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Siglo XVII): Pistas Para Un Proyecto De Investigación Guillaume Gaudin

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Siglo XVII): Pistas Para Un Proyecto De Investigación Guillaume Gaudin Filipinas en el recorrido vital y profesional de los magistrados de la Monarquía católica (siglo XVII): pistas para un proyecto de investigación Guillaume Gaudin To cite this version: Guillaume Gaudin. Filipinas en el recorrido vital y profesional de los magistrados de la Monarquía católica (siglo XVII): pistas para un proyecto de investigación. XVII Congreso Internacional de la Asociación de Historiadores Latinoamericanistas Europeos (AHILA), Sep 2013, Berlin, Alemania. pp.3242-3261. halshs-01293250 HAL Id: halshs-01293250 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01293250 Submitted on 29 Mar 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Entre espacios: la historia latinoamericana en el contexto global Actas del XVII Congreso Internacional de la Asociación de Historiadores Latinoamericanistas Europeos (AHILA) Freie Universität Berlín, 9-13 de septiembre de 2014 editado por Stefan Rinke Berlín Freie Universität Colegio Internacional de Graduados “Entre Espacios” 2016 Filipinas en el recorrido vital y profesional de los magistrados de la Monarquía católica (siglo XVII): Pistas para un proyecto de investigación Guillaume Gaudin Université de Toulouse, Francia Resumen: Estudiando el grupo de los oidores de la Real audiencia de Filipinas, nombrados desde su creación en 1585 hasta 1700, queremos participar de la historia política y social del dispositivo imperial español a partir de las trayectorias, relaciones sociales y experiencias de estos agentes de justicia y de gobierno de la Corona. De manera particular, proponemos un estudio prosopográfico clásico, planteando un análisis relacional del entorno social de los actores y, simultáneamente un acerca- miento a la amplia gama de experiencias y sentimientos que percibieron. Asimismo, la elección de Manila se basa en su ubicación extrema en el conjunto imperial español. Palabras claves: Imperio español; Filipinas; oidores; relaciones sociales; experiencia indivi- dual Esta ponencia trata de los primeros resultados obtenidos de un proyecto de investigación sobre los oidores de Manila en el siglo XVII1. Estudiando el grupo de los oidores de la Real audiencia de Filipinas, nombrados desde su creación en 1585 hasta 1700, queremos participar de la historia política y social del dispositivo imperial español a partir de las trayectorias, relaciones sociales y experiencias de estos agentes de justicia y de gobierno de la Corona. De manera particular, propo- nemos un estudio prosopográfico clásico, planteando un análisis relacional del entorno social de los actores y, simultáneamente un acercamiento a la amplia gama de experiencias y sentimientos que percibieron. Esos hombres se embarcaban con su familia en una experiencia humana extraordinaria: ir a vivir a meses, incluso años, de viaje lejos de su patria y, en la mayoría de los casos definitivamente. No se trata únicamente de reconstruir el cursus honorum o un modelo de carrera de los magistrados, sino de analizar las articulaciones entre el recorrido vital, además de profesional, de los individuos y varias instituciones (en el sentido sociológico) como familia, amistad, honor, fidelidad, luchas de facciones o instituciones políticas (Rey, Consejo de Indias, Casa de la Contratación, virrey, 1 Agradezco a Pierre Ragon y Christian Büschges por aceptar una ponencia tratando de las primicias de mi proyecto de investigación. También agradezco a Rafael Ríos Turrent por su minuciosa lectura y sus indispensables correcciones del texto en español. 3242 Filipinas en el recorrido vital y profesional de los magistrados de la Monarquía católica (siglo XVII): Pistas para un proyecto de investigación gobernador, cabildo municipal, militares, etc.). Se trata pues de introducir el factor personal en el estudio del funcionamiento político y administrativo del imperio español. Historiografía de las audiencias La audiencia ha sido una de las instituciones indianas más estudiadas por los investigadores en historia del Derecho. Ya en 1989, el balance historiográfico de Santiago-Gerardo Suárez mostraba la amplitud de la bibliografía sobre el tema2. Desde entonces, este interés no ha decaído como pueden atestiguar publicaciones recientes3. Ya Ernest Schäfer, en su obra clásica sobre el Consejo de Indias, daba una lista de todos los oidores y fiscales de los siglos XVI y XVII y una aproxima- ción a la historia de cada audiencia. En una época más reciente, la historia socio-política también ha producido numerosos trabajos sobre los ministros de las audiencias americanas, de los cuales unos se han convertidos en clásicos de historia de la América colonial. Específicamente, podemos destacar los textos de John L. Phelan4, de Guillermo Lohmann Villena5 y de Mark A. Burkholder y Dewitt Samuel Chandler6, en donde el estudio prosopográfico del conjunto de los oidores indianos del siglo XVIII permite seguir la política de nombramiento de oidores criollos o peninsulares de la Corona y las consecuencias de la venta de oficios audienciales sobre el control efectivo del rey de sus reinos americanos. Los resultados son bien sabidos: en una primera fase de 1687 a 1750, los criollos participaron am- pliamente en el gobierno de las audiencias en la época de la “impotencia”. Mientras que a partir de 1750, y sobre todo de las reformas de 1776, con el abandono de la venta de cargos, la Corona se esfuerza por restablecer su autoridad en América; tras el nombramiento de juristas calificados y peninsulares exteriores a las familias tradicionalmente involucradas en el gobierno de Indias. Las investigaciones de Burkholder y Chandler resultaron muy ricas y atestiguaron la fuerza heurística de los métodos de análisis cuantitativos, como la prosopografía. Otros trabajos entregan numero- sos y valiosos datos que permiten discernir mejor el perfil de los ministros indianos y el estamento letrado de la sociedad hispánica del Antiguo Régimen7. 2 Suárez, Santiago-Gerardo. Las reales audiencias indianas: fuentes y bibliografía. Caracas, 1989. Ver también: Dougnac Rodríguez, Antonio, »Bibliografía para una historia del derecho indiano«. Manual de Historia del derecho indiano [en línea], 1998. http://biblio.juridicas.unam.mx/libros/libro.htm?l=1942 [Consulta: Lunes, 22 de Diciembre de 2014], pp. 349-35. 3 Barrios, Feliciano (dir.). El Gobierno de un mundo: virreinatos y audiencias en la América hispánica. Cuenca, 2004; Diego Fernández, Rafael, »Las Reales Audiencias Indianas como base de la organización político-territorial de la América Hispana«., in Beccera , Celina G. Jiménez y Diego Fernández, Rafael,(éds.), Convergencias y Divergencias. México y Andalucía: siglos XVI-XIX, Guadalajara, 2007, pp. 21-68; Gómez Gómez, Margarita (coord.). »Rey, sello y representación: el poder de la escritura y el documento en el gobierno de las Indias«. Revista de Humanidades [en línea] 22, 2014. Disponible en http://www.revistadehumanidades.com/articulos/78-presentacion [Consulta: Lunes, 22 de Diciembre de 2014]. 4 Phelan, John Leddy. The Kingdom of Quito in the seventeenth century: bureaucratic politics in the Spanish Empire. Madison, 1967. 5 Lohmann Villena, Guillermo. Los ministros de la Audiencia de Lima en el Reinado de los Borbones (1700-1821): esquema de un estudio sobre un núcleo dirigente. Sevilla, 1974. 6 Burkholder, Mark A. y Chandler, Dewitt Samuel. From impotence to authority: the Spanish Crown and the American audiencias, 1687-1808. Columbia, 1977. 7 Barrientos Grandon, Javier. La Real Audiencia de Santiago de Chile (1605-1817): La institución y sus hombres [en línea]. Madrid, 2011. http://www.larramendi.es/i18n/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.cmd?path=1000180 [Consulta: Lunes, 22 de Diciembre de 2014]. Ver también para la península Ibérica, las obras clásicas siguientes: Fayard, Janine. Les membres du conseil de Castille à l’époque moderne: 1621-1746. Genève, Droz, 1979; Pelorson, Jean-Marc. Les letra- 3243 Guillaume Gaudin Toda investigación seria de los agentes de la Corona tiene como primer enfoque el estudio de los principales rasgos del grupo a analizar. Ahora bien sabemos que la metodología tiene sus límites: el “retrato robot” o el esbozo de un perfil medio entregado por la prosopografía no da cuenta de la complejidad de las trayectorias individuales, tampoco da acceso a las motivaciones de los actores y, en consecuencia, a las dinámicas sociales8. En una perspectiva siempre más atenta a los aspectos sociológicos del funcionamiento de las audiencias y a las articulaciones entre actores históricos y sociedad, cabe destacar los trabajos de Thomas Calvo sobre Guadalajara y Nueva Galicia9, o de Tamar Herzog sobre los magistrados de la audiencia de Quito10. A propósito de los oficiales de hacienda de Nueva España, Michel Bertrand propuso salir del yugo de la prosopografía tradicional: tomando en cuenta las relaciones sociales y no únicamente el perfil y la identidad social de los miembros de un grupo. Utilizando fuentes muy diversas (notariales y judiciales por ejemplo), consiguió acercarse a las configuraciones sociales del Antiguo régimen hispanoamericano11. Por mi parte, si la fuentes lo permiten,
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