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Agenciastransnacionales De Informacion Yel Tercer www.flacsoandes.edu.ec AGENCIAS TRANSNACIONALES DE INFORMACION YEL TERCER MUNDO Raquel -Salinas Editorial "The Quito Times" Quito. Ecuador Primers Edici6n Julio de 1984 Las oprmones del autor no son necesariamente las de CIESPAL o de la Fundacion Friedrich Ebert Derechos reservados segun Ley de Derechos de Autor expedida mediante Decreto Supremo No. ..COtECCION 610 de 30 de Julio de 1976. La reproduccion tNTIY~~ total 0 parcial de esta obra no puede hacerse sin autorizacion de CIESPAL. INDICE INTRODUCCION: Plan dellibro; Breve panorama de las agencias 13 PRIMERA PARTE: LAS GRANDES AGENCIAS DEL MUNDO, 29 Capitulo I: Historia de las agencias transnacionales; Cartel Europeo; La doc- trina dellibre flujo , 34 Capitulo II: Caracteristicas actuales de las mayores agencias: Propiedad y control; Servicios y escala de operaciones; Propiedad y control; Servicios y escala de operaciones: La quinta agencia mundial: TASS; A quienes sirven las agencias occidentales; Caracteristicas del producto informativo ; Control editorial y determinantes organizacionales, 47 SEGUNDA PARTE: DESEQUILIBRIOS: VOLUMEN Y CONTENIDOS .. 81 Capitulo III: Transnacionales y agencias nacionales, Dominacion y mime tis- mo; i,Ganan por calidad?, 85 Capitulo IV: Desequilibrios de volumen y contenidos, Regiones invisibles; Editores locales: Autonomia potencial y esfuerzo m inirno ; Diferencias de cifras 0 de perspectivas, El desarrollo no es noticia, 93 Capitulo V: Cobertura de temas que interesan al Tercer Mundo, Los grandes informan poco; Si no fuera por la controversia...; La Associated Press y las politicas de cornunicacion en America Latina; Las noticias hacen noticia. III TERCERA PARTE: REDES INTERNACIONALES DEL TERCER MUN- DO 141 Capitulo VI: IPS Tercer Mundo, Origen de IPS; Supuestos y principles de acci6n; Organizacion, red y servlcios; Clientela, financiarniento y contenidos; El diffcil equilibrio de principios y necesidades; "Que es toda la confusion sobre IPS?", 145 Capitulo VII: Pool de Agendas de los Pafses No Alineados, Antecedentes historicos; Estatuto del Pool y organos de coordinacion ; Forrnas de funciona­ miento y agencias participantes; Volumen y contenidos de las noticias en el Pool; El policentrisrno del Pool: conviccion y necesidad ; Promesas y desa- f ios 176 CUARTA PARTE: LAS REGIONES INVISIBLES SE MATERIALIZAN, 205 Capitulo VIII: Asia y Oceania, Organizacion de Agencias de Noticias Asiati­ cas, OANA; Intercambio de noticias de la Asociaci6n de Naciones del Sudeste Asiatico: ASEAN News Exchange; Asia-Pacific News Network, ANN ... 212 Capitulo IX: Africa, Caracteristicas y limitaciones de algunas agendas afri­ canas; Historia de la Agencia de Noticias Panafricana, PANA; Caracterfsticas del proyecto PANA; Problemas de financiamiento 227 Capitulo X: Agendas arabes, Middle East News Agency, MENA, e Iraqi News Agency, INA; Sistemas de intercambios entre paise arabes; Gulf News Agency, Federacion de Agendas de NoticiasArabes, FANA 243 QUINTA PARTE: AMERICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE: INVENTARIO DE RECURSOS ' 257 Capitulo XI: Inventario de agendas naeionales en America Latina y el Caribe, Argentina; Bolivia, Brasil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Chile; Cuba; Ecuador; Guyana; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peril; Uruguay; Venezuela y Surinam ; 264 Capitulo XII: Modelos de asociacion de medios con agendas extranjeras, LATIN-Reuter; ACAN-EFE 291 SEXTA PARTE: ALTERNATIVAS REGIONALES EN AMERICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE 305 Capitulo XIII: Agenda de Noticias del Caribe, CANA; Dependencia e identi­ dad; Factores econcmicos; Factores socio-culturales; Factores precipitadores de la ernergencia de CANA; Agenda de Noticias del Caribe,CANA; Propiedad y control; Suscriptores, personal y noticias: Aspectos financieros ; Aspectos operacionales; Aspectos politicos e ideologicos 312 Capi tulo XIV: Accion de Sistemas Informativos Nacionales, ASIN; Principios de acci6n y aspectos operatives; Organizaci6n, plan de accion y relaciones con IPS; Contenidos de ASIN; a) Volumen y regularidad de las transmisiones; b) ASIN: "Instrurnento alternative e integrador"; c) Ubicacion geogtafica, actores y temas del contenido; Balance y perspectivas 338 Capitulo XV: Agencia Latincamerieana de Servieios Especiales de Informa­ cion, ALASEI; Antecedentes; Caracterfsticas del proyecto ALASEI; Un comite de accion para ALASEI; Estudio de receptfvidad ; Incertidumbres del proyecto , 367 SEPTIMA PARTE: PERIODISMO PARA EL DESARROLLO Y OTROS TEMAS , 393 Capitulo XVI: Derecho de informacion y agendas transnacionales ..... 398 CapltuloXVII: Siempre hay mas dificultades: telecomunicaclones; Aspectos tecnicos de una red noticiosa; Tarifas y Press Bulletin Service; Antecedentes historicos de las rebajas para la prensa; "Development Press Bulletin Service"; Obstaculos a 1a aplicacion del DPBS 404 Capitulo XVIII: Periodismo y desarrollo, Medics "complacientes" 0 periodis­ mo para el desarrollo; Ideologia ocupacional: transferencia del profesionalis­ mo en los medsos, Mejoria de la noticia; Reforma 0 redefinici6n?; EI eslabon mas debil 423 BIBLIOGRAFIA , , .446 CAPITULO XI INVENTARIO DE AGENCIAS NACIONALES EN AMERICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE (2) Los casos de LATIN y ACAN representan formulas de asocia­ cion entre medios privados y agencias extranjeras, y muchas de sus limitaciones surgen del hecho de que, al no contar con agencias na­ cionales ni con la experiencia que surge del manejo de elias, los medics locales han debido dejar todas las funciones directivas y or­ ganizativas en manos de tales agendas. Esto es una dificultad que no podra ser resuelta a menos que los parses de la region se ernpe­ rien en crear sus agencias nacionales, ya que cualquier formula al­ ternativa se debilita par la incapacidad de recoleccion, procesa­ miento y distribucion de noticias a nivel nacional, Pero, si bien al­ gunos medias nacionales tienen recursos como para apoyar una formula regional, ellos normalmente no son suficientes como para sostener solos una aqencia nacional: en este sentido, America Lati­ na no se diferencia de las restantes regiones del Tercer Mundo, pueden elegir asociarse con los Estados de la region 0 con agencias transnacionales, perc no tienen posibilidades tampoco de crear al­ ternativas solamente independientes. Esto se refleja concretamente en la pobreza regional en nume- Agendas de Ncticias 265 ro y capacidades de las agencias nacionales existentes. Tomar con­ ciencia de este hecho es muy importante: cualquiera sea el trata­ miento que reciba la region en las informaciones de las agendas transnacionales, America Latina no podra participar en el flujo in­ ternacional de noticias a menos que desarrolle una capacidad pro­ pia para producir sus propias versiones de la realidad. De all I la trascendencia de los esfuerzos para establecer agendas nacionales en todos los poises, y para crear redes nacionales para el intercam­ bio de la informacion latinoamericana. Antes de estudiar las alternativas regionales creadas hasta el momento, veremos la situacion de cada pais en terrninos de las agencias con que cuentan cada uno de ellos: el inventario mas completo de la situacion de las agencias de noticias en la region fue hecho en 1978 por el Dr. Roberto Savio, Director General de IPS Tercer Mundo. Este inventario fue hecho a solicitud de UNESCO, como parte de los estudios de base para el disefio del Proyecto ALASEI que veremos mas adelante. En este capitulo revisaremos los resultados de dicho inventario, actualizando algunos datos en todos los casos en que es posible recoger informacion adicional. Para los eiectos del inventario, Savio definio como "aqencias nacionales de noticias" todas las entidades profesionales privadas, estatales 0 mixtas, dedicadas ala distrlbucion gratuita 0 remunera­ da de inforrnac.on nadonal. Si hubiese seguido la definicion tradi­ donal, aunque no escrita, de "agencia nacional" como sinonirno de "agenda estatal", los resultados habr ian sido minimos ya que estas son muy pocas en la region. Lo mismo hubiese ocurrido si hubiese restringido el inventario a aquellas agendas que tienen al­ cance nacional, es decir, la capacidad para recoger y distribuir no­ ticias en todo el territorio nacional. La mayor parte de los servi­ cios noticiosos latinoamericanos tienen solo alcance urbano, res­ tringido a la capital y a las mayores ciudades del pais. Como se hab (a heche notal' la falta de un catastro de todos los recursos de produccion de noticias en la region, el autor opt6 por utilizar la definicion mas amplia posible. Incluy6 entonces a todas las agencias, independientemente de sus caracter isticas de propiedad y alcance, con la sola condici6n de que sus tareas de re­ colecci6n y difusi6n de noticias fuesen realizadas con un rninirno 266 Raquel Salinas de periodicidad y recursos tscnicos. EI inventario se arnplio aSI a todos los servlcios existentes, incluyendo aquellos que usan teleti­ po, telex e incluso, solo mensajeros como medios de cornunica­ cion. EI estudio abarco a 21 paises: Argentina, Brasil, Bolivia, Co­ lombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Chile, Ecuador, EI Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Republica Dominicana, Trinidad y Tobago, Venezuela y Uruguay. En 1978, cuando se recoqieron los datos, 105 siguientes parses -casl todos los de America Central y el Caribe- carecfan completamente de agencias nacionales: Costa Rica, EI Salvador, Guatemala, Guya­ na, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Republica Dominicana, Trjni­ dad y Tobago, y Uruguay. Estos primeros rasgos del estudio de Savio implican dos resul­ tados centrales para el diaqnostico de la region: 1.-
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