21M CSWR , \ l:. O V S " F ;; 791 ~.,.;~ :C7 x .... f0J11Ca ~0· 0 no. 68 ~e Nuevo Mexico July 2006 Issue Num.ber 68 The ffistorical Society of New Mexico, 1859 - 1976 ByMyra Ellen Jenkins The Historical Society of New supreme court L. Bradford Prince (later Historical Society continued to use the Mexico, the oldest orqentzation of its Governor of New Mexico) as first vice east portion of the buildinq and kind west of the Mississippi River, was president. Ten other vice presidents were periodically to receive funds from the formally orqanized on December 26, also elected. including. among others. territorial legislature for the purchase of 1859 when a number of New Mexicans , Antonio Joseph of Taos, William Kroeniq documents. books and artifacts. both Hispano and Anglo, including many of Mora County. Mariano S. Otero of The Museum of New Mexico was officers , territorial officials, [udqes. Bernalillo County. Tranquilino Luna of created by act of the 1909 territorial lawyers, churchmen, politicians and Valencia and Judce Warren Bristol of Ieqislature under the control and merchants. siSJned the necessary Dona Ana. A few items from the previous management of a six-member board of corporation papers . adopted a collections were recovered. and aqatn reqents appointed by the governor. constitution, and elected Col. John B. the Society embarked upon a viSJorous However, the details were somewhat Grayson, U.S.A., as president. This program of acquisition of historical complex. since a compact was also meetinq was held in the Ter rito rial materials, and sponsored addresses by entered into with the School of American Council chambers at the Palace of the Ieadtng authorities, such as Adolph F Archaeolocy a Santa Fe affiliate of the Governors. Two days later. the Society Bandelier. on pertinent topics. WashinSJton, D.C.-based Archaeoloqical reconvened in the home of the president With the completion of a new capitol Institute of America . a private institution. to adopt by-laws. When the second in 1885, most territorial offices were The Palace of the Governors was turned regular meeting was held in February, moved to the new structure and the over to the new aqency as headquarters 1860. quarters had been rented from Society. through the direct appeal of for both the Museum and the School, Bishop John B. Larny also a member. in Prince. who had succeeded Ritch as and three regents were also to be an adobe building on the present St. Myra Ellen Jenkin s "Dr. I " at the Historical president, to the Secretary of the Interior members of the ManaSJinSJ Board of the Vincent 's Hospital. Society of New Mexico Annual Conference resulted in the issuing of an order that the School of American Archaeolocy and For more than a year a viSJorous and in Santa Fe April. 1990 (Sculpture in two east rooms of the Palace. as they the Director of the School, Dr. Edgar L. active proqrarn was pushed with foreground by Curtis Fort of Tatum. NM) were vacated. be turned over to the Hewett, was also the Director of the speakers on historical subje cts featured In December. 1880. on the s i sr Society. Exhibit cases were installed to Museum of New Mexico. The law also at monthly meetings. and the launching anniversary of the orqanization of the house the SJrowing collections. and on specified: "That the rooms in the east end of a collection program for historical Society, pursuant to a published calI September 24. 1885 the new quarters of the building which are now occupied objects and documents. Unfortunately. issued by David J. Miller and Captain were formally opened in a SJrand by the Historical Society of New Mexico, few of the latter have survived. The Civil Louis Felsenthal. members of the old rec eption with appropriate addresses shall be reserved for the use of said War cut short this first endeavor as society. a large number of citizens from beinq delivered by Prince and Territorial Society, free of rent. so long as the same President Grayson. and several other various parts of the territory SJathered at Governor Edmund G. Ross. Shortly is conducted in harmony with the military members , resigned their the office of Secretary of the Territory thereafter, the adjoininq hallway and manasement of the Museum of New commissions and left the territory to join WG. Ritch in the Palace of the room were also taken over by the Mexico herein established." the Confedera cy, joined by some of the Governors. reorganized and Society. From this date until 1959 programs leading territorial officials. The Society reestablished the Historical Society of Byact of June 21. 1898 Conqress gave of the three organizations, the Museum. was adjourned sine die September 23. New Mexico, and elected Ritch president, the Palace of the Governors to the 1863. and chief justice of the territorial Territory of New Mexico , and the ...continued on page 2 l@" • •• Jane Sanchez Leaves Endowment to Historical Society of New Mexico
According to an article by Jan Jonas Salamanca, Spain. Coronado's Sanchez had for the organization. She published in The Albuquerque Tribune. birthplace. About three years aSJo, she was one of their most enthusiastic friday, february 17, 2006 , Jane spent returned to Spain to complete her supporters and seldom missed attendtnq hours on her father's ranch ridinSJ her research on the two early New Mexico the annual conferences. horse. where she searched the ruins of explorers. Sanchez passed away on February 12. the old San Marcos pueblo. Throueh this Not only was Jane interested in the 2006. She was preceded in death by her activity. she developed a liielong passion Spanish Colonial period she also had a husband in 1996 and is survived by her for the history and culture of New fascination with Territorial politics. In the three children Philip. Sandra and Patricia Mexico. July 1966 (Vol. 41: No 3). her article Elena. Jane's children recalled their A portion of her early education was "Agitated, Personal, and Unsound .." was mother's home office , which had spent at a boarding school in Monticello. published by the New Mexico Historical everythlnq she needed, includinq a New Mexico. where she was one of three Review. The topic of the article is about microfilm reader. numerous reels of SJraduates in her senior class . Jane Governor and ex-General Robert microfilm and a computer where she attended the University of New Mexico. ByinSJton Mitchell, who was appointed kept her research data. Jane Calvin receiving her degree in languages in Territorial Governor of New Mexico in Sanchez had a deep passion for New 1952. Well-known historians Eleanor 1866. It discusses his term. vote fraud . Mexico and its rich history and culture. Adams and Victor Westphall were two of and the SJeneral inability of an Her Ieqacy will live on through her mentors and friends . She retained a "unswerving Democrat" to 5f!overn "the publications of the Historical Society of close friendship with WestphaIl solidly Republican Territory." Further New Mexico. -CCL throughout his life. interests included play writin5f! and After receiving her degree from the dtrecttnq. university. Jane married Manuel R "Pat" In her will. Sanchez requested that her Jane Calvin Sanchez Sanchez, who was fintshinq his college research be SJiven to various New Mexico Historical Society of New Mexico (Photograph October 2003) education as a midshipman at Annapolis. repositories. In addition. she bequeathed members who may be interested in Jane Calvin Sanchez had a more than After their marriaqe. the couple lived on a SJenerous endowment to the Historical makinSJ similar SJifts to the Society can forty-year career as a New Mexico the east coast for a brief period before Society of New Mexico . with the contact the Treasurer, Post Office Box historian. Although she was born in returrunq to New Mexico, where she Iollowinq stipulation: "The Historical 1912. Santa Fe. New Mexico 87504 . Chicago, lIIinois. on April 27, 1929, she resumed her research into the state's Society of New Mexico (is) to establish a considered herself a native of New history. The private lives of the early fund for publication of original research Mexico. The daughter of a Chicaqo Spanish explorers Juan Cabeza de Vaca on New Mexico or Borderlands history. socialite, Ruth Goodland Calvin and and Francisco Vasquez de Coronado The research may include folklore. James Frank Calvin. she was raised on were only a couple of her special fiction or drama as weII as traditional her parent's ranch near Cerrillos . New interests . After her son Philip graduated historical works." This important SJift to Mexico (now owned by WHo Mee). from hiSJh school. Jane took her family to the Society recoqntzes the hiSJh reqard
Annual Conference, April 26 - 29,2007, Pinetop-Lakeside, Arizona, Hon-Dah Resort. Held jointly with the Arizona Historical Society 2006 Historical Society of New Mexico Awards The Historical Society of New Mexico presented the iollowinq awards at its annual conference, Albuquerque, April 21, 2006
Edgar Lee Hewett Award Ralph Emerson Twitchell Award Gaspar Perez de Villagra Award • Bill Lockhart. Fourth Street. Near Outstanding service to the public: Significant contribution to the field of Outstanding publication by an Manzanares: The Carbonated history in the areas of fine arts . idividual. Beverage Industry in Socorro. • David V. Holtby Editor. University of articles, boobs or exhibits: New Mexico (Socorro County New Mexico Press • Stanley Hordes, To the End ofthe Historical Society) • Gene Peach and Max Evans. Earth (Columbia University Press) Making a Hand: Gtowine up Dorothy Woodward Award Cowboy in New Mexico (Museum Advancement of education: of New Mexico Press) • New Mexico Humanities Council: Chautauqua Program and National History Day Competition
Richard Melzer. ReneHarris and StanleyHordes
• Colleen O'Neill, Working the Navajo Way: Labor and Culture in David Holtby accepting Hewett Award GenePeach and Max Evans accept the Twentieth Century (University TwitchellAward Press of Kansas) L. Bradford Prince Award for significant worf in the field of • Marl< L. Gardner and Ron Kil, lack fray francisco Atanasio historic preservation: Thorp's Songs of the Cowboys Dominguez Award (Museum of New Mexico Press) Historic survey and research: CraigNewbill, Director ofNM Humanities • Rev. Monsignor. Jerome Martinez Council and Rene Harris - Rededication of St. francis • Richard flint and Shirley Cushing Cathedral in Santa Fe. flint, Documents ofthe Coronado - Rebuilding church in EI Rito; Expedition, 1539-1542 (Southern - Designing and building Santa Maria Methodist University Press) de 1a Paz. Santa Fe: - Redesigning the architectural Lansing B. Bloom Award responsibilities and initiating the first Outstanding publication or series of Archbishop's Commission for the publications by a society or Preservation of Historic Churches institution: while Vicar General Mark Gardner and Ron Kif. recipients ofa Twitchell Award •••
The Historical Society continued... Society of New Mexico relationship. The was secured only by subscription to the the School of American Research and the but the funds were administered by the 1959legislature mandated the separation Review, and $1.00 of the subscription fee Historical Society of New Mexico. were Museum of New Mexico. The situation of the Museum of New Mexico. a state was returned to the Society as dues. In interrelated. Under the direction of was an impossible one. either for the agency. from the School of American 1964 respected Spanish Colonial period Director Hewett a massive program of Museum or the Society. As Research. It also passed the Public scholar Eleanor B. Adams succeeded Dr. rehabilitation and reconstruction of the administrative agency for the Society. the Records Act creating a new agency. the Reeve as editor, and upon her retirement venerable old Palace . which had served Museum was charged with preserving State Records Center. as the official in the summer of 1975 Dr. Manuel P. as the seat of government from 1610 records but had neither the space nor the depository for all public records, Servin of the University of New Mexico through most of the territorial period , personnel to take adequate steps towards repealing the 1927 act givin~ any History Department became editor. was begun. In the process, conflict arose organizing or even for properly housing custodianship of those records to the Followinq the reincorporation of the between the Director of the Museum the papers. Throughout 1927 - 1960 Historical Society. Society in 1959 several capable School of American Research and the much good work was done. Because of these developments. the presidents attempted various projects to leaders of the Historical Society over the intermittently. in the description and Historical Society reincorporated in 1959 further its objectives. but interest lagged . use of space and jurisdiction. As a result, listing of the individual collections. but as a private organization no longer partly because of the membership by some of the Society'svaluable collections nothing could be done with the non directly connected with the Museum of subscription to the Review limitation. were removed, or otherwise dispersed. current public records which by that time New Mexico. Since state funds were no Beginning in 1973 an increasing number and have remained in private hands. had become archival in nature and longer allocated to the Museum for the of individuals interested in a wide variety Other collections. however. continued to value. Society's use, that institution was hard of aspects concerning New Mexico's rich . be acquired by gift or by state funds For many years one of the chief pressed to provide assistance and the multicultural history, as well as historic appropriated to the Museum. In 1922 a functions of the Historical Society was Review became Virtually an orphan. preservation ~roups and local historical large number of official Spanish, the sponsorship of the New Mexico Under a three-way agreement by the organizations. discussed plans for a Mexican and Territorial records. as well Historical Review. a professional journal. Museum . the Society and UNM on July 1. reorganized and revitalized Society. At as private historical papers from these the first issue of which appeared in 1963. ownership of the Review was the last meeting. held September 17, periods. some actually bearing the January. 1926 with Lansing B. Bloom as turned over to the University. but one 1975. a new constitution and by-laws official stamp of the Historical Society. principal editor. Since 1917 Bloom had direct tie between the Society and were adopted. -MEl were sold by the estate of former Society been on the staff of the School of University remained in that membership president Ritch to the Huntington American Research and the Museum of Library. During the 1960s an New Mexico. With his appointment to unsuccessful attempt was made by the the History Department of the University Letter from the Editor State Records Center and Archives to of New Mexico in 1929 the Review This year marks the 30th would print scholarly articles and replevin . from private hands. another became a joint publication of the Society anniversary since the establishment of information of historical interest. FS)f large group of Spanish and Mexican and the University. with UNM providing La Crotiice de Nuevo Mexico (June the first issue of the publication. there period archives of the Santa Cruz area the editor (Bloom) while the Society was 1976) NO .1. In recognition of this was no title on the masthead just ''What which had been bought by the Historical responsible for its management and important event. we have reprinted Should We Call It?" Therefore. a contest Society in the early 1900s with territorial business affairs. Complications "The Historical Society of New Mexico. for naming the publication ensued. The appropriations. mounted. for while the state legislature 1859-1976" written by then State winner of the competition was Pedro By 1927a critical problem had arisen allocated some funds for the Society. as a Historian Myra Ellen Jenkins (l916 Ribera-Ortega. with respect to the mounting records quasi-public organization. these funds 1993). Before she retired in 1981, Secondly, their plan called for an created by state agencies. due to the were budgeted and administered by the Jenkins held the dual position of annual three-day conference to be held absence of any records management Museum of New Mexico. and, hence. Historian/Archivist. at various towns throughout the state. program and the lack of space in the responsibilities were never fully defined. During the mid-t 970s. a core ~roup The first such conference was held in state capitol. Storage areas were filled to During the 1940s and 1950s. except for of Society members undertooh the task April 1978 at the Holy Cross Franciscan overtlowtnq. In an attempt to solve the the Review the Society became relatively of revitalizing the organization. Some Monastery at MesiIla Park . a small problem. the legislature in that year inactive. Following the death of Mr. of the members of that group included community adjacent to Las Cruces. The passed HB 338 making the Historical Bloom. Dr. Frank D. Reeve. Professor of Myra Ellen Jenkins . John P. Conron. quadrangle style campus of the Society of New Mexico "the official History at the University of New Mexico Albert H. Schroeder. Lorraine Lavender. monastery provided a retreat-like custodian and trustee for the State of became editor and served in that Michael Weber. Fern Lyon. Spencer atmosphere. which was a perfect New Mexico of the public archives of capeciry until his retirement. Wilson and Austin Hoover. They setting. At that conference. 1. Paul and whatever kind which may be transferred In the meantime. two major changes developed a plan . which included two Mary Taylor hosted a dinner party at to it from any public office.. ." The had occurred with reference to the important innovations, one of which their sprawling historic hacienda on the legislature. continued to make interlo cking Museum of New Mexico was to initiate a publication. which Old La MesillaPlaza. -CCL appropriations for the Historical Society. School of American Research - Historical
2 Mexican integration, immigration and assimilation within the aftermath of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo By Carina Bejan
different understanding of land tenure land under its reqular Iand-qrant and ownership patterns than Americans Ieqislatlon. Includinq the Homestead Act had. The Spanish/Mexican land system of 1862. was not based on fee simple ownership The introduction of Iarqe numbers of and on land as a commodity which Anqlo-Amertcans into an area occupied could be bought and sold but land was for centuries by a single ethnic ~roup more viewed in relationship to the with Ionq-established and carefully community. and boundaries were balanced economy resulted in ethnic defined with reference to terrestrial and socio-cultural conflicts between the landmarks or the adjoining property. As old settlers and the newcomers and the these markers were often difficult to disruption of the life of the older locate. Spanish and Mexican land residents (Zeleny 148). Anqlo-American records sometimes lacked the political officials. traders. contractors !JeolJraphic precision of the U.S. system and homesteaders were soon followed (ebd. 4 ff). Thus. Mexicans claiming their by a more important Anglo-Amertcan land . had not only to pay for expensive miqration movement which was rooted surveys to measure their lands but also in the Reconstruction Program in the engage lawyers to assist them in dealing South which caused many ex with the land claim procedures. The Confederates to turn their eyes toward hereof resulting costs amounted in many the Southwest. Additionally. promotions cases to more than the cash value of the to develop the West and financial land claimed. thus the claimants not only interests in the East boosted the Anqlo lost their land to the ll.S. based on American influx (ebd. 143). The building incomplete claim submissions due to of the railroad not only profited East lack of required documents. but also to investors but also served as a crucial the lawyers who had to be paid for their instrument in bringing to New Mexico services. (GAO-04-59 5 ff.) many "fortune-hunting Americans" (ebd. Particularly in the context of the 1851 143) who considerably enqaqed in stock Act, three core reasons for rejection of raising, a~riculture. and mining. Bein~ claims for New Mexico land ~rants displaced from their land and forced into v. Carina Bejan accepts $1000 check from Margaret Espinosa McDonald. Bejan was occurred. Under United States an economic competition with the the recipient of the Myra Ellen Jenkins graduate scholarship Sandoval' the courts confirmed lJrants Anclo-Amerlcans. a competition in but restricted them to their so-called which they were severely handicapped. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of sectional interests" thus lead to "individual allotments". ruling that many Mexicans could no Ionqer make 1848 not only added vast territories in expansionist aims (ebd. 107). ownerships of town lands in New Mexico their livelihood based on aqrtculture and what is now the U.S. Southwest. from Consequently. when Texas achieved had remained with the sovereign stock-raising. In search of new resources California to New Mexico. to the United statehood in 1845. U.S. and Mexican (Mexico/Spain). concluding that the of income and untrained for other States but also shaped the socio territorial interests collided leading to the claimed land passed under the Treaty of pursuits most of them have been forced economic position of the Mexicans Mexican-American War from 1846- 1848 Guadalupe Hidalgo to the new sovereign to work as unskilled laborers in the new within these territories. This paper will which ended with the Treaty of Peace. - the United States. Consequently. with American enterprises. Many found work address the question if the United States friendship. Limits and Settlement, relJard to this decision the courts ilJnored in mining and railroad. in the cattle has fulfilled its obliqation under the commonly referred to as the Treaty of the Spanish/Mexican customs and laws raistnq industry as "vacqueros" or Treaty with respect to property ri~hts Guadalupe Hidalgo (GAO-04-59 4). By that cities and communities could be "pastors". which from the be~innin~ were held by traditional communities and this treaty. New Mexico. Nevada and owners of land. Additionally. under Iarqely in Anclo-American hands - or individuals in New Mexico. how it parts of Arizona. Utah . Texas and United States v. Cambustorr and United ,* moved to newly established towns alone affected their socio-economic California were ceded to the United States v. VigiF the American courts '! _the railroad to find worf in the service tnteqration into the new American States (Gonzalez 43). Besides. the United rejected ~rants claiming that the ~rants 1 .and informal sector. Consequently. many society and which factors contributed to States a~reed to recognize and protect had been made by unauthorized native New Mexicans have systematically native New Mexicans out- and inter property rights of Mexican citizens llvinq officials. In this context. the Supreme been reduced to a subordinate mtqration movements. in the newly acquired areas. Court only recognized provincial dependent position as second class I - The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo In New Mexico. Congress established lJovernors. provincial dtputecions and citizens (Zeleny 175: Gonzalez 39 ff.). of 1848 two different and successive mechanisms town councils (and this only for certain Along with the new fields of work new h from the end of the 1T century to the for recocntztnq and conflrrnlnq Spanish periods) as officials authorized to ~rant settlement patterns developed as well. mid 19th century. Spain . and later Mexico. and Mexican land claims. first, in 1854 land . Alrhouqh it might be true that it Many who left their families in order to made land ~rants to individuals. ~roups. the Office of the Surveyor General of would have been difficult to trace the find work lived in segrelJated districts on and towns to promote development in New Mexico within the Department of respective authorized official due to the the mining and Iurnberinq camps the frontier lands that today constitute the Interior was established. The frequently chan~in~ Ieqislatton passed by (Twitchell 1991-1917 ) and their the American Southwest. The land ~rants Surveyor General was charged with the Spanish and Mexican ~overnments exploitation was easy as the mobility of were issued for various purposes: To investigating Spanish and Mexican land and the lackin~ of records. the courts' cheap labor from Mexico created a larqe encourage settlement, reward patrons of lJrant claims and submitting to Congress rulinq of the limited containment of the Iloatinq of labor force in New Mexico. the Spanish ~overnment . establish and recommendations on their acceptance authorized officials did not respect "laws. willing to work at subsistence waqes or exploit mines and to create a buffer zone or rejection. The Surveyor General was usages. and customs" of Spain and less (Zeleny 194). In search of new job between Indian tribes and the more directed to examine the claims by Mexico under which local lJovernors or opportunities. some New Mexicans left populated reqions of its northern frontier. applying Spanish and Mexican laws. persons appointed by them could for fields and mines in Colorado. moved Even after its independence from Spain customs. and usages. and to treat the authorize land claims. finally. in Hayes v. to lumber camps of Arizona. to the fruit in 1821, Mexico continued to adhere to prior existence of a city. town . or villaqe United States", grants were rejected producinq areas of California. and to the land policies adopted by Spain. In as clear evidence of a grant. In 1891, the because they were supported solely by ranches and sheep-camps throughout New Mexico. there were two types of Court of Private Land Claims (CPLC) was copies of documents that had been the West. Additionally. occupational land ~rants made: "Community land established which only confirmed ~rants made by unauthorized officials. (GAO selJrelJation was also a product of lJroup ~rants" l and "individual land ~rants". where title has been "lawfully and 04-59 8 ff.) prejudice (ebd. 207). Beliefs of Mexican Both Mexican and Spanish law usually regularly derived" under the laws of The above outlined acts and inferiority and race-antaqonism led to authorized the local governor to make Spain or Mexico. (GAO-04-59 4 ff.) reqlulanons. as well as the reversing of New Mexicans' employment in such land ~rants. and the size of each Both acts included a number of already approved land and a newly predominantly industrial and low-paid lJrant was a matter within the governor's reqluletions which rendered it difficult introduced property tax led to the fact jobs (ebd. 210). discretion. (GAO-45-59 4) for Mexicans to claim. prove and that from the 9.38 million acres of land Based on the racial discrimination in In 1783. the United States formally preserve their lands. Not only was the claimed by New Mexicans only 5.96 the U.S. borderlands and Anqlo acquired its independence from England deadline for the fiIin~ of land grant million acres (63.5 %) were awarded and American intolerance toward Mexicans in the Treaty of Paris. and with the claims two years. but the land ~rant 3.42 million acres (36.5 %) became part of as well as them beinq subjected to establishment of a federal government in claims also had to be submitted in the U.S. public domain available for continuous harassment. mtscarriaces of 1789. the U.S. steadily acquired more written form and include details about settlement by the !Jeneral population. justice. land invasions . swindles . thefts. land and expanded south to florida and the authority from which the original (GAO-04-59 8) rapes . murders. and lynchings in the west to California (GAO-45-59 4-5). The title was derived. the quantity of land II - Impacts of Land Loss under the early 1850s about two thousand native United States' "land hunqer" (Priestley claimed. the name of the original and Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo New Mexicans left their homes and 229) was rooted in economic reasons. present claimant and the concrete The United States considered all land in crossed the border into Mexico when prestige and the doctrine of "Manifest location of the grant. The fulfilment of the New Mexico territory from the very Anolos encroached upon their lands Destiny" claiming that the United States these requirements proved to be very first be~inninlJ to be part of the public (Martinez 48). Thus. disappropriation not was a superior nation. stronqer peopled difficult for the majority of the New domain unless proven otherwise (GAO only led to inter- but also to out by more enterprising population. and Mexicans. as most were unfamiliar with 04-59 8 ff.). This attitude is not only migration. better able than Mexico to develop the the Enqlish language. the U.S legal reflected in the above outlined acts of facinq social. economic and judicial new land (Zeleny 105). American system. and American culture (GAO-04 1854 and 1891 but also in the injustice. some Mexican Americans nationalism. ethnocentrism and 59 4 ff.) . for example. Mexicans had a government's practice to patent claimed fought bacz which resulted in their
3 branding as bandits and outlaws 1996. p. 46-49. Camp Capitan: A Depression Era Camp for (Gonzalez 101). For example in New Rosenbaum, Robert Johnson. Mexicano Mexico. around 1887. a militant ~roup of Versus Americana: A Study of Hispanic Unemployed Young Women social bandits called Las Gotres Blancas American Resistance to Anglo-American By Lynn Adkins began fending off land grabbers. During Control in New Mexico Territory. 1870 the San Mi~uel County land wars of 1889 1900. The University Press of Texas. During the 1930s. when many families in Camp Capitan. one of the most - 1890 they masked their faces with white Austin . 1972. this country were on relief and younq successful and long-lived. located at a bandannas. mounted their horses. and TWitchell. Ralph E. The Leading Facts of people were unemployed. New Deal former CCC camp site in the Lincoln raided jailhouses, railroad properties. New Mexican History. 5. V. Cedar Rapids programs were established by our National Forest. near Capitan and and stolen Iandholdlngs. With justice as Iowa . Torch Press. 1991-1917. national government to help the people Lincoln. Durinq its 5 years of existence. their watchword. they claimed 1.500 Zeleny. Carolyn. Relations between the most in need. President Roosevelt from 1935 to 1940, over 2000 ~irIs and members and enjoyed the support of Spanish-Americans and Anglo established the well known Civilian younq women went through the Camp most of northern New Mexico's Mexican Americans in New Mexico. Dissertation. Conservation Corps program to put Capitan proqrarn. Many other people Americans. Of course. such activities Yale University. 1944. young men to work performing manual worked there as well. such as teachers, increased in return discriminatory Reports labor on conservation projects and other cooks. and recreational leaders. It was actions. killinqs and Iynchinqs from U.S. General Accounting Office. Treaty of useful community endeavors. while unique among the women's camp Anqlo -Amertcens toward the Mexicans. Guadalupe Hidalgo: Findings and beinq housed in ~roup camps. Much less procrams in that there was an emphasis (Zeleny 180 ff.. Rosenbaum 139 ff.) Possible Options regarding Longstanding known are the residential camps for on teaching Hispanic arts and crafts such Nevertheless. compared to for Community Land Grant Claims in New young women. which were established as weavmq, colcha embroidery. and tin example California. politics was the only Mexico. Washin!6ton. D.C. 2004. GAO-04 with strong support from Eleanor work to the enrollees. field in which the New Mexican Mexicans 594. Roosevelt. There were numerous such Very little research has been done on had achieved anythinq like equal status footnotes camps, funded through the New Deal's this subject. I am a New Mexico with the Anqlo-Amencans as many 1. Community land grants were typically National Youth Administration. spread historian. doing a major research project Mexicans have fairly filled sizable organized around a central plaza, where throughout the United States. In these on Camp Capitan. and would like to number of political positions before the each individual received an individual camps younq women spent several communicate with anyone who first Anqlo-Americen settlers arrived and allotment for a household and a tract of months learning a variety of useful skills attended the camp. or had family were able to sustain their positions land to farm, and common land was set such as typins. stenography and modern members there. or has any other (Zeleny 212). aside for use by the entire community. homemaking techniques. and enjoyinq lmowledqe about the camp. Please III . Conclusion 2. The South hoped to gain increased healthful recreational activities, while contact me. Lynn Adkins. at 4415 Ni~ht With reqard to the above outlined weight in Congress for the slavery bloc by being housed and fed at ~overnment Hawk Rd. N\V, Albuquerque. NM 87 I 14. implementation of the Treaty of the acquisition of territory in the expense. (505)899-4557. or e-mail me at Guadalupe Hidalgo in which the United Southwest. New Mexico had one such camp, [email protected]. ~LA States promised respect and protection 3. See UnitedStates v. Sandoval. 231 ll.S . of the property riqhts of Mexican citizens 28 (1913). livinq in the newly acquired New 4. See United States v. Cetnbuston. 61 Mexican territory it could be arqued that U.S. 59 (1857). the United States did not fulfil its 5. See United States v. Vigil, 80 U.S. 449 Friends Acquire the obliqations stated under the treaty. (1871). Instead of protecting its new proteges. 6. See Hayes v. UnitedStates. 170 U.S. 637 federal land qrants and water (1898). ~ CB Dorman Photograph Collection reclamation projects favoured railroad Posted By: Curt Bianchi
4 Lansing Bartlett Bloom (1880-1946) minister. When he was in his mid-thirties, the historical journal Old Santa Fe and the New Mexico Historical Review (April however. he began a new career when he principal editor (Paul A.f Walter, Jr. 1946), Lansinq Bloom was a founder of devoted himself to the study of the served as co-editor) of the New Mexico the Qutoira Society, a member of the American Southwest. The son of an Old Historical Review from its founding in American Historical Association and the New En~land family, Bloom could trace 1926 until his death. Archaeoloqical Institute of America. He his Itneaqe back to the Mayflower. As a The state of New Mexico recoqntzed was also a Kiwantan. a Phi Alpha Theta younq man, he attended both Williams his extraordinary competence as a and 32nd deqree Mason, faithfully College and Auburn Theological dedicated scholar by sendinq him on attendlnq Scottish Rite Masonic reunions Seminary. Stricken with tuberculosis, he several extensive research trips during in Santa Fe. At his funeral. a Presbyterian came to New Mexico, where in 1907, he the late 1920s and 1930s, where he service was conducted at the Scottish married the daughter of John R. McFie, ~athered material pertinent to New Rite Cathedral in Santa Fe and interment Associate Justice on the Territorial Mexico's historical heritaqe in Spain, took place at Fairview Cemetery in Santa Supreme Court. Bloom and his wife Italy, France, and Mexico. During these Fe. went to Saltillo, Mexico , where he served excursions, Bloom took approximately To learn more about the life and as a Presbyterian missionary. Later he thirty thousand microfilms, including career of Lansing B. Bloom, read "The was transferred to a church at Jemez photographs of the famous "Sahagun." a Historical Society of New Mexico, 1859 Pueblo, where he developed an intense manuscript about the Aztecs, which was 1976" by Myra Ellen Jenkins in this issue interest in the traditions and past of the written by Friar Bernardino de Sahagun. of La Cr6nica de Nuevo Mexico. For a Pueblo people. After leavinq Jemez, he The manuscript had been lost for two thorough bioqraphlcal tribute, see New served as a pastor in Maqdalena, New centuries, but Bloom found it at the Mexico Historical Review Vo!. XXI, No 2 Mexico , from 1915 to 1917. Laurentine Library in Florence. His wife, (April 1946), pp . 93-113. Articles in this Photograph from New Mexi co Historical Review (April J946) Bloom exchanqed his ministerial Maude McFie Bloom, bilingual from issue include "Lansing Bartlett Bloom" by duties in 1917 for a position in the School childhood in Las Cruces, accompanied Paul A.f. Walter: "Lanslnq Bartlett Bloom" The Historical Society of New Mexico of American Research and the Museum and assisted her husband on many of his by Ed~ar L. Hewett: "Research Activities presents awards of excellence at their of New Mexico in Santa Fe. In 1924, in research trips. Bloom was quite of Lansinq B. Bloom in Foreign Archives" statewide conference each year. One of recoqniuon of his scholarly interested in the often neqlected Mexican by France \I. Scholes and "Epilogue, the awards is for the best publication by contributions, Lansinq B. Bloom was period. His article "Mexican Lansing B. Bloom." In addition, Robert W an individual or a series of publications elected a Fellow of the Historical Society Administration in New Mexico," Larson wrote a brief bioqraphy of Bloom by a society or institution, which is of New Mexico . In 1929, Bloom became published in the first issue of Old Santa in the American Encyclopedia of the named in honor of Lansing Bartlett a member of the department of history at Fe, was a pioneering effort . His study of West, Howard Lamar, editor (c. 1977). Bloom (1880-1946). Who was Lansing B. the University of New Mexico, where he the Franciscan Missionaries of New -CCL Bloom? remained until his retirement in 1945. Mexico was published after his death. Bloom's son, John Porter Bloom is currently Born in Auburn, New YorR in 1880, Bein~ very active in the Historical Society Accordinq to an obituary Paul Af. secretary of The Historical Society of New Bloom intended to spend his life as a of New Mexico, he was associate editor of WaIter, Jr. wrote, which was published in Mexico . • • • Endangered Places of New Mexico 2006 During the de cade of service, the focus of importance of historic preservation, first century and continued after 1850 by opposing mmmq developments. As a the New Mexico Heritage Preservation through its oriqinel master plan in 1912 American settlers. Early Irriqauon result. La Bajada Mesa is safer today. Alliance has be en protecting and and later, in the 1950s, through its Historic systems were community ditches. One of Mesilla Historic District. was selected preservinq that which is historically Styles Ordinance, one of the first first promoters of the irri~ation in the as Most Endanqered in 1999. It was si~nificant to New Mexico, to make preservation laws in the United States. 'Great American Desert' was Pat Garrett. desiqnated endangered because historic certain we do not destroy that which This area has been able to maintain a known primarily as the sheriff who shot adobe structures were beinq restored, but cannot be replaced, and enrichinq the si~nificant amount of historic scale and Billy the Kid in 1881 . not by knowledgeable craftsmen or quality of life for us today and for our structure through the years, despite During the 1890s, the McMillan Dam appropriate techniques. children tomorrow. constant forces of development. The complex was built. In 1905, the Bureau of As a result, the New Mexico Heritage Instigated in 1999, the Most downtown is a repository of many Reclamation was authorized to purchase Preservation Alliance tnsticated Endangered Places program promotes historic buildings, mcludinq the Palace of the lower Pecos irriqation system. educational events about proper awareness about threatened historic, the Governors, the Museum of Fine Arts, 1908 brought the renovation of the restoration of earthen architecture. archaeoloqical, and cultural resources. and historic plaza. McMillan Dam . Later New Deal public Durinq the past two years, a dozen This program has 70 places throughout The present concern involves works projects lead to expansion of specialists from Cornerstones the state on its list. Each selection holds a potential private economic McMillan Dam and other area dams. Community Partnerships, National Park special place in our collective memory development, ~overnmental. and McMillan Dam represents the Service, NM Historic Preservation and helps to define who we are as a political pressures interested in evolution of dam technology It Division, NM Construction Industries people. Forty percent of the previously redevelopment of extstinq bulldlnq, and exemplifies the rock fill composite design Division, and NMHPA have researched designated places have experienced thus the historic district. popular at the turn of the last century. and updated the State's Adobe bulldinq positive chances. in the form of public Santa Fe is a 'mecca for tourism and Addinq to its unique architectural value, Code. It was adopted by the State early awareness and funding for maintenance art' because it retains what many its floodgates were the first to represent January 2006. and repair. comparable cities have lost: a sense of 20th century technology The dam Also in 1999, the New Mexico Ni~ht The first of two 2006 selections is the place, scale, culture and history. displayed the evolution of private Sky was selected for the Most Santa Fe Downtown, contained within It is a time when the soul of Santa Fe irriqation efforts in to public-sponsored Endangered list. faclnq a ~rowin~ li~ht Paseo de Peralta. The may be threatened, when for the 'sake of water resource management and the pollution caused by increased Downtown/Eastside Historic District is on progress', this historic downtown can be creation of water districts. population and poor outdoor li~htin~ the National Re~ister of Historic Places. eroded. The voice of the community, if Today's natural and man-made threats practices, a movement subsequently lead The selection was ~reatly influenced by not en~a~ed in the Vision Plan, will leave include erosion, site protection, and Iacf by NMHPA successfully passed the State's the current long-term planning and its future to a limited ~roup of decision of maintenance funding. first Night SRy Act. It required shielded concerns that historic preservation and mazers. Efforts by the US Bureau of Ii~htin~ and liS2htin~ desiqn approval. si~nificant heritage found in its buildings Reclamation need ~reater support to Since that time, some 20 communities remain a strong factor in the vision for preserve the important and forqotten have passed local night SRy ordinances. Downtown Santa Fe. role the McMillan Dam Complex played Two years a~o NMHPA inauqurated the It calls for vi~ilance on the part of the in the history of New Mexico and water first statewide Ni~ht Sky program. planners and for active participation by management in the southwest. Program Director Lazlo Lazowska Santa Fe residents and businesses, to Examples of past Most Endanqered conducts training and provides li~htin~ insure that their voices are heard. Places follow which show siqns of hope ordinance support to communities after designation. across New Mexico. Support for the Listed in 2003, committed community program has come from NM State Parks, leaders for the La Bajada Mesa have Thaw Charitable Trust. McCune McMilla n Dam successfully deterred industrial and Foundation, Moody Foundation, Healy Eddy County mininq development attempts. Trust. and NMHPA members. The next selection moves us to a Since the 1500s La Bajada has been a The annual statewide Preservation historic dam in southeastern New Mexico landmark where Spanish colonists Conference is another program of on the Pecos River between Ft. Sumner trudged beside oxcarts to 20th century NMHPA. This year's conference was held and Carlsbad. American tourists drlvinq Model A in Gallup, May 24-27. It featured a half Lonq before expeditions crossed these automobiles. With then 23 hairpin turns, day workshop on 'heritage tourism' lead plains, Native Americans made this area in 1932 a new route was laid out which by leaders from New Mexico, Colorado, their home. Descendents of the Four became Interstate 25. Texas, and Arizona. Best practices will Santa Fe Plaza Corners Anasazi-Pueblo culture had This historic area is unique in its help state and local efforts better paceace Santa Fe County moved south. Coronado, in the 16th natural New Mexico backcountry and their historic assets and heritage for Downtown Santa Fe is one of the century while he was searching for ~old breethrakinq vistas. Numerous economic development, education, and oldest inhabited areas in the United in the southwest. counted three villages petroqlyphs are found on volcanic rock tourism. Former Secretary of Interior States. The site of a pueblo since the on the Pecos River. along the sides of the mesa. Stewart Udall keynoted at the Awards twelfth century, it remains the oldest Around 1600, the Spanish irrigated the The locally lead Rural Conservation banquet. durinq the three-day event capital city in the United States. It is also land when they settled in the Pecos River Alliance has been active and vi~ilant in featuring 30 educational sessions and one of the first cities to recognize the Basin. It then flourished in the early 19th protecting this cultural landscape and area historic sites tours. -GW
5 Luis Jimenez, Jr. Killed in Tragic Accident Frontier Historian Sam Arnold Contributed Jimenez described "Man on fire" as an Greatly to the Knowledge of The Old West attempt to explore his Mexican roots. The National Endowment for the Arts Sam'l P Arnold was the founder of the commissioned a twenty-foot-tall renowned Fort Restaurant. a castle-like ''Vaquero'' of a Mexican cowboy ridinSJ a replica of the 1834 Bent's fort in bucking horse. That piece is now on southeastern Colorado. While 100kinSJ display in El Paso in front of the EI Paso through the regional books in the Denver Art Museum. His work has appeared in Public Library in 1962, Arnold found a exhibitions at the Metropolitan Museum picture of Bent's fort. He was so of Art. Whitney Museum of American Art, enchanted by the image. that he vowed Chtcaco Art Institute and the Hirshhorn to recreate such a fort for his restaurant, Museum to name only a few. which he opened in 1963. The restaurant In addition to his sculptures, Jimenez is located aSJainst the scenic red rocks was also known for his powerful near Morrison, Colorado, near Denver. Luis Jimen ez 1940-2006 paintings and lithographs. First Lady for 19 years. Arnold kept a black bear Photograph from El Paso Times Laura Bush purchased a lithograph named "Sissy" at the restaurant. a unique Noted New Mexico artist Luis Jimenez, Jr. "Texas Waltz" for the Bush's ranch home mascot. to be sure. The establishment is was killed in a freak accident at his studio in Crawford, Texas. famous for its 1840s menu selections. in Hondo, New Mexico, on June 13, 2006. Albuquerque is home to two of which include buffalo dishes, rattlesnake The 65 year old artist was best known for Jimenez's monumental sculptures. On a cakes. Rocky Mountain oysters. ~rilled his monumental and colorful fiberglass recent visit to Albuquerque Hillary quail. elk chops and cedar-plank roasted sculptures. Rodham Clinton called the "La Pieta del salmon. In 1997, The Fort hosted a Photograph ofSam 'I P. Arnold from Jimenez. born in El Paso, Texas , Suroesta." which is located at dinner for President Bill Clinton with the www.thefort.com learned his skill by helping his father, a Martineztown/Lonqfellow School Park , a heads of state of the eiSJht leading Mexican irnmicrant. weld and spray national treasure. The flam enco dancers industrial nations of the world during the spokesperson for the Coor's Taste of the paint at the family's electric sign "fiesta Jarabe" stands outside the east World Leaders Summit of the Ei~ht Westcookbook for eiqht years. company. After leaving El Paso, he entrance to Popejoy Hall at University of Conference. held in Denver. This honor A popular speaker on the food and studied with muralist francisco Zuntoa in New Mexico. "Sodbuster/San Isidro" was was only one of many that Sam Arnold travel circuit, Arnold addressed - and Mexico City. Jimenez was also a great on temporary display at the National received durlnq his lifetime. prepared a buffalo dinner - for the James admirer of Jose Clemente Orozco. Hispanic Cultural Center in Arnold's death occurred on June 7. Beard Foundation in New York City and Although Jimenez developed his own Albuquerque's Barelas NeiSJhborhood. 2006, in Scottsdale. Arizona. only a few was the keynote speaker at the 7th unique style, the influence of the Because of the size and cost of days before his 80th birthday. The Symposium on American Cuisine in Mexican muralists is evident in his work. Jimenez's sculptures. they are SJenerally raconteur. a SJraduate of Yale University Santa fe. At one time or another. he Jimenez went to New York City in the public art pieces, which stand in cities was recognized nationally as one of the hosted and produced reqional and early 1970s where he worked for about throughout the United States. At the leading authorities on foods of the national television shows such as "Food "fryin~ ten years. In 1979, Jimemez returned to time of his death, Jimenez was workinSJ Southwest and the early West. He was for Thouqht, Pans West T\7, " and his southwestern roots by moving from on a 32-foot-tall "Mustanq"for the Denver the author of the popular Eating Up the "Feast of Life." He also hosted "Eattnq Up the east coast to Hondo, New Mexico, International Airport. While rnovinq the Santa Fe Trail, which is a historic the West" on KOA. Denver's top-rated where he opened his studio. The SJiSJantic piece, it broke free of the hoist gastronomic journey westward. news/talk radio station. lon~ Smithsonian Institution recognized his and the sculpture fell pinning Jimenez Handsomely illustrated by his late wife, Throughout his career. Sam work when they included his sculpture against one of the steel supports. Carrie, the hi~hly entertaining Arnold was an active participant in the "Man on fire," in the Smithsonian Jimenez has been widly recognized for informative cookbook was the result of Western History Association. At the 1984 National Collection of fine Arts in 1979. his unique and innovative creativity. Arnold's painstaking research of the annual conference in St. Paul. diaries and journals kept by early 19th Minnesota. Arnold brought his mandolin • •• century settlers. trappers and traders. His and entertained his friends with ballads most recent cookbook, The Fort from the Santa Fe Trail and Fur Trapper Photographs from the 2006 Historical Society of Cookbook: New Foods of the Old West periods. In 1995, a dinner for the Western from the Famous Denver Restaurant. is History Conference. Denver, was held at New Mexico Albuquerque Conference peppered (no pun intended) with The Fort with Sam and Carrie Arnold Arnold's exuberant notes on the history entertaininc their ~uests in ~rand style. of the Old West and wisdom about food WauSJh! Arnold's mantra was his and in~redients. This latest book presents calling card. He had an affinity for The Fort's earliest days throughout its closinq a toast, e-mail or radio more than forty-year history. The prolific commercial for The Fort with ''Wau~h!.'' a cookbook historian also authored Frying Lakota word. which loosely translates as Pans West. He was an author/historian "ri~ht on." -CCL • ••
The above photograph taken at the 2006 Albuquerque Conference features New Mexico State Historians: Stanley H. Hordes (1981-1 985), Robert Torrez (198 7-2000) , and Estevati Rael Galvez, (200 i-Ptesent)
Presidents of the Historical Society ofNew Mexico (back row) , Robert Torrez and Margaret Espinoza McDonald, (front row) , current president Richard Melzer and Rick Hendricks. The Albuquerque Museum in background. Photograph taken at the annual conference 2006
Spencer Wilson, a past president of the Society (on left) , Austin Hoover (center) has served as a board m ember for much of the time since the mid-1970s and Robert R. White also a past president.
6 Book Review:
Inventing Los Alamos: The Growth of formation of Lawrence Livermore 2. On Rims & Ridges. The Los Alamos 1970 was responsible for the Laboratory's an Atomic Community Laboratory and the consequent bitter Area Since 1880 (paperback edition), Hal survival and growth to prominence in by Jon Hunner. competition between the two K. Rothman. University of Nebraska the postwar years. University of Oklahoma Press . 2004 Laboratories. Press . 1997. an excellent history of land 8. Los Alamos: The Ranch School Years, Review by Michael Stevenson The book comes into its own with use in the Los Alamos area including the 1917-1943, John D. Wirth and Linda descriptions of the building of postwar homesteading era. the development of Har vey Aldrich. University of New As Jon Hunner begins this Los Alamos and particularly the Bandelier as a National Monument. and Mexico Press, 2003. the story of this examination of the early development of development of new housing areas. such the appropriation of the Los Alamos extraordinary institution on the Los the town of Los Alamos as well as of what as the Western Area. built shortly after the mesas for the Manhattan Project. Alamos mesas that preceded and was is now the Los Alamos National end of the war. Hunner acanowledqes 3. Children of Los Alamos: An Oral evicted for the Manhattan Project. Laboratory. he says that "Los Alamos that the Laboratory and government History of the Town where the Atomic 9. Secret Mesa: Inside Los Alamos invented itself as a modern model leadership knew that there was a need Age Began, Katrina R. Mason, New York. National Laboratory. 10 Ann Shroyer. community. an atomic utopia for for "...modern homes and shoppinq Twayne Publishers. London. Prentice Hall John Wiley & Sons, 1998. a very insiqhtful America." This is a theme of the book, facilities in order to retain and attract International. 1995. a view into what and generally nonjudqmental placing of suggesting that there was a deliberate necessary personnel." But. because the growing up in Los Alamos was like Los Alamos National Laboratory in the attempt by the government to soften Laboratory was off limits to outsiders. the during the postwar years, showing that context of its community and the post images of mushroom clouds with images national media attention focused on this for children in this u nique. closed Cold War world, based on extensive of an ideal American town. As "model community...perhaps to counter community it seemed to be a very interviews in the 1990s with a number of background to this theme. Hunner the stark images from Japan." Hunner normal existence. Los Alamos scientists and weapons provides considerable information on contends that "The Western Area (and 4. Gatekeeper to Los Alamos: Dorothy developers. the development of Los Alamos town. subsequent neiqhborlnq residential Scetitt McKibbin (paperback), Nancy C. Further Suggestions including some from interviews of areas) existed mainly for purposes of staff Steeper. Los Alamos Historical Society. Worth pursuingfor those interested in residents and former residents. and there recruitment and retention and for their 2003. the story of how this "great lady of more research on Los Alamos history are is also considerable coverage of what publicity value in heralding atomic living Santa Fe" served as the congenial Santa a number of other books and was happening on the scientific and and culture." Hunner im plies that Fe concierge for so many Los Alamos monographs published by the Los technical front. building the "model community" was at scientists entering a stranqe new world Alamos Historical Society. including: For those who have read any of a least in large part a deliberate public and how McKibbin provided almost the 1. Los Alamos. the First Forty Years. Fern number of accounts of the World War II relations ploy on the part of the only interface between those isolated on Lyon and Jacob Evans. editors,1984. A Manhattan Project efforts at Los Alamos Washinqton government. the Los Alamos mesas and the cultural wonderful co m pilatio n of (mostly) to research. design. and build the first Hunner does not address the largely community in Santa Fe. newspaper articles that collectively nuclear weapons. this part of Hunner's parallel development of other key 5. 109 East Palace: Robert Oppenheimer provide more insight into the story will be redundant. even though Manhattan Project "atom ic cities," and the Secret City ofLos Alamos, Jennet development of Los Alamos as a town well told. The social elements of this particularly Oak RidSJe , Tennessee, Conant, Simon & Schuster. 2005 (also than most of the more formal histories. period of Los Alamos' history have also another invented and much larger available in a paperback reprint. 2006). 2. Los Alamos. New Mexico, a Survey to received attention from other writers. but community (at least during the war another version of the Dorothy McKibbin 1949. Marjorie Bell Chambers and Linda Hunner does provide some fresh years). This would be an interesting story and much more on the scientists of K. Aldrich. 1999. This is drawn from the perspectives and stories from comparison to study. with the industrial Los Alamos. their human frailties and very well researched history of the early nonscientist civilian participants in this production (uranium enrichment) their successes during the Manhattan development of th e Los Alamos military camp. Also . there is aspects at Oak Ridge being a much larger Project. extending to the community as given in Chambers considerable information on the building component of the activities than the Oppenheimer/Ieller conflicts in the early unpublished dissertation. Technically of the community's housing and scientific as compared to Los Alamos. but 1950s. Sweet Los Alamos: The Development of infrastructure durinq the war years and with the town also being developed as a 6. American Prometheus, The Triumph a FederaIly Sponsored Sci entific afterwards. new civilian community much along the and Tragedy of1. Robert Oppenheimer, Community. 1974, available in hard copy An important part of Hunner's story. lines of Los Alamos. Oak Ridge opened Kai Bird and Martin Sherwin, Knopf, (from microfilm) at the New Mexico State and one not very well known. is that of up earlier than Los Alamos. and from this 2005 , an exhaustive if not definitive Records Center and Archives. the tremendous influence of Los Alamos' reviewer's memories of visiting Oak biography of one of the most complex 3 . Robert Oppenheimer, 1904 -1967. scientists and their spouses in affecting RidSJe in the early 1950s it had the and important scientific figures of the Rob ert R. Bacher, 1999. A look at decisions of the federal \Jovernment in appearance of a model community, and twentieth century. Oppenheimer from an important moving from military control of both Los the Atomic Museum there certainly 7. Norris Bradbury. 1909-1997. Virginia scientist who worked with him during Alamos town and of the American touted the wonders of the atom. A Nylander Ebinger, editor, Los Alamos the Manhattan Project. nuclear weapons program and its comparative analysis of the development Historical Society. 2006 . a valuable 4. The Battle for Civil Rights or How Los facilities. The formation of the of these towns in the postwar years compilation of reprinted articles and Alamos Became a County, Marjorie Bell Association of Los Alamos Scientists and would be interesting and might provide interviews that. along with the editor's Chambers. 1999. (also drawn from its leading role in establishing the more tnsicht into the community narrative. tell the story of how this very Chambers' dissertation). and Federation of American Scientists was "invention" processes and the extent to important successor to Oppenheimer as 5. Quads. Shoeboxes and Sunken Living central to establishinq civilian control of which the government used these town the first Directo r of the Los Alamos Rooms: A History ofLos Alamos Housing. nuclear weapons design and developments as public relations fodder. Scientific Laboratory from 1946 until Craiq Martin. 2000. - MS development through the Atomic Energy Another interesting comparison would Commission. which itself quickly be that of the health. as communities, of • • • became the governing authority for the the two towns today. Hunner discusses Laboratory and the town. Although to a very limited extent more recent Senator Domenici Speaks at the Historical Hunner notes that"...many scientists with happenings at Los Alamos National the Manhattan Project advocated for Laboratory (particularly the negative Society of New Mexico Annual Conference civilian control." he leaves o ut the ones, including the Wen Ho Lee debacle). important national role of Robert but does not provide any view of how the Oppenheimer. the Director of the town is farinSJ. Most surprisingly he does Manhattan Project work at Los Alamos. not mention the Cerro Grande Fire of in helping to develop and advocate the 2000. which happened well before some Baruch plan of 1946. which proposed of the other events he discusses, and its international control of all atomic energy devastating effect on Los Alamos. and weapons information and In any case. Hunner's book overall is a development. The Baruch plan was good addition to a an ever growing presented by the U.S. to the United collection of books on Los Alamos as a Nations but was thwarted by the Soviet scientific institution in a constructed Union. by then well on its way to its own environment and town. His telling of the first nuclear device test. technical aspects of the development of The postwar development of the "the bomb" is well crafted, accurate hydrogen bomb and the Cold War and (aside from a few relatively insignificant the resulting continued growth of the errors). and also quite readable for the Laboratory and the town until its layman. Particularly for those who have openinq up in 1957 is the heart of the not yet read these tales or are interested book. Hunner SJoes through the oft-told in how Los Alamos town developed, this story of the development of the "Super" is a fine place to start. (the hydrogen bomb) and Edward Teller's Suggested Reading List role in this. and riqhtIy credits Stan Ulam For those readers interested in further for the breakthrough idea leading to the reading there are many options, but Senator Pete V. and Nancy Domenici at banqu et held at Hotel Albuquerque at Old Town . "success" of the hydrogen bomb. The some of the best available in major April QQ. Q006. Photograph by Jan Dodson Barnhart. (JDB Photograph) virtual character assassination of libraries or from bookseIIers include: Oppenheimer by Teller during 1. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. The Historical Society of New Mexico was honored to have United States Senator Oppenheimer's clearance revocation Richard Rhodes, New York, Simon & Pete V. Domenici speak at their 2006 annual conference banquet held at Hotel hearings in 1953 is also touched on. as is Schuster. 1986, the most authoritative Albuquerque at Old Town . Elected to the Senate on November 7, 1972. Domenici is the resulting impact on the town and the story of the international nuclear science New Mexico's Senior Senator. The honor of introducing Domenici went to Fred Harris open dissent of Los Alamos scientists in research leading into the Manhattan a past United States Senator from Oklahoma and now a resident of Corrales. NM. support of Oppenheimer. Interestingly. Project and the subsequent Los Alamos Dornenici gave a personal talk about his roots "Looking Back: My Family's Century In Hunner leaves out the departure of Teller development of the first "devices" used at Albuquerque". His father came to Albuquerque in 1906 where he and an older brother from Los Alamos and his role in the Trinity. Hiroshima. and Nagasaki. eventually owned the Montezuma Mercantile Company.
7 • • This Newspape r is published by - I. HISTORICAL SOCIETY Of Non-Profit O rganization NEW MEXICO ". : .. U.S. POSTAGE PAID PO. Box 1912 ' . . Santa Fe. New Mexico 87504 La Cronica . Santa f e. Ne\\' Mexico H7301 EDITOR De Nuevo MeXlco Permit No. 95 Carleen C. Lazzell ASSOCIATE EDITOR Number 68 Ronald R. Hadad OffICERS HISTORICAL SOCIETY OFNEW MEXICO Richard Melzer - President Michael Stev ens on - is t Vice President Post O ffi ce Box 1912 Kathryn Flynn - 2nd Vice President John Ramsay - Treasurer Santa Fe, New Mexico 87504 John Porter Bloom - Sec retary DIRECTORS Jan Dod son Barnhart TO: Cecilia Jen sen Bell David L. Caffey William W Dun mire Ken Earle Jim Harris Ren e Harris Jo Anne Jaser 11111.1 •• 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111II1 Car lee n Lazzell Mar\?aret Espinosa McDonald Estevan Rael-GaIvez Rick Hendricks - Past President
The opinions expressed in si~ ne d articles are not necessarily those of the Historical Society of New Mexico. Mention of a product. service or professional in the se columns is not to be co nsidered an endorsement of that product. service or profession by the Histor ical Society of New Mexico. Printed by Tri-State Printing www.hsnm.org • • "Mariachi Guerreo" Performance at La Fonda del Bosque
Female vocelists Samantha Arellano. Lisa bsteleeu. Mara bendetes. JoAnn Ureno with Frank Rivera, Band Director
On Saturday, April 1, 2006, the Santa female vocalists and two male vocalists Teresa Hi!(Jh School mariachi band gave we re accompanied by 2 !(J uitars, 2 an impromptu performance at La Fonda vih uelas. 1 gUi tron, 2 soprano Adrian Porras. soloist wears the traditional del Bosque cafe at the National Hispanic saxophones and 2 trumpets. Mexican Tteje Mariachi attire Cultural Center in Albuquerque. Fran k The students ranqe from 9th through border with Mexico, is part of the Rivera, Director. and thirteen students 12th grades and were in Albuquerque for Gadsden Independent School District. entertained their audience with a Mariachi Conference. Santa Teresa The group often performs for weddings Luis Sow, guitarist wears a festive Mexican numerous musical selections. The four High School, which is located near the and fiestas. -CCL wedding shire ••• Call for Papers Arizona-New Mexico Joint History Conference April 26 - 29, 2007 Ron-Dab Resort, Pinetop-Lakeside, Arizona
The program committee invites proposals for papers on any aspect of Arizona Proposals must be submitted by Oc tober 1. 2007, to Bruce 1. Dinges, c/o Arizona history or New Mexico history for presentation at the Arizona-New Mexico Joint Historical Society, 949 E. Second Street. Tucson. AZ 85719. Only one pro posal per History Convention, which will be held at the Hon-Dah Resort at Pinetop-Lakeside. author. Include name. address. phone number, and biographical information , alone Arizona. We encourage proposals for complete sessions on a related topic as well as with title of presentation and no more than one-page of description. individual submissions. Followinq notification of acceptance. presenters wishinq to be considered for a prize Barry M. Goldwater Award must submit a completed paper of no more than twelve double-spaced, typed pages A panel of judges will award a $750 prize to the best convention paper on Arizona (exclusive of notes) to Bruce Dinges by February 1. 2007. Papers not being submitted history. All accepted papers (except those by colleqe students) are eligible. for a prize must be in hand no later than March 1. 2007. Presentation Ienqth will be strictly limited to twenty minutes maximum. Valeen T. A~ery Collegiate Award A $500 prize goes to the best paper on an Arizona top ic by a college or junior college Information on meals. tours. and lodging will be mailed in February, 2006. For more student (!(Jraduate or undergrad uate). Indicate the advisinq professor and institution on information. contact Bruce Dinges. 949 E. Second Street. Tucson. AZ 85719. (520) 628 the proposal and completed paper. 5774. or visit our web site: www.arizonahistory.org.
Don Bufkin Prize The $500 prize will be awa rded for the best paper dealing with the territorial period of Arizona history. Papers dealing with Arizona qeoqraphy. broadly defined. or The above illustration is the official logo for the Arizona Historical Society. The Ioqo cartography are partic ularly encouraged. Anyone wishing to contribute to this is the alchemic symbol for co pper. one of the seven metals of the art of alchemy that memorial can send a check. made out to the Arizona History Convention, Inc., to reaches back in time to ancient E!(JYPt. Selected because copper plays such a Chairma n William C. Porter. 820 E. Beale Street. Kingman, AZ 86401. prominent role in Arizona's development. it was first used in 1955 on Arizona Historical Society's publications and became the Society's official logo in 1962. fAzAAward The $250 prize sponsored by the Friends of Arizona Archives (FAzA) will be awarded to Please visit the Historical Society of New Mexico web site! the paper tha t demonstrates the best use of archival research. www.hsnm.org