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熊本大学学術リポジトリ Kumamoto University Repository System 熊本大学学術リポジトリ Kumamoto University Repository System Title 膵癌におけるSerine protease inhibitor, Kazal type 1 の発現とその意義 Author(s) 尾﨑, 宣之 Citation Issue date 2009-03-25 Type Thesis or Dissertation URL http://hdl.handle.net/2298/16510 Right 学位論文 Doctor’s Thesis 膵癌における Serine protease inhibitor, Kazal type 1 の発現とその意義 (Expression and the significance of Serine protease inhibitor, Kazal type 1 in pancreatic cancer) 著者名: 尾﨑 宣之 Nobuyuki Ozaki 指導教員名: 熊本大学大学院医学教育部博士課程臨床医科学専攻消化器外科学 馬場秀夫 教授 熊本大学大学院薬学教育部博士課程生命薬科学専攻臓器形成学 山村研一 教授 審査委員名: 多能性幹細胞担当教授 粂 昭苑 分子遺伝学担当教授 尾池 雄一 消化器内科学担当教授 佐々木 裕 代謝内科学分野担当教授 荒木 栄一 2009 年 3月 目次 要旨 ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 5 発表論文リスト ・・・・・・・・ 6 謝辞 ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 8 略語一覧 ・・・・・・・・・・・・ 9 第一章 研究の背景と目的 ・・・・・・・・・・・・ 11 1-1. 膵癌の発生の動向と治療成績 1-2. 膵上皮内腫瘍性病変 (Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia ; PanIN) 1-3. Serine protease inhibitor, Kazal type 1(SPINK1) とは 1-4. SPINK1 の発現臓器 1-5. SPINK1 と様々な癌との関連 1-6. SPINK1 の細胞増殖促進活性 1-7. epidermal growth factor (EGF) と EGF receptor (EGFR) 1-8. SPINK1 と EGF の構造上の類似点 1 第二章 実験方法 ・・・・・・・・・・・・ 25 2-1. 使用した細胞株と切除標本 2-2. SPINK1 添加時の細胞増殖実験 2-3. 免疫沈降ウェスタンブロッティング 2-4. 水晶マイクロバランス法 (quartz-crystal microbalance; QCM) を用いた 2 分子間結合実験 2-5. EGFR とその下流のシグナル伝達分子のリン酸化解析 2-6. 細胞増殖阻害実験 2-7. 免疫組織化学的解析 2-8. 統計学的解析 第三章 実験結果・・・・・・・・・・・・ 34 3-1. SPINK1 添加時の細胞増殖実験 3-2. 免疫沈降ウェスタンブロッティングによる SPINK1 と EGFR の結合確認実験 3-3. QCM 法を用いた SPINK1 と EGFR を含む ErbB ファミリーの結合実験 2 3-4. SPINK1 刺激による EGFR のリン酸化の解析 3-5. SPINK1 刺激による EGFR の下流のカスケード分子のリン酸化・活性化の解析 3-6. SPINK1 添加時の EGFR 下流の細胞増殖に関わるカスケードの阻害実験 3-7. ヒト正常膵とヒト膵癌組織における SPINK1 と EGFR の発現 3-8. PanIN における SPINK1 と EGFR の発現 第四章 考察 ・・・・・・・・・・・・ 53 第五章 結語 ・・・・・・・・・・・・ 59 第六章 参考文献 ・・・・・・・・・・・・ 60 3 要旨 [背景・目的] Serine protease inhibitor, Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) は、膵腺房細胞で産 生され、膵内で活性化したトリプシンを阻害することにより、膵臓を自己消化から守る 役割を負っている。それとは別に SPINK1 は様々な癌で発現していることが知られて いるが、腫瘍での SPINK1 の役割はいまだに分かっていない。また、以前より SPINK1 と上皮成長因子 (epidermal growth factor ; EGF) 間の構造上の類似性があることが 指摘されていること、上皮成長因子レセプター (EGF receptor ; EGFR) は PanIN 病変 や膵癌、慢性膵炎で過剰発現しており、膵管上皮の異常増殖や反応性増殖において EGFR シグナルカスケードとの関与が示唆されている。今回、SPINK1 が EGFR のリガ ンドのひとつであると仮説を立て、特に膵癌において細胞増殖促進活性を示すことを 明らかにするために実験を行った。 [方法と結果] NIH3T3 fibroblast および 5 種類の癌細胞株を用いて、SPINK1 添加時 の細胞増殖促進活性を検討したところ、ほぼ濃度依存性に細胞増殖促進活性を示し た。免疫沈降ウェスタンブロッティングと水晶マイクロバランス法を用いて SPINK1 と EGFR の結合実験を行ったところ、SPINK1 と EGFR の結合を確認することができ、そ の結合力は EGF と EGFR との結合力の約半分であった。SPINK1 刺激時の EGFR の リン酸化、またその下流のカスケードのリン酸化・活性化をみるために、ウェスタンブロ ッティングを施行したところ、EGFR のリン酸化およびその下流のカスケードの活性化を 確認できた。EGFR とその下流の細胞増殖に関わるカスケードの阻害剤を添加したと ころ、EGFR の阻害により EGF/SPINK1 添加群で細胞増殖が阻害され、主に MAPK カスケードが細胞増殖に関わっていることが判明した。ヒト正常膵組織、ヒト膵癌組織、 ヒト膵上皮内腫瘍性病変 (Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia ; PanIN) を用いて抗 SPINK1 抗体と抗 EGFR 抗体による免疫組織染色を施行すると、膵癌で SPINK1 と EGFR が共発現していて、PanIN 病変でも SPINK1 と EGFR が共発現していた。EGFR に関しては PanIN となるその前段階の正常膵管上皮細胞にも発現していた。 [考察] SPINK1は癌細胞に対し細胞増殖促進活性を示すことが示唆された。 SPINK1 と EGFR は膵管状腺癌と PanIN 病変で共発現されていること、SPINK1 が EGFR のリガンドの一つとして作用することより、おそらくオートクリン、パラクリン的に EGFR、主に MAPK カスケードを介して膵癌の細胞増殖を促進し、癌の発育・進展に 関与していることが示唆された。 4 発表論文リスト 関連論文 Serine protease inhibitor, Kazal type 1, promotes proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells through the epidermal growth factor receptor Nobuyuki Ozaki, Masaki Ohmuraya, Masahiko Hirota, Satoshi Ida, Jun Wang, Hiroshi Takamori, Shigeki Higashiyama, Hideo Baba, Ken-ichi Yamamura C/EBP homologous protein is crucial for the acceleration of experimental pancreatitis. Suyama K, Ohmuraya M, Hirota M, Ozaki N, Ida S, Endo M, Araki K, Gotoh T, Baba H, Yamamura K. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008 Feb 29;367(1):176-82. Epub 2007 Dec 31. Significance of endothelial molecular markers in the evaluation of the severity of acute pancreatitis. Ida S, Fujimura Y, Hirota M, Imamura Y, Ozaki N, Suyama K, Hashimoto D, Ohmuraya M, Tanaka H, Takamori H, Baba H. Surg Today. 2009;39(4):314-9. Epub 2009 Mar 25. その他の論文 膵癌に対する補助化学療法の有用性 坂本快郎, 高森啓史, 中原修, 橋本大輔, 赤星慎一, 尾﨑宣之, 古橋聡, 馬場秀夫 熊本大学大学院医学薬学研究部消化器外科学 臨外, 64(7) : 925-932, 2009. 5 急性膵炎重症化の分子機構 広田昌彦, 大村谷昌樹, 陶山浩一, 尾﨑宣之, 井田智, 田中洋, 高森啓史, 馬場秀夫 熊本大学大学院医学薬学研究部消化器外科学 胆と膵, 29(4) : 313-316, 2008. 6 謝辞 熊本大学大学院医学薬学研究部消化器外科学 馬場秀夫教授、熊本大学大学院 医学薬学研究部臓器形成学 山村研一教授のご指導の下、本研究を行いました。多 くのご指導を頂き、深く感謝いたします。 熊本大学発生医学研究センター器官形成部門臓器形成学 荒木喜美准教授、熊 本市医師会病院外科(前熊本大学大学院医学薬学研究部消化器外科学准教授) 廣田昌彦 先生には日々の実験手法から論文の指導まで幅広いご指導を頂きました。 深く感謝いたします。 愛媛大学大学院医学系研究科 システムバイオロジー部門 分子ネットワーク解析 学講座 生化学・分子遺伝学分野 東山繁樹教授には EGFR、HER2、HER3、HER4 細胞外ドメインとヒト IgG-Fc の融合タンパクを譲渡していただき、また、ErbB ファミリーと リガンドについての知識、結合実験に関する貴重なご意見を頂きました。熊本大学発 生医学研究センター器官形成部門臓器形成学 中田三千代実験補助員、太田家由 美実験補助員には病理組織検査の技術的なご指導を頂きました。 臓器形成学教室、消化器外科学教室の皆様には有形無形の多くのご協力とご指導 を頂きました。 最後に、熊本大学大学院先導機構 大村谷昌樹博士には研究のイロハから始まり、 各種の研究手法、論文の読み方、研究に対する姿勢など、直接的なご指導・ご鞭撻を 頂きました。 心から感謝いたします。 7 略語一覧 AKT, v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 BPTI, basic pancreatic trypsin Inhibitar DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium DNA, doexyribo nucleic acid EGF, epidermal growth factor EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor ErbB2, v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2 ErbB3, v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 3 ErbB4, v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 4 FBS, fetal bovine serum HB-EGF, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 HER3, human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 HER4, human epidermal growth factor receptor 4 IPMA, intraductal papillary-mucinous adenoma IPMN, intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasia IPMC, intraductal papillary-mucinous carcinoma JAK, janus kinase KRAS, v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase NRG-1, neuregulin-1 PanIN, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia 8 PBS, phosphate buffered saline PI3K, phosphoinositide-3 kinase PSTI, pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor QCM, quartz-crystal microbalance SPINK1, serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 Spink3, serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 3 STAT, signal transducers and activator of transcription TATI, tumor associated trypsin inhibitor TBS, Tris buffered saline TGF-alpha, transforming growth factor alpha 9 第一章 研究の背景と目的 1-1. 膵癌の発生の動向と治療成績 国立がんセンターによるがんの統計によれば、膵癌は本邦において粗罹患数が 2000 年度:20,045人と,胃癌:102,785人,大腸癌:92,137人,肺癌:67,890人,肝臓 癌:40,053人に次いで第5位,粗死亡数においては2000年度:19,094人と,肺癌: 53,722人,胃癌:50,647人,大腸癌:35,946人,肝臓癌:33,979人に次いで第5位となっ ている。5年相対生存率は5.5%と,大腸癌64.6%,胃癌58.8%,肺癌19.9%,肝臓癌 17.1% に比して極端に低い。罹患数は増加しており,この25年間に3倍強となってい る(1975年:6,075例,2000年:20,045例)。さらには,患者の平均余命は1年6カ月であ り,疼痛,黄疸,消化機能不全等を伴って,苦痛が極めて大きい。これらの事実は膵 癌が難治性癌として医学上極めて大きな問題であり、現在に至ってもなお予防,診断, 治療の何れに関しても効果的な方法が確立していないことを示しており,早期診断、 有効な治療方法の開発が急務である。 膵癌の原因や危険因子については数多くの疫学的研究がなされ、様々な因子が報 告されている (表 1)。 表 1 現在にまで報告されている膵癌のリスクファクター 嗜好品・・・喫煙、飲酒、コーヒー 食生活・・・肉類、高カロリー食、高脂肪食 既往症・・・糖尿病、胆石症、膵炎、膵石症、胃切除後、胆嚢摘除後 肥満 職業・・・化学物質の被爆 家族歴・・・家族性膵癌、遺伝性疾患 (inherited cancer symdrome) 10 この中で喫煙が最も重要な危険因子である。喫煙者のリスクは非喫煙者の約 2 倍であ り、膵癌症例の約 30%は喫煙との関連があるとされている。また食事においては肉食、 高脂肪食、高カロリー食などが膵癌のリスクを高めると報告されている。更に近年、肥 満や体重増加も膵癌の危険因子とされ、適度な運動が膵癌のリスク低下につながると の報告もある。食事の内容の欧米化とともに、今後も膵癌発生の増加が続くものと推 測されている。 表 2に、過去に集計された 18,495 例の膵癌の組織型分類を示す。膵癌は病理組織 学的に通常型膵癌、嚢胞腺癌、膵管内乳頭腫瘍、内分泌腫瘍、その他に分類される。 組織型不明の 8,722 例を除いた 9,773 例のうち 8,617 例 (88%) が通常型膵癌であり、 そのうち 7,205 例 (74%) が管状腺癌である。通常型膵癌は、膵癌例全体の 90%を占 め、治療成績は極めて悪く、最難治癌として知られている。実際、1998 年の膵癌全国 登録調査によると、通常型膵癌の 5 年無再発累積生存率は 9.3%と他の組織型に比 べて極めて不良であった。 表 2 組織型分類 11 表 3 に、膵癌取り扱い規約の進行度分類 (Stage) を示す。1999 年度症例の膵癌全国 登録調査の結果では、不明例を除き診断時に 90%以上が StageⅢ,Ⅳであり、高度進 行例では、切除不能症例も少なくない (表 4) 。StageⅠは、わずかに 2.1%で、近年 の画像診断技術の進歩にもかかわらず早期発見が非常に困難であることを示してい る。その原因として通常型膵癌は、特徴的症状に乏しいこと、更に膵臓が後腹膜臓器 であるという解剖学的特特徴が考えられる。また、たとえ小膵癌であっても、膵周囲組 織に浸潤し、血行性転移、リンパ行性転移、あるいは播種性転移が高率に見られる。 実際、膵癌全国登録調査報告において腫瘍径 2 cm 以下でリンパ節転移がなく、組織 学的な膵周囲浸潤もない StageⅠ症例ですら、5 年無再発累積生存率が 56.7%と、他 の消化器系の早期癌よりも極めて予後不良である(図 1)。これは、小さい通常型膵癌 でも漿膜を越えて膵外に浸潤したり、リンパ管侵襲、静脈侵襲、神経浸潤などの組織 学的な進展から、容易にリンパ節転移や肝転移を起こすためと考えられる。 表 3 進行度分類 (Stage) 膵癌取り扱い規約 『膵癌取扱い規約』 第 5 版 より引用 12 表 4 Stage 別頻度 図 1 図 1 膵癌全国登録における通常型膵癌の Surgical Stage と予後 13 1-2. 膵上皮内腫瘍性病変 (Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia ; PanIN) PanINは膵管内に生じる円柱上皮性の異型上皮病変を総合的にとらえる概念として、 2000 年にHrubanらにより提唱された (1)。その定義として、「膵上皮内腫瘍性病変 (PanIN)は膵管上皮より発生し、顕微鏡レベルで観察される乳頭状もしくは平坦な形 態をとる非浸潤性の上皮内腫瘍性病変である。PanINはさまざまな量の粘液を有し、さ まざまな程度の細胞異型や構造異形を示す円柱状から立方状の細胞で構成される。 PanINは通常直径 5 mm未満の膵管に認められる」とされている (2)。PanINはさまざ まな程度の異型を示す病変を含むが、異型度によりPanIN-1 (PanIN-1A / PanIN-1B) / PanIN-2 / PanIN-3の3段階に分けられる。それぞれ低異型度、中等度異型、高異型度 病変に相当する。Hrubanらの文献による分類基準概略を表5と図2に示す。 表 5 PanINの分類基準 正常膵管上皮 :正常上皮は立方から低円柱上皮細胞からなり、核の重層化や異型を 認めない。 PanIN-1A :平坦な構造で、胃の腺窩上皮様の高円柱上皮細胞で内腔を覆わ れ、核は球形から卵円形である。 PanIN-1B :円柱上皮細胞で覆われる低乳頭状の構造を示し、核は球形から卵円 形である。核の重層化や異型を認めない。乳頭状構造の基部で胃の 幽門腺様の構造を示すことがある。 PanIN-2 :異型を持つ円柱上皮が、平坦ないし乳頭状構造を示す。乳頭状構造 は線維性の間質を持つ。異型細胞は,長く延長した核を持ち、中には 偽重層化を示す部位を持つ。核分裂像はほとんどみられない。 PanIN-3 :著明な異型を示す円柱ないし立方上皮が低乳頭状から乳頭状構造、 稀に平坦構造を示す。核の極性は消失し明瞭な核小体を持つ。 Hruban RH, et al. Am J Surg Pathol 2004;28:977-87 14 図 2 Hruban RH, Progression model for pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 2969-72. 図 2 PanINの分類 PanINのコンセプトにおいて最も重要な点は、形態像を基盤とした病変が特徴的分 子異常と関連しており、その結果、PanINが段階的に進行する一連の腫瘍性病変であ ることを明確にしたことにある (図 3) (3)。膵癌 (管状腺癌) ではKRASの体細胞性の 機能亢進性変異が90%以上の頻度で認められるが、PanINにおいては低異型度病変 のPanIN-1の段階で既にその変異が認められ、EGFR、ErbB2 においてはそれよりも 更に早期に活性化されている (3)。KRASの産物RASはGTP結合蛋白で増殖因子から の刺激を中継し、その信号を数々の下流のエフェクター分子につたえるメディエータ ーとして働いている。膵癌 (管状腺癌)およびPanINで検出されるKRASの異常のほと んどがコドン12の点突然変異であり、この変異はRASを恒常的に活性化する異常をも たらす。変異Krasを膵管上皮特異的に発現させるマウスモデルにおいて膵管上皮に PanIN-1類似の変化が高率に発生することが示され、さらにそれが経時的に異型の強 い病変に変化して、ついには浸潤癌発生に至るがごとく見受けられることから、 PanIN-1は浸潤性膵管癌発生に進展しうる初期変化に相当するものと考えられる (4)。 TP53/p53は浸潤性膵管癌の約50~70%程度で異常が認められるが、PanIN-1、-2に 15 おいてはp53の異常はほとんど認められない。PanIN-3になると40~50%でp53の発現 異常が認められる (5)。p53は転写因子として働き、主にDNA障害性の刺激に反応し て細胞回転を止め、DNA修復に向かわせる、あるいは細胞死を誘導する遺伝子群を 活性化するが、ここに異常を来たすと転写因子機能に必須であるDNA結合領域のア ミノ酸残基置換性(missense)変異が認められ、転写因子として機能できなくなる。変異 Krasに変異Trp53(マウスにおけるp53)を持ったマウスモデルにおいては、PanIN
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    The Prostate Urinary Biomarkers for the Detection of Prostate Cancer in Patients With High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Tamara Sequeiros,1 Juan M. Bastaros, 2 Milagros Sanchez, 1 Marina Rigau,1 Melania Montes,1 Jose Placer,2 Jaques Planas,2 Ines de Torres,3 Jaume Reventos, 1,4,5 D. Michiel Pegtel,6 Andreas Doll,1,4 Juan Morote,1,2 and Mireia Olivan1* 1Group of Biomedical Research in Urology, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain 2Department of Urology, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital and Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain 3Department of Pathology, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital and Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain 4Departament de Ciencies Basiques, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain 5IDIBELL- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain 6Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands INTRODUCTION. High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) is a recognized precursor stage of PCa. Men who present HGPIN in a first prostate biopsy face years of active surveillance including repeat biopsies. This study aimed to identify non-invasive prognostic biomarkers that differentiate early on between indolent HGPIN cases and those that will transform into actual PCa. METHODS. We measured the expression of 21 candidate mRNA biomarkers using quantitative PCR in urine sediment samples from a cohort of 90 patients with initial diagnosis of HGPIN and a posterior follow up of at least two years. Uni- and multivariate statistical analyses were applied to analyze the candidate biomarkers and multiplex models using combinations of these biomarkers.
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  • In Prostate Cancer
    l ch cina em di is e tr M y Shen et al., Med chem 2014, 4:11 Medicinal chemistry DOI: 10.4172/2161-0444.1000220 ISSN: 2161-0444 Revie Article Open Access Roles of Serine Protease Inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) in Prostate Cancer Chengwu Shen1, Jing Zhang1, Mei Qi2, Yannicca WYChang3 and Bo Han2,4* 1Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250021 China 2Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China 3Department of Health and Disease and Psychology, University of Tornoto, Markham, Canada 4Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China Abstract Altered genes that play a driving role in cancer development can often serve as specific diagnostic markers, criteria of molecular classification and therefore potential therapeutic targets. Serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1), also known as pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor or tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor, encodes a 56 amino acid secreted peptide, and its normal function is thought to be the inhibition of serine proteases such as trypsin. Recent studies have indicated marked overexpression of SPINK1 defines an aggressive molecular subtype of ETS (erythroblastosis virus E26 transformation-specific) fusion-negative prostate cancer ((PCa) patients. SPINK1 may act as an autocrine growth factor and promotes PCa growth and invasion. Most recently, we suggested that SPINK1 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through EGFR signaling pathway in PCa. The association between SPINK1 overexpression and poor prognosis in PCa has been reported. Notably, SPINK1 might be a novel extracellular therapeutic target in a subset of high-grade PCa patients. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of SPINK1 involving its role in PCa biology, association with prognosis as well as perspective in therapy from the pathologist's point of view.
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  • Association of SPINK1 Expression and TMPRSS2:ERG Fusion with Prognosis in Endocrine-Treated Prostate Cancer
    Published OnlineFirst May 4, 2010; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-2505 Clinical Imaging, Diagnosis, Prognosis Cancer Research Association of SPINK1 Expression and TMPRSS2:ERG Fusion with Prognosis in Endocrine-Treated Prostate Cancer Katri A. Leinonen1, Teemu T. Tolonen1,3, Hazel Bracken1, Ulf-Håkan Stenman4, Teuvo L.J. Tammela2, Outi R. Saramäki1, and Tapio Visakorpi1 Abstract Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine whether TMPRSS2:ERG fusion or SPINK1 protein expres- sion is associated with hormone responsiveness of prostate cancer and can thus be used as a biomarker. Experimental Design: Diagnostic needle biopsies from prostate cancer patients primarily treated by endocrine therapy were evaluated for TMPRSS2:ERG fusion with fluorescence in situ hybridization and SPINK1 protein expression with immunohistochemistry. Results: The frequency of TMPRSS2:ERG fusion in 178 biopsies of hormonally treated patients was 34%. Of the fusion-positive cases, 71% showed deletion between the two genes, and 23% showed gain of the fusion. The fusion was associated with high Ki-67 staining (P = 0.001), age at diagnosis (P = 0.024), and tumor area (P = 0.006), but not with Gleason score, T stage, M stage, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), or progression-free survival. Strong positive SPINK1 expression was found in 11% (21 of 186) of the biopsies. SPINK1-positive cases had significantly shorter progression-free survival compared with SPINK1-negative cases (P = 0.001). The expression was not associated with any other clinicopathologic variables studied. In a multivariate analysis, SPINK1 expression showed independent prognostic value, with a relative risk of 2.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-4.6).
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  • INVESTIGATION INTO POSSIBLE MUTATIONS of the SPINK1 GENE AS a CAUSE of HEREDITARY PANCREATITIS in the MINIATURE SCHNAUZER a Diss
    INVESTIGATION INTO POSSIBLE MUTATIONS OF THE SPINK1 GENE AS A CAUSE OF HEREDITARY PANCREATITIS IN THE MINIATURE SCHNAUZER A Dissertation by MICAH ANDREW BISHOP Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Chair of Committee, Jörg Steiner Committee Members, Jan Suchodolski Audrey Cook Roy Pool David Twedt Head of Department, Roger Smith December 2015 Major Subject: Veterinary Microbiology Copyright 2015 Micah Bishop ABSTRACT The Miniature Schnauzer has been anecdotally reported to have a hereditary predisposition to the development of pancreatitis. The aims of this study were to establish a true breed predisposition for the disease and to investigate a potential genetic etiology. The first part of this study investigated breed predisposition for the development of pancreatitis. Miniature Schnauzers were found to have an odds ratio of 1.23 (P = 0.0240) for having an increased cPLI (as measured by an in-house ELISA or by Spec cPL®) serum concentration compared to the population as a whole. The second part of this study investigated the SPINK1 gene in Miniature Schnauzers with and without evidence of pancreatitis. Three variants were found in the gene and Miniature Schnauzers that were homozygous for the variants had an odds ratio of 25 (P = 0.0067) for having clinical and biochemical evidence of pancreatitis compared to healthy individuals. The third part of the study examined the entire canine genome using SNP scanning to investigate other genes or regions that may be associated with pancreatitis in the Miniature Schnauzer.
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  • Markers for Detection of Prostate Cancer
    Cancers 2010, 2, 1125-1154; doi:10.3390/cancers2021125 OPEN ACCESS cancers ISSN 2072-6694 www.mdpi.com/journal/cancers Review Markers for Detection of Prostate Cancer Raymond A. Clarke 1, Horst J. Schirra 2, James W. Catto 3, Martin F. Lavin 4,5 and Robert A. Gardiner 5,* 1 Prostate Cancer Institute, Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital Clinical School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD, 4072, Australia; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 Academic Urology Unit and Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK; E-Mail: [email protected] 4 Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Radiation Biology and Oncology, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia; E-Mail: [email protected] 5 University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Australia * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]. Received: 22 March 2010; in revised form: 2 June 2010 / Accepted: 3 June 2010 / Published: 4 June 2010 Abstract: Early detection of prostate cancer is problematic, not just because of uncertainly whether a diagnosis will benefit an individual patient, but also as a result of the imprecise and invasive nature of establishing a diagnosis by biopsy. Despite its low sensitivity and specificity for identifying patients harbouring prostate cancer, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) has become established as the most reliable and widely-used diagnostic marker for this condition. In its wake, many other markers have been described and evaluated.
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  • The Roles of Serine Protease Inhibitor Kazal Type 1 (SPINK1) in Pancreatic Diseases
    Exp. Anim. 60(5), 433–444, 2011 —Review— Review Series: Frontiers of Model Animals for Human Diseases The Roles of Serine Protease Inhibitor Kazal Type 1 (SPINK1) in Pancreatic Diseases Masaki OHMURAYA1, 2) and Ken-ichi YAMAMURA2) 1)Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence and 2)Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan Abstract: Serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) was originally identified as a trypsin inhibitor by Kazal et al. in 1948. SPINK1 is strongly elevated in pancreatitis and the elevation correlates with the severity of disease. In 2000, mutations in the SPINK1 gene were shown to be associated with chronic pancreatitis. Since then, there have been many reports on association between mutations in the SPINK1 genes and patients with pancreatitis. In 1982, SPINK1 was shown to be identical to tumor associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI). In addition, sequence similarities were detected between human epidermal growth factor (EGF) and human SPINK1 in 1983. Actually, SPINK1 was shown to stimulate growth of several cell lines including cancer cells in 1985. Recent clinical studies showed that high levels of SPINK1 protein in serum or urine were associated with adverse outcome in various cancer types. However, there was little evidence that showed in vivo function of SPINK1. Surprisingly, mice deficient in Spink3 (a mouse homologue gene of human SPINK1) showed excessive autophagy, but not pancreatitis in the exocrine pancreas, leading to autophagic cell death. We also demonstrated that SPINK1 acts as a growth factor through EGFR signaling. These data indicate that the role of the SPINK1 is not just as a trypsin inhibitor, but also as a growth factor as well as a negative regulator of autophagy.
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  • A Patient-Derived, Pan-Cancer EMT Signature Identifies Global Molecular Alterations and Immune Target Enrichment Following Epithelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition
    Published OnlineFirst September 29, 2015; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-0876 Cancer Therapy: Preclinical Clinical Cancer Research A Patient-Derived, Pan-Cancer EMT Signature Identifies Global Molecular Alterations and Immune Target Enrichment Following Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Milena P. Mak1,2, Pan Tong3, Lixia Diao3, Robert J. Cardnell1, Don L. Gibbons1,4, William N. William1, Ferdinandos Skoulidis1, Edwin R. Parra5, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales5, Ignacio I.Wistuba5, John V.Heymach1, John N.Weinstein3, Kevin R.Coombes6, Jing Wang3, and Lauren Averett Byers1 Abstract Purpose: We previously demonstrated the association between EMT markers across diverse tumor types and identifies differences epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and drug response in in drug sensitivity and global molecular alterations at the DNA, lung cancer using an EMT signature derived in cancer cell lines. RNA, and protein levels. Among those changes associated with Given the contribution of tumor microenvironments to EMT, we EMT, pathway analysis revealed a strong correlation between EMT extended our investigation of EMT to patient tumors from 11 and immune activation. Further supervised analysis demonstrat- cancer types to develop a pan-cancer EMT signature. ed high expression of immune checkpoints and other druggable Experimental Design: Using the pan-cancer EMT signature, we immune targets, such as PD1, PD-L1, CTLA4, OX40L, and PD-L2, conducted an integrated, global analysis of genomic and prote- in tumors with the most mesenchymal EMT scores. Elevated omic profiles associated with EMT across 1,934 tumors including PD-L1 protein expression in mesenchymal tumors was confirmed breast, lung, colon, ovarian, and bladder cancers. Differences in by IHC in an independent lung cancer cohort.
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  • And No-Tumor Hepatitis/Cirrhotic Liver Tissues
    Tumor Biol. DOI 10.1007/s13277-010-0050-8 RESEARCH ARTICLE AFP computational secreted network construction and analysis between human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and no-tumor hepatitis/cirrhotic liver tissues Lin Wang & Juxiang Huang & Minghu Jiang & Xiguang Zheng Received: 29 March 2010 /Accepted: 30 April 2010 # International Society of Oncology and BioMarkers (ISOBM) 2010 Abstract Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) computational secreted cell surface receptor linked signal transduction, neuroactive network construction and analysis of human hepatocellular ligand–receptor interaction, cell–cell signaling, and pancreas carcinoma (HCC) is very useful to identify novel markers and (only in no-tumor hepatitis/cirrhotic liver tissues terms), the potential targets for prognosis and therapy. By integration of condition which is vital to invasion of HCC. Our result gene regulatory network infer and the database for annota- demonstrated that common terms in both no-tumor hepatitis/ tion, visualization, and integrated discovery, we identified and cirrhotic liver tissues and HCC include secreted extracellular constructed significant molecule AFP secreted network from region, extracellular region part, extracellular space, signal 25 no-tumor hepatitis/cirrhotic liver tissues and 25 HCC peptide, signal, disulfide bond, glycosylation site N-linked patients in the same GEO Dataset GSE10140-10141. Our (GlcNAc...), and glycoprotein, and these terms are less result verified AFP secreted module in the upstream of no- relative to invasion; therefore, we deduced the weaker AFP tumor hepatitis/cirrhotic liver tissues (AMELY, LCN2,and secreted network in HCC consistent with our number REG3A activation; DKK1, SFRP4,andSPINK1 inhibition) computation. We predicted AFP high expression localization and its downstream (PRSS1, REG3A,andTSHB activation; within cells of HCC and without secretion to extracellular AMELY and DKK1 inhibition), and also in the upstream of matrix.
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  • Dysregulated Gene Expression Predicts Tumor Aggressiveness In
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Dysregulated gene expression predicts tumor aggressiveness in African-American prostate cancer Received: 8 April 2018 Accepted: 22 October 2018 patients Published: xx xx xxxx Hamdy E. A. Ali1,6, Pei-Yau Lung2, Andrew B. Sholl3, Shaimaa A. Gad1, Juan J. Bustamante1, Hamed I. Ali1, Johng S. Rhim4, Gagan Deep5, Jinfeng Zhang2 & Zakaria Y. Abd Elmageed 1 Molecular mechanisms underlying the health disparity of prostate cancer (PCa) have not been fully determined. In this study, we applied bioinformatic approach to identify and validate dysregulated genes associated with tumor aggressiveness in African American (AA) compared to Caucasian American (CA) men with PCa. We retrieved and analyzed microarray data from 619 PCa patients, 412 AA and 207 CA, and we validated these genes in tumor tissues and cell lines by Real-Time PCR, Western blot, immunocytochemistry (ICC) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses. We identifed 362 diferentially expressed genes in AA men and involved in regulating signaling pathways associated with tumor aggressiveness. In PCa tissues and cells, NKX3.1, APPL2, TPD52, LTC4S, ALDH1A3 and AMD1 transcripts were signifcantly upregulated (p < 0.05) compared to normal cells. IHC confrmed the overexpression of TPD52 (p = 0.0098) and LTC4S (p < 0.0005) in AA compared to CA men. ICC and Western blot analyses additionally corroborated this observation in PCa cells. These fndings suggest that dysregulation of transcripts in PCa may drive the disparity of PCa outcomes and provide new insights into development of new therapeutic agents against aggressive tumors. More studies are warranted to investigate the clinical signifcance of these dysregulated genes in promoting the oncogenic pathways in AA men.
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  • Global Protease Activity Profiling Provides Differential Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cysts
    Published OnlineFirst April 19, 2017; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-2987 Biology of Human Tumors Clinical Cancer Research Global Protease Activity Profiling Provides Differential Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cysts Sam L. Ivry1,2, Jeremy M. Sharib3, Dana A. Dominguez3, Nilotpal Roy4, Stacy E. Hatcher3, Michele T. Yip-Schneider5, C. Max Schmidt5, Randall E. Brand6, Walter G. Park7, Matthias Hebrok4, Grace E. Kim8, Anthony J. O'Donoghue9, Kimberly S. Kirkwood3, and Charles S. Craik1 Abstract Purpose: Pancreatic cysts are estimated to be present in 2%–3% sion was associated with regions of low-grade dysplasia, whereas of the adult population. Unfortunately, current diagnostics do not cathepsin E expression was independent of dysplasia grade. accurately distinguish benign cysts from those that can progress Gastricsin activity differentiated mucinous from nonmucinous into invasive cancer. Misregulated pericellular proteolysis is a cysts with a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 93%, whereas hallmark of malignancy, and therefore, we used a global approach cathepsin E activity was 92% specific and 70% sensitive. Gastricsin to discover protease activities that differentiate benign nonmu- significantly outperformed the most widely used molecular bio- cinous cysts from premalignant mucinous cysts. marker, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), which demonstrated Experimental Design: We employed an unbiased and global 94% specificity and 65% sensitivity. Combined analysis of gas- protease profiling approach to discover protease activities in 23 tricsin and CEA resulted in a near perfect classifier with 100% cyst fluid samples. The distinguishing activities of select proteases specificity and 98% sensitivity. was confirmed in 110 samples using specific fluorogenic sub- Conclusions: Quantitation of gastricsin and cathepsin E strates and required less than 5 mL of cyst fluid.
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  • Serine Protease Inhibitor Kazal Type 1 Promotes Proliferation of Pancreatic Cancer Cells Through the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
    Published OnlineFirst September 8, 2009; DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-08-0567 Serine Protease Inhibitor Kazal Type 1 Promotes Proliferation of Pancreatic Cancer Cells through the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Nobuyuki Ozaki,1,2 Masaki Ohmuraya,1,2,3 Masahiko Hirota,4 Satoshi Ida,1,2 Jun Wang,1 Hiroshi Takamori,2 Shigeki Higashiyama,5 Hideo Baba,2 and Ken-ichi Yamamura1 1Division of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, 2Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, and 3Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, 4Department of Surgery, Kumamoto Regional Medical Center, Kumamoto, Japan; and 5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Protein Network Laboratory, CEREM, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan Abstract coexpressed not only in the early stage of cancer, Serine protease inhibitor, Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) is PanIN-1A, but also in advanced stages. Taken together, expressed not only in normal human pancreatic acinar these results suggest that SPINK1 stimulates the cells but also in a variety of pancreatic ductal neoplasms. proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells through There are structural similarities between SPINK1 and the EGFR/mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. epidermal growth factor (EGF). Hence, we hypothesized (Mol Cancer Res 2009;7(9):1572–81) that SPINK1 binds to EGF receptor (EGFR) to activate its downstream signaling. We first showed that SPINK1 induced proliferation of NIH 3T3 cells and pancreatic Introduction cancer cell lines. We showed that SPINK1 coprecipitated Serine protease inhibitor, Kazal type 1 (SPINK1; ref. 1), with EGFRin an immunoprecipitation experiment and which is also known as pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor that the binding affinity of SPINK1 to EGFRwas about and tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor, is mainly produced in half of that of EGF using quartz-crystal microbalance the acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas.
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  • Comparative Expression Analysis Reveals Relationships Between SPINK1, TUBB3, and EZH2, and Prostate Cancer Molecular Biomarkers in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Data
    Original Research Clinics in Oncology Published: 21 Oct, 2016 Comparative Expression Analysis Reveals Relationships between SPINK1, TUBB3, and EZH2, and Prostate Cancer Molecular Biomarkers in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Data Carolina Saldana1,2, Myriam Kossai3, Guillaume Ploussard4,5, Salem Chouaib6 and Stéphane Terry6* 1Department of Medical Oncology, Henri Mondor Hospital (AP-HP), France 2University of Paris-Est, France 3Department of Pathology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, France 4University Institute of Cancer Toulouse Oncopole, France 5Department of Urology, Clinique Saint Jean Languedoc, France 6INSERM U1186, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, France Abstract Background: Despite the recent discovery of molecular subtypes in prostate cancer (PCa) expressing or not gene fusions involving E26 Transformation-Specific (ETS) transcription factors, including ERG (for v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog), little is known on molecular alterations associated, and cooperative events at play during initiation and progression of PCa. Objective and methods: Using RNA-Seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) collection of surgically managed primary prostate adenocarcinomas, we investigated the relations between gene OPEN ACCESS expression of the candidate prognostic markers SPINK1, TUBB3 (class III beta-tubulin), EZH2, and *Correspondence: known PCa molecular markers. 484 cases were included in the analysis. Stéphane Terry, INSERM U1186, Results: Clustering analysis consistently showed TUBB3 associating with EZH2, and SPINK1 with Team Labeled For The League Against PTEN and TFF3, but not with ERG, ETV1, CHD1, AR or SPOP expression. Positive and negative Cancer, Gustave Roussy Cancer correlations were found among these PCa markers. Notably, in tumors highly expressing SPINK1 Campus, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, or TUBB3, a subset of cases showed substantial EZH2 expression, while EZH2 expression was 94800 Villejuif, France, highly correlated with AURKA expression (r=0.7178; p <0.0001), an oncogenic target in cancer.
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