed national, statewide networks which interconnect anadditional sa ETV stations.[100] Any alternate design for programdistribution and interconnection would have to provide at least similarflexibilities. Figure 13 sliows the locations of 28 program originating stations.

As far as public radio is concerned,the nature of program distribution and networking requirements are verymuch the same. The design should be and able to offer national, regionaland statewide distribution options interconnect the existing 92 affiliates ofthe NPR, a number which is expected to grow to some 117 by the endof 1971, and allow mult'-noint 67 Figure 13. PROPOSED PUBLIC BROADCASTING ORIGINATION POINTS [Ref. 1001 -64-

the country.[19] program originations from28 stations (Figure 13) throughout operation, the Though today there are noregional public radio networks in and an addi- NPR anticipates that two suchnetworks will be required by 1972 tional two or three regionalsystems can be e4pected by themid-1970's.1.19.1

The authors believe that anydesign for public radio andtelevision regionality networking and program distributionmust recognize and prEserve This both in the configuration ofthe network and in programorigination. programming", that is, is in contrast to the beliefby some that "regional something exclusively of interest toaudiences within a region, amyth.[35] because Cultural, geographic and ethnicdifferences should not go unserved catering to the minority interestsand separate audiences thatconstitute, potentially in the aggregate, American societyhas always been cited as a important function for publicbroadcasting. One must also not forget that instructional objective a large number ofthe ETV and ER stations have an basis. and their programming is mostlyselected on a local or regional

Another important factor thatinfluences the design of alternatives There is that the U.S.A. extends overroughly 115 degrees of longitude. Mountain, Pacific, are five time-zonesLithin the country--Eastern, Central, Hawaii. It would be desirable toprovide, as and one covering Alaska and in the far as possible, the same programat the same local time anywhere be accomplished by using terres- U.S. Figure 14 shows the way this could trial links whereas Figure 15 showsthe time-zone operations bysatellite links only. However, there is a trade-off betweenthe optimal time-zone coverage and the cost incurredin terms of the additionalterrestrial links provide the same or satellite RFchannels. The customary practice is to and another to the program packages to theEastern and Central time-zones, for Mountain and Pacific time-zones. PBS has planned two delay centers interconnection facility--one inDenver to pro- their interim terrestrial the vide coverage of the Mountain zone,and one in Los Angeles to cover However, it seems that two identical programpackages Pacific time-zone. of displaced by two hours from each otherwould be adequate to take care time differences.

PBS has specified its requirementsfor a satellite distribution service as two full-time, non-preemptiblechannels with adequate backup for sun outage, eclipse operationand potential transponderfailure. These channels will permit PBS todeliver a national programmingservice and providing one single package to theEastern and Central time-zones another package, similar to theprevious one but displaced in timeby The Mountain three hours, for the West Coast,i.e. Pacifictime-zone.[100] through the states will be served by alocal delay center at Denver and terrestrial facilities, leased bythe Rocky MOuntain PublicBroadcasting requirements for the public Network (RMPBN). NPR has stated similar radio, i.e. a time-delayed packagefor the Western time-zones. 6 A.M. to In addition to thesechannels, primarily needed between distri- 12 P.M. local standard time,public broadcasting will also require bution facilities on a part-timeand occasional basis. PBS estimates that some 31 hours perweek will be rewired for regionalprogramming, special time-delays, and programassembly.1100] Currently, the PBS network splits into five regional networks for onehour per week of prime timeregional split to reduce its programming. However, PBS can schedule the network maximum requirement to one additionalchannel hour per day, five days per week. 69 5 HOUR DELAY 3 HOUR DELAY 2 HOUR DELAY 1 HOUR DELAY UNDELAYED ALASKA & HAWAII 1PACIFIC REGIONS 1 MOUNTAIN REGITIS CENTRAL REGIONS EASTERN REGIONS

(Denver, Los Angeles, Etc.)!VIDEO TAPE DELAY CENTER(S) _ _ J Amim...mme011 a.m.* NETWORK TELEVISION(New York) CENTER Figlre 14. TIME-ZONE OPERATIONS BY TERRESTRIAL LINKS ONLY 5 HOUR DELAY 3 HOUR DELAY MOUNTAIN REGIONS2 HOUR DELAY 1 HOUR DELAY [EASTERN REGIONS UNDELAYED *-, Vu. N N N oz;5 TELEVISION DELAY CENTER CENTER NETWORK Figure 15. TIME-ZONE OPERAT:ON BY SATELLITE LINKS 1.4 -67-

In addition to provision for regionalsplits, special time-delays in the two time-zones not delayed by thebasic service would be needed to accommodate supplemental typeinstructional programming such as Sesame Street and its new reading programfollow-up within local school schedules. PBS has estimated its requirementsfor speci41 time-delays as two additional hours per day for five days perweek.000] PBS and its member stations are developing an expanded series ofpublic affairs programs that would draw on member stations. To permit program assembly, part- time access to a channel will be required. PBS estimates that it would require some tao hours per day, seven days aweek, with two extra hours on Fridays. Also, there is a need for occasional access to asatellite channel for covering unexpected special eventsthat cannot be accommodated within the full-time or supplemental servicesdescribed above.

Present national communication facilities cannottransmit from remote areas efficiently and at lowcost. In order to broadcast events that occur in such areas,significant leadtime is required to buildfacilities at a cost that often makes itunreasonable to cover the event. This often prohibits live coverage of specialinterest, unexpected events unless they happen to be within the neighborhoodof large cities. Mobile earth stations offer P distinctpossibility for live coverage of such events. However, the requirements for supplementaland occasional services that are listed above can at mostbe said to be short-term ones. Any design for the network should be flexibleenough to meet the varying supplemental and occasional requirements.

Similar requirements for supplemental andoccasional service also exist for public radio. The authors believe that one full-time"channel" between 6 A.M. - 12 P.M. LST is justified herebecause many affiliates of NPR would like to provide suppleMentaryservice via'Subsidiary Communica- tions Authorization (SCA) channels.

It should be kept in mind that the aboverequirements have been stated from the viewpoint of a single networkservice. However, some people in PBS have started thinking about asecond "network" service for the simple reason of providing greaterdiversity in programming and a possible university ofthe air. Such a service is a distinct possibility in the late 1970's with local disseminationbeing provided by CATV, "second" TV stations, etc. Today, some 12 TV markets are served by two or more pubilc television stations--anumber that could ultimately grow to 41 when all reserved ETVallocations are utilized. A second service could also provide additional programmingto meet the specific needs of cAltural and ethnic minorities such asNegroes, American Indium, Spanish Americans, Eskimos, etc. It may be desirable to have second services on a regional basis--such as one forAppalachia, one for Alaska, one for the Rocky Mountains,and one for the Southwest for migrantworkers and Mexican-Americans. At this time, it is hard to say which"second" services would develop. However, a nationwide "second" servicein the late 1970's remains a distinctpossibility and would almost double the distribution requirements.

In addition to program distributionto educational radio and TV transmitters and CATV headends, thereis a nee6 to disseminate the same as well as specialinterest programs somehow to some 50million American people who can not currently receiveeducational television and radio 72 -68-

and also to schools forintegration into their curricula. For this pur- service to small pose, the authorsenvision a "medium quality" television economical receivers, typically with a9-12 foot antenna-receiver which feeds signals to either closed-circuitinstructional installations or ITFS headends, or to low powerunattended broadcast stations forrebroadcast. To achieve this kind ofservice, one would have to,use a frequencyband not subject to the flux densitylimit of 152 dbw/m4 per 4 kHz, e.g.2.5 and 12 GHz, and use relativelyhigher power satellites than the ones currently in use in the Intelsat series. These small earth-terminals could be located on individual schoolroofs, instructional centers and in areas/communities which do nothave any access to public broadcasting signals and where there is also a need todisseminate other types of information for health-care, professionaldevelopment, etc.

The three areas which appear.tp need such a service are Alaska, the Rocky Mountains, and Appalachia. A study by the General Dynamics conducted for NASA has mentioned that some438 such terminals would be required in Alaska and 2,978 in the Mountainstates, for adequate cover- requirements for Appalachia age.1.104 No information on probable location is available and it !s hoped that afuture study will be able to setthese package that requirements. It wkluil be desirable that the same program is being distributed to standard broadcaststations and CATV headends is also delivered to these smallterminals with provisions for daytime substitution of regional programming speciallytailored to the needs of these areas. It should be noted that in many remoteareas/communities it should be possible to share thesmall earth-terminal located at the school for general public use providedthe receiver is designed for multi- channel operation.

So far, the requirements havebeen discussed in terms of "channels". Now it becomes necessary to specifythe channel bandwidth, special provisions such as order wire and stereo sound,picture quality, etc. For television networking and programdistribution purposes, the "channel" would consist of a 4.2 MHz standard videochannel, an order wire for supervisory and control purposes and two15 kHz sound channels to provide stereophonic sound. PBS has listed stereo sound with astandard video channel as a requirement. The authors agree with this requirementfrom the long-term point of view. As far as the radio "channel" isconcerned, it is composed of two 15 kHzchannels to provide stereophoniccapability. Though NPR has not mentioned any needfor an order wire facility, the authore feel that an accompanying orderwire facility would bc desirable, in view of the nature of the NPRnetworking design which is much different than those of commercial radio networks. Three kHz audio channels would suffice as "order wires" for both TVand radio "channels".

Currently radio networking and TVnetworkina is limited to rather low quality audio based on 3.5kHz to 5 kHz wide channels due to the unavailability of high quality long-distanceterrestrial facilities for audio. NPR presently pre-records highquality and stereophonic programs and distributes them by mail. fiowever, satellites offer a distinct possibility for distribution ofhigh quality (15 kHz) stereophonicaudio signals and would permit reel-timetransmission of such programs.

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The performance objectives for asatellite networking service for television has been investigatedthoroughly and are recorded in the"Green peak-to-peak Books" of CCIR. Signal-to-noise ratio (the ratio of the luminance signal to the rms valueof the random noise signal)should not be less than 55 db with noisebeing weighed as appropriate to themethod of modulation (7.0 db forfrequency modulation for 525 linecomposite video color signal).

It should be noted that thesignal;t2-Aoise ratios of picture sources are themselves in the rangeof 46-50 db for vidicon type cameras, 46 db forImage-Orthicon cameras, and 46 db forthird generation recording of vidicon signals. When the in-studio transmissionpaths, terrestrial intercity links(depending upon earth stationlocation), satellite transmission, and the SMR forthe broadcast transmitter are taken into account, the addition ofnoise powers resultsin an overall prior to SNR weighted of 44.2 db at theoutput of the local transmitter propagation and reception. This would mean a picture qualityhalf-way between "Excellent" and "Fine" orTASO Grades 1 and 2.004,109JThe same performance objective would apply foreducational television program distribution via CATV in urban andsuburban areas.

At the present time there are noagreed upon standards for dfrect The satellite distribution to,school-roofand community installations. be General Electricstudy[99J for PBS has chosen the SNR requirement to The noise powers, when 45 db (peak-to-peak video/rmsnoise-weighted). added, result in an overall SNRweighted of 42 db at the output ofthe low-power RF modulator which feedscable in case of multi-channel opera- half-way between "Excellent" tion. This too would mean a picture quality and "Fine" or TASO Grades 1 and2 at the output of the modulator. If school roof- the picture quality requirementis taken as TASO Grade 2 for top installations (at the outputof the modulator), the space-linkSNR this as the space- should be 43.4 db. The authors have decided to choose link SNR requirement instead of 45db as proposed in the G.E.study. Tables 11 and 12 show the programdistribution and networking requirement for P ublic radio and televisionin a concise form.

74 PUBLIC TELEVISION SERVICE TABLE 11 SOURCESPUBLIC BROADCASTING SERVICE (PBS) POINTS;207DESTINATIONS PTV/ITV ADDITIONAL STATIONS FOR 98 TO 3E FED THROUGH REDIFFUSION VIA 109 FEED STATE EASTERNCENTRAL EDUCATIONAL EDUCATIONAL TELEVISIONNETWORK (CEN) NETWORKCOMMUNICATIONS (LETN) ASSOCIATION (SECA) NETWORKS.CABLE TELEVISION (CATV) HEADENDS MIDWESTERNSOUTHERNROCKY MOUNTAINEDUCATIONAL EDUCATIONAL PUBLIC BROADCASTING ;!1EVISIONNETWORK (RMPBN) (MET) REMOTEDISTRIBUTION/BROADCASTINGCOMMUNITYAPPALACHIA AREAS AND OF WHICHSCHOOL ALASKA, DO NOT FROM RECEIVERS THROUGH DIRECT HAVEMOUNTAIN ACCESS STATES TO ANY AND ETV SATELLITE(S) IN NATIONALWESTERNCHILDRENS EDUCATIONALEDUCATIONAL TELEVISION NETWORK (WEN)TELEVISION,(NET)WORKSHOP (CTW) SERVICE. (A) PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION- 50 STATE COVERAGE SYSTEM REQUIREMEK (B) IS DIRECT DISIRIBUTION TO APPALACHIA COVERAGE - ALASKA, ROCKY COMMUNITY INSIO.LATIONS MOUNTAINS - NATIONALDELAYED TIME-ZONES PROGRAMMINGAND FORSUB-NATIONAL PACIFIC AND DISTRIBUTION PROVISIONS MOUNTAIN SEFARATEPROGRAM CHANNEL ORIGINATION FOR EACH FOR NATIONAL AS WELL AREA AS REGIONAL - PROVISION- PROVISION OF OFFOR PART MULTIPLE TIME USEPOINT OF AN ORDER WIRE FOR EACH ORIGINATIONSADDITIONAL CHANNELS CHANNEL PROVISIONONE 15-kHz FOR SOUNDPART-TIME FOR EVENINGS AND WEEKENDS CHAPNEL FOR MONOPHONIC USE OF ADDITIONAL SOUND TOPROGRAMFOR EVERY TWOSPECIAL SATELLITEDAY.ASSEMBLY, EVENT REGIONALCOVERAGE, CHANNELS DURING 0600-2400 SPLITS ETC.SPECIAL IN ADDITION TIME-ZONE DELAYS, HRS SPACETASO LINK GRADE WITH 2 SIGNALA SNR OF 43.5 dB TO PROVIDE - TWO- SPACE 15-kHz LINK i.e. A SNR OF 55 dB SOUNDCONFORMING CHANNELS TO FOR CCIR STEREOPHONIC RECOMMENDATIONS, SOUND PUBLIC RADIO SERVICE TABLE 12 SOURCES 92DESTINATIONS MAJOR EDUCATIONAL RADIO STATIONS NATIONALREGIONAL EDUCATIONALPUBLIC RADIO RADIO NETWORKS RADIO (NPR) NETWORK (NERN) CATVCOMMUNITY REBROADCASTHEADENDS AND SCHOOLTRANSMITTERS RECEIVERS, THROUGH DIRECT LOW POWER (CURRENTLY UNDER DEVELOPMENT) SATELLITETOANDREMOTE ANY APPALACHIA ERAREAS DISTRIBUTION/BROADCASTING SERVICE. OF WHICHALASKA, DO NOT HAVE ACCESS MOUNTAIN STATES IN SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS (B) DIRECT DISTRIBUTION TO COMMUNITY INSTALLATIONS (A) PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION- 50 STATE COVERAGE SUr-NATIONAL PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION - SUB-MATIONAL MOUNTAINS AND APPALACHIA COVERAGE - ALASKA, ROCKY - NATIONAL AND PROVISION . -.SEPARATE- PROVISION CHANNEL FOR FOR REGIONAL AS WELL AS EACH AREA NATIONAL - DELAYEDPROVISION PROGRAMMING FOR TIME-ZONES MULTIPLE POINT ORIGINATIONS FOR MOUNTAIN AND PACIFIC - A- CHANNEL-WIDTHSPACE LINK MULTI-POINT PROGRAM WITH A SNR OF OF 15 kHz ORIGINATIONS dB - PROVISION OF AUDIOTHE TWO CHANNELS "CHANNELS" FOR A 3.5 kHz ORDER WIRE WITH STEREOPHONICCONSISTTNG OF SOUND TWO 15-kHz ADDITIONAL EACH OF - PROVISION- SPACE LINK FOR WITHANDCHANNELS SPECIAL FOR EVENT REGIONAL COVERACE SPLIT, PART TIME USE OF A SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO PROGRAM ASSEMBLY OF 50 dB -72-

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34. Quale, D. R., "The Regional Network", in The Farther Vision--Educational Television Today., (Eds. A. E. Koenig and R. B. Hill), The University of Wisconsin Press, Milwaukee, (1969).

35. Robertson, J., "The Future Role of Regionals", (Prepared for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting), The University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, (February 1970).

36. Taylor, F. J., "The DevelopmInt of Instructional Television", in The Farther Vision--Educational Television Todat, (Eds. A. E. Koenig and R. B. Hill), The diTNEF$71Tylif Wisconsin Press, Milwaukee,(1969).

37. Philadelphia Public Schools, (Division of Radio-TV Education), "A Statement on Instructional Troadcasting in the Philadelphia Schools", (February 1966), p. 1.

38. Federal Radio Education Committee (FREC), Bulletin, Vol. XII, No. 1, (1950), p. 1.

39. Ford Foundation, "Teaching By Television", New York, (1959), pp. 16-23.

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41. McBride, J. and Weierhenry, W. Ce, "A Survey of the Use of In-School Telecast Materials Leading to Recommendations as to their Distribotion and Exchange", U.S. Office of Education, Washingten, D. C., (1961).

42. Great Plains National Instructional Television Library (GPNITL), "1971 Recorded Instruction for Television", University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, (1971).

43. National instructio-al Television (NIT), "Fact Book", Bloomington, Indiana, (1971).

44. National Instruct'ional Television Center (NIT), "National Instructional Television Users Handbook", Bloomington, Indiana,(1971).

45. Olfiesh, G. D., ETV Revisited - Professor Skornia's Criticisms are analyzed by the author of "The Failure of Educational Television°, Educational Instructional Broadcasting., Vol. 2, No. 3, (March 1969), 1713-727:207--

46. "Public Broadcasting--On The Threshold of Greatness", Educational Instructional Broadcasting., Vol. 3, No. 5, (May 1970), pp. 15-18.

47. Ofliesh, G. D., "The Failure of Educational Television", Educational Instructional Broadcasting, Vol. 1, No. 3, (June-July 1968), pp. 15-18.

48. "Instructional Broadcasting: A Design for the Future", International Council for Educational Development", (Prepared for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting), Washington, D. C., (January 15, 1971).

79 -75-

Representatives, Subcommittee onSpace Sciences 49. U.S. Congress, House of Assessment of SpaceCommunications TechnologY, and Applications, Alaska, 91st Congress, Statement of Hon. MikeGravel, U.S. Senator from 1st Session, (December16-19, 1969), p. 106. System 50. Bailey, S., "A RegionalSatellite Communications/Education States", Program onApplication of Communi- for Alaska plus Mountain Washington University, cation Satellites toEducational Development, (Unpublished Paper), (March 25,1970). "Communications Satellite forAlaska and the 51. Fager, J. A. et al., Satellite Mountain States", AIAA Paper70-453, AIAA 3rd Communication 6-8, 1970). Systems Conference, LosAngeles, California, (April in Alaska", Bulletin of theAtomic Scientists, 52. Muskrat, J. C., "Landless (March 1970), p. 12. Preliminary Design for anEducational 53. Peters, T. M. (Ed.), "EDUSAT--A the Mid 1970's", Television Satellite System forthe United States in (1968). Old Dominion College ResearchFoundation, Norfolk, Virginia 1965). 54. FCC Docket 15201, Reportand Order, (August Minimum Distance TV Dei Rossi, J. A. et al.,"A Cost Analysis of 55. RAND Corporation, Networking for BroadcastingMedical Information", The RM-6204-NLM, Santa Monica,California, (February 1970). Hospitals American Medical Association,"Distribution of Physicians, 56. Areas), and Hospital Beds in theU.S.", (Vol. II, Metropolitan Chicago, (1966). "Telecommunications in UrbanDevelopment", 57. Dordick, H. S., et al., (July 1968). The RAND Corporation,RM-6069-RC, Santa Monica, California, Revolution in Medicine", TheMIT Press, 58. Rutstein, D. C., "The Coming Cambridge, Massachusetts,(1967). "Reports on Selected Topicsin 59. National Academy of Engineering, Telecommunications", Washington, D.C.,(1969). Adaptation of Microwave toHealth Delivery: 60. Meyer, T. P., "Medical Columbus, Medical Television in SoutheastOhio", Ohio ETV Commission, Ohio, (August 1970). Utilization of Wigren, H. J. et al., "ANational Survey of Current 61. and Instructional Television In-School Closed-Circuit,Television D. C., Fixed Services", NationalEducatim Association, Washington, (1967). Television", American Council onEducation, 62. "Teaching by Closed-Circuit Washington, D. C., (1956). Statistics, "Bulletin--Advanced 63. National Center for Educational Washington, D. C., Statistics for Management",Office of Education, (February 2, 1971). -76-

64. National Education Association, "ITFS--InstructionalTelevision Fixed Service (2500 Megahertz)", Washington, D. C.,(1967), P. 53.

65. Federal Communications Commission, "Rules andRegulations--Vol. III (Part 74)", Washington, D. C.

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68. Federal Communications Commission, "Report No. 4164--Space Proposals Modified in Response to EducatorsRequest", Washington, D. C., (October 22, 1970).

69. Miller, E. F. and Myhre, W. W., "FrequencySharing Between FM and AM VSB TV Transmission Systems", AIAA 3rdCommunication Satellite Systems Conferen.-^, AIAA Paper 70-430, Los Angeles,California, (April 6-8, 1970).

70. Chen,, W. H., "GENESYS: Profile and Innovations", Proceedings of National Electronic Conference, Chicago,(1970), pp. 973-977.

71. Farris, H. W., "Instructional Television at TheUniversity of Michigan", Proceedings NEC, Chicago, (1970).

72. Pettit, J. M. and Grace, D. J., The Stanford Instructional Television Network", IEEE Spoctrum, Vol. 7, go. 5, (May1970), pp. 73-80.

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74. Taylor, A. S., "The Future of Cable TV", IEEE Spectrum,Vol. 6, Mo. 11, (November 1969), pp. 77-81.

75. Smith, E. S. "The Emergence of CATV:A Look at the Evolution of a Revolution", IEEE Proceedings, Vol. 58, No. 7,(July 1970), pp. 967-982

76. Barnett, H. J., "Resistance to Wired City", Departmentof Economics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri,(March 1970).

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78. Legg & Company, "CATV--A Cool Medium TurnedHot", Baltimore, Maryland, (August 1969).

79. Barnett, H. J. and Greenberg, E., "A Proposalfor Wired City Television", Washinttonliii.AELLAImrpttlt, (Winter 1968), p.lff.

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"Design Parameters for Integrated 81. Campbell, J. O. and Gleason, J. P., Urban Communications", Journal ofthe SMPTE, Vol. 79, No. 6,(June 1970). (Industrial Electronics Division), 82. Electronics Industries Association, "The Future of Broad BandCommunications", Submitted to the Federal Communications Commission, (Docket 18397,Part V), (October 29, 1969). Remote Selection Cable Tele- 83. Gabriel, R. P., "Dial a Program--An HF vision System", Proceedings of IEEE,Vol. 50, No. 7, (July 1970). National 84. Ford, F. W., "Cable Television",in Telecommunications Towards Policies for Education, (Eds. J. W.Meaney and C. R. Carpenter), Joint Council on Educational Telecommunications,Washington, D. C., (1970). Television", Audiovisual Instruc- 85. Norwood, F. W., "CATV and Educational tion, (December 1968), pp. 1058-1060. for Education in CATV", 86. Schwartz, L. and Woods, R. A., "Dollars Educational Broadcastingq,(June 1970), pp. 7-16. Opportunities and Problems in 87. Feldman, N. E., "Cable Television; Local Program Organization", RAND Report570-FF, The Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, California, (September1970), pp. 4 & 15.

88. "Advice for Non-Originators", BroadcastManagement/Engineering, (November 1970), pp. 5-14.

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90. "The CATV-ETV Interface:Basically Smooth, But With Some Friction Spots", Broadcast_MAnmempnttEngineerina,(November 1970). (April 26, 1970), 91. "Two Blueprintsfor Unshackling CATV", Broadcasting, pp. 21-26.

92. "CATV--A BoomingIndustry with Growin Pains", IEEE Spectrum, (November 1969), pp. 10-15 Capability", Broadcast ManaqejLerit 93. "What To Do With All That Channel Engineering, (May 1970), pp. 40-43.

94. Federal Communications Commission,"Rules and Regulations--Vol. III (Part 73)", Washington, D. C., (1968).

95. Abbey, D. S., "Information RetrievalTelevision", Audiovisual Instruction, (February 1971), pp. 44-45.

96. Educational Television, (June1970), Special Issue on Dial-Access Systems. Where Do We Go 97. Porter, B. L., "Dial Access InformationRetrieval: From Here?", EducationalTelevision, (June 1970), pp. 24-26. 82 -78-

"Responsive Television", New York,(1970). 98. Man-Machine Systems, Inc., Investigation of Network Television 99. Dysinger, J. H. et al., "An Distribution Systems--Vol. I & II",Prepared for Public Broadcasting Service by the General ElectricCompany, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, (February 1971). Puolic Broadcasting and the Public 100. "Comments of the Corporation for Broadcasting Service", Docket 16495,Federal Communications Commission, Washington, D. C., (May 12, 1971). "Schools and Cable Television", 101. National Education Association, Division of Educational Technology,Washington, D. C., (1971). "Information Transfer Satellite 102. General Dynamics/Convair Division, Concept Study", Midterm Presentation,San Diego, (1970). Television Broadcast Equipment", 103. Shadashige, K., "Study of Noise in Journal of the SMPTE, Vol. 78,(December 1969). Ratios for Television Transmission", 104. Collins, L. D., "Signal-to-Noise Lincoln Laboratory, Technical Report1969-12, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,Massachusetts, (March 1969). and Educational Technology: An 105. Ohlman, H., "Communication Media Overview and Assessment with Referenceto CommunicationSatellites", Program on Application of CommunicationSatellites to Educational Development, Washington University, St.Louis, Missouri, (May 1971). IEEE Spectrum, 106. Penwell, G. N., "Forum: Reviewer and Author Disagree", (November 1969), pp. 14-15. Cable Growth on Television 107. Park, R. E., "Potential Impact of Broadcasting", The RAND Corporation,R-587-FF, Santa Monica, California, (October 1970). Growing Pains", IEEE Spectrum, 108. "Cable TV--A Booming Industry with (September 1969), pp. 10-15. Study", TRW Systems 109. Jansen, J. et al.: "Television Broadcast Satellite Group, NASA CR-72510, Redondo Bedun,California (October 1969).

110. Morgan, R. P.; Singh, J. P.; Ohlman, H.M.; and DuMolin, J. R.: "Application of Communications Satellitesto Educational Development: An Overview of the Washington UniversityPropram", Paper presented at International Conference on EducationalSatellites, Nice, France, May 3-7, 1971. A Look at the Evolution of 111. Smith, E. S.: "The Emergence of CATV: a Revolution", IEEEProceedings, Vol. 58, No. 7, pp. 967-982, (July 1970).

112. "36th Annual Report/Fiscal Year 1970",Federal Communications Commission. -79-

APPENDIX A

ANALYSIS OF EDUCATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS NEEDS:SERVICE CATEGORIES

For the purposes of analysis, fgllowingLockheed's "Information Transfer Systems RequirementsStudy"L1J, educational/instructional telecommunications requirements canbe grouped under the following three broad service categories:

(1) Information Dissemination and Broadcast Services

This type of service can be char:icterized by thoseeystems which provide transfer of information betwgen manyterminals and one centralized terminal. Messages are originated by human beings in voice,graphic and pictorial form for immediate consumption of humanbeings. It is essentially a one-way transfer of information on apoint-to-multipoint basis as found in conventional radio and television broadcasting,Instructional Tele- vision Fixed Service without interaction, etc.

(2) Interactive Telecommunications Services

This could be further broken into two categories: (1) systems which involve interaction between two or among severalhuman beings, and (2) systems which involve interaction among man andmachine. Both categories require two-way transmission circuits.

Systems and/or services such as teleconferencing viapicture-phone and telephone, talk-back television teachingeystems, etc. come under the first category. The second category of services is typified bythe systems/services in which a large number of terminals arecapable of making an inquiry to a single repositoryof information which is capable of retrieving the requested information and responding to theinquiry. The central eystem can also have the capability,depending upon the eystem requirements, to digest the data, making computations onthese data and provide the answer. One thing that should be remembered here isthat the interaction takes place at human speeds at arelatively slower rate than the incoming data. Examples of such services are remotelylocated (from the main processor) Computer Assisted Instruction/ComputerManaged Instruction (CAI/CMI) terminals, remote medicaldiagnosis, information search, remotely located on-line,time-sharedterminals for computer-aided problem solving and scientific informationprocesOng, etc. This type of service would in most cases require two-waypoint-to-point communication. Channel capacity requirements, in general, would beasymmetrical.

Elhedlacek, W. C. et al., "Final Report--Information Transfer Systems Requirement Study", NASA CR-73421, Lockheed Missilesand Space Company, Sunnyvale, California, (March 1970).

8 -80-

would be in In one direction, data entryfrom a key-board or light pen, the range of 12-150 bits/second, whereas in theother direction (from the central terminal or processorto the terminals interfaced withthe 75_ many inquirers) data raterequirements could be anywhere between 9600 bits/second depending uponthe type of interface that isemployed-- teletype, high speed Cathode RayTube (CRT), serial impact printer or non-impact printing devices.

(a) Computer Interconnection Services

This category of services includestime-sharini in the strictest sharing a com- sense of the term, thatis, it has the characterist4c of puter's time among a group of usersand is closely allied to theinquiry and response described in theinteractive services except for thefact that transmission rates are muchhigher and interaction is not limited by the human capacity to respondin terms of speed. Computer resource sharing is not a new development. However, in most cases, this is thought of only in terms of sharingprocessing or memory. On-line developments, which need not necessarilybe time-shared, are opening up cooperative and remote use of programswhich are locally developed. This avoids the expensive process ofduplicating the computer programs of the in several locations. The communication circuit requirements are two-way point-to-point type. Data rate requirements for thecircuit could be symmetrical as well as asymmetricaldepending upon the particular system configuration. Data rate requirements depend uponwhether interaction is taking place at"electro-mechanical" speeds or is occurring at "electronic" speeds. Data terminals operating atelectro-mechanical speeds include line-impact printers,card punch/readers, paper tape punch/readers, and mechanical digitalplotters. Data terminals operating at electronic speeds includebuffered magnetic tape drives, magnetic disc drives, non-impactprinters, graphic CRT and computer based terminals. Transmission requirements could be ashigh as 50 kilobits/second for the type of systemsthat are in use today.

85 -81-

APPENDIX B

SOME COMMENTS ON THE SUITABILITYOF EIGHT DOMESTIC SATELLITEPROPOSALS FOR MEETING PUBLIC BROADCASTINGREQUIREMENTS

Order, in The Federal CommunicationsCommission in its Report and (Docket 16495), the matter of DomesticCommunication Satellite Systems declared that applicants proposingmultipurpose adopted on March 20, 1970, terms and domestic communications satellitesystems should discuss the for conditions under which satellitechannels will be made available service noncommercial broadcast networks,if the applicant's proposed radio program distribution. March 15, includes commercial television.and Eight 1971 was the last date forsubmission of proposals to theFCC. separate proposals have beenfiled with the FCC by acombination of and common carriers forauthorizations to construct aerospace companies of domestic satellite facilities.Table 1 presents a brief summary these proposals as well astheir offerings, if any, foreducational purposes. One should remember that iftotal coverage to Alaska isdesired, (for a the satellite(s) should be placedwest of 115° west meridian eastern minimum elevation angle of51, whereas the coverage of the ongle re- part of the United Stateswith a minimum of 5° of elevation quires satellite(s) to be placedeast of 137° westmeridian.0J All within the geo- the domestic proposalscontemplate satellite placements stationary arc defined by94°-125° W. Of a total of 21 satellites pro- 115*-1250 W. posed to be orbited initially, nine fall within the arc and thus are capable of being seensimultaneously from the most eastern of Alaska part of the Un:ted States aswell as the most western part The only proposal that does notcontemplate placing a (Table 1)*. Company and satellite in the arc 115°-137° W.is from Hughes Aircraft thus it does not fulfill the PBSrequirement for the total U.S. noverage, including Alaska, Hawaii and PuertoRico. proposals As far as the operational frequencyis concerned, all the uplinks of 5.925-6.425 GHz and12.75-13.25 GHz and down- are confined to 11.7-12.2 GNz. links of 2.550-2.690 GHz, 3.7-4.2GHz, 6.625-7.125 GHz and operation. Fairchild All proposals contemplateusing conventional 4/6 GNz

[1]"The RAND Sync-Sat Calculator", The RAND Corporation,RM-5228-NASA, Santa Monica, California,(1967). small arc *All the nine satellites cannotbe accommodated in this (115°-125° W.) even with the mostoptimistic orbit spacing criteria, in view of the fact that mostsatellites contemplate using the same frequency bands (4& 6 GHz, 12& 13 (3Hz).

86 1 -82- Tabl e 1 SUMMARY OF DOMESTIC SATELLITE PROPOSALS

IAT&T/COMSAT COMSAT jtICI-LOCKHEED IFAIRCHILD-HILLER

SYSTEM No. of Satellites 3 in Orbit 3 in Orbit 2 in Orbit 2 In Orbit 1 ground spare I ground spare I ground spare 1 ground spare Orbit Locations 940, 104°, 119°W. 99°, 114°, 124°W. 114°, 119°W. 104°, 115*W. [Longitudes]

SATELLITE Weight at Sync. Orbit 1600 lbs. 1600 lbs. 3900 lbs. 2905 lbs. Spacecraft Size 110 inches in diameter 110 inches in diameter8' x 5' x 6'[Stowed] 9' in diameter[stowed] 230 inches in height 230 inches in height x106'[unfurled] 25.3' in length Stabilization Spin Spin 3-Axis 3-Axis [Momentum-wheels] [Momentum-wheels] Station Keeping Hydrazine Thrusters Hydrazine Thrusters Ion Propulsion Thrusters Mydrazinu Thrusters and Hydrazine Engines Primary Power N740 watts [solar cells N740 watts [solar cells4.4 kW [Solar Cell Array] 750 watts (solar cell on drum] on drum] cylinder) Life Time 7 years 7 years 10 years / years Launch Vehicle Atlas Centaur Atlas Centaur Titan III D/Agena Titan III C COMMUNICATION SUB-SYSTEM Frequency Bands 5.925-6.425/3700-4.200GHz5.925-6.425/3.7-4.2 GHz5.925-6.425/3.7-4.2GHz 5.925-6.425/3.7-4.2GHz [Receive/Transmit] 12.7-13.25/11.7-12.2GHz 12.75-13.25/6.625-7.1256Hz 2.5-2.69 Trans. Optional Polarization Linear Linear Linear Linear Number of Transponders24 24 48 120 [24 for 6/4 GHz-operation;[96 0.1w for narrow-beam 24 for12 GHz operation] point-to-point service; 24 for wide-r.ea TV distr] Usable Bandwidth per Transponder 34 MHz 34 MHz 36 MHz 34MHz Transponder Output Device TWT TWT TWT TWTs for Wide-area service; Solid State devices for narrow-beam point-to-point E.I.R.P. per Transpnnder 33 dblabeam-edge] 33 dbW[beam-edge] 34.5 at 4 CHz[bccm-edge]. 36 dbW for nareow-bea.i 46 dbW at 12 GHz 35.2 dbW for wide-area coverage at bema-center EARTH STATIONS 95-105' cooled T/R[G/T. 41.2 ob/010 4/6GHz 5 2 6 42' cooled K/O[G/T. 35 db/01(5 4/6GHz 3 32' cooled T/R[G/T. 33 db/°K] 4/6GHz & 12GHz .... 20 32' cooled T/R 31.5 db/°K] 4/6GHz 3 32' uncooled T/R[G/T. 29.04b/oK] 4/6GHz 25 32' uncooled R/O[G/T. 29.0db/oK] 4/6GHz 99 25, unconledR/0 gar 100 PUBLIC SERVI.E OFFERINGS. Willing to discuss with Willing to work out Proposes to make avail- [1] Two fully non- CPB the terms and con- some sort of preferen- able for experimenta- interruptable satellite ditions. Nothing Specific.tial service public tion in educational ser- transponder channels, at broadcasting to meet vice, the equivalent of no-cost, to the Public the genuine requirementsfive TV channels without Broadcasting Service; of the Corporation for charge for a period of shared use of narrow-beam Public Brnadcasting[CP8]five years. Also plans channels for "off-shore" to offer equal transmi- locations of Alaska, Hawaii, ssion eSpacityfor the Puerto Pico and Panama remaining satellite life Canal zanes at a fraction of regular [2] Part-time, free-useof ly established rates. twO satellite transponder channels for health-care delivery throughout U.S.; E31 free service of one Or temo instructional television channels from the satellite directly to a low- cost terminal for school or community use on 2.550-2.690 GHz band; [4] Free use of the spacecraft segment for a communication system for Alaska. 87 83

Table I (Continued)

WESTERN UNION WESTERN TELECOMMUNICA- RCA GLOBAL TELEGRAPHCOMPANY TIONS. IHUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY RCA ALASKA COMMUNICATIONS 1

2 in Orbit SYSTEM 3 in Orbit 4. 1 at a later date 2 in Orbit 2 in Orbit No. of Satellites 4. 1 at a later date 1 ground spare 1 ground spare I ground spare I ground spare 1130. 1160. [1190N. (1140), 1210. 125°W. 950, 1020, 1160w. 100°. 1030W. OrbitLocations [Longitudes] 727 lbs. SATELLITE 452.5 lbs. 638 lbs. 72 inches in diameter Weight at Sync. Orbit 452.5 lbs. 73 inches in diameter 73 inches in diameter in length Spacecraft Size in length Spin Spin Spin/3-Axis Spin Stabilization [Not decided] Hydrazine Thrusters Hydrazine Thrusters Hydrazine Thrusters Hydrazine Thrusters 270 Watts [Solar cells 220 Watts [Solar cells Stationkeeping Aprox. 305 Watts on the spinningdrum] 220 Watts [Solar cell on the spinningdrum] Primary Power [Solar cells] on the spinningdrum] 7 Years 7 fears 7 Years Oelta 2914 7 Years Thor-Delta M-67 Life Time Thor-Delta 904/ Thor-Delta M-6T Launch Vehicle Atlas/TE-364-4 5.925-6.425/3.7-4.2 Wiz 5.925-6.425/3,7-4.2 GHz COMMUNICATION SUB-SYSTEM 5.925-6.425/3.7-4.2 GHz 12.75-13.25/11.7-12.2 GHz 5.925-6.425/3.7-4.2 GHz Frequency Bands 12/13 GHz Experiment Linear [Receive/Transmit] Linear Linear Linear 6 for 4/6 GHz operation Polarization 12 for 4/6 GHz operation 12 6 for 12/13 GHz operatinn Number of Transponders 12 12 for 12/13 Galz operation Linear. Frequency Linear. Frequency Linear. Frequency Translation Linear, Frequency Translation Type of Transponder Translation Translation 36 MHz Usable Bandwidth per 36-37 MHz 36 MHz 36 atiz Transponder 32 dbM for cont. U.S. 33.1 dbM for Cont. U.S. E.I.R.P. per 35 dbM for cont. U.S. [for 4 GHz operation] 33.1 dbM for Cont. U.S. 38 dbW for cont. U.S. Transponder 24 dbM for Alaska & Hawaii 26 dbM for Hawaii & [12 GHz] 26 dbM for Alaska & Hawaii Puerto Rico _a_ogslidiguastaLHawaii

EARTH STATIONS 98' cooled T/R* [G/T* 36.7 db] 4/6GHz 2 3 60' cooled T/II [GM. 36.2 db] 4/6GHz 1 45' uncooled T/R (G/T* 37.5 db) 12/13GHz 45' cooled T/R [G/T* 7 32.3 db] 4/66Hz 35'/32' cooled T/R 13 [G/T*31.5db] 4/6GHz 35' uncooled R/0** Over 100 (G/T*27.8db] 4/66Nz Exact Number not 20' uncooled R/0 Exact Number not known lesmas EGIT*25 db] 4 GHz EXact Number not 18' uncooled R/O known (G/T*27.l db) 12GHz 15' unconled R/0 EG/T*23 db] 46Hz 111 No cost or reduced PUBLIC SERVICE OFFERINGS Milling to offer one or Two TV channels at reduced cost channels for . Two channel: on first distribution.more channels forETV satellite with complete rates for ETV distribution if the FCC PTV networklng. Public Radio program decides that it is in backup and no pre-emption.distribution on "piggy channelspublic interest that non- Pre-emptive rights on back" basis on the commercial.ETV networks two channels on spare assigned for ETV. should be provided tate- satellite. Promotional rates for flit. channels without Free access to channels experimental ITV services charge. .from any authorized via standby satellite. ground station. Two TV channels forAlaska on regular ratebasis. ../11= ..mo,

*Transmit/Receive **Receive OnlY 88 -84-

downlink with consi- Hiller is the only onewhich has proposed a 2.5 GHz ( $2000 per derably higher E.I.R.P.(55 dbW) for low-cost reception It also proposes TV programdistribution on 6.625-7.125 GHz. terminal). tho3e of Western The only proposals thatcontemplate 12 GHz operation are Telecommunications and MCI-Lockheed. The E.I.R.P. of 4 GHzdownlink mainland (48 states) range between32-36 dbW beams covering the U.S. 26- whereas those of beams coveringAlaska and Hawaii are in the range contemplates an EIRP of 34 dbW The Fairchild-Hiller proposal 36 dbW. covering Alaska for the beam covering themainland and 32 dbW for beams EIRP's as proposed are 38 dbWfor and Hawaii. For 12 GHz operation the mainland and 42 for Alaskaand Hawaii. video All the proposed systems arecapable of satisfying the peak stations of signal to rms video noiseobjective of 55 but with earth The figures of merit or G/T(Antenna gain to varying sensitivities. dB for 4/6, 7/13 system temperature ratios)have a range 41.2 dB to 25 earth-terminal and 12/13 GHz operation. Fairchild-Hiller's 2.5 Wiz small around 49.8 dB SNR (7 feetdiameter antenna), whereas coverage is designed with an MCI-Lockheed's 12 GHz service isdesigned to provide 54 dB SNR earth station with G/T = 33dB/°K.

The costs of the earth-stationsproposed by various applicants of the seeking authorization varytremendously--$6.4 million for each 7' ter- five earth stations in theComsat/AT&T proposals to $2,000 for 2.5 GHz service. An important thing to be minal for Fairchild-Hiller's terres- kept in mind is the co-location ofsatellite earth-terminals and facilities. In a great many trial redistribution/rebroadcast/broadcast impossible due urban areas co-location of 4GHz facilities is virtually facilities that to interference fromexisting terrestrial common carrier If the terminal is atransmit/receive type, trans- share the same band. dimension to the mitting at 6 GHz and receiving at4 GHz, then anothbk terrestrial common difficulties in co-locating isadded because now the the satel- carrier links have also to beprotected from interference from invest- lite earth-station transmitter. This often requires substantial earth-terminal ment in facilities(microwave links) connecting satellite redistribution/broadcast facilities. However, the co- and terrestrial Of these, locating problem is much less severeat 2.5 GHz and 12 GHz. than those the terminals operating at12 GHz cost substentially more operating at 4 GHz. According to a GEstudy0i, the cost differential There are between a 4 and 12 GHz terminalis on the order of 1.4 to1. basis during also problems due to deepsfades that may occur on a local heavy rains at 12 GHz. is concerned, As far as the requirementof multiple point originations type earth that is, the requirementsthat result in transmit/receive proposals stations at locations shown inFigure 12 (Section 2.8), all is the closest, are far fromsatisfactory. The MCI-Lockheed proposal in that it provides some 12 ofthe 28 locations.Next are RCA and

[2]Dysinger, J. H. et al., "An Investigation ofNetwork Television Distribution Systems--Vol. I &II", General Electric Company, Philadelphia, Penneylvania,(February 1971).

89 -85-

four locations respec- Western Telecommunicationsthat satisfy seven and provide for only two lccations. tively. The remaining five proposals in the location of thesites for T/R stations Thus a major modification broadcasting require- would be needed if they wereto satisfy the public ments outlined in Section 3. of the pro- Another thing that has tobe kept in mind is that none fidelity (2-15 kHz) posals contemplate an orderwireand stereophonic high These would have to beaccommodated channels accompanying thevideo signal. the visual carrier andreducing the visual carrier's by multiplexing them with ground This may result in slightlyhigher G/T requirements at deviation. transponder power output, for a given 34 or 36-MHzsatellite transponder, and certain performancecriteria.

9 0. -86-

DISTRIBUTION

NASA Headquarters Washington University

Dr. A. M. Greg Andrus(Code SCC) Dr. Barry D. Anderson Dr. Richard Marsten(Code SC) Dr. Harold J. Barnett Mr. Edward R. Redding(Code Y) Dr. Neil N. Bernstein Mr. Donald Silverman(Code SCE) Dr. Edward Greenberg Mr. Arthur T. Denzau NASA - Goddard Space FlightCenter Dr. Robert P. Morgan Mr. Jai P. Singh Dr. Albert J. Fleig (Code751) Dr. Robert M. Walker Mr. John E. Miller(Code 751) Dean James M. McKelvey NASA - Lewis Research Center Dr. William S. C. Chang Dr. Fred J. Rosenbaum Mr. Perry Kuhns (Mail Stop54-5)

NASA - Ames Research Center Mr. Edgar Van Vleck(MAD-OART)

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Joint Council on EducationalTelecommunications Mr. Frank W. Norwood

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Michigan State University Dr. David Lewis

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Hughes Aircraft Company Mr. Robert M. Walp

Rand Corporation Dr. John Hult