DOCSLIB.ORG

Apolinario Mabini, Isabelo De Los Reyes, and the Emergence of a “Public” 1 Resil B

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Apolinario Mabini, Isabelo De Los Reyes, and the Emergence of a “Public” 1 Resil B Apolinario Mabini, Isabelo de los Reyes, and the Emergence of a “Public” 1 Resil B. Mojares Abstract The paper sketches the factors behind the emergence of a “public” in the late nineteenth century, and locates in this context the distinctive careers of Apolinario Mabini and Isabelo de los Reyes. The activities of Mabini and de los Reyes were enabled by the emergence of a “public sphere” in the colony, at the same time that their activities helped define and widen a sphere that had become more distinctly ‘national’ in character. Complicating the Habermasian characterization of a “bourgeois public sphere,” the paper calls for a fuller study of the more popular agencies, sites, media, and networks in the formation of a public in nineteenth-century Philippines. Plaridel • Vol. 13 No. 1 • 2016 1 - 15 THEY are an odd couple. They were born in the same month and year (July 1864), studied for the same profession in the same university, and participated in the biggest event of their time, the anti-colonial struggle for independence. Yet, it seems that they never met. They were contrasting personalities, to begin with: on one hand, an Ilocano of the landed gentry in Vigan, energetic, individualistic, confident and reckless; on the other hand, the son of poor peasants in Batangas, paralytic, very private, and highly principled, almost puritanical. If there is one quick lesson to be drawn from these contrasts, it is this: the struggle for independence was a complex, volatile event that encompassed divergent personalities and diverse forms of action, played out in social space that was heterogeneous and dynamic. What was this “social space” like, in which Isabelo de los Reyes and Apolinario Mabini emerged? The nineteenth century in the Philippines saw the appearance of a “public.” I take public (Latin populus, publicus) in the classic, commonly understood sense of a body of people bound by a common interest in problems of state and civic life, and primed to act on them (Habermas, 1974, 1991). Such a public emerges out of a set of enabling conditions that create space autonomous and apart from the state, space in which contact and communication of a certain speed and scale can take place. I shall further specify this by speaking of a “national” or “proto-national” public that transcends locality (town, province) and limited sectarian affiliations in recognizing or claiming a community of interests spanning (in the case of Spanish Philippines) the entire colony itself. The large factors that enabled the formation of a public in the nineteenth century were the expansion of the market economy and the colonial state, interrelating with such facts as population growth and urbanization, faster travel and communications, and increased educational opportunities. These phenomena were interrelated. The expansion of the economy after the opening of Manila to world trade in 1834 spurred the development of travel and communications; led to population growth and urbanization; and necessitated the expansion of the colonial bureaucracy and educational opportunities. All these stimulated new needs and new ways of looking and acting in the world, and primed the appearance of sites and networks for critical- rational discourse in that space between the private individual and the state that Jurgen Habermas (1991) calls the “public sphere.” Such a sphere was new since it can only come about when people begin to critically disengage or distance themselves from a feudal monarchy, colonial authority, or church—institutions that do not allow for a “public” since their power is 2 Mojares • Mabini, de los Reyes, and the Emergence of a “Public” given and unquestioned—and people begin to see themselves no longer as mere subjects but as free-thinking “citizens,” whether of the colonial state or an alternative order they would create out of it. Following Habermas (1991), the existence of a public presupposes certain claims: that government be transparent and accountable (to use today’s idiom); that rationality instead of obscurantism govern public matters; and that citizens enjoy the rights of participation and “supervision” over government through the efficacies of “public opinion” built on the freedoms of information, assembly, and speech. These were the claims at the heart of the nineteenth-century Filipino reform movement. To trace the emergence of a public in the Philippines, therefore, is to tell the story of the reform movement and the revolution that took place when this movement failed. Here I would like to speak about how a “public” germinated in the time of Mabini and de los Reyes by focusing on the role of education, economic networks and occupational sites, the press and modern, voluntary organizations. Education was an enabling factor in the creation of a public. The generation of Mabini and de los Reyes had educational opportunities that were not available to “natives” of an earlier generation. The number of schools had grown, and education was taking a more secular turn as the civil government assumed a more active role in a field that had been the almost exclusive preserve of the Church. Stimulated by the need for skilled manpower in a modernizing economy and bureaucracy, religious seminaries began to accept students who were not bound for the priesthood. In the last three decades of the nineteenth century, University of Santo Tomas began to offer degrees in secular fields like medicine and pharmacy, jurisprudence, philosophy and letters, and the sciences. Between 1861 and 1898, some 40,158 students attended Santo Tomas. Eighty-nine percent of these students were enrolled in secular programs (34 percent in jurisprudence, 22 percent in medicine, and 22 percent in philosophy) (Mojares, 2006). An aspect of education at this time (and one not well-studied) was the proliferation of privately-initiated, non-Church schools called latinidades, the most advanced of which offered the equivalent of a college education.2 By the 1890s, there were some 1,888 such institutes in the Philippines, no less than 28 of them in Manila and its suburbs. While the high authorities complained that many of the latinities were run by “incompetent teachers and university flunkers,” it is important to note that these were schools mostly run in private homes by Filipinos and could thus operate outside the close surveillance of church and state. Plaridel • Vol. 13 No. 1 • 2016 3 While colonial education was often characterized by Filipino nationalists as medieval, the fact is that for all its defects it opened up spaces for modern, critical thinking as a result, whether intended or unintended, of school instruction or as a vital side-product of the opportunities created by young people from different localities coming together to interact and learn, whether in or outside the classroom. Proof of the value of these opportunities can be found in Mabini and de los Reyes, who (unlike the better-known propagandists) were educated within the colony. De los Reyes attended an Augustinian seminary in Vigan, then Manila’s San Juan de Letran at the time Mabini was there, and (like Mabini) earned a degree in law at Santo Tomas. Mabini’s case is more exemplary. He attended latinity schools in Batangas, particularly that of the Tagalog priest Valerio Malabanan, a school the historian Fidel Villaroel calls “the most respectable center of secondary education in the country, outside Manila” (Villaroel, 1979, p. 14). Mabini had a discontinuous education because poverty forced him to suspend his studies at various times to work as houseboy, teacher, and law clerk. He taught in Malabanan’s school and other latinidades, and in 1893 opened a school of his own in Intramuros. Such was his determination that he earned his bachelor’s degree and teacher’s certificate at San Juan de Letran (1881-87) and licentiate in jurisprudence at Santo Tomas (1888-94), and was admitted to the bar in 1894. Another axis in the emergence of a public were the economic networks and occupational sites created by advances in domestic travel, a diversifying urban economy, and expanding colonial bureaucracy. The expansion of economic activities and the colonial bureaucracy fueled a great deal of population movement in the nineteenth century. Increased mobility was an important factor in the formation of a public since travel was a medium through which people shared information and ideas, recognized common interests, and formed networks. Benedict Anderson (1983) has pointed to the circulation of civil servants and the exodus of students to Manila and other urban centers as factors in the rise of an “imagined” national community. There were other movements. T.H. Pardo de Tavera (1925) cites the travels to the national capital of economically empowered principales from the provinces as a factor in the rise of a new political consciousness: On returning to their pueblo, they took in their hearts and minds the germ of what was subsequently called subversive ideas and later still “filibusterism”…. Already the “brutes loaded with gold” dared to discuss with their curate, 4 Mojares • Mabini, de los Reyes, and the Emergence of a “Public” complain against the alcalde, defend their homes against the misconduct of the lieutenant or sergeant of the police force…. Their money permitted them to effectively defend questions involving money first, then, those of a moral character. (p. 151) The value of these travels is shown in the case of Isabelo de los Reyes who frequently commuted between Manila and Ilocos in the course of his varied employments as publisher, journalist, and trader of commodities, as well as Apolinario Mabini’s own move from Batangas to Manila. A fuller study of the spread of the revolution in the provinces will show the important role played by people who moved, such as civil servants, traders, soldiers, and seamen.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Producing Rizal: Negotiating Modernity Among the Filipino Diaspora in Hawaii
    PRODUCING RIZAL: NEGOTIATING MODERNITY AMONG THE FILIPINO DIASPORA IN HAWAII A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ASIAN STUDIES AUGUST 2014 By Ai En Isabel Chew Thesis Committee: Patricio Abinales, Chairperson Cathryn Clayton Vina Lanzona Keywords: Filipino Diaspora, Hawaii, Jose Rizal, Modernity, Rizalista Sects, Knights of Rizal 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………..…5 Chapter 1 Introduction: Rizal as a Site of Contestation………………………………………………………………………………………....6 Methodology ..................................................................................................................18 Rizal in the Filipino Academic Discourse......................................................................21 Chapter 2 Producing Rizal: Interactions on the Trans-Pacific Stage during the American Colonial Era,1898-1943…………………………..………………………………………………………...29 Rizal and the Philippine Revolution...............................................................................33 ‘Official’ Productions of Rizal under American Colonial Rule .....................................39 Rizal the Educated Cosmopolitan ..................................................................................47 Rizal as the Brown Messiah ...........................................................................................56 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................66
    [Show full text]
  • FILIPINOS in HISTORY Published By
    FILIPINOS in HISTORY Published by: NATIONAL HISTORICAL INSTITUTE T.M. Kalaw St., Ermita, Manila Philippines Research and Publications Division: REGINO P. PAULAR Acting Chief CARMINDA R. AREVALO Publication Officer Cover design by: Teodoro S. Atienza First Printing, 1990 Second Printing, 1996 ISBN NO. 971 — 538 — 003 — 4 (Hardbound) ISBN NO. 971 — 538 — 006 — 9 (Softbound) FILIPINOS in HIS TOR Y Volume II NATIONAL HISTORICAL INSTITUTE 1990 Republic of the Philippines Department of Education, Culture and Sports NATIONAL HISTORICAL INSTITUTE FIDEL V. RAMOS President Republic of the Philippines RICARDO T. GLORIA Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports SERAFIN D. QUIASON Chairman and Executive Director ONOFRE D. CORPUZ MARCELINO A. FORONDA Member Member SAMUEL K. TAN HELEN R. TUBANGUI Member Member GABRIEL S. CASAL Ex-OfficioMember EMELITA V. ALMOSARA Deputy Executive/Director III REGINO P. PAULAR AVELINA M. CASTA/CIEDA Acting Chief, Research and Chief, Historical Publications Division Education Division REYNALDO A. INOVERO NIMFA R. MARAVILLA Chief, Historic Acting Chief, Monuments and Preservation Division Heraldry Division JULIETA M. DIZON RHODORA C. INONCILLO Administrative Officer V Auditor This is the second of the volumes of Filipinos in History, a com- pilation of biographies of noted Filipinos whose lives, works, deeds and contributions to the historical development of our country have left lasting influences and inspirations to the present and future generations of Filipinos. NATIONAL HISTORICAL INSTITUTE 1990 MGA ULIRANG PILIPINO TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Lianera, Mariano 1 Llorente, Julio 4 Lopez Jaena, Graciano 5 Lukban, Justo 9 Lukban, Vicente 12 Luna, Antonio 15 Luna, Juan 19 Mabini, Apolinario 23 Magbanua, Pascual 25 Magbanua, Teresa 27 Magsaysay, Ramon 29 Makabulos, Francisco S 31 Malabanan, Valerio 35 Malvar, Miguel 36 Mapa, Victorino M.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientific Authority, Nationalism, and Colonial Entanglements Between Germany, Spain, and the Philippines, 1850 to 1900
    Scientific Authority, Nationalism, and Colonial Entanglements between Germany, Spain, and the Philippines, 1850 to 1900 Nathaniel Parker Weston A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2012 Reading Committee: Uta G. Poiger, Chair Vicente L. Rafael Lynn Thomas Program Authorized to Offer Degree: History ©Copyright 2012 Nathaniel Parker Weston University of Washington Abstract Scientific Authority, Nationalism, and Colonial Entanglements between Germany, Spain, and the Philippines, 1850 to 1900 Nathaniel Parker Weston Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Uta G. Poiger This dissertation analyzes the impact of German anthropology and natural history on colonialism and nationalism in Germany, Spain, the Philippines, and the United States during the second half of the nineteenth-century. In their scientific tracts, German authors rehearsed the construction of racial categories among colonized peoples in the years prior to the acquisition of formal colonies in Imperial Germany and portrayed their writings about Filipinos as superior to all that had been previously produced. Spanish writers subsequently translated several German studies to promote continued economic exploitation of the Philippines and uphold notions of Spaniards’ racial supremacy over Filipinos. However, Filipino authors also employed the translations, first to demand colonial reform and to examine civilizations in the Philippines before and after the arrival of the Spanish, and later to formulate nationalist arguments. By the 1880s, the writings of Filipino intellectuals found an audience in newly established German scientific associations, such as the German Society for Anthropology, Ethnology, and Prehistory, and German-language periodicals dealing with anthropology, ethnology, geography, and folklore.
    [Show full text]
  • Pedro Paterno, T. H. Pardo De Tavera, Isabelo De Los Reyes and the Production of Modern Knowledge
    Ateneo de Manila University Archīum Ateneo History Department Faculty Publications History Department 2008 Brains of the Nation: Pedro Paterno, T. H. Pardo de Tavera, Isabelo de los Reyes and the Production of Modern Knowledge Ambeth R. Ocampo Follow this and additional works at: https://archium.ateneo.edu/history-faculty-pubs Part of the Asian History Commons Kyoto University Book Reviews References Pedro Paterno, T. H. Pardo de Tavera, Isabelo de los Reyes and the Production of Modern Knowledge. Rafael, Vicente L. 1988. Contracting Colonialism: Many Filipinos have been reared on the idea Translation and Christian Conversion in that “nationalist history” or a history written and Tagalog Society under Early Spanish Rule. understood from a Filipino point of view began in Ithaca: Cornell University Press. the 1960s with the popularity of the works of . 2005. The Promise of the Foreign: Teodoro A. Agoncillo and Renato Constantino that Nationalism and the Technics of Translation became and remain standard history textbooks in the Spanish Philippines. Durham: Duke today. Their works obscure the fact that the University Press. writing, or re-writing, of Philippine history from a Sartori, Andrew. 2008. Bengal in Global Concept Filipino viewpoint began earlier, in the late nine- History: Culturalism in the Age of Capital. teenth century, with a generation of expatriate Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Filipinos in Europe that formed a constellation whose shining star was Jose Rizal who published in Resil Mojares. Brains of the Nation: Pedro Paris, in 1890, an annotated edition of Antonio de Paterno, T. H. Pardo de Tavera, Isabelo de los Morgaʼs Sucesos de las islas Filipinas (Events of the Reyes and the Production of Modern Philippine Islands) first published in Mexico in 1609.
    [Show full text]
  • Ignorance, Character, and Class in Teodoro Agoncillo's the Revolt Of
    Ateneo de Manila University Archīum Ateneo History Department Faculty Publications History Department 2020 What Made the Masses Revolutionary?: Ignorance, Character, and Class in Teodoro Agoncillo’s The Revolt of the Masses Filomeno V. Aguilar Jr Follow this and additional works at: https://archium.ateneo.edu/history-faculty-pubs Part of the Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies Commons Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints Ateneo de Manila University • Loyola Heights, Quezon City • 1108 Philippines What Made the Masses Revolutionary?: Ignorance, Character, and Class in Teodoro Agoncillo’s The Revolt of the Masses Filomeno V. Aguilar Jr. Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints vol. 68 no. 2 (2020): 137–78 Copyright © Ateneo de Manila University Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints is published by the Ateneo de Manila University. Contents may not be copied or sent via email or other means to multiple sites and posted in a listserv without the copyright holder’s written permission. Users may download and print articles for individual, noncommercial use only. This article is an open-access resource. It can be uploaded in the author’s institutional repository, with this copyright page retained. Republication of this article or its storage in electronic databases other than as specified above is not allowed without prior permission in writing from the publisher. For any further use of this work, please contact the publisher at [email protected]. http://www.philippinestudies.net FILOMENO V. AGUILAR JR. What Made the Masses Revolutionary? Ignorance, Character, and Class in Teodoro Agoncillo’s The Revolt of the Masses Regarded as a classic in Philippine historiography, Teodoro Agoncillo’s The Revolt of the Masses published in 1956 is examined to understand the author’s explanation of what made “the masses” revolutionary.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Korean Values Transnationalization of Faith: the Americanization of Christianity in the Philippines and the Filipiniza
    A bi-annual publication of the University of San Francisco Center for the Pacific Rim Volume II · Number 1 February · 2002 Copyright 2002 CONTENTS Editors Stephen J. Roddy Shalendra D. Sharma Exploring Korean Values >>.....................................Steven R. Brown and Byung-ok Kil 1 Editorial Consultants Barbara K. Bundy Hartmut Fischer Transnationalization of Faith: The Americanization of Christianity in Richard J. Kozicki Stephen Uhalley, Jr. the Philippines and the Filipinization of Christianity in the Xiaoxin Wu United States Editorial Board >>...........................................................Joaquin L. Gonzalez III 9 Yoko Arisaka Bih-hsya Hsieh Uldis Kruze Complementary Role of the Rohri Hills and the Thar Desert in the Man-lui Lau Mark Mir Development of Indus Valley Civilization: New Research Noriko Nagata >>.........Qasid H. Mallah, Nilofer Shaikh, and G. M. Veesar 21 John K. Nelson Kyoko Suda Bruce Wydick A New Era of International Trade: A Study of Asian, North American, Graduate Editorial Representative and Latin American Regional Associations Richard Lambert >>..............................................................Rolf Mário Treuherz 32 Asia Pacific: Perspectives is a peer-reviewed journal published twice a year in May and November. It welcomes submissions from all fields of the social sciences and the humanities. In keeping with the Jesuit traditions of the University of San Francisco, Asia Pacific: Perspectives commits itself to the highest standards of learning and Asia Pacific: Perspectives scholarship. Center for the Pacific Rim Our task is to inform public opinion through a broad hospitality to divergent views and ideas that promote 2130 Fulton St, LM202 San Francisco, CA cross-cultural understanding, tolerance, and the dissemination of knowledge unreservedly. Papers adopting a 94117-1080 comparative, interdisciplinary approach to issues of interrelatedness in the Pacific Rim region* will be especially welcome.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf, Accessed 9 June 2010
    49巻3号 2011年12月 目次 Colonial Philippines in Transition Introduction: War, Race, and Nation in Philippine Colonial Transitions ㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀Vicente L. RAFAEL…… ( 347) Race as Praxis in the Philippines at the Turn of the Twentieth Century ㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀John D. BLANCO…… ( 356) Filipino Press between Two Empires: El Renacimiento, a Newspaper with Too Much Alma Filipina㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀Glòria CANO…… ( 395) Between the Letter and Spirit of the Law: Ethnic Chinese and Philippine Citizenship by Jus Soli, 1899- 1947 ㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀FilomenoV.AGUILAR Jr.…… ( 431) Remaindered Life of Citizen-Man, Medium of Democracy㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀Neferti X. M. TADIAR…… ( 464) Reflections on Agoncilloʼs The Revolt of the Masses and the Politics of History ㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀Reynaldo C. ILETO…… ( 496) 書評 John D. Blanco. Frontier Constitutions: Christianity and Colonial Empire in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009, 372p.㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀MeganC.THOMAS…… ( 521) Resil Mojares. Brains of the Nation: Pedro Paterno, T. H. Pardo de Tavera, Isabelo de los Reyes and the Production of Modern Knowledge. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2008, 565p. ㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀Ambeth R. OCAMPO…… ( 523) Richard T. Chu. Chinese and Chinese Mestizos of Manila: Family, Identity, and Culture, 1860s- 1930s. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2010, xx + 451p. ㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀㌀Caroline
    [Show full text]
  • THE GENESIS of the PHILIPPINE COMMUNIST PARTY Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Ph.D. Dames Andrew Richardson School of Orienta
    THE GENESIS OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMUNIST PARTY Thesis submitted for the degree of Ph.D. dames Andrew Richardson School of Oriental and African Studies University of London September 198A ProQuest Number: 10673216 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10673216 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT Unlike communist parties elsewhere in Asia, the Partido Komunista sa Pilipinas (PKP) was constituted almost entirely by acti­ vists from the working class. Radical intellectuals, professionals and other middle class elements were conspicuously absent. More parti­ cularly, the PKP was rooted In the Manila labour movement and, to a lesser extent, in the peasant movement of Central Luzon. This study explores these origins and then examines the character, outlook and performance of the Party in the first three years of its existence (1930-33). Socialist ideas began to circulate during the early 1900s, but were not given durable organisational expression until 1922, when a Workers’ Party was formed. Led by cadres from the country's principal labour federation, the Congreso Obrero, this party aligned its policies increasingly with those of the Comintern.
    [Show full text]
  • Benedict Anderson El Huevo Del Gallo. Un Pionero Del Folclore Mundial En Filipinas
    ARTÍCULOS BENEDICT ANDERSON EL HUEVO DEL GALLO. UN PIONERO DEL FOLCLORE MUNDIAL EN FILIPINAS En 1887, en la Exposición filipina en Madrid, un indio de veintitrés años lla- mado Isabelo de los Reyes, residente en la Manila colonial, obtuvo una meda- lla de plata por un extenso manuscrito en español que tituló El Folk-Lore Filipino. Compuso este texto en involuntaria unión con José Rizal (que tenía entonces veinticinco años), quien viajaba por la Europa continental escribien- do la incendiaria novela Noli me tangere, la cual le valió el martirio en 1896 y, más tarde, la categoría eterna de padre de la patria y primer filipino. ¿Quién fue Isabelo? Nació en 1864 en la ciudad arzobispal de Vigan, al norte de Luzón, de padres pertenecientes al grupo étnico de los ilocanos, la mayoría de los cuales eran en aquellos días analfabetos. Su madre, sin embargo, era evi- dentemente una poeta de cierta calidad, de forma que en la exposición de Madrid y en otras posteriores su poesía se presentó a los españoles, los parisi- nos y los habitantes de San Luis. Este logro no salvó su matrimonio, y el joven Isabelo fue confiado a un pariente rico que lo envió a un seminario de Vigan, donde organizó una manifestación contra el comportamiento abusivo de los agustinos españoles; después, al colegio de San Juan de Letrán y, finalmente, obtuvo el título de notario en la única universidad colonial que existía enton- ces en el sureste asiático, la de Santo Tomás de Manila, perteneciente a los dominicos. Mientras tanto el padre de Isabelo había muerto, y el joven se sumergió en el floreciente mundo del periodismo.
    [Show full text]
  • Sukimátem: Isabelo De Los Reyes Revisited
    philippine studies Ateneo de Manila University • Loyola Heights, Quezon City • 1108 Philippines Sukimátem: Isabelo de los Reyes Revisited Erlinda Bragado Philippine Studies vol. 50, no. 1 (2002): 50–74 Copyright © Ateneo de Manila University Philippine Studies is published by the Ateneo de Manila University. Contents may not be copied or sent via email or other means to multiple sites and posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s written permission. Users may download and print articles for individual, noncom- mercial use only. However, unless prior permission has been obtained, you may not download an entire issue of a journal, or download multiple copies of articles. Please contact the publisher for any further use of this work at [email protected]. http://www.philippinestudies.net Fri June 30 13:30:20 2008 Sukimdtem: Isabelo de 10s Reyes Revisited Erlinda Bragado Wen sukimdtem no adda kinaulbod kaniak, ket iturongnak iti dalan nga agnanayon. (See if there is any wicked way in me, and lead me along the path of everlasting life.) - Psalm 139 Along the highway of Bantay, Ilocos Sur, a monument of Isabelo de 10s Reyes stands like a solitary sentinel, seemingly a stranger among his own people. The unveiling of that monument was one of the high- lights of the centennial celebration (1864-July 7-1964) of the birth of this illustrious son of Vigan. A highly controversial figure in life and in death, Isabelo de 10s Reyes once said: "There is so much chaos in me for God to create another world" (De 10s Reyes Jr. 1996,28).
    [Show full text]
  • Philippine Studies Ateneo De Manila University • Loyola Heights, Quezon City • 1108 Philippines
    philippine studies Ateneo de Manila University • Loyola Heights, Quezon City • 1108 Philippines Isabelo de los Reyes and the Philippine Contemporaries of La Solidaridad Megan C. Thomas Philippine Studies vol. 54, no.3 (2006): 381–411 Copyright © Ateneo de Manila University Philippine Studies is published by the Ateneo de Manila University. Contents may not be copied or sent via email or other means to multiple sites and posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s written permission. Users may download and print articles for individual, noncom- mercial use only. However, unless prior permission has been obtained, you may not download an entire issue of a journal, or download multiple copies of articles. Please contact the publisher for any further use of this work at [email protected]. http://www.philippinestudies.net Fri June 30 13:30:20 2008 lsabelo de 10s Reyes and the Philippine Contemporaries of La Solidaridad Megan C. Thomas This article argues that some of the newspapers of late Spanish colonial Manila should be considered as being politically contentious, and instru- ments of propaganda, along with La Solidaridad. Spec@cally, the article documents lsabelo de 10s Reyes's participation in the press of this period, particularly though not exclusively in bilingual newspapers, and argues that this fact has not been filly recognized, in part because of his many pseudonyms and in part because of the political imperative to propagan- dize about censorship in the colonial press. The article identifies several of de 10s Reyes's pseudonyms, and reviews a sample of the content of his newspapers.
    [Show full text]
  • Historiography and Baroque Poetics in Nick Joaquin’S a Question of Heroes
    “Total Midnight All Over the Land Escaping Minute by Minute into the Small Hours” Historiography and Baroque Poetics in Nick Joaquin’s A Question of Heroes Vincenz Serrano Ateneo de Manila University AbstrAct Nick Joaquin’s A Question of Heroes (1977; 2005) concludes with a long sentence that renders, in a manner that unfolds, his view of the 150-year period he covers in his book. The sentence, whose structure follows the natural progres- sion of the day, is emblematic of Joaquin’s baroque historiography. By engaging with scholarship on Joaquin’s historical writing as well as with research on baroque aesthetics, I argue that Joaquin’s long sentence is an index of his temporal capaciousness, which from a baroque perspective, signals on the one hand recuperation and resistance, and artifice and deformation on the other. Keywords Philippine history; narrative; defamiliarization; National Artist for Literature; emplotment; trope SERRANO: HISTORIOGRAPHY AND BAROQUE POETICS UNITAS 102 In his introduction to the Penguin Classics edition of The Woman Who Had Two Navels and Tales of the Tropical Gothic (2017), historian Vicente L. Rafael calls attention to Nick Joaquin’s preoccupation for the long sentence, partic- ularly as a vehicle to convey historical possibility. For Rafael, Joaquin’s long sentence does not denote real events “so much as the possibilities of their taking place” (xxxiii). In attempting to “convey the experience of remem- bering not what happened but what could have happened,” Rafael proposes that Joaquin’s long sentence “delivers a series of shock effects to awaken the present to the past.” Put differently, Rafael considers Joaquin’s stylistic signature as endowed with two capacities: the capacity, by way of accretion of details and actions, to startle readers into awakening, and the capacity to evoke, in the face of the closure of historical reality, the openness of possi- bility.
    [Show full text]