El Tiempo De José Rizal El Tiempo De José Rizal the Time of José Rizal

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El Tiempo De José Rizal El Tiempo De José Rizal the Time of José Rizal El tiempo de José Rizal El tiempo de José Rizal The Time of José Rizal María Dolores Elizalde Pérez-Grueso / Instituto de Historia, Centro de Ciencias Humanas of José Rizal The Time y Sociales, CSIC José Rizal solo vivió 35 años1. Nació el 19 de junio de 1861 José Rizal lived only 35 years.1 He was born on June 19, 1861 y murió el 30 de diciembre de 1896, cuando aún no había and died on December 30, 1896, when he not yet 36 years cumplido los 36. Sin embargo, ese breve periodo fue un old. Brief as it was, his existence took place in a fascinating tiempo apasionante, en su propia vida y en el entorno que time, in terms of his experiences and surrounding. These le rodeaba. Unas décadas luminosas de transformaciones luminous decades of whirlwind change were full of hope for aceleradas que, como todo tiempo de cambio, conllevaron and anticipation of personal and national progress, but also esperanza e ilusión en el progreso personal y nacional, pero had moments of frustration and anguish. During these years, también momentos de frustración y traumatismo. En esos what’s more, the Philippines, then still an essential part of años se escenificó, además, en aquellas Filipinas integradas the Spanish Empire, were the scene of the struggle between en el imperio español, la lucha de dos dinámicas irreconci- two diametrically opposed forces: the belief that reform was liables: el convencimiento de la necesidad de reformar para essential in order to progress, in opposition to the desire to poder progresar frente al deseo de mantener el statu quo maintain the status quo so that nothing change. And in the para que nada cambiara. Y en medio de ese torbellino, José eye of the hurricane was José Rizal dreaming of a different Rizal soñando unas Filipinas diferentes y reflejándolo a tra- Philippines. vés de sus obras. During those nearly four decades, from 1861 until 1896, much En esas casi cuatro décadas, 1861-1896, muchas cosas ocu- happened in the Philippines. It was a time of development rrieron en Filipinas. Fue un tiempo de desarrollo y moderni- and growth in a society that sought to progress. Within the zación, en una sociedad que luchaba por progresar. Dentro colonial setting, important improvements were introduced del marco colonial, se produjo un reforzamiento y mejora in the governance of the Islands, major reforms were 1 Este trabajo se realiza dentro del proyecto «Imperios, Naciones y Ciudadanos 1 This article, part of the Project titled «Imperios, naciones y ciudadanos en Asia y el Pacífico» (Ref.: HAR2009-14099-C02-02), financiado por el Minis- en Asia y el Pacífico» (Ref.: HAR2009-14099-C02-02), is financed by the terio de Ciencia e Innovación. Igualmente se enmarca en el Convenio firmado Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain. It is also enshrined in the entre el CSIC y Casa Asia para potenciar las investigaciones sobre Filipinas en “Agreement to foster research on the Philippines in Spain” signed by the España. CSIC (Spanish National Research Council) and Casa Asia. 29 LIBRO RIZAL.indb 29 10/11/11 12:21 en el gobierno de las islas, se acometieron importantes undertaken, and ambitious plans were elaborated to improve reformas y se elaboraron ambiciosos planes de mejora de basic systems and services and communications. Taking las infraestructuras y las comunicaciones. Aprovechando la advantage of the opening of the Suez Canal, efforts were apertura del canal de Suez, se trató de impulsar una relación made to foster a better relationship between mainland Spain más fluida entre la península y el archipiélago y de fomentar and the Archipelago and to encourage both a greater presence una mayor presencia de población y empresas peninsulares. of Spaniards and Spanish companies alike. However, despite Pese a la relevancia y alcance de esas políticas, no se consi- the relevance and scope of these policies, the desired guieron plenamente los objetivos deseados. Además, se re- objectives were not fully achieved. What’s more, major velaron importantes disensiones entre los agentes implica- differences of opinion surfaced between the agents involved dos en la administración colonial y no se logró una cohesión in the tasks pertaining to the administration of the colony, social con el mundo filipino, que reclamaba aún mayores and no cohesion was achieved with the Filipino world. The reformas y un margen de libertad más amplio. En el plano Filipinos demanded greater reforms and a broader swathe of económico, se consolidó un completo cambio de sistema, freedom. In terms of the economy, a change of model was desde una economía de intermediación articulada en torno consolidated: from a system based on the stately Manila al galeón de Manila al estallido de una economía agro expor- galleon the country whizzed into one that, based on agro- tadora centrada en los productos de las islas: abacá, tabaco, exports, focused on exporting the Islands’ valuable products: azúcar, licores…, que traería una nueva época de prospe- Manila hemp, tobacco, sugar, spirits… This ushered in an era ridad al archipiélago, esta vez basada en riquezas propias. of great prosperity for the Archipelago. The Islands witnessed En el mundo insular, se evidenció la pujanza de una nueva the strength of a new Filipino society, involved in the political sociedad filipina implicada en el desarrollo político y econó- and economic development of the nation, and voices began mico de su nación, y que empezaba a reclamar un futuro to be heard demanding an autonomous future. And within the autónomo. Y en el contexto internacional, marcado por un international context, marked by the backdrop of imperialist trasfondo de expansión imperialista y reparto de zonas de expansion and share-out of areas of influence that affected influencia que afectó a Asia y el Pacífico tanto como a otras Asia and the Pacific as much as it did other parts of the world, partes del planeta, se confirmó la penetración extranjera en there was clear confirmation of foreign penetration into the Filipinas y su interés por los negocios en las islas. Philippines and the interest of these foreign parties in business Between Spain and the Philippines. José Rizal, the Writer Between Spain and the Philippines. José Rizal, Writer in the islands. / Rizal fue fiel espejo de todo ello. Lo fue a través de su vida y su lucha política. Lo plasmó en sus novelas, en su poesía, en Rizal faithfully reflected all of the above. In his life and in su abundantísima correspondencia, en los muchos artículos his political struggles, he accurately portrayed what he saw. de opinión publicados en periódicos, en sus ensayos litera- He put pen to paper and described it in his novels, in his rios, en sus estudios gramaticales. En todas aquellas obras poetry, in his copious correspondence, in the many opinion que le convirtieron en escritor. El escritor que hoy recorda- pieces published in the Press, in his literary essays, in his mos, y que está irremediablemente asociado al tiempo que grammatical studies. In every single one of the works that le tocó vivir, y también a la relación colonial entre España y turned him into a writer. The writer we recall today, the writer Filipinas. who is inevitably associated to the times he was allotted to live in. Entre España y Filipinas: José Rizal, escritor escritor España y Filipinas: José Rizal, Entre 30 LIBRO RIZAL.indb 30 10/11/11 12:21 El tiempo de José Rizal El tiempo de José Rizal El marco colonial The Colonial Setting La vida y la obra de José Rizal estuvieron marcadas por la The life and works of José Rizal were branded by the condición de Filipinas como colonia española2. Esa situación Philippines’ condition as a colony of Spain.2 This situation se había iniciado hacía más de tres siglos, cuando los espa- had its origins three centuries back, towards the beginning of ñoles, inmersos en el proceso de exploración de nuevas rutas the sixteenth century, when Spain, engrossed in seeking new / hacia las anheladas Indias Orientales y los mercados asiáti- routes to the longed-for East Indies, set foot on the Philippines. of José Rizal The Time cos, llegaron a Filipinas a comienzos del siglo xvi. Por acuer- The agreements signed with the Portuguese in the Treaty of dos firmados con los portugueses en el Tratado de Tordesillas Tordesillas in 1494 banned Spain from proceeding towards de 1494, los españoles tenían vedado el camino hacia Asia Asia through the Indian Ocean. Thus Spain explored the world, a través del Índico. Por ello exploraron el mundo partiendo setting off to do so from its Atlantic coast and heading west. del Atlántico, rumbo al Oeste. Siguiendo esa ruta llegaron a Following this westward course, Spain arrived in America and América y cruzaron el Pacífico, en viajes sucesivos, siempre crossed the Pacific in successive voyages always seeking a más allá, hasta que en 1521 Fernando de Magallanes llegó a greater beyond, until in 1521 Ferdinand Magellan landed on la isla de Cebú y tomó posesión del archipiélago en nombre the Island of Cebu and took possession of the Archipelago del entonces rey de España, Carlos I. Creyeron entonces que in the name of Charles I, then King of Spain. The explorers por fin habían encontrado su puerta hacia el continente asiá- were convinced of finally having found their gate into Asia tico y las islas de las especias, y desde ese momento Filipinas and the “Spice Islands,” and from then on the Philippines was se transformó para España en su deseada plataforma frente transformed, becoming Spain’s prized platform to Asia. The a Asia. Esperaban que el archipiélago les permitiera penetrar Spanish hoped that these lands would allow them access into en los circuitos comerciales de aquel ámbito y extender la the commercial circuits and also permit the evangelization of evangelización sobre nuevos territorios orientales.
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