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NOBELSTIFTELSEN

KALENDER

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NOBEL FOUNDATION

CALENDAR

1 9 6 9 -1 9 7 0 NOBELSTIFTELSEN

NOBEL FOUNDATION

FONDATION NOBEL

NOBELSTIFTUNG PRINTED IN BY Almqvist & Wiksells

BOKTRYCKERI AKTIEBOLAG

UPPSALA 1969 INNEHÁLL Sid. Upplysningar...... 4 Styrelse* tjanstemanm.fi...... 13 F ullm aktige...... 18 Revisorer...... 23 Prisutdelare samt Nobelkommittéer och Nobelinstitut . . . . 25 Publikationer...... 40 Prisbeslut...... 46 Behorighet att foresla kandidater till Nobelpris...... 47 Nobelpristagare...... 50 Register over Nobelpristagare ...... 119 Supplement: Riksbankens pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne...... 128 Personregister...... 132 Forkortningar och forklaringar...... 134

CONTENTS

Pagc Information...... 4 , Employees, etc...... 13 Trustees ...... 18 A u d ito r s ...... 23 Prhge-awarding bodies, Nobel Committees and Nobel Institutes . 2 5 Publications...... 40 Priste decisions...... 46 Right to propose Nobel Pri%e candidates...... 47 Nobel Pri%e Laureates ...... 50 Index of Nobel Pri%e Laureates...... 119 Supplement: Memorial Priste in Economic instituted by the Central Bank oj Srveden...... 128 Personal Índex ...... 132 Abbreviations and explanations ...... 134 FOUNDER

ALFRED NOBEL

SWEDISH CHEMICAL ,

INVENTOR

* , October 21, 1833, f San Remo, , , 1896

4 IMPORTANT DATES

Jan. 31 Final date fot acceptance of proposals fot current year’s prize awards. Febr. 28 Final date for presentation of the Annual Report to the Auditors. March 31 Final date for submission of the Annual Report and the Auditors’ Report to the Trustees. April 30 Final date for Trustees’ meeting to consider the Annual Report and the Auditors’ Report, and to elect new Board Members. May 1 The newly elected Members of the Board begin their term of office. Sept. Invitations issued for proposals of Prize Can- didates for next year. Sept.- Decisions on prize awards. Nov. 15 Oct. 21 Date of Alfred Nobel’s birth (1833). Dec. 10 Date of Alfred Nobel’s death (1896) and Com- memoration Day of the Nobel Foundation (Nobel day), when the Nobel Awards are formally presented, the Prize in and the other prizes in Stockholm.

5 THE NOBEL FOUNDATION

was established under the terms of the will of Alfred Bern- hard N obel, Ph.D.h.c., dated París, , 1895, which in its relevant parís runs as follows:

»üfver hela min áterstáende realiserbara fórmógenhet fórfogas pá fóljande sátt: kapitalet, af utredningsmánnen realiseradt till sákra várdepapper, skall utgóra en fond, hvars ránta árligen utdelas som prisbelóning át dem, som under det fórlupna áret hafva gjort menskligheten den stórsta nytta. Rántan délas i fem lika delar, som tillfalla: en del den, som inom fysikens omráde har gjort den vigtigaste upptáckt eller uppfinning; en del den, som har gjort den vigtigaste kemiska upptáckt eller fór- báttring; en del den, som har gjort den vigtigaste upptáckt inom fysiologiens eller medicinens domán; en del den, som inom litteraturen har producerat det utmárktaste i idealisk rigtning; och en del át den, som har verkat mest eller bást fór folkens fórbródrande och afskaffande eller minskning af stáende arméer samt bildande och spridande af fredskongresser. Prisen fór fysik och kemi utdelas af Svenska Vetenskapsakademien; fór fysiologiska eller medicinska arbeten af Karolinska in- stitutet i Stockholm; fór litteraturen af Akademien i Stockholm samt fór fredsfórfáktare af ett utskott af fem personer, som váljas af Norska Stortinget. Det ár min uttryckliga vilja att vid prisutdelningen intet afseende fástes vid nágon slags nationa- litetstillhórighet, sálunda att den várdigaste erháller priset, antingen han ár skandinav eller ej.»

Translation:

“The whole of my remaining realizable estáte shall be dealt with in the following way: The capital shall be invested by my executors in safe securities and shall constitute a fund,

6 the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind. The said interest shall be divíded into five equal parís, which shall be appor- tioned as follows: one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of ; one part to the person who shall have made the most important Chemical discovery or improvement; one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of or ; one part to the person who shall have produced in the field of the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency; and one part to the person who shall have done the most or the best work to promote fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and pro- motion of peace congresses. The prizes for physics and che- mistry shall be awarded by the of Science, that for physiological or medical works by the Caroline Institute in Stockholm, that for literature by the Academy in Stockholm, and that for champions of peace by a Committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian . It is my express wish that in awarding the prizes no consideration whatever shall be given to the nationality of the candidates, so that the most worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be a Scandinavian or not.”

7 THE FIVE NOBEL PRIZES

Subject: Pri%e-aivarders:

Physics The Royal Academy of , Stockholm

Chemistry Idem

Physiology or Medicine The Royal Caroline Medico- Chirurgical Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Stockholm

Literatura The Swedish Academy, Stock­ holm

Peace The of the Norwegian Storting (Parliament), Oslo i 1

1 See page 126.

8 A SSET S (Dec. 31, 1968)

Capital 81,6 million Swedish Kronor Assets yielding interest 77,7 million Swedish Kronor

F U N D S (Dec. 31, 1968)

Main Fund (Prize Fund) 42,7 million Swedish Kronor Other Funds 23,5 million Swedish Kronor

VARIATION IN THE FUNDS (in 1,000 Sw. kronor)

1901 1920 1940 1960 1968 Main Fund 27,716 30,191 33.537 37,598 42,679 (Prize Fund) Building Fund 1,180 2,227 78t 560 869

Organi^alion Funds: Physics 322 293 10 41 2,157 322 293 1,040 1,863 2,965 Medicine 324 140 2,068 — — Literature 217 209 446 451 458 Peace 324 99 496 210 461

Saving Funds: Physics 29 528 1,091 991 2,747 Chemistry 29 544 1,138 929 1,684 Medicine 24 783 U933 i,372 1,517 Literature 3 26 125 128 399 Peace 34 130 264 137 185

9 Special Funde: 1901 1920 1940 1960 1968 Physics — 140 482 901 1,263 Chemistry - 419 1,024 1.515 1,947 Medicine — 58! 1,129 J,592 2,094 Literature — 298 407 929 i,349 Peace — 634 1,298 2.378 3,378 The Foundation was granted tax exemption (with a few ex- ceptions) in 1946. Until then about 13.5 million Swedish Kro­ nor had been paid in taxes.

PRIZE AMOUNTS

in Swedish year: kronor: I9OI 150,800 19IO 140,700 1920 134,100 1923 (lowest amount) 115,000 1930 172,900 1940 138,600 1950 164,300 1960 226,000 1961 250,200 1962 257,200 1963 265,000 1964 273,000 1965 282,000 1966 300,000 1967 320,000 1968 350,000 1969 (highest amount) 375,000

The prize money is taxed in accordance with the laws of the country of the recipient. As a rule the prize is tax free either de jure or de jacto.

10 NUMBER OF PRIZES AWARDED during each five-year period (divided or jointly awarded prizes counted as one)

Physícs Chemistry Medicine Literatura Peace

1901-05 5 5 5 5 5 1906-10 5 5 5 5 5 1911-15 5 5 4 3 3 1916-20 4 1 2 5 3 1921-25 4 4 3 4 2 1926-30 6 6 5 6 5 J95I-35 3 4 5 4 3 1936-40 4 4 4 4 4 I94I-45 3 3 3 2 2 1946-50 5 5 5 5 4 1951-55 5 5 5 5 4 1956-60 5 5 5 5 4 1961-65 5 5 5 5 5 1966-68 3 3 3 3 1 Total 62 60 59 61 5° Grand Total 292

11 STATUTES AND BY-LAWS

Statutes for the Nobel Foundation were given by the King in Council on June 29, 1900 (S. F. 63/1900), with later amend- ments (S. F. 89 & 781/1910, 394/1922, 524/1934, 781/1937, 106/1966). Special Regulations for the prize-awarding insti- tutions were given by the King in Council in the case of the three Swedish bodies on June 29, 1900 (S. F. 63/1900) with later amendments (S. F. 241 & 424/1923, 53/1949, 9/1961, 306/1964, 106/1966), and on June 10, 1905, in the case of the Norwegian body (amended 1939). (Translations of the Stat­ utes and Special Regulations are available in English, French and Germán.) Regulations for the Board of the Nobel Foundation were issued by the King in Council on February 15, 1901 (S. F. 11/1901), with later amendments (S. F. 246/1939, 707/1943, 236/1947. 595/1949. 121/1953, 26/1956, 407/1958, 492/1962).

The bodies governed by the Statutes and By-Laws are: 1. The Nobel Foundation with its Trustees, Board of Directora and Auditors\ 2. Four Pri^e-Awarding , viz. The Royal Academy of Sciences, the Royal Caroline Medico-Chirurgical Institute, the Swedish Academy and the Nobel Committee of the Norwegian Storting (Parliament); 3. Five Nobel Committees (including the above-mentioned Com­ mittee of the Norwegian Storting, which is in itself a prize- awarding )—one for each prize section; 4. Four Nobel Institutes—one for each prize-awarding body.

12 STYRELSE

(BOARD OF DIRECTORS)

Ordforande, forordnad av Kungl. Maj:t (Chairman, appointed by ¡he King) von E uler, Ulf, M. D., Professor i fysiologi vid K. Karolinska institutet, f. 1905; 1965-29/10-1970. Tel. tj.-rum 53 99 58, priv. 63 65 59. Adr. Karlaplan 14, 115 22 Stockholm.

Ersattare for Ordforanden, forordnad av Kungl. Maj:t (Deputy for tbe Chairman, appointed by the King)

Browaldh, T ore, J. K., Tekn.D.h.c., Bankdirektór, f. 1917; 1966 1/1. Tel. tj.-rum 22 92 20, priv. 61 96 43. Adr. Skeppargatan 66, 114 59 Stockholm.

Ovriga ledamoter, valda av Fullmaktigi (Other Members of the Board, elected by the Trustees)

Stáhle, N ils K., J.K., J.D.h.c., f.d. Envoyé, verkst. dir. (Executive Dir.), f. 1901; (1948 1/2) 1968-1/5-1970. Tel. tj.-rum 63 09 20, priv. 63 37 87. Adr. Sturegatan 14, 11436 Stockholm.

Rudberg, E rik, Fil. D., Professor, K. Vetenskapsakademiens sekreterare, f. 1902; (1959 1/5) 1969-1/5-1971. Tel. tj.-rum 15 9899, priv. 15 55 85. Adr. K. Vetenskaps- akademien, 10405 Stockholm 50.

i? Wallenberg, Marcus, Tekn. D. h. c., f. 1899; 1968-1/5-1970. Tel. tj.-rum 221900, priv. 0752/30014. Adr. Enskilda Bank, Box 16067, I03 22 Stockholm 16, priv.-bost. Vilbynás, 140 40 Osmo.

G ierow, I

Suppleanter {Deputy Members}

Frostman, Otto, Fil. D., Professor i matematik vid Stock­ holms universitet, f. 1907; (1965 1/5) 1969-1/5-1971. Tel. tj.-rum 22 81 60, priv. 755 07 52. Adr. Auravágen 21, 182 62 Djursholm 1.

Bergstróm, Sune, M. D., Professor i kemi vid K. Karolinska institutet, institutets Rektor, f. 1916; 1969-1/5-1971. Tel. tj.-rum 23 5480/397, priv. 21 85 87. Adr. Danderyds- gatan 12, 114 26 Stockholm.

Tidigare Ordfirande (Previous Chairmen}

Bostróm, G ustaf, Fil. D. h. c., Statsminister m. m., 1900-1907.

Wachtmeister, Fredrik, Greve, Fil. D. h. c., J. D. h. c., Universitetskansler, f. d. Utrikesminister m. m., 1907-1918.

14 Schück, Henrik, Fil. D., Teol. D. h. c., Professor i litteratur- historia, f. d. Rektor vid Uppsala universitet, En av de 18 i Sv. Akad. m. m., 1918-1929.

H ammarskjóld, Hjalmar, J. D., Fil. D. h. c., Landshóvding, Statsminister, En av de 18 i Sv. Akad. m. m., 1929-1947.

E keberg, Birger, J.D ., Fil. D. h. c., Riksmarskalk, £. d. Statsrád, En av de 18 i Sv. Akad. m. m., 1947-1960.

T iselius, Arne, Fil. D., M. D. h. c., Professor i biokemi vid Uppsala universitet, nobelpristagare i kemi ár 1948, m. m., 1960-1964.

Lindblad, Bertil, Fil. D., Professor, K. Vetenskapsakade- miens astronom, 1965.

Tidigare Verkstallande Direktorer (Previous Executive Directors}

Santesson, H enrik, J. K., Vice Háradshóvding, 1900-1912.

Sederholm, H enrik, J. K., Vice Háradshóvding, 1913-1929.

Sohlman, Ragnar, Civ.-ing., Kommerserád, 1929-1946.

H ammarskióld, Sven, J. K., Hovráttsrád, 1946-1948. EXPEDITION

(OFFICE OF THE NOBEL FOUNDATION)

Nobelhuset, Sturegatan 14, 114 36 Stockholm 5 Telegr.-adr. {Cable aildrcss): Nobelianum.

Kontorstid:

1 jam-15 juni och 15 sept.~3i dec.: mándag-fredag kl. 9.30-14.30; lordagar stángt. 15 junl-ij sept.: mándag-fredag kl. 9.30-13.30; lordagar stángt.

Office hours:

Jan. i-June 15, Sept. 15-Dec. 31: Monday-Friday 9.30 a. rn.-2.30 p. m.; Saturdays closed. June 15-Sept. 15: Monday-Friday 9.30 a. tn.-1.30 p. ra.; Saturdays closed.

Telefon: Váxel 63 09 20 Verkstallande direktóren 63 09 21 efter Kamreraren 63 09 22 kl. 16.30 Expeditionen 63 09 23 (after Fastighetslntendenten 63 09 24 4.30 p.m.)

Verkstallande direktor {Executive Director)

Stáhle, N. K., f. ó. Envoyé (se sld. 13); 1948 1/2.

16 Tjansteman (Office staff)

Office tel. nr 6) 09 20

W ijkander, Barbeo, Fru, f. 1920; (1947); Kamrerare (Chief Accountant) 1955 1/1. Tel. 53 76 32. Adr. Baltzar von Platens gata 1, 112 42 Stock- holm.

Z etterman, Á ke, f. 1923; (1947); Fastighetsintendent (Real Estate Manager) 1955 1/1. Tel. 53 32 80. Adr. Norr Málarstrand 78, 112 35 Stockholm.

Waerndt, E lsie, Fróken, f. 1915; (1962); Utrikes korrespondent och sekreterare (Secretary in cbarge of foreign correspondence) 1964 15/4- Tel. 91 66 76. Adr. Tanneforsvagen 15, 122 47 Enskede.

Carlén, Sigrid, Fróken, f. 1911; (1957); Kassorska (Cashier) 1960 1/5. Tel. 67 13 97. Adr. Erik Dahlbergsgatan 26, 115 32 Stock­ holm.

Vakant; Sekreterare (Secretary).

Bolander, E va, Fróken, f. 1948; Sekreterare (Secretary) 1969 16/6. Tel. 61 3494. Adr. Rindógatan 13, 115 36 Stockholm.

Ráberg, Yvonne, Fróken, f. 1949; Telefonist (Telepbone Opera- tor) 1968 4/3. Tel. 29 09 47. Adr. Ateljévágen 22, 172 41 Sundbyberg.

Jo .-jsson, G ert, £. 1940; Expeditionsvakt (Office Messenger) 1964 1/6. Tel. 67 87 70. Adr. Sturegatan 14, 114 36 Stockholm.

T7

2 —695516 Nobelstiftelsens Kalender FULLMÁKTIGE (TRUSTEES)

Ordforande (Chairman)

Zotterman, Yngve, M. o. Vet. M. D., Professor emer., f. 1898; (1966)1968-1969. Tel. tj.-rum 150900, priv. 328677. Adr. Sveavágen 166, ing. H, 113 46 Stockholm.

A. AV K. VETENSKAPSAKADEMIEN VALDA (ELECTED BY THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE)

Z otterman, Y., Professor emer. (se ovan).

G ranit, Ragnar, M. D., Fil. M., Professor emer., nobel- PRISTAGARE I FYSIOLOGI ELLER MEDICIN ÁR 1967, f. 1900; (1948)I968-I969. Tel. tj.-rum 33 60 59, priv. 21 37 28. Adr. Eriksbergsgatan 14, 114 30 Stockholm.

Myrbáck, K arl, Fil. D., Professor emer., f. 1900; (1948) 1968- 1969. Tel. tj.-rum 3408 60, priv. 20 80 33. Adr. Tegnérgatan 45, n i 61 Stockholm.

Sterky, H ákan, Tekn. D., f. d. Generaldirektór och chef fór K. Telestyrelsen, f. 1900; (1952) 1968-1969. Tel. tj.-rum 23 6040; priv. 61 55 00. Adr. Sibyllegatan 43- 45, 11442 Stockholm.

Lundberg, E rik, Fil. D., Professor i nationalekonomi vid Handelshógskolan i Stockholm, f. 1907; (1958) 1968-1969. Tel. tj.-rum 3495 60, priv. 87 68 43. Adr. Bórjessonsvágen 42, 161 55 Bromma.

18 F redga, Arne, Fil. D., Professor emer., f. 1902; (1965) 1968- 1969. Tel. tj.-rum 018/139468, priv. 018/135734. Adr. Bórje- gatan 3 A, 752 24 Uppsala.

Suppleanter (Deputy Trastees)

1:0 Alfvén, H annes, Fil. D., Professor i elektronik vid K. Tekniska Hógskolan i Stockholm, f. 1908; (1966) 1968-1969. Tel. tj.-rum 23 65 20/1685, priv. 755 45 55. Adr. Embla- vágen 29, 182 63 Djursholm. 2:0 Lang, Karl, Fil. D., Professor vid Naturhistoriska Riks- museets evertebratavdelning, f. 1901; (1966) 1968-1969. Tel. tj.-rum 32 10 52, priv. 85 21 03. Adr. Egilsvágen 8, 182 74 Stocksund. 3:0 O dqvist, Folke, Fil. D., Civ.-ing., Professor emer., K. Ve- tenskapsakademiens Preses 1969-1970, f. 1899; (1966) 1968- 1969. Tel. tj.-rum 23 65 20/1552, priv. 755 18 58. Adr. Torstens- sonsvágen 7 D, 182 64 Djursholm. 4:0 E dlén, Bengt, Fil. D., Professor i fysik vid Lunds Uni- versitet, f. 1906; (1967) 1968-1969. Tel. tj.-rum 046/124620 priv. 046/111037. Adr. Óster- vángsvágen 38, 223 65 Lund.

B. AV K. KAROLINSKA INSTITUTETS MEDICINSKA FAKULTET VALDA (ELECTED BY THE

FACULTY OF MEDICINE OF THE ROYAL CAROLINE INSTITUTE)

T heorell, H ugo, M. D., Professor i biokemi vid K. Karo- linska institutet, nobelpristagare i fysiologi eller me- DICIN ÁR 1955, f. 1903; (1962) 1968-1969.

T9 Tel. tj.-rum 235480/130, priv. 329006. Adr. Sveavágen 166, ing. H, 113 46 Stockholm.

Caspersson, T orbjórn, M. D., Professor i medicinsk cell- forskning och genetik vid K. Karolinska institutet, f. 1910; (1962) 1968-1969. Tel. tj.-rum 23 54 80/140, priv. 62 21 50. Adr. Banérgatan 51, 115 22 Stockholm.

Gard, Sven, M. D., Professor i virusforskning vid K. Ka- rolinska institutet, f. 1905; (1966) 1968-1969. Tel. tj.-rum 8201 80/200, priv. 33 3707. Adr. Solna kyrk- vág 9, 171 64 Solna.

Suppleanter (Deputy Trus tees)

1:0 Bernhard, Carl G ustaf, M. D., Professor i fysiologi vid K. Karolinska institutet, f. 1910; 1968-1969. Tel. tj.-rum 23 5480/486, priv. 765 81 15. Adr. Ringvágen 39, 181 33 Lidingó 1. En vakant.

C. AV SVENSKA AKADEMIEN VALDA

(ELECTED BY THE SWEDISH ACADEMY)

Ó sterling, Anders, Fil. D., Fórfattare, En av de 18 i Sv. akad., f. 1884; (1966) 1968-1969. Tel. 61 61 25. Adr. Blockhusringen 39, 115 25 Stockholm.

O lsson, Eíenry, Fil. D., Professor emer., En av de 18 i Sv. akad., f. 1896; (1953) 1968-1969. Tel. 21 39 70. Adr. Skeppsbron 6, m 30 Stockholm.

20 Andersson, Ingvar, FÍ1. D., f. d. Riksarkivarie, En av de 18 i Sv. akad., f. 1899; (1957) 1968-1969. Tel. 200069. Adr. Engelbrektsgatan 6, uppg. A, 114 32 Stockholm.

Suppleanter (Deputy Trastees}

1:0 N yberg, H enrik, T. o. Fil. D., Professor emer., En av de 18 i Sv. akad., f. 1889; (1961) 1968-1969. Tel. tj.-rum 018/141282, priv. 018/135042. Adr. S:t Johannesgatan 9 B, 752 35 Uppsala.

2:0 J ohnson, E yvind, Fil. D., Fórfattare, En av de 18 i Sv. akad., f. 1900; (1965) 1968-1969. Tel. 717 10 76. Adr. Vitsippsvágen 8, 133 00 Saltsjóbaden.

D. AV NORSKA STORTINGETS NOBELKOMMITTÉ

VALDA

(ELECTED BY THE NOBEL COMMITTEE OF THE NORWEGIAN STORTING)

Lion/Es, Aase, Cand. cecon., Lagtingspresident, f. 1907; (1950) 1968-1969. Tel. tj.-rum Oslo 41 38 10, priv. Oslo 28 2408. Adr. Pans vei 8, Ulvóya.

Ingvaldsen, Bernt, Stortingspresident, f. 1902; 1968-1969. Tel. tj.-rum Oslo 41 38 10, priv. Drammen 83 40 09. Adr. Solbakken 43, Drammen.

Refsum, H elge, Lagdommer, f. 1897, 1968-1969. Tel. priv. Bergen 826 43 kl. 7-8.30, kl. 16-22.30. Adr. Vil- helm Bjerknes vei 70, 5030 Landás (Slettebakken post).

21 Suppleanter (Deputy Trastees")

1:0 Rognlien, H elge, Formann i Trygderetten, f. 1920; 1968- 1969. Tel. tj.-rum Oslo 2009 50, priv. Oslo 2400 33. Adr. Nad- derudásen 15, Bekkestua.

2:0 K ruse-Jensen, Carl, f. d. Hóyesterettsdommer, f. 1889; 1968-1969. Tel. priv. Oslo 55 9946. Adr. Gustav Vígelands vei 12, Oslo 2.

22 REVISORER

(AUDITORS)

Ordforande, forordnad av Kungl. Maj:t (Chairman, appointed by the King}

Stiernstedt, Jan, Fil. K., Expeditionschef i K. Utbildnings- departementet, f. 1925; 1969. Tel. tj.-rum 2245 00, priv. 269995. Adr. K. Utbildnings- departementet, Fack, 105 10 Stockholm 2, priv. Koltrast- vágen 5, 161 37 Bromma.

Vald av Nobelstiftelsens Fullmaktige (Elected ¡y the Trustees of the Nobel Foundation}

Regelius, Karl E rik, D.H.G., Auktoriserad revisor, £. 1919; (1968) 1969. Tel. tj.-rum 23 07 35, priv. 38 26 19. Adr. Ulvógatan 13, 162 23 Vállingby.

Ovriga revisorer, valda av prisutdelarna (Other auditors, elected by the pri^e-awarding bodies)

Vald av K. Vetenskapsakademien.

H ast, N ils, Tekn. D., f. d. Professor, f. 1902; (1967) 1969. Tel. tj.-rum 208461, priv. 200509. Adr. Engelbrekts- gatan 16, 114 32 Stockholm.

Vald av K. Karolinska institutets medicinska fakultet.

Malmgren, Berndt, M. D., Professor i bakteriologi vid K. Karolinska institutet, f. 1906; (1967) 1969. Tel. tj.-rum 33 15 47, priv. 33 79 42. Adr. Solna kyrkvág 13, 171 64 Solna.

23 Vald av Svenska Akademien.

O lsson, H., Professor emer. (se sid. 20); (1956) 1969.

Vald av Norska Storlingets Nobelkommitté.

Bodtker, H enning, Regjeringsadvokat, f. 1891; (1945) 1969. Tel. tj.-rum Oslo 33 49 95, priv. Oslo 55 78 78. Adr. Gren- sen 15, Oslo.

24 PRISUTDELARE, NOBELKOMMITTÉER OCH N O BELIN STITU T

(PRIZE-AWARDERS, NOBEL COMMITTEES AND NOBEL INSTITUTES)

/ och 2. Prisutdelare fo r fysik och fo r kerni (Pri%e-aivarder for Physics and fo r Chemistry) K. VETENSKAPSAKADEMIEN (ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES)

Adress: Frescati, 104 05 Stockholm 50. Tel. 15 04 30

Akademiens ledamoter se Sveriges Statskalender

(Members of íhe Academy, see: The Swedish State Calendar)

Akademiens Preses (President of the Academy')

O dqvist, F., Professor emer. (se sid. 19); 1969-8/4-1970.

Akademiens Forste Vice Preses {First Vice President of the Academy)

Frostman, O., Professor (se sid. 14); i969-maj-i97o.

25 Akademiens Andre Vice Preses (Second Vice Presiden! of the Academy)

Zotterman, Y., Professor emet. (se sid. 18); 1969-maj- 1970.

Akademiens Sekreterare (Secretary of the Academy)

Rudberg, E., Professor (se sid. 13); 1959.

Tjansteman (Officers)

Gillberg, Carl-Henrik, Kapten i Marinint.-kárens reserv, Akademirantmdstare (Treasurer of the Academy), f. 1913; 1950. Tel. tj.-rum 150430, priv. 342292. Adr. K. Vetenskaps- akademien, 10405 Stockholm 50.

H illerud, Kai-Inge, J. K., Akademiassessor (Assessor of the Academy), f. 1937; 1965. Tel. tj.-rum 15 04 30, priv. 34 74 71. Adr. Bergianska trád- gárden, 104 05 Stockholm 50.

K. VETENSKAPSAKADEMIENS NOBELKOMMITTÉ FÓR FYSIK

(NOBEL COMMITTEE FOR PHYSICS OF THE

ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES) Adress: Nobelhuset, Sturegatan 14, 114 36 Stockholm.

Ledamoter (Members)

Rudberg, E., Professor (se sid. 13); 1963-. Kommitténs ordfbrande for

26 Waller, Ivar, Fil. D., Professor emer., f. 1898; (1945) 1968- 1971. Tel. tj.-rum 018/137144, priv. 018/136075. Adr. Trád- gárdsgatan 10, 752 20 Uppsala. E dlén, B., Professor (se sid. 19); (1961) 1969-1972. Siegbaiin, K ai, Fil. D., Professor i fysik vid Uppsala univer- sitet, f. 1918; (1963) 1967-1970. Tel. tj.-rum 018/139460, priv. 018/146963. Adr. Fysiska institutionen, Box 530, 751 21 Uppsala 1. H ultiién, Lamer, Fil. D., Professor i matematisk fysik I vid K. Tekniska Hógskolan i Stockholm, f. 1909; 1966-1969. Tel. tj.-rum 23 65 20/1165, priv. 370694. Adr. Bórjessons- vágen 29, 161 55 Bromma.

K. VETENSKAPSAKADEMIENS NOBELKOMMITTÉ FÓR KEMI

(NOBEL COMMITTEE FOR CHEMISTRY OF

THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES)

Adress: Nobelhuset, Sturegatan 14, 114 36 Stockholm.

Ledamóter (Members}

T iselius, A., Professor emer. (se sid. 15); (1947) 1967-1970. Kommitténs ordfbrande for 1969. Tel. tj.-rum 018/13 55 58, priv. 018/13 55 54. Adr. Thun- bergsvágen 22, 752 38 Uppsala. Fredga, A., Professor emer. (se sid. 19); (1943) 1968-1971. Myrbáck, K., Professor emer. (se sid. 18); (1954) 1966-1969. H ágg, Gunnar, Fil. D., Professor emer., f. 1903; 1965-1968.

27 Tel. tj.-rum 018/139460, priv. 018/136989. Adr. Thun- bergsvágen 24, 752 38 Uppsala.

Ólander, Arne, Fil. D., Professor emer., f. 1902; 1965-. Tel. tj.-rum 3408 60; priv. 10 1605. Adr. Stockholms uni- versitet, Box 6801, 113 86 Stockholm 6. Bost. Karlavágen 12, 11431 Stockholm.

Sekreterare fór K. Vetenskapsakademiens Nobelkommittéer {Secretary of the Nobel Committees of the Royal A.cademy of Science)

Magnéli, Arne, Fil. D., Professor i oorganisk kemi vid Stock­ holms universitet, f. 1914; 1966. Tel. tj.-rum 3408 60/110 (direkt 301677), komm.-lokalen 61 19 69, priv. 018/13 10 Adr. tj.-rum Stockholms uni- versitets institution fór oorganisk och fysikalisk kemi, Kungstensgatan 45, Box 6801, 113 86 Stockholm 6, komm.- lokalen Nobelhuset, Sturegatan 14, 114 36 Stockholm, priv. Odensgatan 5 A, 752 22 Uppsala.

K. VETENSKAPSAKADEMIENS NOBELINSTITUT

(NOBEL INSTITUTE OF THE ROYAL

ACADEMY OF SCIENCE)

Inspektor {Inspector) von E uler, U., Professor (se sid. 13); 1966-31/10-1970.

Forestándare {Director)

T iselius, A., Professor emer. (se sid. 15); 1968.

28 p. Prisutdelare forfysiologi eller medicin iPrige-au'arder for Physiology or Medicine)

KUNGL. KAROLINSKA MEDIKO- KIRURGISKA INSTITUTET, MEDICINSKA FAKULTETEN

(ROYAL CAROLINE MEDICO- CHIRURGICAL INSTITUTE, FACULTY OF MEDICINE)

Adress: Solnavágen i, 10401 Stockholm 60. Tel. 23 34 80

Ledamoter av institutets Medicinska Fakultet se Sveriges Statskalender

(Members of the Faculty of Medicine of the Institute, see: The Swedish State Calendar)

Rektor {Principal}

Bergstróm, S., Professor (se sid. 14); 1969 1/7.

Tjanstemdn {Officers}

Almling, Margareta, J. K., t. f. Byráchef (Chief Registrar p. t.}, f. 1921; 1965. Tel. tj.-rum 23 54 80/104, priv. 80 06 76. Adr. Thespisvagen 29, 161 42 Bromma.

29 Hoppe, Bo, Kamrerare {Accountantf f. 1918; 1965. Tel. tj.-rum 32 04 33, priv. 69 56 80. Adr. Borgargatan 18, 117 34 Stockholm.

K. KAROLINSKA INSTITUTETS MEDICINSKA FAKULTETS NOBELKOMMITTÉ

(NOBEL COMMITTEE FOR PHYSIOLOGY OR

MEDICINE OF THE FACULTY OF MEDICINE OF THE ROYAL CAROLINE INSTITUTE)

Adress: Solnavágen 1, Stockholm 60.

Ledamoter (Members)

Bergstróm, S., Professor (se sid. 14); (1966) 1969-1971. Kom- mitténs ordfbrande for 1969.

Bernhard, C. G., Professor (se sid. 20); 1968-1970. Kommit- téns vice ordf brande for 1969.

Klein, Georg, M. D., Professor i tumórbiologi vid K. Karo- linska institutet, f. 1925; 1967-1969. Tel. tj.-rum 23 5480/496, priv. 7662001. Adr. Kottla- vágen 10, 181 61 Lidingó 3.

Z etterstróm, Rolf, M. D., Professor i pediatrik vid K. Karo- linska institutet, f. 1920; 1967-1969. Tel. tj.-rum 520690/49, priv. 512787. Adr. Fyrverkar- backen 38, 112 60 Stockholm.

Borell, U lf, M.D., Professor i obstetrik och gynekologi vid K. Karolinska institutet, f. 1916; 1969-1971. Tel. tj.-rum 340500/1200, priv. 85 5841. Adr. Orrspels- vágen 11, 182 75 Stocksund.

30 Sekreterare {Secretary}

G ustafsson, Bengt, M. o. Odont. D., Professor i medicinsk symbiosforskning vid K. Karolinska institutet, f. 1916; 1966. Tel. tj.-rum 23 5480/423 el. 33 81 35, priv. 345406. Adr. Sveavágen 166, ing. J, 113 46 Stockholm.

MEDICINSKA NOBELINSTITUTET

(THE MEDICAL NOBEL INSTITUTE)

Inspektor {Inspector)

Universitetskanslern (Chancellor of the Universities). Tel. tj.-rum 237680. Adr. Sveavágen 166, 18 tr., 11346 Stockholm 23. Avdelningfor biokemi (Department of Biochemistrf) Adress: Solnavágen i, 104 oí Stockholm 60. Tel. 23 54 80

Forestándare {Director)

T heorell, H., Professor (se sld. 19); 1937.

Avdelningfor neurofysiologi (Department of Neurophysiology) Adress: Solnavágen 1, 104 01 Stockholm 60. Tel. 23 54 80

31 Forestándare {Director}

F rankenhaeuser, Bernhard, M. D., Professor i neurofysio- logi vid K. Karolinska institutet, f. 1915; 1967. Tel. tj.-rum 23 5480, priv. 717 13 32. Adr. Vitsippsvágen 16, 133 00 Saltsjóbaden.

Avdelning for cellforskning och genetik (Department of Cell Research and Genetics)

Adress: Solnavágen i, 104 oí Stockholm 60. Tel. 23 54 80

Forestándare (Director}

Caspersson, T., Professor (se sid. 20); 1945.

32 4- Prisutdelare for litteratur (Priye-airarder for Literature)

SVENSKA AKADEMIEN

(SWEDISH ACADEMY)

Adress: Bórshuset, Kállargránd 2,11129 Stockholm. Tel. 10 65 24

Akademiens ledamoter se Sveriges Statskalender

(Members of tbe Academy see: The Swedish State Calendar)

Akademiens standige sekreterare (Permanent Secretary of the Academy)

G ierow, K. R., Fil. D. (se sid. 14); 1964.

SVENSKA AKADEMIENS NOBELKOMMITTÉ

(NOBEL COMMITTEE OF THE SWEDISH ACADEMY)

Ledamoter (Members)

Ó sterling, A., Fil. D. (se sid. 20); (1921) 1969-1971. Kom mitténs ordforande.

Johnson, E., Fil. D. (se sid. 21); (1959) 1969-1971.

33 3 —695516 Nobelstiftelsens Kalender O lsson, H„ Professor (se sid. 20); (1960) 19691971.

G ierow, K. R., Fil. D. (se sid. 14); (1962) 1969-1971.

Gyllensten, Lars, M. D., Fórfattare, En av de 18 i Sv. akad., f. 1921; (1968) 1969-1971. Tel. tj.-rum 23 5480/158, priv. 6003 70. Adr. Karlavagen 121, 115 26 Stockholm.

Sekreterare (Secretary)

Ryberg, A., Fil. lie. (se sid. 35); 1969.

Expeditionsassistent (Office assistant)

Axéll, Sven, f. 1904; 1949. Tel. tj.-rum 1065 17, priv. 11 5775. Adr. Kállargrand 2, n i 29 Stockholm.

SVENSKA AKADEMIENS NOBELINSTITUT

(NOBEL INSTITUTE OF THE SWEDISH ACADEMY)

Adress: Bórshuset, Kállargrand 2, m 29 Stockholm.

Inspektor (Inspector) von E uler, U., Professor (se sid. 13); 1966-31/10-1970.

Forestándare (Director)

O sterling, A., Fil. D. (se sid. 20); 1947.

34 Svenska akademiens Nobelbibliotek {Nobel l.ibrary of the Swedish Academy)

Adress: Bórshuset, Kállargránd 2, i i i 29 Stockholm.

Oppet sept.-maj: mánd.-fred. kl. 10-15, torsdagar aven kl. 19-21; juni-aug.; tisd. o. torsd. kl. 10-14. Tel.: Biblioteksfórestándaren 10 65 25. Láneexpeditionen 10 65 17.

Biblioteksforestándare (Head Librarían)

Ryberg, Anders, Fil. lie., Forste bibliotekarie {Librarían), f. 1927; 1969. Tel. tj.-rum 106525, priv. 545247. Adr. Atlasmuren 4, 113 21 Stockholm.

Tjánsteman (Library Staff}

T jerneld, Marta, Fil. K., Fru, Biblioteksassistent (Assistant), f. 1910; (1962) 1963. Tel. tj.-rum 10 65 17, priv. 63 63 01. Adr. Sjótullsbacken 27, 115 25 Stockholm.

E ricsson, K erstin, Fil. M., Fru, Biblioteksassistent {Assistant), f. 1935; 1968. Tel. tj.-rum 1065 17, priv. 018/129794. Adr. Místelgatan 1 B, 754 37 Uppsala.

Expeditionsassistent {Office assistant)

Axéll, S. (se sid. 34); 1949.

35 /. Utdelare av fredspriset (JPri^e-awarder fo r Peacé)

DET NORSKE NOBELKOMITÉ

(NOBEL COMMITTEE OF THE

NORWEGIAN STORTING

[PARLIAMENT])

Adress: Drammensveien 19, Oslo 2. Tel. Oslo 44 34 89.

Medlemmer (Members)

Lion/es, Aa., Lagtingspresident (se sid. 21); 1967-1972. Komitéens formann (Chairman of the Committee).

Ingvaldsen, B., Stortingspresident (se sid. 21); 1967-1969. Komitéens vise formann (Deputy Chairman of the Committee).

[Lyng, J ohn, Utenriksminister, f. 1905; 1964-1969.]

Refsum, H., Lagdommer (se sid. 21); 1967-1972.

Rognlien, H., Rádmann (se sid. 22); 1967-1972.

Wikborg, E rling, Hóyesterettsadvokat, f. 1894; (1949) 1967- 1969. Tel. tj.-rum Oslo 41 59 30, priv. Oslo 55 3463. Adr. Silur- veien 46, Oslo 3.

36 Suppleanter (Deputy Members)

[Wikborg, E., Hoyesterettsadvokat (se sid. 36); (1949) 1967- 1969.]

Semmingsen, Ingrid, Dr. philos., Professor, f. 1910; (1952) 1967-1969. Tel. tj.-rum Oslo 46 68 00, priv. Oslo 55 43 44. Adr. Kon- sul Schjelderupsvei 10, Bygdoy.

Sekretar (Secretary)

Schou, August, Mag. Art., f. 1903; 1946. Tel. tj.-rum Oslo 443489, priv. Oslo 448204. Adr. Erl. Skjalgssonsgate 16 A, Oslo.

DET NORSKE NOBELINSTITUTT (NORWEGIAN NOBEL INSTITUTE)

Adress: Drammensveien 19, Oslo 2. Tel. Oslo 44 34 89, 44 36 80. Instituttet ápent alie hverdager kl. 10-15.

Direktur (Director) Scnou, A. (se ovan); 1946.

Sekretar (Secretary) Svanes, Sverre, Cand. oecon., f. 1918; 1953. Tel. priv. Oslo 44 86 59. Adr. Thos. Heftyesgate 47, Oslo.

37 Bibliotek, (Library)

Adrcss: Drammensveien 19, Oslo 2. Tel. Oslo 44 36 80.

Lesesal og bibliotek ápent alie hverdager kl. 10-15, og alie hverdager, unntatt lordager 17-20.

Tjenestemenn {Library staff)

Mellbye, E lisabeth, Froken, Forstebibliotekar {First L i­ brarían), f. 1907; 1946. Tel. priv. Oslo 60 30 49. Adr. Joñas Reinsgate 5, Oslo.

Skarprud, E lsa, Cand. mag., Fru, Anncnbibliotekar {Second Librarían), f. 1919; 1956. Tel. Oslo 28 98 40. Adr. Mellombolgen 21, Oslo.

Slagstad, Kari Lise, Fru, Assistentbibliotekar {Assistant), f. 1942; 1969. Adr. Bjertnes 52 D, Nittedal.

Konsulenter (Advisers)

Folkerett {International Law)

O psahl, T orkel, Dr. juris, Professor, f. 1931; (1960) 1969. Tel. priv. Oslo 55 32 13. Adr. Theodor Lóvstads vei 1, Oslo 2.

38 Politisk historie {Political Historyj

Sverdrup, Jakob, Universitetslektor, f. 1919; 1969. Tel. Oslo 60 37 45. Adr. John Colletts alié 78, Oslo 8.

Samfunnsokononti {Social Economy)

Munthe, Preben, Dr. oecon., Professor, f. 1922; (1960) 1969. Tel. tj.-rum Oslo 46 68 00, priv. Oslo 69 94 98. Adr. L. Borgenveien 11, Oslo.

Vaktmester {Office messenger)

E riksen, E rik, f. 1906; 1947. Tel. Oslo 44 36 80. Adr. Drammensveien 19, Oslo 2.

39 PUBLICATIONS “ l e s p r i x n o b e l ” The text of the Nobel Lectures delivered by the prize- winners are annually published in book form under the title Les Prix Nobel”. The series started in 1901. This annual publication also contains short biographical notes and portraits of the laureates, reports on the prize awards and the prize presentation ceremonies in Stockholm and in Oslo. A limited number of volumes from 1914 onwards are available and might be obtained from either the publisher AB P. A. Norstedt & Sóner, Box 2052, 103 12 Stockholm 2, the distributor outside Scandinavia the Elsevier Publishing Com- pany, P. O. Box 211, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, or the Nobel Foundation, Sturegatan 14, 114 36 Stockholm. Previous editions are out of print. Editorial Committee Siegbahn, K., Professor (see page 27). H ágg, G., Professor emer. (see page 27). Uvnás, Bórje, M. D., Professor i farmakologi vid K. Karo- linska institutet, f. 1913. Tel. tj.-rum 23 54 80/525, priv. 60 52 85. Adr. Karlaplan 12, 115 22 Stockholm. Ó sterling, A., D.Ph. (see page 20). Schou, A., M.A. (see page 37). The E xecutiv D irector of the Nobel Foundation (see page 13). Editor O delberg, Wilhelm, Fil. D., Óverbibliotekarie vid K. Ve- tenskapsakademiens bibliotek, f. 1901. Tel. tj.-rum 15 55 34, priv. 15 4091. Adr. K. Vetenskaps- akademien, 10405 Stockholm 50.

40 “ n o b e l l e c t u r .e s ” A series in English of all the Nobel Lectures from 1901, subject by subject, with short biographical notes, authorized by the Nobel Foundation; publisher: Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam 1964-1969.

Physics 1901-1962 3 vols. Chemistry 1901-1962 3 vols. Physiology or Medicine 1901-1962 3 vols. Literature 1901-1967 1 vol. Peace 1901 and onwards under preparation.

Supplements will be published periodically.

OTHER STANDARD WORKS Biographies: Alfred Nobel by H. Schück and R. Sohlman, och hans slakt authorized by the Nobel Foun­ dation; publisher: Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri AB, Upp- sala 1926 (out of print). Translations: Nobel — Dynamit, authorized by the Nobel Foun­ Petroleum, Pazifismus dation; publisher: Paul List Ver- (Germán) lag, 1928 (out of print).

41 The Life of authorized by the Nobel Foun­ Alfred Nobel dation; publisher: William Heine- (English) mann Ltd., London 1929 (out of print). The Life of Alfred authorized by the Nobel Foun­ Nobel (Japanese) dation; publisher: Mainichi News- papers, Tokyo 1934 (out of print).

Alfred Nobel by E. Bergengren, authorized by (Swedish) the Nobel Foundation; publisher: Gebers Fórlag, Stockholm 1960. Translations: Alfred Nobel. authorized by the Nobel Foun­ The Man and his work. dation; publisher: Thomas Nel- (English) son & Sons Ltd., Edinburgh 1962. Alfred Nobel authorized by the Nobel Foun­ (Germán) dation; publisher: Bechtle Ver- lag, Munich 1965. Alfred Nobel authorized by the Nobel Founda­ (Japanese) tion; publisher: Hakusuisha Publ. Co., Tokyo 1968.

MISCELLANEOUS: HISTORICAL SURVEY. Nobelprisen 50 ár — edited by the Nobel Foundation; Forskare, Diktare, publisher: Sohlmans Fórlag, Fredskampar Stockholm 1930.

Translations: Nobel—The Man edited by the Nobel Foundation; and His Prizes publisher: Sohlmans Fórlag, (English) Stockholm 1950;

42 publisher: University of Okla- homa Press, Norman, Oklahoma, U.S.A. 1951. second revised, updated and enlarged edition; publisher: El- sevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam 1962. Los Premios Nobel y su authorized by the Nobel Foun­ Fundador dation; publisher: Aguilar S. A. (Spanish) de Ediciones, Madrid 1959. Nobel, l’uomo e i suoi authorized by the Nobel Founda­ Premi (abbreviated) tion; publisher: Fratelli Fabbri (Italian) Editori, Milano 1963. Nobel, o homen e seus authorized by the Nobel Founda­ Premios tion; publisher: Editora Delta, (Portuguese) Rio de Janeiro 1964. Nobel, l’homme et ses authorized by the Nobel Founda­ Prix (abbreviated) tion; publisher: Presses du Com- (French) pagnonnage, 1965.

Translations into Germán and the Oriya-language {India} in course of preparation; into Japanese considered. Nobel Symposia Publications: N:ris 1-11 from a series in English with a volume 1966-1969 from each Symposium, started in 1966; publisher: Almqvist & Wiksell/Gebers Fórlag AB., Stockholm; exclusive sales rights in North and South of America, Great Britain and Australia as- signed to the Interscience Pub- lishers John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, London, Sydney.

43 Informatory brochure: Alfred Nobel and by N. K. Stáhle, 1960-1969; the Nobel Prizes published by the Nobel Founda­ tion and the Swedish Institute in Arabic, Englisb, French, Germán, Italian, Japanese, Rus- sian, Spanish and Swedish.

PUBLISHED BY THE NORWEGIAN NOBEL INSTITUTE (under the serial title of: Publications de l’Institut Nobel Norvégien): Tome I: L’Arbitrage International by A. Raeder, 1912; pub- chez les Hellénes lisher: H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard), Oslo. Tome II, fase. 1: Les Bases Economiques de by Achille Loria, 1912; pub- la Justice Internationale lisher: same as above. Tome II, fase. 2: Die Rechtskraft Internatio- by Heinrich Lammasch, 1913; naler Schiedssprüche publisher: same as above. Tome III: Das Vólkerrecht nach dem by Heinrich Lammasch, 1918; Kriege publisher: same as above. Tome IV : Histoire de l’Internationa- by Christian L. Lange, 1919; lisme, vol. 1 publisher: same as above.

44 Tome V : Das Vólkerrechtliche Institut by Walther Schücking, 1923; der Vermittlung publisher: H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard), Oslo. Tome V I: Free Trade and Peace in the by Helen Bosanquet, 1924; Nineteenth Century publisher: same as above.

Tome V II: Histoire de l’Internatio- by Chr. L. Lange et August nalisme, vol 2 Schou, 1954; publisher: same as above. Tome V III: Histoire de l’Internationa- by August Schou, 1963; pub­ lisme, vol. 3 lisher: same as above.

Other publications: Le Prix Nobel de la Paix et by R. Moe, 1932; publisher: l’Institut Nobel Norvégien H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard), Oslo.

Det Internas)onale Arbeidet by Per Moe, 1952; publisher: for Fred 1914-1939 same as above.

Western Democracies and by August Schou, 1953; World Problems. Report on printed by G. Lindkvist — the Norwegian Nobel Ins- Boktrykkeri, Oslo. titute’s Conference in Oslo June 13-20 1955

Catalogue de la Bibliothéque publisher: H. Aschehoug & de l’Institut Nobel Norvé­ Co. (W. Nygaard), Oslo, gien, vol. 1 : Littérature 1912. Pacifiste.

45 PRIZE PROPOSALS AND PRIZE DECISIONS

Written proposals regarding prize candidates by qualified persons mentioned ¡n the Nobel Statutes should reach the Nobel Committee concerned (Secretary) before February ist; relevant addresses are:

Physics: Nobel Committee for Physics Nobel House Sturegatan 14 114 36 Stockholm Sweden Chemistry: Nobel Committee for Chemistry Same address as above Physiology Nobel Committee of the Royal Caroline or Medicine: Institute 104 06 Stockholm 60 Sweden Literature: Nobel Committee of the Swedish Academy Bórshuset n i 29 Stockholm Sweden Peace: Nohel Committee of the Norwegian Storting Drammensveien 19 Oslo 2

Proposals arriving later than ultimo January may be taken into account for the folio wing year.

46 Right to submil proposals for the award of prizes, based on the principie of competence and universality, shall by statute be enjoyed by:

IN PHYSICS AND IN CHEMISTRY

1. Swedish and foreign members of the Royal Academy of Sciences; 2. Members of the Nobel Committees for Physics and for Chemistry; 3. Nobel Laureates in Physics and in Chemistry; 4. Permanent and acting professors in Physics and in Chem­ istry at the Universities of Upsala, Lund, Oslo, Copenhagen and Helsingfors, the Caroline Medico-Chirurgical Institute (Faculty of Medicine), and the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm; 3. Holders of corresponding chairs in at least six universities or institutions selected by the Academy of Science with a view to ensuring an appropriate distribution between differ- ent countries and their seats of learning; and 6. Other from whom the Academy may see fit to invite proposals.

Invitations to persons referred to in sections 5 and 6 to pro­ pose candidates shall be sent out before the end of September each year.

IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE

1. Members of the Faculty of Medicine of the Caroline In- stitute; 2. Members of the medical class of the Royal Academy of Science;

47 3. Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine; 4. Members of the medical faculties of the universities of Upp- sala, Lund, Oslo, Copenhagen and Helsingfors; 5. Members of at least six medical faculties selected by the medical faculty of the Caroline Institute with a view to ensuring an appropriate distribution between different countries and their seats of learning; and 6. Other scientists from whom the medical faculty may see fit to invite proposals.

Invitations to persons referred to in sections 5 and 6 to pro­ pose candidates shall be sent out before the end of September each year.

IN LITERATURE

1. Members of the Swedish Academy and of other academies, institutions and societies similar to it in membership and aims; 2. Professors of languages or in history of literature at univer­ sities and university colleges; 3. Nobel Laureates in Literature; and 4. Presidents of authors’ organizations which are representative of the literary activities of their respective countries.

IN P E A C E

1. Active and former members of the Nobel Committee of the Norwegian Storting and the advisers appointed by the Norwegian Nobel Committee;

48 2. Members of the national assemblies and governments of the different States and members of the Interparliamentary Union; 3. Members of the International Court of Arbitration at the Hague; 4. Members and associate members of the Instituí de Droit International; 5. University professors of political Science and jurisprudence, history and philosophy; and 6. Nobel Laureates for Peace.

Eligible for a are only individuáis except for the Peace Prize, which also may be awarded to institutions and associations.

The Nobel Committees start their preparatory work on February ist and submit the ensuing recommendations in the early autumn of the same year to the respective prize-awarding bodies which have the solé right to decide. Even a unanimous committee recommendation can be overruled by the adjudicat- ing prize-awarding institutions. The prize awards must be made not later than November 15; the decisions are final and without appeal. The deliberations as well as the votes are kept secret. Only the results are made public.

49 4 "“ 695516 Nobelstiftelsens Kalender LIST OF NOBEL LAUREATES

(Note: Tilles, data and places given be lew refer lo the time of the pri%e-award.)

I . P H Y S I C S

1901 Róntgen, Wilhelm Conrad, Germany, Munich Uni- versity, * 1845, f 1923: »sasom ett erkannande av den utom- ordentliga fórtjanst han inlagt genom upptdckten av de egendom- liga stralar, som sedermera uppkallats efter honomt>\ “ín recognition of the extraordinary Services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him”. 1902 The prize was awarded jointly to: Lorentz, H endrik Antoon, the Netherlands, Leyden University, * 1853, f 1928; and

Zeeman, Pieter, the Netherlands, Amsterdam Univer­ sity, * 1865, | 1943: y>sasom ett erkannande av den utomor- dentliga fórtjanst de inlagt genom sina undersokningar óver magnetismens inflytande pd stralningsfenomenen'if, “in recogni­ tion of the extraordinary Service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena”. 1903 The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: Becquerel, Antoine Henri, , Ecole Polytech- nique, París, * 1852, f 1908: y>sdsom ett erkannande av den utomordentliga fórtjanst han inlagt genom upptdckten av den spontana radioaktiviteten'fr, “in recognition of the extra­ ordinary Services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity”; the other half jointly to:

50 Curie, Pierre, France, Ecole municipale de physique et de chimie industrielles, (Municipal School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry), Paris, * 1859, f 1906; and his wife

Curie, Marie, née Sklodowska, France, * 1867 (in Warsaw, ), | 1934: »sasom ett erkannande av den utomordentliga fortjánst de inlagt genom sina gemensamt utfórda arbeten rorande de av Professor upptáckta strálningsfenomenen»; “in recognition of the extraordinary Services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel” .

1904 Rayleigh, Lord (John William Strutt), Great Britain, Royal Institution of Great Britain, London, * 1842, f 1919: »/ó'r hans undersókningar rorande de viktigaste gasernas táthet samt hans i sammanhang med dessa undersók­ ningar gjorda upptáckt av argón»; “for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argón in connection with these studies”.

1905 von Lenard, Philipp E duard Antón, Germany, Kiel University, * 1862 (in Pressburg, then ), f 1947: »fór hans arbeten óver katodstrálarna»; “for his work on cathode rays”.

1906 T homson, J oseph John, Great Britain, Cambridge Uni­ versity, * 1856, 1940: »sásom ett erkannande av den stora fortjánst han inlagt genom sina teoretíska och experimentella undersókningar óver elektricitetens gdng genom gaser»; “in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electri- city by gases”.

1907 Michelson, Albert Abraham, U. S. A., Chicago Uni­ versity, * 1852 (in Strelno, then Germany), j- 1931: »for hans optiska precisionsinstrument och hans dar med utfórda

51 PHYSICS

spekíroskopiska och metrologiska undersokninganr, “for his optical precisión instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid”.

1908 Lippmann, Gabriel, France, Sorbonne University, París, * 1845 (*n Hollerich, Luxemburg), f 1921: yfdr hans pá interferensfenomenet grundadc metod ati fotografiskt átergiva fárger»; “for his method of reproducing colours photo- graphically based on the phenomenon of interference”. 1909 The prize was awarded jointly to: Marconi, Guglielmo, Italy, Marconi Wireless Tele- graph Co. Ltd., London, Great Britain, * 1874, f 1937; and

Braun, Carl Ferdinand, Germany, Strasbourg Uni­ versity, Alsace (then Germany), *1850, ■(•1918: »sásom ett erkannande av deras fórtjanster om den trádlosa telegrafiens utveckling»\ “in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy”.

1910 van der Waals, J ohannes D iderik, the Netherlands, Amsterdam University, * 1837, f 1923: yfdr hans arbeten angáendc gasers och vdtskors tillstándsekvation»\ “for his work on the equation of State for gases and liquids”.

1911 Wien, Wilhelm, Germany, Würzburg University, * 1864, f 1928: yfor hans upptackter angáende varmestrál- ningens lagar»', “for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat”.

1912 D alén, N ils G ustaf, Sweden, Swedish Gas-Accu- mulator Co., Lidingó-Stockholm, * 1869, f 1937* >fdr hans uppfinningar av sjalvverkande regulatorer ati i kombination med gasaccumulatorer anvandas till belysning av fyrar och lys- bojar»', “for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys”.

52 1913 Kamerlingh-Onnes, H eike, the Netherlands, Leyden University, * 1853, f 1926: »/ anledning av hans undersok- ningar over kroppars egenskaper vid laga temperaturer, vilka bland annat lett till framsiallningen av flytande helium»', “for his investigations on the properties of matter at low tem- peratures which led, Ínter alia, to the production of liquid helium”.

1914 von Laue, Max, Germany, Frankfort-on-the-Main Uni­ versity, * 1879, f 1960: »fdr hans upptackt av rontgenstrálar- nas diffraktion i kristaller»', “for his discovery of the diffrac- tion of X-rays by crystals”. 1915 The prize was awarded jointly to: Bragg, Sir W illiam Henry, Great Britain, London University, * 1862, f 1942; and his son

Bragg, William Lawrence, Great Britain, Victoria University, Manchester, * 1890 (in Adelaide, Australia): »/ó'r deras fortjánster om utforskandet av kristallstrukturer medelst rontgenstrálar»', “for their Services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays”. 1916 Reserved. 1917 The prize money for 1916 was allocated to the Special Fund of thís prize section. The prize for 1917: Reserved. 1918 The prize for 1917: Barkla, Charles G lover, Great Britain, Edinburgh University, * 1877, f 1944: »for hans upptackt av den karakteristiska rontgenstralningen hos elementen»', “for his discovery of the characteristic Róntgen radiation of the elements”. The prize for 1918: Reserved. 1919 The prize for 1918: Planck, Max Karl E rnst Ludwig, Germany, Berlín University, * 1858, f 1947; »sásom ett erkannande av den

53 PHYSICS

fortjanst han genom upptackten av elementarkvanta inlagt om fysikens utvecklingyr, “in recognition of the Services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta”.

The prize for 1919: Stark, J ohannes, Germany, Greifswald University, * 1874, | 1957: '¡for hans upptackt av dopplereffekten hos kanalstrálar och av spektrallinjers uppdelning i elektriska falt¡>\ “for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields.”

1920 Guillaume, Charles E douard, France, Bureau Inter­ national des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures), Sévres, * 1861 (in Fleurier, ), f 1938: ¡>sásom ett erkannande av den fortjanst han genom upptackten av nickelstállegeringarnas anomalier inlagt om precisionsfysiken»', “in recognition of the service he has rendered to precisión measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel Steel alloys”.

1921 Reserved.

1922 The prize for 1921: E instein, Albert, Germany, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) für Physik, Berlín, * 1879, f 1955: ¡for hans fortjanst er om den teoretiska fysiken^ sarskilt hans upptackt av lagen for den fotoelektriska effekten»’, “for his Services to , and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect”.

The prize for 1922: Bohr, N iels, Denmark, Copenhagen University, * 1885, t 1962: yfor hans fortjánster om utforskandet av atomernas struktur och den frán dem utgáende strálningen¡>\ “for his Services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them”.

54 1923 M illikan, Robert Andrews, U. S. A., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif., * 1868, f 1953: yfor hans arbeten rorande den elektriska enbetsladdningen samt den fotoelektriska effekten»', “for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect”.

1924 Reserved.

1925 The prize for 1924: Siegbahn, Karl M anne Georg, Sweden, , * 1886: »/¿>r hans róntgenspektroskopiska upp- tackter och forskmnganr, “for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy”. The prize for 1925: Reserved.

1926 The prize for 1925 was awarded jointly to: Franck, James, Germany, Goettingen University, *1882, f 1964; and

Hertz, Gustav, Germany, Halle University, * 1887: y>med anledning av deras upptackt av lagarna for stoten mellan en elektron och en atom>r, “for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electrón upon an atom”.

The prize for 1926: Perrin, Jean Baptiste, France, Sorbonne University, París, * 1870, f 1942: »/ór hans arbeten rorande materiens diskontinuerliga struktur^ sarskilt fór hans upptackt av sedimen- tationsjamvikten'i)} “for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium”.

1927 The prize was divided equally between: Compton, Arthur H olly, U. S. A., Chicago University, * 1892, f 1962: »/ó'r hans upptackt av den efter honom benámnda effekten»} “for his discovery of the effect named after him”; and

55 PHYSICS

W ilson, Charles T homson Rees, Great Britain, Cam­ bridge University, * 1869 (in Glencorse, ), j- 1959: »for upptáckten av bans metod att genom ángkondensa- tion gora elektriskt laddade partiklars banor iakttagbarayr, “for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour” . 1928 Reserved. 1929 The prize for 1928: Richardson, Owen Willans, Great Britain, London University, *1879, f 1959: »for bans arbeten rorande term- jonfenomenet ocb sárskilt for upptáckten av den efter bonom benámnda lagenyv, “for his work on the thermionic pheno- menon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him”. The prize for 1929: de Broglie, Prince Louis-Victor, France, Sorbonne University, Instituí Henri Poincaré, Paris, * 1892: yyfór upptáckten av elektronernas vagnaturyv, “for his discovery of the wave of ”.

1930 Raman, Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata, India, Calcutta University, *1888: »/ó'r bans arbeten angáende Ijusets diffusion och for upptáckten av den efter bonom uppkallade ejfektenyv, “for his work on the scattering of light and for the disco­ very of the effect named after him”. 1931 Reserved. 1932 The prize money for 1931 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1932: Reserved.

1933 The prize for 1932: H eisenberg, Werner, Germany, Leipzic University, * 1901: yyfor uppstállande av kvantmekaniken, vars anvándning bl. a, lett till upptáckten av vátets allotropa formeryv, “for the

56 creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, ínter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen”. The pfize for 1933 was awarded jointly to: Schródinger, E rwin, , Berlin University, Ger- many, * 1887, f 1961; and

D irac, Paul Adrien Maurice, Great Britain, Cam­ bridge University, * 1902: »/or upptackandet av nya frukt- barande former av atomteorieny>\ “for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory”. 1954 Reserved. 1935 The prize money for 1934 was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The prize for 1935: Chadwick, James, Great Britain, Liverpool University, *1891: »/ó'r upptáckten av neutronen»', “for his discovery of the neutrón”.

1936 The prize was divided equally between: H ess, Víctor Franz, Austria, Innsbruck University, * 1883, | 1964: rf'ór upptáckten av den kosmiska strálningen'fr, “for his discovery of cosmic radiation”; and

Anderson, Carl D avid, U. S. A., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif., * 1905: »/ó'r upptáckten av positrones»’, “for his discovery of the positrón”. 1937 The prize was awarded jointly to: D avisson, Clinton Joseph, U. S. A., Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York, N. Y., *1881, +1958; and

T homson, George Paget, Great Britain, London University, * 1892: »/ó'r den experimentella upptáckten av Ínterferensfenomenet vid kristallers bestrálning med elektroner»’,

57 PHYSICS

“for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals”.

1938 Fermi, Enrico, Italy, Rome University, * 1901, f 1954: yfor hans pávisande av rya radioaktiva grundámnen, framstállda genom neutronbestrálning, ocb hans i anslutning dártill gjorda upptackt av kárnreaktioner, ástadkomna genom lángsamma neutroneryr, “for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutrón irradia- tion, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons”.

1939 Lawrence, E rnest O rlando, U. S. A., , Berkeley, Calif., *1901, '{'1958: »/¿>r upp- finningen av cyklotronen, dess utveckling och med densamma vunna resultat, sarskilt betraffande artificiellt radioaktiva elementa, “for the invention and development of the and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements”. 1940- The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main -1942 Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize sec- tion.

1943 Reserved.

1944 The prize for 1943: Stern, Otto, U. S. A., Carnegie Institute of Techno­ logy, Pittsburg, Pa., * 1888 (in Sorau, then Germany), f 1969: ffor hans bidrag till utveckling av molekylstrále- metoden och upptáckten av protonens magnetiska moment'»} “for his contribution to the development of the mole­ cular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton”.

The prize for 1944: Rabí, Isidor Isaac, U. S. A., Columbia University, New York, N. Y., * 1898 (in Rymanow, then Austria-

58 Hungary): v>fór den av bonom angivna resonansmetoden for registrering av atomkarnans magnetiska egenskapenr, “for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei” .

1945 Pauli, Wolfgang, Austria, , N. J., U. S. A., * 1900 (in Vienna), f 1958: »/ó'r upptackten av uteslutningsprincipen, aven benamnd Pauliprincipen»-, “for the discovery of the Exclusión Principie, also called the Pauli Principie”.

1946 Bridgman, Percy W illiams, U. S. A., Harvard Uni­ versity, Cambridge, Mass., * 1882, f 1961: »for uppfin- ningen av en apparatur for ástadkommande av extremt boga tryck och for de upptackter han med densamma gjort inom om- rádet for de boga tryckens fysik»', “for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics”.

1947 Appleton, Sir E dward Víctor, Great Britain, Depart­ ment of Scientific and Industrial Research, London, * 1892, f 1965: »for hans arbeten rorande atmosfárens fysik, sárskilt for upptackten av dei s. k. ’Appletonskiktefyr, “for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere, especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer” .

1948 Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart, Great Britain, Victoria University, Manchester, * 1897: »/ó'r bans ut- veckling av Wilson-metoden och hans dármed gjorda upptackter inom karnfysiken ocb rorande den kosmiska strálningen'tY, “for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of and cosmic radiation”.

1949 Yukawa, H ideki, , Kyoto Imperial Univer­ sity, Visiting Professor Columbia University, New York,

59 PHYSICS

N. Y., U. S. A.} * 1907: y>for hans pá grundval av teoretiska arbeten rorande karnkrafterna gjorda forutsagelse av mesonernas existensyy\ “for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces”.

1950 Powell, Cecil Frank, Great Britain, Bristol University, * 1903, f 1969: »/¿>r hans utveckling av den fotografiska metoden fbr studiet av karnprocesser och hans darvid gjorda upptdckter rorande mesonernayy\ “fbr his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method”. 1951 The prize was awarded jointly to: Cockcroft, Sir J ohn D ouglas, Great Britain, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, Didcot, Berks., * *897, t *967; and Walton, E rnest T homas Sinton, , Dublin University, * 1903: »/ó'r deras pionjararbete vid genom- forandet av karnomvandlingar medelst artificiellt accelererade partiklaryy\ “for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificíally accelerated atomic partic- les” . 1952 The prize was awarded jointly to: Bloch, Félix, U. S.A ., , Stanford, Calif., * 1905 (in Zurich, Switzerland); and Purcell, E dward M ills, U. S. A., Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., * 1912: »/¿ír deras utveckling av nya metoder for kdrnmagnetiska precisionsmatningar och darmed gjorda upptackteryy\ “for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precisión measurements and discoveries in connection therewith”.

1953 Z ernike, Frits (Frederik), the Netherlands, Gro- ningen University, * 1888, j- 1966: yyfor den av honom angivna faskontrastmetoden, sarskilt for hans uppfinning av faskontrast-

60 mikroskopehr, “for his demonstration of the phase con­ trast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope”.

1954 The prize was divided equally between: Born, Max, Great Britain, Edinburgh University, * 1882 (in Breslau, then Germany): yrfor hans grundlaggande arbeten inom kvantmekaniken, sarskilt hans statistiska tolkning av vagfunktionen>y9 “for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wave-function”; and

Bothe, Walther, Germany, , Max- Planck-Institut (former Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut) für medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg, * 1891, j- 1957: y>fór koincidensmetoden och hans dármed gjorda upptacktery>\ “for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith”.

1955 The prize was divided equally between: Lamb, Willis E ugene, U. S. A., Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., * 1913: »/ór hans upptackter rorande finstruktnren i vátets spektrumrY, “for his discoveries con- cerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum”; and

Kusch, Polykarp, U. S. A., Columbia University, New York, N. Y., *1911 (in Blankenburg, then Ger­ many): »/ hans precisionsbesíámning av elektronens magnetiska moment'tY, “for his precisión determination of the magnetic moment of the electrón”. 1956 The prize was awarded jointly, one third each, to: Shockley, William, U. S. A., Semiconductor Labo- ratory of Beckman Instruments, Inc., Mountain View, Calif., * 1910 (in London, Great Britain);

Bardeen, J ohn, U. S. A., University of Illinois, Urbana, 111., * 1908; and

61 PHYSICS

Brattain, Walter Houser, U. S. A., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill, N. J., * 1902: »/¿>r deras under- sokningar over halvledare och upptackt av transistoreffekten'ir, “for their researches on semiconductors and their dis- covery of the effect” .

1957 The príze was awarded jointly to: Yang, Chen N ing, China, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, N. J., U. S. A., * 1922; and

Lee, T seng D ao, China, Columbia University, New York, U. S. A., * 1926: y>for deras djupgaende undersdkntng av de s. k. paritetslagarna, vilken har lett till viktiga upptácker rórande elementarpartiklarnayy, “for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles”.

1958 The prize was awarded jointly to: Cerenkov, Pavel Aleksejevic, USSR, Physics Institute of USSR Academy of Sciences, , * 1904;

Frank, Il’ja Michajlovic, USSR, University of Mos­ cow and Physics Institute of USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, * 1908; and

T amm, Igor’ Jevgen’evic, USSR, University of Moscow and Physics Institute of USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, * 1895: r>fór upptáckten och tolkningen av Cerenkov- effekterr»', “for the discovery and the interpretaron of the Cerenkov effect”.

1959 The prize was awarded jointly to: Segre, E milio G ino, U. S. A., University of California, Berkeley, Calif., * 1905 (in Tivoli, Italy); and

Chamberlain, Owen, U. S. A., University of California, Berkeley, Calif., * 1920: y>fór deras upptackt av antiproto- nen»; “for their discovery of the antiproton”.

62 1960 G laser, D onald A., U. S. A., University of California, Berkeley, Calif., * 1926: »/ó'r uppfinningen av bubbelkamma- renv>\ “for the invention of the bubble chamber”. 1961 The prize was divided equally between: H ofstadter, Robert, U. S.A., Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., * 1915: »/Yt “for his pioneering studies of electrón scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons”; and Móssbauer, Rudolf Ludwig, Germany, Technische Hochschule, Munich, at present California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, U. S. A., * 1929: »/¿>r hans undersókningar rórande gammastrdlningens resonansabsorp- tion och darvid gjorda upptáckt av den efter honom benamnda ejfekten»-, “for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his ñame”. 1962 Landau, Lev Davidovic, USSR, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, * 1908, f 1968: yfór hans banbrytande teorier for kondenserad materia, sarskilt flytande heliumy>\ for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium”. 1963 The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: W igner, E ugene P., U. S.A., Princeton University, Princeton, N. J., * 1902: “fór hans insatser inom teorien fór atomkarnorna och elementarpartiklarna, sarskilt genom upp- tdckten och tillampningen av fundaméntala symmetriprtnciper” \ “for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principies” ; and the othcr half jointly to:

6 3 PHYSICS

Goeppert-Mayer, María, U. S. A., University of California, La Jolla, Calif., * 1906 (in Kattowitz, then Germany); and

Jensen, J. H ans D., Germany, University of Heidelberg, * 1907: »for lleras upptaekter betrdffande atomkdrnornas skalstruktursr, “for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure” . 1964 The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: T ownes, Charles H ard, U. S. A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., * 1915; and the other half jointly to:

Basov, N ikolai G ennadievic, USSR, Lebedev Institute for Physics, Akademija Nauk, Moscow, * 1922; and

Prochorov, Aleksandre Mikhailovic, USSR, Lebe­ dev Institute for Physics, Akademija Nauk, Moscow, * 1916: sfdr grundlaggande arbeten inom kvantelektroniken, som lett till framstallning av oscillatorer och forstdrkare enligl maser-laser-principensr, “for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser- principle”. 1965 The prize was awarded jointly to: Tomonaga, Sin-itiro, Japan, Tokyo University of Education, Tokyo, * 1906;

Schwinger, J ulián, U. S. A., Harvard University, Cam­ bridge, Mass., * 1918; and

Feynman, Richard P., U. S. A., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif., * 1918: sfdr deras fundamén­ tala insats inom kvantelektrodynamiken, mcd djupgáende konsek- venser for elementarpartikelfysikem-, for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles”.

64 1966 Kastler, Alfred, Franca, École Nórmale Supérieure, Université de París, París, * 1902: yfor upptáckt ccb ut­ veckling av optiska metoder jor studiet av hert^ska resonanser i atomer"i>\ for the discovery and development of opti- cal methods for studying hertzian resonances in atonas”.

1967 Bethe, H ans Albrecht, U.S.A., , Ithaca, N.Y., 1906 (in Strasbourg, then Germany): »/¿>'r hans insatser inom teorien fór kárnreaktioneig sarskilt hans upptackter rórande energialstringen i stjárnorna»} “for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, espe- cially his discoveries concerning the energy producticn in stars”.

1968 Alvarez, Luis W., U.S.A., University of California, Berkeley, Calif., * 1911: »fór hans avgórande insatser incm elementarpartikelfysiken^ sarskilt upptackten av ett stort antal resonanstillstand, mojliggjord genom hans utveckling av tekni- ken med vátebubbelkammare och dataanalyss>\ “for his de- cisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance States, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis”.

2. CHEMISTRY

1901 van ’t H off, J acobus H enricus, the Netherlands, Berlin University, Germany, * 1852, f 1911: nsásom ett erkán- nande av den utomordentliga fdrtjánst han inlagt genom upp­ tackten av lagarna for den kemiska dynamiken och for det osmotiska trycket i lósningaryr. “in recognition of the extra- ordinary Services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of Chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in Solu­ tions” .

65 5 695516 Nobelstiftelsens Kalender CHEMISTRY

1902 Fischer, H ermann E mil, Germany, Berlín University * 1852, f 1919: y>sasom ett erkannande av den utomordentliga fortjanst han inlagt genom sina syntetiska arbeten inom socker- och purin-grupperna»', “in recognition of the extraordinary Services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses”.

1903 Arrhenius, Svante August, Sweden, Stockholm Uni­ versity, * 1859, f 1927: »sásom ett erkannande fbr den utomordentliga fortjanst han genom sin elektrolytiska dissocia- tions-teori inlagt om kemiens utvecklinga\ “in recognition of the extraordinary Services he has rendered to the advance­ ment of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of disso- ciation” .

1904 Ramsay, Sir William, Great Britain, London University, *1852, ■¡■1916: 'bsasom ett erkannande av den fortjanst han inlagt genom upptdckten av de indifferenta gasformiga grund- amnena i luften och bestámmandet av deras plats i det periodiska systemet'tn, “in recognition of his Services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system”.

1905 von Baeyer, J ohann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf, Germany, Munich University, * 1835, f 1917: y>sdsom ett erkannande av den fortjanst han inlagt om den organiska kemiens och den kemiska industriens utveckling genom sina arbeten rorande organiska fargamnen och hydroaromatiska fóreninganr, “in recognition of his Services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the Chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds”.

1906 Moissan, Henri, France, Sorbonne University, Paris, * 1852, í 1907: y>sásom ett erkannande av den stora fortjanst han inlagt genom sin undersokning och isolering av elementet flúor samt genom inforandet av den efter honom uppkallade elektriska ugnen i vetenskapens tjánstsr, “in recognition of the

66 great Services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the Service of Science of the electric furnace called after him”.

1907 Buchner, E duard, Germany, Landwirtschaftliche Hoch- schule (Agricultural College), Berlin, * 1860, j- 1917: »/¿'r bans biologisk-kemiska undersokningar och upptiickt av den cellfria jasningemr, “for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation” .

1908 Rutherford, E rnest, Great Britain, Victoria University, Manchester, * 1871 (in Nelson, New Zealand), f 1937: y>for bans undersokningar rorande elementers s'ónderfallande och de radioaktiva amnenas kemiir, “for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances”.

1909 Ostwald, Wilhelm, Germany, Leipzic University, * 1853 (in Riga, then Russia), f 1932: fisdsom ett erkan- nande di bans arbeten over katalys jamte bans hdrfór grund- lággande undersokningar óver kemiskajamviktsforhállanden och reaktionshastigbeter'ír, “in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principies governing Chemical equilibria and rates of reaction” .

1910 Wallach, Otto, Germany, Goettingen University, * 1847, | 1931: ósdsom ett erkannande av den fórtjdnst han inlagt om den organiska kemiens och den kemiska industriens utveckling genom sina banbrytande arbeten pd de alicykliska foreningarnas omradeyr, “in recognition of his Services to organic chemistry and the Chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds”.

1911 Curie, Marie, née Sklodowska, France, Sorbonne University, Paris, * 1867 (in Warsaw, Poland), f 1934: nsdsom ett erkannande for den fortjanst hon inlagt om kemiens

67 CHEMISTRY

utveckling genorn upptackten av grundamnena och polonium^ genorn karakteriserandet av radium och dess isolerande i metalliskt tillstánd samt genorn sina undersokningar angáende delta markliga grunddmnes joreningar»", “in recognition of her Services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and com- pounds of this remarkable element”.

1912 The prize was divided equally between: G rignard, Víctor, France, Nancy University, * 1871, t T935: del av honom uppfunna sá kallade Grignard'ska reagenset, som i hog grad framjat den organiska kemiens fram­ steg iinder de señare áren»', “for the discovery of the so- called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry”; and

Sabatier, Paul, France, Toulouse University, * 1854, f 1941: »for hans metod att hydrera organiska fóreningar vid ndrvaro av finí fordeiade metaller, varigenom den organiska kemiens framsteg under de señare áren i hdggradframjats»; “for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metáis whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years”.

1913 Werner, Alfred, Switzerland, Zurich University, *1866 (in Mulhouse, Alsace, then Germany), f 1919: »pá grund av hans arbeten angáende atomernas bindningsforhállanden inom molekylen, varigenom han belyst aldre och oppnat nya forsk- ningsomráden, sdrskilt inom den oorganiska kemien»\ “in re­ cognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in mole- cules by which he has thrown new light on earlier in- vestigations and opened up new fields of research espe- cially in inorganic chemistry”.

1914 Reserved.

68 1915 The prize for 1914: Richards, T heodore William, U. S. A., Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., * 1868, f 1928: ytsásom ett erkannande for hans noggranna bestamningar av ett stort antal kemiska grundamnens atomvikteryr, “in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of Chemical elements”.

The prize for 1915: Willstátter, Richard Martin, Germany, Munich University, * 1872, j- 1942: yfor hans undersokningar av fargamnen i vaxtriket, framfor allt klorofyllyr, “for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll”. 1916 Reserved. 1917 The prize money for 1916 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1917: Reserved. 1918 The prize money for 1917 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1918: Reserved. 1919 The prize for 1918: Haber, F ritz, Germany, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Fritz-Haber-Institut) für physikalische Chemie und Elec- trochemie, Berlin-Dahlem, * 1868, | 1934: yfor hans syntes av ammoniak ur dess elementen, “for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements”. The prize for 1919: Reserved. 1920 The prize money for 1919 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1920: Reserved. 1921 The prize for 1920: N ernst, Walther H ermann, Germany, Berlín Uni­ versity, * 1864, f 1941: Dsósom ett erkannande for hans ter-

69 CHEMISTRY

mokemiska arbetentr, “in recognition o í his work in ther- mochemistry”. The prize for 1921: Reser ved. 1922 The prize for 1921: Soddy, Frederick, Great Britain, Oxford University, * 1877, f 1956: »/ór hans bidrag till kannedom om de radio­ aktiva dmnenas kemi och hans undersokningar rorande isotopers forekomst och natury>‘, “for his contributions to our know- ledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes”. The prize for 1922: Aston, Francis William, Great Britain, Cambridge University, * 1877, f 1945: »for hans medelst masspektro- grafen gjorda upptackt av ett stort antal ej radioaktiva grund- dmnens isotopiforhállanden samt av den s. k. heltalslagemr, “for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule”.

1923 Pregl, Fritz, Austria, Graz University, * 1869, f 1930: ¡fór den av bonom uppfimna mikroanalysen av organiska amnemr, “for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances”. 1924 Reserved. 1925 The prize money for 1924 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The prize for 1925: Reserved. 1926 The prize for 1925: Z sigmondy, Richard Adolf, Germany, Goettingen University, * 1865 (in Vienna, Austria), f 1929: yfor uppvisandet av de kolloida losningarnas heterogena natur och for de darvid anvanda metoderna, som varit grundlággande for den moderna kolloidkemiemr, “for his demonstration of the

70 heterogeneous nature of colloid Solutions and fot the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry”.

The prize fot 1926: Svedberg, The (Theodor), Sweden, Uppsala Univer­ sity, * 1884: »for hans arbeten rorande dispersa systemsn, “for his work on disperse Systems”. 1927 Reserved. 1928 The prize for 1927: Wieland, H einrich Otto, Germany, Munich Uni- versity, * 1877, j" 1957: »/ó'r hans undersokningar over gall- syrornas och narslaktade amnens konstitutiomy, “for his in- vestigations of the constitution of the hile acids and related substances” . The prize for 1928: Windaus, Adolf Otto Reinhold, Germany, Goet- tingen University, * 1876, f 1959: hans fortjansier om utforskandet av sterinernas konstitution och deras samband med vitamingruppensy, “for the Services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the ”. 1929 The prize was divided equally between: H arden, Arthur, Great Britain, London University, * 1865, f 1940; and

von E uler-Chelpin, H ans K arl August Simón, Swe­ den, Stockholm University, * 1873 (in Augsburg, Ger­ many) f 1964: sfiir deras undersokningar av sockerarters jasning och dárvid verksamma en%ym>y, “for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes”.

1930 Fischer, H ans, Germany, Technische Hochschule (Institute of Technology), Munich, * 1881, f 1945: »/¿>r hans arbeten over blad- och blodfargamnenas konstitution samt

71 CHEMISTRY

for bans syntes av hamin»-, “for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin” .

1931 The prize was awarded jointly to: Bosch, Carl, Germany, Heidelberg University and I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G. Heidelberg, * 1874, f 1940; and

Bergius, Friedrich, Germany, Heidelberg, and I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G., Mannheim-Rheinau, * 1884, j- 1949: »_/o'r deras fortjiinster om kemiska bogtrycksmetoders uppkomst och utvecküng»', “in recognition of their contri- butions to the invention and development of Chemical high pressure methods”.

1932 L angmuir, I rving, U. S. A., General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y., * 1881, f 1957: »/¿>'r bans upptackter och tmdersokningar inom ytkemiem-, “for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry”.

1933 Reserved. 1934 The prize money for 1933 was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1934: Urey, H arold Clayton, U. S. A., Columbia University, New York, N. Y., * 1893: »/¿r upptáckten av det tunga vatet»; “for his discovery of heavy hydrogen”. 1935 The prize was awarded jointly to: Joliot, Frédéric, France, Institut du Radium, Paris, * 1900, f 1958; and his wife

Joliot-Curie, Iréne, France, Instituí du Radium, Paris, * 1897, j- 1936: ftsásom ett erkannande for deras gemensamt utforda syntes av nya radioaktiva grundamnen'/r, “in recogni­ tion of their synthesis of new radioactive elements”.

72 1936 D ebye, Petrus (Peter) Josephus W ilhelmus, the Netherlands, Berlín University, and Kaiser-Wilhelm- Institut (now Max-PIanck-Institut) für Physik, Berlin- Dahlem, Germany, * 1884, -j-1966: yfor de bidrag, som han genom sitia undersokningar over dipolmoment och over rontgen- och elektronstráleinterferens i gaser liimnai till kannedom em molekylernas hyggnadsr, “for his contributions to our know- ledge of molecular structure through his investigatlons on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases” . 1937 The prize was divided equally between: H aworth, Walter N orman, Great Britain, Birm- ingham University, * 1883, f 1950: Stf'ór hans undersok­ ningar over kolhydrat och Csr, “for his investigations on carbohydrates and ”; and

Karrer, Paul, Switzerland, Zurich University, * 1889 (in Moscow, Russia): Stfor hans undersokningar over karotin­ oider och flaviner samt vitaminerna A. och B- »; “for his in­ vestigations on carotenoids, flavinand vitamins AandB2”. 1938 Reserved. 1939 The prize for 1938: K uhn, Richard, Germany, Heidelberg University, and Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-PIanck-Institut) für medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg, * 1900 (in Vienna, Austria), | 1967: »/ó'r hans arbeten over karotinoider och vita- minertr, “ for his work on carotenoids and vitamins” . (Av sitt lands myndigheter álagd avbója belóningen, men har sedermera mottagit diplom och medalj; caused by the authorities of his country to decline the award but later received the diploma and the medal.) The prize for 1939 was divided equally between: Butenandt, Adolf F riedrich Johann, Germany, Ber­ lín University and Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-

73 CHEMISTRY

Planck-Institut) für Biochemíe, Berlin-Dahlem, * 1903: y>for hans arbeten over sexualhormoneryy, “for his work on sex hormones”. (Av sitt lands myndigheter álagd avbója belóningen, men har sedermera mottagit diplom och medalj; caused by the authorities of his country to decline the award but later received the diploma and the medal); and

Ruzicka, Leopold, Switzerland, Eidgenóssische Tech- nische Hochschule (Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, * 1887 (in Vukovar, then Austria-Hungary): »for hans arbeten over polymetylener och hogre terpenforeningaryy, “for his work on polymethylenes and higher ”. 1940-The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main -1942 Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize sec- tion. 1943 Reserved. 1944 The prize for 1943: de H evesy, George, Hungary, Stockholm University, Sweden, * 1885, f 1966: hans arbeten over isotopers an- vandning som indikatorer vid studiet av kemiska processeryy\ “for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes” . The prize for 1944: Reserved. 1945 The prize for 1944: H ahn, O tto, Germany, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) für Chemie, Berlin-Dahlem, * 1879, f 1968: yyfór upptackten av tunga atomkarnors klyvningyy, “for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei” . The prize for 1945: Virtanen, A rtturi Ilmari, , Helsinki Uni­ versity, * 1895: yyfór hans undersokningar och uppfinningar inom agrikultur- och naringskemien^ sárskilt for hans foder- konserveringsmetodyy, “for his research and inventions in

74 agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservaron method”.

1946 The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: Sumner, James Batcheller, U. S. A., Cornell Univer- sity, Ithaca, N. Y., * 1887, f 1955: »ftr bans upptdckt av en^yms kristalliserbarhet'ir, “for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized”;

the other half jointly to: N orthrop, J ohn H oward, U. S. A., Rockefeller Instí- tute for Medical Research, Princeton, N. J., * 1891; and

Stanley, Wendell Meredith, U. S. A., Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, N. J., *1904: »/ór deras arbeten over renframstallning av en^ymer och virus- proteiner»', “for their preparation of enzymes and virus in a puré form”.

1947 Robinson, Sir Robert, Great Britain, Oxford Univer- sity, * 1886: »fdr hans undersokningar over biologiskt betydelse- fulla átnnen ur vaxtriket, sarskilt alkaloidenr, “for his in- vestigations on plant producís of biological importance, especially the alkaloids”.

1948 T iselius, Arne Wilhelm K aurin, Sweden, Uppsala University, * 1902: »/¿>'r hans elektroforetiska och adsorp- tionsanalytiska arbeien, sarskilt hans upptackter rorande serumproteiners sammansatta naturt>\ “for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins” .

1949 G iauque, William Francis, U. S. A., University of California, Berkeley, Calif., * 1895: »/ó'r hans insatser pd den kemiska termodynamikens omráde, sarskilt betraffande amnenas forhallande vid extremt lága temperaturern', “for his contributions in the field of Chemical thermodynamics,

75 CHEMISTRY

particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures” . 1950 The prize was awarded jointly to: D iels, Otto Paul Hermann, Germany, Kiel Univer­ sity, * 1876, f 1954; and

Alder, Kurt, Germany, Cologne University, * 1902, f 1958: y>for deras upptackt och utveckling av diensyntesen»’, “for their discovery and development of the diene syn- thesis”. 1951 The prize was awarded jointly to: Me Millan, E dwin Mattison, U. S. A., University of California, Berkeley, Calif., * 1907; and Seaborg, G lenn T heodore, U. S. A., University of California, Berkeley, Calif., * 1912: »fór deras upptackter inom de transurana grundamnenas kemirr^ “for their disco- veries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements”. 1952 The prize was awarded jointly to: M artin, Archer John Porter, Great Britain, National Institute for Medical Research, London, * 1910; and

Synge, Richard Laurence M illington, Great Britain, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn (Scotland), * 1914: y>fdr deras uppfinning av fordelningskromatografienyr, “for their invention of partition chromatography”.

1953 Staudinger, H ermann, Germany, University of Frei- burg im Breisgau and Staatliches Institut für makromo- lekulare Chemie (State Research Institute for Macromole- cular Chemistry), Freiburg i Br., * 1881, f 1965: »for bans upptackter inom de bogmolekylara amnenas kemhy, “for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry”.

1954 Pauling, Linus Carl, U. S. A., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif., * 1901: hans arbeten over den kemiska bindningens natur med tilldmpning pá kompli- cerade ámnens byggnadyy, “for his research into the nature of the and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances”.

1955 du Vigneaud, Vincent, U. S. A., Cornell University, New York, N. Y., * 1901: yfor hans arbeten over biokemiskt betydelsefulla svavelforeningar, sárskilt for den forsta syntesen av ett polypeptidhormonyy, “for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone” . 1956 The prize was awarded jointly to: H inshelwood, Sir Cyril N orman, Great Britain, Oxford University, * 1897, f 1967; and

Semenov, N ikolaj N ikolajevic, USSR, Institute for Chemical Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, * 1896: yfor deras undersokningar over kemiska reaktioners mekanismyy\ “for their researches into the mechanism of Chemical reactions”.

1957 Todd, Sir Alexander R., Great Britain, Cambridge University, * 1907: »/ór hans arbeten over nucleotider och nucleotida coen^ymyy, “for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes”.

1958 Sanger, F rederick, Great Britain, Cambridge Uni­ versity, * 1918: yfor hans arbeten over ággviteámnenas, sárskilt insulinets byggnadyy', “for his work on the structure of pro- teins, especially that of ”.

1959 H eyrovsky, J aroslav, Czechoslovakia, Polarographic Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Science, Prague, * 1890, | 1967: yfor hans uppfinning och utveckling av den polarografiska analysmetodenyy; “for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis”.

1960 Libby, Willard F rank, U. S. A., University of Cali­ fornia, Los Angeles, Calif., * 1908: yfor hans metod att añ­

i l CHEMISTRY

vanda kol-14 som tidmiitare inom arkeologi, geologi, geofysik m.fi. vetenskaper»-, “for his method to use carbón-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of Science”.

1961 Calvin, Melvin, U. S. A., University of California, Berkeley, California, * 1911: »fór hans undersókningar av vaxternas kolsyreassimilation»-, “for his research on the carbón dioxide assimilation in plants”. 1962 The prize was divided equally between: Perutz, Max Ferdinand, Great Britain, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, * 1914 (in Vienna); and

Kf.ndrew, J ohn Cowdery, Great Britain, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, * 1917: »/ó'r deras undersókningar rorande globulara proteiners byggnad»-, “for their studies of the structures of globular proteins”. 19S3 The prize was divided equally between: Z iegler, K arl, Germany, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung (Max-Planck-Institute for Carbón Re­ search), Mülheim/Ruhr, * 1898; and N atta, Giulio, Italy, Institute of Technology, Milán, * 1903: »fór deras upptackter inom hdgpolymerernas kemi och teknologi»-, “for their discoveries in the field of the chem- istry and technology of high polymers”. 1964 Crowfoot H odgkin, D orothy, Great Britain, Royal Society, Oxford University, Oxford, * 1910: »_/»r hennes med rontgenmetoder utforda besidmningar av biokemiskt viktiga amnens byggnad»', “for her determinations by X-ray tech- niques of the structures of important biochemical sub- stances” . 1965 Woodward, Robert Burns, U. S. A., Harvard Univer­ sity, Cambridge, Mass., * 1917: »for hans fórtjdnster om den organiska synteskonstens utveckling»-, for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis” .

78 1966 M ulliken, Robert S., U. S. A., , Chicago, 111., * 1896: yfor hans grundlaggande arbeten over kemisk bindning ocb molekylers elektronstruktur medelst mole- kylorbitalmetodeny>\ for his fundamental work concerning Chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method”. 1967 The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: E igen, Manfred, Federal Republic of Germany, Max- Planck-Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Góttingen, * 1927; and the other half jointly to:

N orrish, Ronald George Wreyford, Great Britain, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Cambridge, * 1897, and

Porter, George, Great Britain, The Royal Institution, London, * 1920: yfor deras unders'ókningar avytterst snabba kemiska reaktioner genom jamviktsstórning med kortvariga energipulsenr, “for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy”.

1968 O nsager, Lars, U. S. A., , New Haven, Conn., * 1903 (in Oslo, Norway): »/ upptackten av de efter honom uppkallade reciprocitetsrelationerna^ som ar grundlaggande for den irreversibla termodynamikeny>\ “for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his ñame, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of ir­ reversible processes”.

3. PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE

1901 von Behring, E mil Adolf, Germany, Marburg Uni­ versity, * 1854, f 1917: yfor hans arbete rorande serumtera- pien ocb sarskilt dess anvandning mot difteria varigenom han brutit en ny vdg inom den medicinska vetenskapens omrdde ocb

79 PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE

givit lákaren ett segerrikt rapen i kampen mot sjukdom ocb dod»', “for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphteria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical Science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths”.

1902 Ross, Sir Ronald, Great Britain, University College, Liverpool, * 1857 (in Almora, India), f 1932: yyfor hans arbete rorande mal arlan., varigenom han uppdagat det satt, varpa densamma vínner insteg i organismen, ocb darmed lagt grunden for betydelsefulla forskningar angaende denna sjukdom ocb dess bekampandeyy; “for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it”.

1903 Finsen, N iels Ryberg, Denmark, Finsen Medical Light Institute, Copenhagen, * 1860 (in Thorshavn, Faroe Islands), f 1904: yysasom ett erkannande dt hans arbete for behandling av sjukdomar ocb sarskilt lupus vulgaris med kon- centrerade Ijusstralar, varigenom han oppnat en ny vdg for lakekonsten»', “in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical Science”.

1904 Pavlov, Ivan Petrovic, Russia, Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg (now Leningrad), *1849, f 1936: yysasom ett erkannande av hans arbete rorande digestionens fysio- logi, varigenom han i vasentliga delar omdanat ocb vidgat kun- skapen pd detta omrddeyy, “in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestión, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and en- larged” .

80 1905 Koch, Robert, Germany, Instituí fór Infektionskrank- heiten (Institute for Infectious Diseases), Berlín, * 1843, f 1910: »for hans undersdkningar och upptackter rorande tuberkulosyy, “for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis”.

1906 The prize was awarded jointly to: Golgi, Camillo, Italy, Pavía University, * 1843, f 1926; and

Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, Spain, Madrid University, *1852, f 1934: 'hsásom ett erkannande at deras arbeten rorande nervsystemets byggnadsr, “in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system”.

1907 Laveran, Charles Louis Alphonse, France, Institut Pasteur, París, * 1845, j- 1922: y>sasom ett erkannande at hans arbeten rorande proto^oers betydelse som sjukdomsalstrare»\ “in recognition of his work on the role played by proto- zoa in causing diseases” . 1908 The prize was awarded jointly to: Mecnikov, Il’ja Il’jic, Russia, Institut Pasteur, París, France, * 1845, | 1916; and

E hrlich, Paul, Germany, Goettingen University and Kónigliches Institut für experimentelle Therapie (Royal Institute for Experimental Therapy), Frankfort-on-the- Main, *1854, f 1915; »sdsom ett erkannande át deras ar­ beten rorande immuniteten-¡>\ “in recognition of their work on immunity”.

1909 Kocher, E mil T heodor, Switzerland, Berne University, * 1841, f 1917: ">für hans arbeten rorande thyreoideas fysiologi, patologi och kirurgiyy, “for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland”.

1910 Kossel, Albrecht, Germany, Heidelberg University, * 1853, f 1927: y>sásom ett erkannande for den insats han

81 6 — 695516 Nobelstiftelscns Kalendcr PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE

genotn sina arbeten rorande aggviteamnena, dari jamval inbe- gripna nukleinsübstanserna^ gjort till kannedomen om cellens hernia, “in recognition of thc contributions to our know- ledge of cell chemistry made through his work on pro- teins, including the nucleic substances”.

1911 Gullstrand, Allvar, Sweden, Uppsala University, * 1862, j- 1930: »/¿>r batís arbeten rorande ogats dioptriks>\ “for his work on the dioptrics of the eye”.

1912 Carrel, Alexis, U. S. A., Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N. Y., * 1873 (in Saint- Foy-lés-Lyon, France), f 1944: y>sasom ett erkannnande for hans arbeten rorande karlsutur samt kdrl- ocb organtrans- plantation'i>\ “in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood-vessels and organs”.

1913 Richet, Charles Robert, France, Sorbonne University, Paris, * 1850, | 1935: stsasom ett erkannande for hans arbeten rorande anafylaxien»', “in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis”.

1914 Bárány, Robert, Hungary, Vienna University, * 1876 (in Vienna, Austria), f 1936: yfór hans arbeten om vesti- bularapparatens fysiologi ocb patologiyr, “for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus”. 1915 Reserved. 1916 The prize money for 1915 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1916: Reserved. 1917 The prize money for 1916 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1917: Reserved. 1918 The prize money for 1917 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1918: Reserved.

82 1919 The prize money for 1918 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1919: Reserved. 1920 The prize for 1919: Bordet, J ules, Belgium, Brussels University, * 1870, f 1961: »/or hans upptackter betráffande immuniteten'f>\ “for his discoveries relating to immunity”. The prize for 1920: K rogii, Schack August Steenberger, Denmark, Co- penhagen University, * 1874, f 1949: »for hans upptáckt av den kapillaromotoriska regulationsmekanismen'f>\ “for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism”, 1921 Reserved. 1922 The prize money for 1921 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1922: Reserved. 1923 The prize for 1922 was divided equally between: H ill, A rchibald Vivían, Great Britain, London Uni­ versity, * 1886: »/¿'r hans upptáckt rbrande varmetoningen i muskeln»', “for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle”; and Meyerhof, Otto F ritz, Germany, Kiel University, * 1884, f 1951: »/ór hans upptáckt av det lagfntndna for- hállandet mellan syrgasforbrukningen och mjolksyreomsátt- ningen i muskeln»; “for his discovery of the fixed relation- ship between the consumption of oxygen and the meta- bolism of lactic acid in the muscle” . The prize for 1923 was awarded jointly to: Banting, Frederick G rant, Cañada, Toronto Uni versity, * 1891, f 1941; and Macleod, J ohn James Richard, Cañada, Toronto Uni­ versity, * 1876 (in Cluny, Scotland), f 1935: »for upp- táckten av insulina “for the discovery of insulin”.

83 PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE

1924 E inthoven, Willem, the Netherlands, Leyden Univer- sity, * 1860 (in Semarang, Java, then Dutch East Indies), | 1927: »/¿r hans upptackt av ekktrokardiogrammets meka- ntsm'iY, “for his discovery of the mechanism of the electro- cardiogram”.

1925 Reserved.

1926 The prize money for 1925 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1926: Reserved. 1927 The prize for 1926: Fibiger, J ohannes Andreas G rib, Denmark, Copen- hagen University, * 1867, f 1928: »/¿>r hans upptackt av spiropteracarcinomet'iY, “for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma”. The prize for 1927: Wagner-Jauregg, J ulius, Austria, Vienna University, * 1857, t 1940: y>for hans upptackt av malariainympningens terapeutiska betydelse vid dementia paralyticavY, “for his discovery of the therapeutic valué of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica”.

1928 N icolle, Charles J ules FIenri, France, Instituí Pasteur, Tunis, * 1866, f 1936: yyfor hans arbeten om fldcktyfuss>‘, “for his work on typhus”. 1929 The prize was divided equally between: E ijkman, Christiaan, the Netherlands, Utrecht Uni­ versity, * 1858, j- 1930: »/ hans upptackt av antinevritiska vitaminet>Y9 “for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin”; and

H opkins, Sir F rederick Gowland, Great Britain, Cam­ bridge University, * 1861, f 1947: »/ó'r hans upptackt ai tillvaxtvitaminerna'iY, “for his discovery of the growth- stimulating vitamins”.

84 1930 Landsteiner, Karl, Austria, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N. Y., U. S. A., * 1868, ■f 1943: »for hans upptáckt av manniskoslaktets blodgrupperyr, “for his discovery of human blood groups”.

1931 Warburg, Otto H einrich, Germany, Kaiser-Wilhelm- Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) für Biologie, Berlin- Dahlem, * 1883: »for hans upptáckt av andningsfermentets art och verkningssdttyr, “for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme”.

1932 The prize was awarded jointly to: Sherrington, Sir Charles Scott, Great Britain, Oxford University, * 1857, | 1952; and

Adrián, E dgar D ouglas, Great Britain, Cambridge University, * 1889: »/ó'r deras upptdckter rorande neuronets funkHoneryr, “for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons” .

1933 Morgan, T homas H unt, U. S. A., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif., * 1866, f 1945: »/or hans upptdckter rorande kromosomernas drftlighetsbarande funktionyr, “for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity”.

1934 The prize was awarded jointly to: Whipple, George H oyt, U. S. A., Rochester University, Rochester, N. Y., * 1878;

Minot, G eorge Richards, U. S. A., Harvard Univer­ sity, Cambridge, Mass., * 1885, f 1950; and

Murphy, W illiam Parry, U. S. A., Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., and Peter Brent Brigham Hospital, Boston, Mass., * 1892: »/ó'r deras upptdckter rorande lever- terapi vid anemiertr, “for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia”.

85 PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE

1935 Spemann, H ans, Germany, University of , * 1869, f 1941* »for upptackten av organisator- effekten under den embryonala utvecklingen'»’, “for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development” .

1936 The prize was awarded jointly to: D ale, Sir H enry H allett, Great Britain, National Institute for Medical Research, London, * 1875, f 1968; and

Loewi, Otto, Austria, Graz University, * 1873 (in Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany), f 1961: yfor deras upp­ tackter rorande kemisk overfóring av nervverkany>\ “for their discoveries relating to Chemical transmission of nerve impulses”.

1937 Szent-Gyórgyi von N agyrapolt, Albert, Hungary, Szeged University, * 1893: »/¿'r hans upptackter rorande de biologiska fórbránningsprocesserna, med sárskild bansyn till vitamin C och fumarsyrekatalysenm, “for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustión processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid” . 1938 Reserved. 1939 The prize for 1938: H eymans, Corneille J ean F rancois, Belgium, Ghent University, * 1892, f 1968: »for upptackten av sinus- och aor- tamekanismernas betydelse for andningens regulatiowi>\ “for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration”. The prize for 1939: D omagk, Gerhard, Germany, Munster University, * 1895, f 1964: yf'ór upptackten avprontosilets antibakteriella verkanyr, “for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil”.

86 (Av sitt lands myndigheter álagd avbója belóningen, men har sedermera mottagit diplom och medalj; caused by the authorities of his country to decline the award, but later received the diploma and the medal.) 1940-The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main -1942 Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize sec- tion. 1943 Reserved. 1944 The prize for 1943 was divided equally between: D am, H enrik Carl Peter, Denmark, Polytechnic Institute, Copenhagen, * 1895: »/ó'r hans upptackt av K- vitaminet'>Yi “for his discovery of ”; and

D oisy, E dward Adelbert, U. S. A., Saint Louis Uni- versity, St. Louis, Mo., * 1893: »/ór hans upptackt av K- vitaminets kemiska natur>y9 “for his discovery of the Che­ mical nature of vitamin K ” . The prize for 1944 was awarded jointly to: E rlanger, J oseph, U. S. A., Washington University, St. Louis, Mo., * 1874, f 1965; and Gasser, H erbert Spencer, U. S. A., Rockefeller In- stitute for Medical Research, New York, N. Y., *1888, f 1963: »/ór deras upptackter rorande de enskilda nervtradarnas mangsidiga funktionella differentiering»', “for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres”. 1945 The prize was awarded jointly to: Fleming, Sir Alexander, Great Britain, London Uni­ versity, * 1881 (in Lochfield, Scotland), f 1955; Chain, E rnst Boris, Great Britain, Oxford University, * 1906 (in Berlin, Germany); and Florey, Sir H oward Walter, Great Britain, Oxford University, * 1898 (in Adelaide, Australia), f 1968: »fór

87 PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE

upptackten av penicillinet ocb dess botande verkan vid olika in- fektionssjukdomar'ty, “for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases”.

1946 Muller, Hermann Joseph, U. S. A., Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, * 1890, t i 967: »/ór upptackten av framkallandet av mutationer medelst rontgenbestralningyr, “for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation”.

1947 The prize was divided, one half being awarded jointly to: Cori, Carl Ferdinand, U. S. A., Washington Univer- sity, St. Louis, Mo., * 1896 (in Prague, then Austria), and his wife

Cori, G erty T heresa, née Radnitz, U. S. A., Washing­ ton University, St. Louis, Mo., * 1896 (in Prague, then Austria), f 1957: »/¿>r deras upptackt av forloppet vid glyko- genets katalytiska omsattningyr, “for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversión of glycogen”; the other half being awarded to:

Houssay, Bernardo Alberto, the Argentine, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental (Institute for Bio- logy and Experimental Medicine), , * 1887: »/ó'r hans upptackt av hypofysframlobshormonets betydelse for sockeromsattningenyr, “for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the meta- bolism of sugar”.

1948 Müller, Paul H ermann, Switzerland, Laboratorium der Farben-Fabriken J. R. Geigy A. G. (Laboratory of the J. R. Geigy Dye-Factory Co.), Basle, * 1899, f 1965: yyfdr hans upptackt av D D T :s starka verkan som kontaktgift mot ett ftertal arthropoder»', “for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods”.

88 1949 The prize was divided equally between: H ess, Walter Rudolf, Switzerland, Zurich Uníversity, * 1881: y>for hans upptáckt av mellanhjarnans funktionella organisation for samordning av vcrksamheten i inre organrr, “for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbraín as a coordínator of the activíties of the internal organs”; and

Moniz, Antonio Caetano de Abreu F reire E gas, , Uníversity of Lisbon, Neurological Institute, Lisbon, * 1874, f 1955: 'ttfor hans upptáckt av den prefrontala leukotomiens terapeutiska betydelse vid vissa psykosertr, “for his discovery of the therapeutic valué of leucotomy in certain psychoses”. 1950 The prize was awarded jointly to: Kendall, E dward Calvin, U. S. A., Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., * 1886;

Reichstein, Tadeus, Switzerland, Basle Uníversity, * 1897 (in Wloclawek, Poland); and

Hench, Philip Showalter, U. S. A., Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., * 1896, f 1965: yfor deras upptackter ró- rande binjurebarkens hormoner, deras byggnad och biologiska verkningaryn, “for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects” . 1951 T heiler, Max, Union of South Africa, Laboratories División of Medicine and Public Health, Rockefeller Foundation, New York, N. Y., U. S. A., * 1899: yfor hans upptackter rorande gula febern och dess bekampande'»'; “for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it”. 1952 Waksman, Selman Abraham. U. S. A., Rutgers Uni- versity, New Brunswick, N. J., * 1888 (in Priluka, , Russia): »for hans upptáckt av streptomycin — det

89 PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE

forsta mot tuberkulos verksamma antibiotiska amneiSY, “for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis”.

1953 The prize was divided equally between: K rebs, H ans A dolf, Great Britain, Sheffield Uni­ versity, * 1900 (in Hildesheim, Germany): »/¿¡r hans upp­ tackt av citronsyrecykelnyn, “for his discovery of the citric acid cycle”; and

Lipmann, Fritz Albert, U. S.A ., Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass., * 1899 (in Koenigsberg, then Germany): »/ó'r hans upptackt av coen^ym -A och dess betydelse for den intermediara amnesomsdttningen'iY, “for his discovery of coenzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism”.

1954 The prize was awarded jointly to: Enders, J ohn F ranklin, U. S.A., Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.; Research División of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Medical Center, Boston, * 1897;

Weller, T homas H uckle, U. S. A., Research División of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Medical Center, Boston, Mass., * 1915; and

Robbins, Frederick Chapman, U. S. A., Western Re­ serve University, Cleveland, Ohio, * 1916: yfor deras upp­ tackt av poliomyelitvirus' fórmdga att foroka sig i kulturer av vavnader av olika slagtY, “for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue”.

1955 T heorell, Axel H ugo T heodor, Sweden, Nobel Medical Institute, Stockholm, * 1903: yfor hans upptackter rorande oxidationsens^ymens natur och verkningssdtt^ “for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes”.

90 1956 The prize was awarded jointly to: Cournand, André Frédéric, U. S. A., Cardio-Pul- monary Laboratory, Columbia University División, Bellevue Hospital, New York, N.Y., * 1895 (in Paris, France);

Forssmann, Werner, Germany, Mainz University and Bad Kreuznach, * 1904; and

Richards Jr., D ickinson W ., U. S. A., Columbia University, New York, *1895: »for deras upptackter rorande hjartkatetrisering och sjukliga forandringar i cirkula- tionsapparaten'>yf “for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circula- tory system”.

1957 Bovet, D aniel, Italy, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá (Chief Instituto of Public Health), Rome, * 1907 (in Neuchátel, Switzerland): »/ó'r bans upptackter rorande syntetiska me del, som blockera vissa kroppsegna substansers verkan, sarskilt pd blodkarl och skelettmuskulaturvr, “for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vas­ cular system and the skeletal muscles” . 1958 The prize was divided, one half being awarded jointly to: Beadle, George Wells, U. S. A., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif., * 1903; and

T atum, E dward Lawrie, U. S. A., Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, * 1909: »/ó'r deras upp- tackt att gener verka vid reglerandet av bestamda kemiska for- lopp»; “for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events” . and the other half to:

Lederberg, J oshua, U. S. A., Wisconsin University, Madison, Wisconsin, * 1925: »for bans upptackter rorande

91 PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE

genetisk rekombination sarnt arvsmassans organisation hos bakterieryy, “for his discoveries concerning genetic recom- bination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria”.

1959 The prize was awarded jointly to: O choa, Severo, U. S. A., , Collcge of Medicine, New York, * 1905 (in Luarca, Spain); and

Kornberg, A rthur, U. S. A., Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., * 1918: »for deras upptackter av mekanismen vid den biologiska syntesen av ribonukleinsyra och deoxiribo- nukleinsyravr, “for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxiri- bonucleic acid”.

1960 The prize was awarded jointly to: Burnet, Sir F. (Frank) Macfarlane, Australia, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Melbourne, * 1899; and

Medawar, Peter Brian, Great Britain, University Col- lege, London, * 1915: »/¿r upptáckten av ftirvárvad im- munologisk toleransy>\ “for the discovery of acquired im- munological tolerance”.

1961 von Bekesy, Georg, U. S.A ., Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., * 1899 (in Budapest): vfor bans upptack- ter rtirande de fysikaliska retningsmekanismerna i tiráis snácka»\ “for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stim- ulation within the cochlea”.

1962 The prize was awarded jointly to: Crick, Francis H arry Compton, Great Britain, Insti- tute of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, * 1916;

Watson, James D ewey, U. S. A., Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., * 1928; and

92 Wilkins, Maurice H ugii Frederick, Great Britain, , * 1916: deras upptackt av nukleinsyrornas molekylara uppbyggnad och dess betydelse fór informationsóverfdring i levande materia))} “for their dis- coveries concerning the molecular structure of nuclear acids and its significance for Information transfer in living material” .

1963 The prize was awarded jointly to: E ccles, Sir John Carew, Australia, Australian National University, Canberra, * 1906;

H odgkin, Alan L loyd, Great Britain, Cambridge University, Cambridge, * 1914; and

Huxley, Andrew Fielding, Great Britain, London University, * 1917: »/ó'r deras upptackter rorande jonmeka- nismerna vid retning och hamning i nervcellernas perifera och céntrala membranavsnitt))} “for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane” .

1964 The prize was awarded jointly to: Bloch, IConrad, U. S. A., Harvard University, Cam­ bridge, Mass., * 1912 (in Neisse, Germany); and

Lynen, Feodor, Germany, Max-Planck-Institut für Zellchemie, Munich, * 1911: ))fór deras upptackter rorande kolesterol- och fettsyreomsattningens mekanism och reglering))} “for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism”.

1965 The prize was awarded jointly to: Jacob, Fran^ois, France, Instituí Pasteur, Paris, * 1920;

Lwoff, André, France, Instituí Pasteur, Paris, * 1902; and

93 PIIYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE

Monod, Jacques, France, Instituí Pasteur, París, * 1910: »for deras upptackter rorande genetisk styrning av en^ym- ocb virussyntes»', for th'¿ir discoveries concerning genetic con­ trol of enzyme and virus synthesis”. 1966 The prize was divided equally between: Rous, Peyton, U.S.A., , New York, N.Y., * 1879: »for bans upptackt rorande tuníórframkallande virus»', for his discovery of tumor-inducing viruses”; and

H uggins, Charles Brenton, U.S.A., Ben May Labora- tory for Cáncer Research, University of Chicago, Chi cago, III., * 1901: »fór hans upptackter rorande kormonbe- bandling av prostatacancer»', for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cáncer”. 1967 The prize was awarded jointly to: G ranit, Ragnar, Sweden, Royal Caroline Institute, Stockholm, * 1900;

H artline, H aldan Keffer, U.S.A., The Rockefeller University, New York, N.Y., * 1903; and

Wald, George, U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., * 1906: yfór deras upptackter rorande de primara fysiologiska och kemiska synprocesserna i ógat»\ “for their discoveries .con­ cerning the primary physiological and Chemical visual processes in the eye”. 1968 The prize was awarded jointly to: H olley, Robert W U .S.A ., Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., * 1922;

K horana, H ar G obind, U.S.A., University of Wiscon- sin, Madison, Wis. * 1922 (in Raipur, India); and N irenberg, Marshall W., U.S.A., National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., * 1927: »fór deras upptackter rorande tolkningen av den genetiska koden

94 ocb dennas funktion vid proteinsyntes»\ “for their interpreta- tíon of the genetic code and its function in syn- thesis”.

4. LITERATURE

1901 Sully P rudhomme (pen-name of Prudhomme, René Fran^ois Armand), France, * 1839, f 1907: y>sdsom ett erkannande av bans utmárkta, jdmval under señare dr adaga- lagda fdrtjánster som fdrfattare och sarskilt av bans om hog idealitet, konstnarlig fullándning samt sállspord forening av hjartats och snillets egenskaper vittnande diktningyn, “in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gíves evid- ence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare com- bination of the qualities of both heart and intellect”.

1902 Mommsen, Christian Matthias T heodor, Germany, * 1817 (in Garding, Sleswick, then Denmark), f 1903: 'nnutidens storste levande mastare i den historiska framstallningens konst, med sarskilt füst avseende a bans monumuentala verk Romiscbe Geschichte»; “the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A. history of Rome”.

1903 Bjornson, Bjornstjerne Martinus, Norway, * 1832, f 1910: ftsasom en gard av erkannande át bans adía* storartade och mángsidiga skaldeverksamhet, som alltid varit utmarkt pd en gáng av ingivelsens friskhet och av en sállsynt sjálsrenhetr>\ “ as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile work as a poet, which has always been distinguished both for the freshness of its inspiration and its rare purity of spirit” . 1904 The prize was divided equally between: Mistral, F rédéri, France, * 1830, f 1914: y>med av­ seende fast a det ursprungsfriska, snillrika ocb sant konstndrliga i bans diktning, som troget avspeglar bans bembygds natur ocb folkliv, samt a bans betydelsefnlla verksamhet som provencalsk

95 LITERATURE

filóloga', “in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his signifícant work as a Proven^al philologist”; and

E chegaray y E izaguirre, José, Spain, * 1833, f 1916: amed avseende fast á hans omfattande och snillrikaforfattarskap, som pá sjalvstandigt och originellt sátt áterupplivat det spanska skádespelets stora traditionera', “in recognition of the nume- rous and briliiant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama”.

1905 Sienkiewicz, H enryk, Poland, * 1846, f 1916: apa grund av hans storartade fdrtjdnster som episk forfattarea’, “because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer”.

1906 Carducci, G iosué, Italy, * 1835, f 1907: ai betraktande ej blott av hans rika lardom och kritiska forskningar^ atan framst som en hyllning at den plastiska energi, den stilens friskhet och den lyriska styrka, som utmarka hans poetiska másterverfor, “not only in consideraron of his deep learning and criti- cal research, but above all as a tribute to the Creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical forcé which cha- racterize his poetic masterpieces”.

1907 K ipling, Rudyard, Great Britain, * 1865 (in Bombay, Br. India), f 1936: ai betraktande av den iakttagelseformdga, den ursprungliga inbillningskrafit samt den manliga styrka i upp- fattning och skildringskonst, som utmarka denne varldsberomde forfattares skapelsera\ “in consideraron of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author”.

1908 E ucken, Rudolf Christoph, Germany, * 1846, f 1926: vpá grund av det sanningssokande allvar, den genomtrángande

96 tankekraft och vidsynthet, den varme och styrka i framstdll- ningen, varmed han i talrika arbeten bávdat och utvecklat en varldsdskadning»', “in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of visión, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life”.

1909 Lagerlóf, Selma O ttiliana Lovisa, Sweden, * 1858, f 1940: »pa grund av den adía idealitet^ den fantasiens rikedom och den framstallningens sjalfullhety som prdgla hennes diktmngy>\ “in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings”.

1910 H eyse, Paul Johann Ludwig, Germany, * 1830, f 1914: 'hsásom hyllningsgard at den fullándade och av ideal uppfaiining práglade konstnarlighet han adagalagt under en láng och betydande verksamhet sásom lyriker, dramaturgo romanforfattare och dik- tare av varldsberomda novellenr, “as a tribute to the consum- mate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of worldrenow- ned short stories”. 1911 Maeterlinck, Count, Maurice (Mooris) Polidore Marie Bernhard, Belgium, * 1862, f 1949: »pá grund av hans mángsiáiga litterára verksamhet och sarskilt hans drama- tiska skapelser., som utmarka sig genom fantasirikedom och genom en poetisk idealitet, vilken., stundom i sagospelets slojade form, r'ójer djup ingivelse samt pa ett hemlighetsfullt sdtt tilltalar lásarens kdnsla och aningyr, “in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dra- matic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveáis, some- times in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers’ own fee- lings and stimulate their imaginations”.

97 7 — 695516 Nobelstiftelsens Kalender LITERATURE

1912 H auptmann, Gerhart Joiiann Robert, Germany, * 1862, f 1946: yfórnamligast for hans rika, mángsidiga, framsiáende verksamhet inom den dramatiska diktningens omrádeyr, “primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art”.

1913 T agore, Rabindranath, India, * 1861, f 1941: »pá grund av hans dikters djup och boga syftning samt den skónhet och friskhep som pá ett lysande satt inforlivat hans skaldeskap i dess egen engelska drakt aven med den vasterlándska vitter- hetenyy\ “because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West”.

1914 Reserved.

1915 The prize money for 1914 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1915: Reserved.

1916 The prize for 1915: Rolland, Romain, France, * 1866, f 1944: yysásom en hyllning át den upphojda idealismen i hans forfattarskap samt át den medkansla och den sanning, med vilka han tecknat olika mánniskotyperyy, “as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described difierent types of human beings”.

The prize for 1916: von Heidenstam, Carl Gustaf Verner, Sweden, * 1859, -j- 1940: yysásom ett erkcinnande av hans betydelse som málsmannen for ett nytt skede i vár vitterbet»; “in recognition of his significance as the leading representativc of a new era in our literature”.

98 1917 The prize was divided equally between: Gjellerup, Karl Adolph, Denmark, * 1857, f 1919: yfor hans mángsidigt rika och av boga ideal huma diktningyy; “for his varied and rich , which is inspired by lofty ideáis”; and

Pontoppidan, FIenrik, Denmark, * 1857, f 1945: l>jor hans fullodiga framstdllningar av ñutida danskt lis»; “for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark”. 1918 Reserved. 1919 The prize money for 19x8 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1919: Reserved. 1920 The prize for 1919: Spitteler, Carl Friedrich Georg, Switzerland, * 1845, f 1924: '¡>med sarskild tanke pá hans maktiga epos Olympischer Friihlingyy, “in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring”. The prize for 1920: Hamsun, Knut Pedersen, Norway, * 1859, f 1952: »/á'r hans monumentala verk Markens grodeyy, “for his monu­ mental work, Groyvth of the Soil”. 1921 (pen-name of T hibault, Jacques Anatole), France, * 1844, f 1924: yysásom ett erkannande av hans lysande forfattarverksamhet, praglad av adel stilkonst, av vidhjartad humanitet, av behag och franskt lynneyy, “in re- cognition of his brilliant literary achievements, which are characterized by nobility and vigour of style, great- hearted human sympathy, genuine charm and a true French temper”. 1922 Benavente, Jacinto, Spain, * 1866, f 1954: tfor det lyckliga sátt varpá han fullfoljt den spanska dramatikens aro- fulla traditioneryr, “for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama”.

99 LITERATURE

1923 Yeats, William Butler, Ireland, * 1865, f 1939: »fir hans stándigt besjálade dikíning, som i den strangaste konstnár- liga form ger uttryck át ett folks anda»', “for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole ”.

1924 Reymont (pen-name of Reyment), Wladyslaw Stani- slaw, Poland, * 1868, j- 1925: »/ó'r hans stora nationalepos Bdndernayn, “for his great national epic, The Peasants”. 1925 Reserved. 1926 The prize for 1925: Shaw, George Bernard, Great Britain, * 1856 (in Dublin, Ireland), | 1950: »for hans av hade idealitet och humanitet uppburna fórfattarskap, varsfriska satir ofta med sig fórenar en egenartad poetisk skonhet»', “for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty”. The prize for 1926: Reserved. 1927 The prize for 1926: G razia Deledda (pen-name of Madesani, G razia, née D eledda) Italy, * 1871 (in , ), f 1936: »/ó'r hennes av hóg idealitet burna fórfattarskap, som med plas- tisk áskádlighet skildrat livet pa hennes fáderneó och med djup och várme behandlat allmdnt manskliga problema, “for her idealistically inspired writings which with plástic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general”. The prize for 1927: Reserved. 1928 The prize for 1927: Bergson, H enri, France, * 1859, f 1941: »som ett er- kánnande át hans rika och livgivande idéer och denglánsande konst varmed de framburits»', “in recognition of his rich and vita- lizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented”.

100 The prize for 1928: Undset, Sigrid, Norway, * 1882 (in Kalundborg, Den- mark), f 1949: sfornámligast for hennes maktiga skildringar av Nordens medeltida liv»; “principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages” .

1929 Mann, T homas, Germany, * 1875, f 1955: yfornamligast for hans stora román Buddenbrooks, vilken under arens lopp vunnit alltmer stadgat erkánnande som ett av den samtida littera- turens klassiska verter, “principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recogni- tion as one of the classic works of contemporary litera- ture”.

1930 Lewis, Sinclair, U. S. A., *1885, -f 1951: »/ó'r hans starka ocb levande skildringskonst, med typskapande f'órmága, med kvickhet ocb humor»', “for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and hu- mour, new types of characters”. 1931 The prize was awarded to: Karlfeldt, E rik Axel, Sweden, * 1864, f 1931: »Erik A xel Karlfeldts diktningt>\ “The poetry of ”.

1932 Galsworthy, John, Great Britain, * 1867, f 1933: »f'ór den fornama skildringskonst, som i The Forsyte Saga uppnatt sitt hogsía uttrycter, “for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in the Forsyte Saga”. 1933 Bunin, Ivan Aleksejevic, stateless, domicile in France, * 1870 (in Voronez, Russia), | 1953: »for det stranga konstnársskap, varmed han foretratt den klassiskt ryska linjen i prosadiktningen»', “for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing” . 1934 Pirandello, Luigi, Italy, * 1867, f 1936: »/ó'r hans djarva ocb sinnrika nyskapelse av dramats ocb scenens konst»',

101 LITERATURE

“for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art” .

1935 Reserved. 1936 The prize money for 1935 was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1936: O ’N eill, E ugene Gladstone, U. S. A., * 1888, f 1953: yyfor hans av krafty arlighet och stark kansla samt sjálvstandig, tragisk uppfattning praglade dramatikyy, “for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy”.

1937 Martin du G ard, Roger, France, * 1881, f 1958: yyfor den konstnárliga kraft och sanning, varmed han i román- serien Les Thibault bar framstallt mánskliga motsattningar och vasentliga sidor av samtida livyy\ “for the artistic vigour and truthfulness with which he has pictured human contrasts as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in the novel-cycle Les Thibault”.

1938 Pearl Buck (pen-name of Walsh, Pearl, née Syden- stricker), U. S. A., *1892: yyfor rika och akta episka skildringar ur kinesiskt bondeliv och for biografiska masterverkyy “for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces”.

1939 Sillanpáá, Frans E emil, Finland, * 1888, f 1964: yyfor den djupa uppfattning och den utsokta stilkonsty varmed han skildrat sitt hemlands allmogeliv och natur i deras inbordes sammanhangyy\ “for his deep comprehension and exquisite art in painting the peasant-life and nature of his country in their mutual relations”. 1940-The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund -1943 and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

102 1944 Jensen, J ohannes Vilhelm, Denmark, * 1873, f 1950: yyfor den sallsynta kraften och frodigbeten i hans diktarfantasi, /drenad med vittfamnande intellektualitet och djarv, nyskapande stilkonst»', “for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic Ímagination with which is combined an curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly Creative style” .

1945 (pen-name of Godoy y A lcayaga, Lucila), Chile, * 1889, f 1957: yyfor den av maktig kansla inspirerade lyrik, som gjort hennes diktarnamn till en symbolfor hela den Latinamerikanska varldens ideella stravanden»', “for her lyric poetry, which is inspired by powerful emotions and which has made her ñame a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin-American worid”.

1946 Hesse, H ermann, Switzerland, *i877(inCalw, Wurttem- berg, Germany), f 1962: yyfor hans inspirerade fdrfattarskap, som i sin utveckling mot djarvhet och djup tillika foretrader kiassiska humanistideal och boga stilvardenyr, “for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetra- tion, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideáis and high qualities of style”.

1947 G ide, André Paul Guillaume, France, * 1869, f 1951: yyfor hans vittomfattande och konstnarligt betydelsefulla for- fattarskap, i vilket mdnsklighetens fragor och villkor ha fram- stallts med ofbrskrackt sanningskarlek och psykologisk skarp- synyy\ “for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight”.

1948 E liot, T homas Stearns, Great Britain, * 1888 (in S:t Louis, Mo., U. S. A.) f 1965: yyfor hans markliga insats som banbrytare inom ñutida poesiyv, “for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day-poetry”. 1949 Reserved.

103 LITERATURE

1950 The prize for 1949: Faulkner, William, U. S. A., * 1897, f 1962: »for hans kraftfulla och sjalvstandigt konstnarliga insats i Amerikas nya romanlitteratur»; “for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel”.

The prize for 1950: Russell, Earl (Bertrand Arthur W illiam), Great Britain, * 1872: »som ett erkannande át hans tnángsidiga och betydelsefulla fdrfattarskap, vari han framtratt som en humani- tetens och tankefrihetens fórkampe'»; “in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideáis and freedom of thought”.

1951 Lagerkvist, Par Fabian, Sweden, * 1891: »/¿>r den konstnarliga kraft och djupa sjalvstandighet^ varmed han i sin diktning s'óker svar pd mdnniskans eviga fragor»; “for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind”.

1952 Mauriac, Fran^ois, France, * 1885: »fór den genom- irángande sjalskunskap och konstnarliga intensitet^ varmed han i romanens form tolkat det manskliga livsdramat»; “for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novéis penetrated the drama of human life”.

1953 Churchill, Sir W inston Leonard Spencer, Great Britain, * 1874, f 1965: »fór hans mdsterskap i historisk och biografisk framstallning samt for den lysande talekonst* med vil- ken han framtratt som forsvarare av hoga manskliga varden»; “for his mastery of historical and biographical descrip- tion as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human valúes”.

1954 H emingway, E rnest Miller, U. S. A., * 1898, f 1961: »fór hans kraftfulla och inom ñutida berdttarkonst stilbildande

104 másterskap, senast ádagalagt i The Oíd Man and tbe Sea»; “for his powerful mastery—with its influence on contem­ porary style—of the art of story-telling most recently evinced in Tbe Oíd Man and tbe Sea”.

1955 Laxness, H alldór K iljan, Iceland, * 1902: »fir bans málande epik, som fdrnyat den stora islandska berattarkonsten»; “for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland”.

1956 J iménez, Juan Ramón, Spain (domicile in Puerto Rico, U. S. A.), * 1881, f 1958: »for bans lyriska diktning som pá spanskt sprák bildar ett foredome av hog andligbet ocb konstnarlig renbet»; “for his lyrical poetry, which in Span- ish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity”.

1957 Camus, Albert, France, * 1913 (in Mondovi, Algeria), | 1960: »for bans betydelsefnlla fórfattarskap, som med skarp- synt allvar belyser manskliga samvetsproblem i vár //W»; “for his important literary production, which with clearsighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human cons- cience in our times” .

1958 Pasternak, Boris Leonidovic, USSR, * 1890, f 1960: »for bans betydande insats sával inom den samtida lyriken som pd den stora ryska berattartraditionens omráde»; “for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradi- tion”. (Declined the prize). T959 Quasimodo, Salvatore, Italy, * 1901, f 1968: »fdr bans lyriska diktning, som med klassisk eld uttrycker samtidens tra- giska livskansla»; “for his lyrical poetry, which with classi- cal fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times” . 1960 Saint-John Perse (pen-name o íLéger, Alexis), France, *1887 (on Guadeloupe Island): »for den boga flykten ocb den

105 literature

bildskapande fanta sien i hans diktning, som visionart avspeglar tidslagetn’, “for the soaring flight and the evocative ima- gery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time”.

1961 Andric, Ivo, Yougoslavia, * 1892 (in Travnik, Bosnia): nfor den episka kraft varmed han gestaltat motiv och oden ur sitt lands historian’, “for the epic forcé with which he has depicted themes and human destinies drawn from the history of his country”.

1962 Steinbeck, John, U. S. A., * 1902, f 1968: nfor hanspd en gáng realistiska och fantasifulla beráttarkonst, utmarkt av med- kannande humor och social skarpsyn»-, “for his at one and the same time realistic and imaginative writings, distin- guished as they are by a sympathetic humour and a social perception”.

1963 Seferis, G iorgos (pen-name of Seferiadis, Giorgos), Greece, * 1900 (in Smyrna, Turkey): nfor hans framstaende lyriska diktning, inspirerad av djup kansla for den hellenska kulturvárldenn', “for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture».

1964 Sartre, Jean-Paul, France, * 1905: nfür hans idérika forfattarskap, som genom sin frihetsanda och sanningsstravan bar utovat ett vidstrackt inflytande i vár samtidn’, “for his imaginative writing, which by reason of its spirit of freedom and striving for truth has exercised a far-reaching influence on our age” . (Declined the prize).

1965 Solochov, Michail Aleksandrovic, USSR, * 1905: yfor den konstnarliga kraft och árlighet, varmed han i sitt Donska epos har gestaltat ett historiskt skede i ryska folkets liv>r, for the artistic power and integrity with which in his epic of the Don he has given Creative expression to a historie phase in the history of the Russian people”.

106 1966 The prize was divided equally between: Agnon, Shmuel Yosef, Israel, * 1888: yfior hans cljupt karaktarsfiulla berattarkonst med motiv frán det judiska folkets livry for his profounaly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people”; and

Sachs, N elly, * 1891 in Germany, domiciled in Sweden since 1940: »/¿>r hennes framstáende lyriska och dramatiska diktning, som med gripande styrka tolkar Israels ode»’f * for her outstanding lyricil and dramatic writing, which interpreís Israel’s destiny with touching strength”.

1967 Asturias, Miguel Angel, Guatemala, * 1899: vfór hans fárgstarka diktning med rotter i folklig egenart och indianska traditioner»', “for his highly coloured writings rooted in a national individuality and Indian traditions”.

1968 Kawabata, Yasunari, Japan, * 1899: »/ hans beráttar- konst, som med fin kánsla uttrycker japanskt vásen i dess egen- artyy, “for his narrative mastery, which with great sensi- bility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind”.

5. P E A C E

1901 The prize w’as divided equally between: Dunant, Jean Henri, Switzerland, Founder Internatio­ nal Committee of the Red Cross (Comité International de la Croix-Rouge), Geneva, Originator Geneva Conven- tion (Convention de Genéve), * 1828, f 1910; and

Passy, F rédéric, France, Founder and President first French peace society (Ligue internationale et permanente de la paix; since 1889 called Société Fran^aise pour l’arbitrage entre nations), * 1822, j- 1912. 1902 The prize was divided equally between: Ducommun, É lie, Switzerland, Honorary Secretary Per-

107 PEACE

manent International Peace Bureau (Bureau International Permanent de la Paix), Berne, * 1853, | 1906; and

Gobat, Charles Aleert, Switzerland, Secretary General Inter-Parliamentary Union (Bureau interparlementaire), Berne, Uonorary Secretary Permanent International Peace Bureau (Bureau International Permanent de la Paix), Berne, * 1843, t I9I4-

1903 Cremer, Sir William Randal, Great Britain, Member British Parliament, Secretary International Arbitration League, * 1838, f 1908.

1904 INSTITUT DE DROIT INTERNATIONAL (I n STITUTE OF INTER­ NATIONAL Law), Ghent, scientific society, founded 1873.

1905 von Suttner, Baroness, Bertha Sophie Felicita, née Countess K insky von Chinic und T ettau, Austria, Writer, Hon. President Permanent International Peace Bureau (Bureau International Permanent de la Paix), Berne, Author “Lay Down Your Arms”, * 1843 (in Prague, then Austria), f 1914.

1906 Roosevelt, T heodore, U. S. A., President United States of America, Collaborator varlous peace treatles, * 1838, t 1919- 1907 The prize was divided equally between: Moneta, E rnesto T eodoro, Italy, President Lombard League of Peace (Societá internazionale per la pace: Unione Lombarda), *1833, | 1918; and Renault, Louis, France, Professor International Law, Sorbonne University, Paris, * 1843, | 1918. 1908 The prize was divided equally between: Arnoldson, Klas Pontus, Sweden, Writer, formerly Member Swedish Parliament, Founder Swedish Peace and Arbitration League (Svenska freds- och skiljedoms- fóreningen), * 1844, f 1916; and

108 Bajer, F redrik, Denmark, Member Danish Parliament, Honorary President Permanent International Peace Bureau (Bureau International Permanent de la Paix), Berne, * 1837, f 1922.

1909 The prize was divided equally between: Beernaert, Auguste Marie F ran^ois, Belgium, ex­ prime Minister, Member Belgian Parliament, Member Cour Internationale d’Arbitrage (International Court of Arbitration) at the Hague, * 1829, f 1912; and

d’E stournelles de Constant, Paul H enri Benjamín Balluet, Barón de Constant de Rebecque, France, Member French Parliament (Sénateur), Founder and President French parliamentary group for voluntary arbitration (Groupe parlementaire de l’arbitrage inter- national), Founder Comité de défense des intéréts nationaux et de conciliation internationale, (Committee for the defense of national interests and international conciliation), * 1852, f 1924.

1910 Bureau International permanent de la Paix (Per­ manent International Peace Bureau), Berne, founded 1891.

1911 The prize was divided equally between: Asser, T obías Michael Carel, the Netherlands, Prime Minister, Member Privy Council, Originator Interna­ tional Conferences of Prívate Law (Conférences de Droit international privé) at the Hague, * 1838, f 1913; and

F ried, Alfred H ermann, Austria, Journalist, Founder “Die Friedenswarte”, a peace publication, * 1864, f 1921.

1912 Reserved.

109 PEACE

1913 The prize for 1912: Root, E lihu, U. S. A., i. a. ex-Secretary of State, Origi- nator various treaties of arbitration, * 1845, f 1937. The prize for 1913: la Fontaine, H enri, Belgium, Member Belgian Parlia- ment (Sénateur), President Permanent International Peace Bureau (Bureau International Permanent de la Paix), Berne, * 1854, f 1943. 1914 Reserved. 1915 The prize money for 1914 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1915: Reserved. 1916 The prize money for 1915 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1916: Reserved. 1917 The prize money for 1916 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1917: Comité International de la Croix-Rouge (Inter­ national Committee of the Red Cross), Geneva, founded 1863. 1918 Reserved. 1919 The prize money for 1918 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1919: Reserved. 1920 The prize for 1919: Wilson, T homas Woodrow, U. S. A., President United States of America, Founder of Société des Nations (the League of Nations), * 1856, f 1924. The prize for 1920. Bourgeois, Léon Víctor Auguste, France, i. a. ex-

110 Secretary of State, President French Parliament (Sénat), President Conseil de la Société des Nations (Council of the League of Nations), * 1851, f 1925. 1921 The prize was divided equally between: Branting, Karl Hjalmar, Sweden, Prime Minister, Swedish Delegate Conseil de la Société des Nations (Council of the League of Nations), * 1860, f 1925; and

Lange, Christian Lous, Norway, Secretary General Inter-Parliamentary Union (Bureau interparlementaire), Brussels, * 1869, | 1938.

1922 N ansen, Fridtjof, Norway, , Explorer, Nor- wegian Delegate Socitété des Nations (League of Na­ tions), Originator “Nansen passports” (for refugees), * 1861, f 1930. 1923 Reserved. 1924 The prize money for 1923 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1924: Reserved. 1925 The prize money for 1924 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1925: Reserved. 1926 The prize for 1925 was awarded jointly to: Chamberlain, J oseph, Sir Austen, Great Britain, Foreign Secretary, Part-originator Locarno Pact, * 1863, t 1957; and D awes, Charles G ates, U. S. A., Vice-President of United States of America, Chairman Allied Reparation Commission (Originator “Dawes Plan”), * 1865, f 1951. The prize for 1926 was awarded jointly to: Briand, A ristide, France, Foreign Minister, Part- originator Locarno Pact, Briand-Kellogg Pact, * 1862, f 1932; and

n i PEACE

Streseman, Gustav, Germany, ex-Lord High Chan- cellor (Reichskanzler), Foreign Minister, Part-originator Locarno Pact, * 1878, f 1929.

1927 The prize was divided equally between: Buisson, Ferdinand, France, Formerly Professor Sor­ bonne University, París, Founder and President Ligue des Droits de l’Homme (League for Human Rights), * 1841, f 1932; and

Quidde, Ludwig, Germany, Professor Berlín Univer­ sity, Member Germán Parliament, Participant various peace conferences, * 1858, f 1941.

1928 Reserved. 1929 The prize money for 1928 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1929: Reserved. 1930 The prize for 1929: Kellogg, Frank Billings, U. S. A., ex-Secretary of State, Part-originator Briand-Kellogg Pact, * 1856, t 1937- The prize for 1930: Sóderblom, Lars O lof N athan (Jonathan), Sweden, Archbishop, Leader in the oecumenical movement, * 1866, f 1931. ' 1931 The prize was divided equally between: Addams, Jane, U. S. A., Sociologist, International President Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, * 1860, f 1935; and

Butler, N icholas Murray, U. S. A., President Co- lumbia University, Promoter Briand-Kellogg Pact, * 1862, f 1947. 1932 Reserved.

112 1933 The prize money for 1932 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1933: Reserved.

1934 The prize for 1933.' Angele (Ralph Lanf), Sir N orman, Great Britain, Writer, Member Commissíon Exécutive de la Société des Nations (Executive Committee of the League of Nations) and of National Peace Council, Author “The Great Illusion”, * 1874, f 1967.

The prize for 1934: IIenderson, Arthur, Great Britain, ex-Foreign Secre- tary, President Disarmament Conference 1932, * 1863, t 1935- 1935 Reserved.

1936 The prize for 1935: von O ssietzky, Carl, Germany, Journalist (i. a. “die Weltbühne”), Pacifist, * 1889, f 1938.

The prize for 1936: Saavedra Lamas, Carlos, the Argentine, Secretary of State, President Société des Nations (League of Nations), Mediator in a conflict between Paraguay and Bolivia, * 1878, j- 1959.

1937 Cecil of Chelwood, Viscount, (Lord E dgar Algernon Robert G ascoyne Cecil), Great Britain, Writer, i. a. ex- Lord Privy Seal, Founder and President International Peace Campaign (Rassemblement Universel pour la Paix), * 1864, f 1958.

1938 O ffice International N ansen pour les Réfugiés (Nansen International O ffice for REFUGEEs),Geneva, an international relief organization, started by , 1921.

IB 8 — 695516 Nobelstiftelsens Kalender PEACE

1939-The prize money has been allocated with 1/3 to the Main -1942 Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1943 Reserved. 1944 The prize money for 1943 was allocated with 1/3 to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1944: Reserved. 1945 The prize for 1944: Comité International de la Croix-Rouge (Inter­ national Committee of the Red Cross), Geneva, founded 1863. The prize for 1945: Hull, Cordell, U. S. A., ex-Secretary of State, Promi- nent part-taker in originating the United Nations, * 1871, t *95 5- 1946 The prize was divided equally between: Balch, Emily Greene, U. S. A., formerly Professor of History and Sociology, Honorary International President Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, * 1867, f 1961; and Mott, J ohn Raleigh, U. S. A., Chairman International Missionary Council, President World Alliance of Young Men’s Christian Associations, * 1865, f 1955. 1947 The prize was awarded jointly to: T he Friends’ Service Council (The Quakers), London, founded 1647; and T he American Friends’ Service Committee (The Quakers), Washington, first official meeting 1672. 1948 Reserved. 1949 The prize money for 1948 was allocated with 1/3 to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

114 The prize for 1949: Boyd O rr of Brechin, Lord, John, Great Britain, Physician, Alimentary Politician, Prominent organizer and Director General Food and Agricultural Organiza- don, President National Peace Council and World Union of Peace Organizations, * 1880 (in Kilmaurs, Scotland).

1950 Bunche, Ralph, U. S. A., Professor Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., Director div. of Trusteeship U. N., Acting Mediator in Palestine 1948, * 1904.

1951 J ouhaux, Léon, France, President Trade Union Con- federation “C. G. T.-Forcé Ouvriére”. President Conseil National économique and International Committee of the European Council, Vice President Inter­ national Confederation of Free Trade Unions, Vice President Fédération Syndicale Mondiale, Member Council of I. L. O, (International Labour Organization), Delegate U. N., * 1879, | 1954. 1952 Reser ved. 1953 The prize for 1952: Schweitzer, Albert, France, Missionary Surgeon, Founder Lambaréné Hospital (République du Gabon), * 1875 (in Kaysersberg, Alsace, then Germany), | 1965. The prize for 1953: Marshall, George Catlett, U. S. A., General, Presi­ dent American Red Cross, ex-Secretary of State and of Defense, Delegate U. N., Originator “Marshall Plan” , * 1880, f 1959. 1934 Reserved. 1955 The prize for 1954: O ffice of the United N ations’ H igh Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva, an international relief organiza­ tion, founded by U. N. in 1951. The prize for 1955: Reserved.

n i PEACE

1956 The prize money for 1955 was allocated with 1/3 to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1956: Reserved.

1957 The prize money for 1956 was allocated with 1/3 to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize Section.

The prize for 1957: Pearson, Lester Bowi.es, Cañada, former Secretary of State, Foreign Department in Cañada, President 7th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, * 1897.

1958 Pire, Georges, Belgium, Father of the Dominican Order, Leader of the relief organization for refugees “l’Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde”, * 1910, j- 1969.

1959 N oel-Baker, P hilip J., Great Britain, Member of Par- liament, lifelong ardent worker for International peace and co-operation, * 1889.

1960 Reserved.

1961 The prize for 1960: Lutuli, Albert J ohn, South Africa, formerly President of the African National Congress in S. A., * 1898 (in Southern Rhodesia), f 1967.

The prize for 1961: H ammarskjóld, D ag Hjalmar Agne Carl, p. m., Sweden, formerly Secretary General of the U .N., * 1905, 1 1961. 1962 Reserved. 1963 The prize for 1962: Pauling, Linus Carl, U. S. A., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif., * 1901.

116 The prize for 1963 was divided equally between: Comité International de la Croix-Rouge (Interna­ tional committee of the red cross), Geneva, founded 1863; and

Ligue des sociétés de la Croix-Rouge (League of Red Cross societies), Geneva.

1964 King JR.j Martin Luther, U. S. A., leader of “ Southern Christian Leadership Conference”, * 1929, f 1968.

1965 United N ations Children’s F und (UNICEF), New York, an International relief organization, founded by U.N. in 1946. 1966 Reserved. 1967 The prize money for 1966 was allocated with 1/3 to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1967: Reserved. 1968 The prize money for 1967 was allocated with 1/3 to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1968: Cassin, René, France, President of the European Court for Human Rights, * 1887.

117 Table 1968 showing the distribution of prizes between different countries based on the nationality of the prize-winner at the time of the award. Country Phys. Chem. Med. Lit. Peace Total — — I — I 2 Australia .—. — 2 — .— . 2 Austria 3 I 3 — 2 9 Belg ium ■— 2 I 3 6 Cañada .—■ ■—■ 2 1 3 Chile — — I — 1 China 2 .—■ — .— .— 2 Czechoslovakia — I — .— 1 Denmark 1 — 4 3 1 9 Finland — I 1 — 2 France 81 61 6 1 1 1 9 40 Germany 14 22 10 67 3 55 Great Britain 15 17 15 6 7 60 Greece 1 X Guatemala — — — 1 — 1 Hungary — 1 2 2 .— — 3 Iceland — .—■ — 1 1 India 1 — 1 2 Ireland 1 — — 1 — 2 Israel —. — --- - 1 — 1 Italy 2 1 2 4 1 10 Japan 2 — — 1 — 3 The Netherlands 5 2 2 — 1 10 Norway — 3 2 5 Poland — — .—■ 2 — 2 Portugal — — I — 1 Spain — ■— I 3 — 4 Sweden 2 4 3 4 4 !7 Switzerland — 3 4 2 3 12 Union of S. Africa — — i 4 — 1 2 U. S.A. 27 165 35 6 145 98 U. S. S. R. (before 1922 Russia) 6 I 2 33 — 12 Yougoslavia — — I I Institutions — ■-- — 96 9 Grand total 89 76 98 64 62 389 1 is then being counted twice as she receíved half of the physics prize jointly with her husband in 1903, and later, the whole chemistry prize in 1911. Literature: Sartre 1964, prize declined. * One of them Bárány, born in Vienna, of Hungarian family. * Bunin, Russian-born stateless; Pasternak, prize declined. 4 Theiler, citizen both of Switzerland (whence his family originated) and of South Africa; scientific work achieved in the U.S.A. 6 counted twice as having received both a prize in chemistry in 1954 and in peace in 1963. 8 The International Committee of the Red Cross ís counted as one institution, although it has received a prize three times, in 1917, in 1944 and a divided prize in 1963. 7 One of them , a naturalized Swedish citizen, born in Germany and writing in the Germán language. R E G IS T E R óver Nobelpristagare

(í n d e x of Nobel Prize Laureates)

Ph = physics — fysik Ch = chemistry — kemi M = medicine — medicin L = literatura — litteratur P = peace — fred

Addatns P 31 Barkla Ph 17 Adrián M 32 Basov Ph 64 Agnon L66 Beadle M 58 Alder Ch 50 Becquerel Ph 03 Alvarez Ph 68 Beernaert P 09 American Friends’ Service von Behring M 01 Committee P47 von Békésy M 61 Anatole France L 21 Benavente L 22 Anderson Ph 36 Bergius Ch Andric L61 Bergson L 27 Angelí P 33 Bethe Ph 67 Appleton Ph 47 Bjórnson L °3 Arnoldson P08 Blackett Ph 48 Arrhenius Ch 03 Bloch, F. Ph 52 Asser P 11 Bloch, K. M 64 Aston Ch 22 Bohr Ph 22 Asturias L67 Bordet M 19 Born Ph 54 von Baeyer Ch 03 Bosch Ch 31 Bajer P08 Bothe Ph 54 Balch P46 Bourgeois P 20 Banting M 23 Bovet M 57 Bárány M 14 Boyd Orr of Brechin P 49 Bardeen Ph 56 Bragg, W. H. Ph 15

119 Bragg, W.L. Ph 15 Comité international Branting P 21 de la Croix-Rouge P44 Brattain Ph 56 Comité International Braun Ph 09 de la Croix-Rouge P 63 Briand P 26 Compton Ph 27 Bridgman Ph 46 Cori, C. F. M47 de Broglie Ph 29 Cori, G. T. M47 Buchner Ch 07 Cournand M 56 Buck, Pearl L 38 Cremer P 03 Buisson P 27 Crick M62 Bunche P 50 Crowfoot Ilodgkin Ch 64 Bunin L 33 Curie, M. Ph 03 Bureau international Curie, M. Ch i i de la Paix P 10 Curie, P. Ph 03 Burnet M 60 Butenandt Ch 39 Dale M 36 Butler P31 Dalén Ph 12 Dam M43 Davisson Ph 37 Cajal Moó Dawes P 25 Calvin Ch 61 Debye C h 3ó Camus L 57 Deledda, Grazia L 2Ó Carducci Loó Diels Ch 50 Carrel M 12 Dirac Ph 33 Cassin P Ó8 Doisy M43 Cecil of Chelwood P 37 Domagk M 39 Cerenkov Ph 58 Ducommun P 02 Chadwick ph 35 Dunant P OI Chain M 45 Chamberlain, Sir Austen P 25 Eccles M 63 Chamberlain, O. Ph 59 Echegaray L 04 Churchill L 53 Ehrlich M 08 Cockcroft Ph 51 Eigen Ch 67 Comité international Eijkman M 29 de la Croix-Rouge P17 Einstein Ph 21

120 Einthoven M 24 Granit M 67 Eliot L48 Grignard Ch 12 Enders M 54 Guillaume Ph 20 Erlanger M 44 Gullstrand M 11 d’Estournelles P 09 Eucken L 08 Haber Ch 18 von Euler-Chelpin Ch 29 Hahn Ch 44 Hammarskjóld P 61 Faulkner L 49 Hamsun L 20 Fermi Ph 58 Harden Ch 29 Feynman Ph 65 Hartline M 67 Fibiger M 26 Hauptmann L 12 Finsen M 03 Haworth Ch 37 Fischer, E. Ch 02 von Heidenstam L 16 Fischer, H. Ch 30 Heisenberg Ph 32 Fleming M 45 Hemingway L 54 Florey M45 Hench M 50 Forssmann M 56 Henderson P34 France, Anatole L 21 Hertz Ph 25 Franck Ph 25 Hess, V. F. Ph 36 Frank Ph 58 Hess, W. R. M 49 Fried P 11 Hesse L46 Friends’ Service Council P 47 de Hevesy Ch 43 Heymans M 38 Galsworthy L 32 Heyrovsky Ch 59 Gasser M 44 Heyse L 10 Giauque Ch 49 Hill M 22 Gide L 47 Hinshelwood Ch 56 Gjellerup L 17 Hodgkin M 63 Glaser Ph 60 van’t Hoff Ch 01 Gobat P 02 Hofstadter Ph 61 Godoy y Alcayaga, Holley M 68 se: Mistral, Gabriela Hopkins M 29 Goeppert-Mayer Ph 63 Houssay M 47 Golgi M06 Huggins M66

121

9 ~ 695516 Nobelstiftelsens Kalender HulI P45 Lagerkvist L 5! Huxley M 63 Lagerlóf L 09 Lamb P h 55 Instituí de droit Landau Ph 62 international P 04 Landsteiner M 30 Lange P 21 Jacob M 65 Langmuir Ch 32 Jensen, J. H. D. Ph 63 von Laue Ph 14 Jensen, J. V. L 44 Laveran M 07 Jiménez L 56 Lawrence Ph 39 Joliot Ch 33 Laxness L 55 Joliot-Curie Ch 33 Lederberg M 38 Jouhaux P51 Lee P h 57 Léger, se: Saint-John Kamerüngh-Onnes Ph 13 Perse Karlfeldt L31 von Lenard Ph 05 Karrer Ch 37 Lewis L 30 Kastler Ph 66 Libby Ch 60 Kawabata L 68 Ligue des Sociétés de Kellogg p 29 la Croix-Rouge P 63 Kendall M 50 Lipmann M53 Kendrew Ch 62 Lippmann Ph 08 Khorana M 68 Loewi M 36 King P 64 Lorentz Ph 02 Kipling L 07 Lutuli P60 Koch M 05 Lwoff M 63 Kocher M 09 Lynen M 64 Kornberg M 39 Kossel M 10 Macleod M 23 Krebs M33 Madesani, se: Grazia Krogh M 20 Deledda Kuhn Ch 38 Maeterlinck L u Kusch Ph 33 Mann L 29 Marconi Ph 09 La Fontaine p 13 Marshall P 55

122 Martin Ch 52 Office of the United Martin du Gard L 37 Nations’ High Commis- Mauriac L 52 sioner fór Refugees P54 McMillan Ch 51 Office International Mecnikov M 08 Nansen p 38 Medawar M 60 O ’Neill L36 Meyerhof M 22 Onsager Ch 68 Michelson Ph 07 von Ossietzky P 35 Millikan Ph 23 Ostwald Ch 09 Minot M 34 Mistral, F. L 04 Passy P OI Mistral, Gabriela L45 Pasternak L 58 Moissan Ch 06 Pauli Ph 45 Mommsen L 02 Pauling Ch 54 Moneta P 07 Pauling P 62 Moniz M 49 Pavlov M 04 Monod M65 Pearson P57 Morgan M 33 Perrin Ph 26 P46 Mott Perutz Ch 62 M46 Muller Pirandello L 34 Mulliken Ch 66 Pire P 58 M 34 Murphy Planck Ph 18 M 48 Müller Pontoppidan L 17 Móssbauer Ph 61 Porter Ch 67 Powell Ph 50 Nansen P 22 Pregl Ch 23 Natta Ch 63 Prochorov Ph 64 Ch 20 Nernst Prudhomme L 01 Nicolle M 28 Purcell Ph 52 Nirenberg M 68 Noel-Baker P 59 Norrish Ch 67 Quasimodo L 59 Northrop Ch 46 Quidde P 27

Ochoa M 59 Rabí Ph 44

123 Raman Ph 30 Seferis L 63 Ramón y Cajal, Segré Ph 59 se: Cajal Semenov Ch 56 Ramsay Ch 04 Shaw L25 Rayleigh Ph 04 Sherrington M 32 Reíchstein M 50 Shockley Ph 56 Renault P 07 Siegbahn Ph 24 Reymont L 24 Sienkiewicz L 05 Richards, D. W. M 56 Sillanpáá L 39 Richards, Th. W. Ch 14 Soddy Ch 21 Richardson Ph 28 Solochov L65 Richet M 13 Spemann M 35 Robbins M 54 Spitteler L 19 Robinson Ch 47 Stanley Ch 46 Rolland L 15 Stark Ph 19 Roosevelt P06 Staudinger Ch 53 Root P 12 Steinbeck L62 Ross M 02 Stern Ph 45 Rous M66 Stresemann P 26 Russell L 50 L 01 Rutherford Ch 08 Sumner Ch 46 Ruzicka Ch 39 von Suttner P 05 Rontgen Ph 01 Svedberg Ch 26 Synge Ch 52 Saavedra Lamas P 36 Szent-Gyórgyi M 37 Sabatier Ch 12 Sóderblom P 30 Sachs L66 Saint-John Perse L60 Tagore L 13 Sanger Ch 58 Tamm Ph 58 Sartre L 64 Tatum M 58 Schródinger Ph 33 Theiler M 51 Schweitzer P 52 Theorell M55 Schwinger P h 6 5 Thibault, se: France, Seaborg Ch 51 Anatole Seferiadis, se: Seferis Thomson G. P. Ph 37

124 Thomson, J. J. Ph 06 Watson M 62 Tiselius Ch 48 Weller M 54 Todd Ch 57 Werner Ch 13 Tomonaga Ph 65 Whipple M 34 Townes Ph 64 Wieland Ch 27 Wien Ph 11 Undset L 28 Wigner Ph 63 United Nations Wilkins M 62 Children’s Fund P65 Willstátter Ch 15 Urey Ch 34 Wilson, Ch. Ph 27 Wilson, W. P 19 du Vigneaud Ch 55 Windaus Ch 28 Virtanen Ch 45 Woodward C h ó 5 Yang ph 57 van der Waals Ph 10 Yeats L 23 Wagner-Jauregg M 27 Yukawa Ph 49 Waksman M 52 Wald M 67 Zeeman Ph 02 Wallach Ch 10 Zernike P h 53 Walsh, se: Pearl Buck Ziegler Ch 63 Walton P h 5 i Zsigmondy Ch 25 Warburg M 31

I25 SUPPLEMENT PRIS I EKONOMISK VETENSKAP TILL ALFRED NOBELS MINNE

Sveriges Riksbank har i anslutning till sitt trehundraársjubileum 1968 instiftat ett pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne. Banken har stállt ett árligt belopp till Nobelstiftelsens fórfogande sásom grundval fór ett pris som skall utdelas av Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien. De regler som galla fór Nobel- prisen skola, mutatis mutandis, fóljas betráffande fórslag till priskandidater, prisbedómning, prisbeslut och prisutdelning. Den señare skall ága rum pá Nobeldagen den 10 december varje ár. Priset skall ha samma storlek som ett Nobelpris. Sár- skilda statuter ha uppráttats fór detta pris i ekonomisk veten­ skap frán till Alfred Nobels minne.

Translación

PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCE IN MEMORY OF

ALFRED NOBEL

Sveriges Riksbank (the Central Bank of Sweden) at their ter- centenary in 1968 instituted an Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science and placed an annual amount at the dis- posal of the Nobel Foundation as basis for a prize to be awarded by the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences. Nobel Prize rules will, mutatis mutandis, be followed regarding nomination of candidates, prize adjudication, prize award and prize presenta- tion. The latter takes place on Nobel Day, December loth, each year. The prize amount will equal that of a Nobel Prize for the same year. Special Statutes have been issued for this Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science.

128 PRISUTDELARE (PRIZE AWARDER) K. Vetenskapsakademien (Royal Academy of Sciences)

PRISKOMMITTÉ (PRIZE COMMITTEE)

Adress: K. Vetenskapsakademien, 10405 Stockholm 50. Tel.: 15 04 $0.

Ledamoter (Members)

O hlin, Bertil, Fil. D., Professor emer., f. d. Rektor fór Han­ delshógskolan i Stockholm, f. 1899; 1969. Kommitténs ord- fórande (Chairman of the Committee'}. Tel. tj.-rum 34 95 71, priv. 53 50 85. Adr. N. Málarstrand 72, 112 35 Stockholm.

Lundberg, E rik, Fil. D., Professor i nationalekonomi vid Handelshógskolan i Stockholms, f. 1907; 1969. Tel. tj.-rum 8495 60, priv. 87 65 43. Adr. Bórjessonsvágen 42, 161 55 Bromma.

Svennilsson, Ingvar, J. o. Fil. D., Professor i internationell ekonomi, Stockholms universitet, f. 1908; 1969-1971. Tel. tj.-rum 3408 60/413, priv. 772 04 19. Adr. Ekensbergs- vágen 1, 170 11 Drottningholm.

Wold, H ermán, Fil. D., Professor i statistik vid Uppsala universitet, f. 1908; 1969-1972. Tel. tj.-rum 018/1431 52, priv. 018/13 53 52. Adr. Vasa- gatan 1 C, 752 24 Uppsala.

129 Lindbeck, Assar, Fil. D., Professor i nationalekonomi och bankvetenskap, Handelshógskolan i Stockholm, f. 1950; 1969-1970. Tel. tj.-rum 34 95 60, priv. 369002. Adr. Ryttmástarvágen 26, 162 24 Vállingby.

Sekreterare (Secretary)

Bentzel, Ragnar H:son, Fil. D., Professor i nationalekonomi vid Uppsala universitet, f. 1919; 1969. Tel. tj.-rum 018/129001, priv. 018/133066. Adr. Góta- vágen 10, 752 36 Uppsala.

PRIZE PROPOSALS

Written proposals by qualified persons should reach the Prize Committee (Secretary) before February ist for decisión in the same year. Invitations to propose candidates are sent out in the autumn preceding the prize year to statutorily competent persons all over the world. Right to submit proposals for the award of the prize, based on the principie of competence and universality, shall by statute be enjoyed by: 1. Swedish and foreign members of the Royal Academy of Sciences; 2. Members of the Prize Committee for the Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science; 3. Recipients of the Prize in Economic Science;

130 4. Pcrmanent Professors in relevant subjects at the universities and colleges in Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway; 5. Holders of corresponding chairs in at least six universities or colleges, selected for the relevant year by the Academy of Sciences with a view to ensuríng an appropriate distribu- tion between different countries and their seats of learning; and 6. Other scientists from whom the Academy may see fit to invite proposals.

Decisions as to the selection of the teacher and scientists referred to in sections 5 and 6 shall be taken each year beforc the end of the month of September.

131 PERSONREGISTER

(personal ín d e x )

Alfvén, H., 19 Hammarskióld, S., 13 Almling, M., 29 Hammarskjóld, Hj., 13 Andersson, I., 21 Hast, N., 23 Axéll, S., 34, 35 Hillerud, K. I., 26 Hoppe, B., 30 Bentzel, R., 130 Hulthén, L., 27 Bergstróm, S., 14, 30 Hágg, G., 27, 40 Bernhard, 20, 30 Bolander, E., 17 Ingvaldsen, B., 21, 36 Borell, U., 30 Bostróm, G., 14 Johnson, E., 21, 33 Browaldh, T., 13 Jonsson, G., 17 Bódtker, H., 24 Klein, G., 30 Carien, S., 17 Kruse-Jensen, C., 22 Caspersson, T., 20, 32

Edlén, B., 19, 27 Lang, K., 19 Ekeberg, B., 15 Lindbeck, A., 130 Ericsson, K., 35 Lindblad, B., 15 Eriksen, E., 39 Lionas, Aa., 21, 36 von Euler, U., 13, 28, 34 Lundberg, E., 18, 129 Lyng, ]., 36 Frankenhaeuser, B., 32 Fredga, A., 19, 27 Magnéli, A., 28 Frostman, O., 14, 23 Malmgren. B., 23 Mellbye, E., 38 Gard, S., 20 Munthe, P., 39 Gierow, K. R., 14, 33, 34 Myrback, I<., 18, 27 Gillberg, C.-H., 26 Granit, R., 18 Nyberg, H. S., 21 Gustafsson, B., 31 Gyllensten, L., 34 Odelberg, W., 40

132 Odqvist, F., 19, 26 Svanes, S., 37 Ohlin, B., 129 Svennilson, I., 129 Olsson, H., 20, 24, 34 Sverdrup, J., 39 Opsahl, T., 38 Theorell, H., 19, 31, 90 Refsum, FI., 21, 36 Tiselius, A., 15, 27, 28, 75 Regelius, K. E., 23 Tjemeld, M., 35 Rognlien, H., 22, 36 Tónnesson, K., 39 Rudberg, E., 13, 26 Ryberg, A., 34, 35 Uvnas, B., 40 Ráberg, Y., 17 Wachtmeister, F., 14 Santesson, H., 15 Waerndt, E., 17 Schou, A., 37, 40 Wallenberg, M., 14 Schück, H., 15 Waller, I., 27 Sederholm, H., 15 Wijkander, B., 17 Semmingsen, I., 37 Wikborg, E., 36, 37 Siegbahn, K., 27, 40 Wold, H., 129 Skarprud, E., 38 Slagstad, K. L., 38 Zetterman, Á., 17 Sohlman, R., 15 Zetterstróm, R., 30 Sterky, H., 18 Zotterman, Y., 18, 26 Stiernstedt, J., 23 Stáhle, N. K., 13, 16 Ólander, A., 28 Osterling, A., 20, 33, 34, 40

133 f Orkortningar o ch forklaringar

(ABBREVIATIONS AND EXPLANATION S)

adr. betyder adress = address asst. » assistant = bitrádande aug. » augusti = August bitr. » bitrádande = assistant Cand. oecon. » norsk Candidatus oeconomii (ámbetsexa- men i socialekonomi) = Norwegian Bache- lor of and Social Sciences Cand. philol. » norsk Candidatus philologii = Norwegian Bachelor of Arts civ.-ing » civilingenjcr = civil engineer dec. » december = December D. I-I. G. » Diplomerad frán Handelshógskolan i Góte- borg = graduated from the Gothenburg University of Commerce Dr. oecon. » norsk Doctor oeconomii = Norwegian Doctor of Economics and Social Sciences Dr. Philos. » Norwegian Doctor of Philosophy = norsk Filosofie doktor emer. » emeritus f. d. » fóre detta = formerly Fil. D. » Filosofie doktor = Doctor of Philosophy Fil. I<. » Filosofie kandidat = Bachelor of Arts Fil. lie. » Filosofie licentiat = Licentiate in Philosophy Fil. M. » Filosofie magister = Master of Arts fred. » fredagar = Fridays h. c. » honoris causa i. a. » ínter alia = bland annat Jan. » januari = January J. D. » Juris doktor = Doctor ofLaws J. I<. » Juris kandidat = Bachelor of Laws

134 K. betyder Kungliga = Royal lord. » lórdagar = Saturdays Mag. Art. » Magister Artium (norsk Filosofie magis- ter) = Norwegian Master of Arts M. D. » Medicine doktor = Doctor of Medicine m. fl. » med Aera = etcetera m. m. » med mera = etcetera mánd. » mándagir = Mondays née » fódd = born o. » och = and Odont. D. » Odontologie doktor = Doctor of Dental Surgery Pen ñame » pseudonym = fórfattarnamn priv. » privat = privately Se. D. » Doctor of Science = Filosofie doktor, na- turvetenskapliga fakulteten sept. » september = September S. F. » Svensk Forfattningssamling = Swedish Stat- ute Book Sv. akad. » Svenska akademien = The Swedish Aca- demy Sw. » Swedish — svenska Tekn. D. » Teknologie doktor = Doctor of Technology tel. » telefonnummer—telephone number Teol. D. » Teologie doktor = Doctor of Divinity t.f. » tillfórordnad = ad interim tisd. » tisdagar = Tuesdays tj.-rum » tjánsterum = office room U. N. » Fórenta Nationerna = the United Nations U. S. A. » Amerikas Fórenta stater = the United States of America USSR » Sovjetunionen = Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Vet. M. D. » Veterinármedicíne doktor = Doctor of Vete- rinary Medicine

135 The date placed after a person’s year of birth indicates time of election or appointment, or when tenure of office began; figures in brackets indícate date of first election or appoint­ ment in the case of reelection or new appointment, as well as initial date of nomination or appointment at a Nobel insti- tution; the figures after a dash give the year when tenure of office expires.

136