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Agenciastransnacionales De Informacion Yel Tercer www.flacsoandes.edu.ec AGENCIAS TRANSNACIONALES DE INFORMACION YEL TERCER MUNDO Raquel -Salinas Editorial "The Quito Times" Quito. Ecuador Primers Edici6n Julio de 1984 Las oprmones del autor no son necesariamente las de CIESPAL o de la Fundacion Friedrich Ebert Derechos reservados segun Ley de Derechos de Autor expedida mediante Decreto Supremo No. ..COtECCION 610 de 30 de Julio de 1976. La reproduccion tNTIY~~ total 0 parcial de esta obra no puede hacerse sin autorizacion de CIESPAL. INDICE INTRODUCCION: Plan dellibro; Breve panorama de las agencias 13 PRIMERA PARTE: LAS GRANDES AGENCIAS DEL MUNDO, 29 Capitulo I: Historia de las agencias transnacionales; Cartel Europeo; La doc- trina dellibre flujo , 34 Capitulo II: Caracteristicas actuales de las mayores agencias: Propiedad y control; Servicios y escala de operaciones; Propiedad y control; Servicios y escala de operaciones: La quinta agencia mundial: TASS; A quienes sirven las agencias occidentales; Caracteristicas del producto informativo ; Control editorial y determinantes organizacionales, 47 SEGUNDA PARTE: DESEQUILIBRIOS: VOLUMEN Y CONTENIDOS .. 81 Capitulo III: Transnacionales y agencias nacionales, Dominacion y mime tis- mo; i,Ganan por calidad?, 85 Capitulo IV: Desequilibrios de volumen y contenidos, Regiones invisibles; Editores locales: Autonomia potencial y esfuerzo m inirno ; Diferencias de cifras 0 de perspectivas, El desarrollo no es noticia, 93 Capitulo V: Cobertura de temas que interesan al Tercer Mundo, Los grandes informan poco; Si no fuera por la controversia...; La Associated Press y las politicas de cornunicacion en America Latina; Las noticias hacen noticia. III TERCERA PARTE: REDES INTERNACIONALES DEL TERCER MUN- DO 141 Capitulo VI: IPS Tercer Mundo, Origen de IPS; Supuestos y principles de acci6n; Organizacion, red y servlcios; Clientela, financiarniento y contenidos; El diffcil equilibrio de principios y necesidades; "Que es toda la confusion sobre IPS?", 145 Capitulo VII: Pool de Agendas de los Pafses No Alineados, Antecedentes historicos; Estatuto del Pool y organos de coordinacion ; Forrnas de funciona­ miento y agencias participantes; Volumen y contenidos de las noticias en el Pool; El policentrisrno del Pool: conviccion y necesidad ; Promesas y desa- f ios 176 CUARTA PARTE: LAS REGIONES INVISIBLES SE MATERIALIZAN, 205 Capitulo VIII: Asia y Oceania, Organizacion de Agencias de Noticias Asiati­ cas, OANA; Intercambio de noticias de la Asociaci6n de Naciones del Sudeste Asiatico: ASEAN News Exchange; Asia-Pacific News Network, ANN ... 212 Capitulo IX: Africa, Caracteristicas y limitaciones de algunas agendas afri­ canas; Historia de la Agencia de Noticias Panafricana, PANA; Caracterfsticas del proyecto PANA; Problemas de financiamiento 227 Capitulo X: Agendas arabes, Middle East News Agency, MENA, e Iraqi News Agency, INA; Sistemas de intercambios entre paise arabes; Gulf News Agency, Federacion de Agendas de NoticiasArabes, FANA 243 QUINTA PARTE: AMERICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE: INVENTARIO DE RECURSOS ' 257 Capitulo XI: Inventario de agendas naeionales en America Latina y el Caribe, Argentina; Bolivia, Brasil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Chile; Cuba; Ecuador; Guyana; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peril; Uruguay; Venezuela y Surinam ; 264 Capitulo XII: Modelos de asociacion de medios con agendas extranjeras, LATIN-Reuter; ACAN-EFE 291 SEXTA PARTE: ALTERNATIVAS REGIONALES EN AMERICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE 305 Capitulo XIII: Agenda de Noticias del Caribe, CANA; Dependencia e identi­ dad; Factores econcmicos; Factores socio-culturales; Factores precipitadores de la ernergencia de CANA; Agenda de Noticias del Caribe,CANA; Propiedad y control; Suscriptores, personal y noticias: Aspectos financieros ; Aspectos operacionales; Aspectos politicos e ideologicos 312 Capi tulo XIV: Accion de Sistemas Informativos Nacionales, ASIN; Principios de acci6n y aspectos operatives; Organizaci6n, plan de accion y relaciones con IPS; Contenidos de ASIN; a) Volumen y regularidad de las transmisiones; b) ASIN: "Instrurnento alternative e integrador"; c) Ubicacion geogtafica, actores y temas del contenido; Balance y perspectivas 338 Capitulo XV: Agencia Latincamerieana de Servieios Especiales de Informa­ cion, ALASEI; Antecedentes; Caracterfsticas del proyecto ALASEI; Un comite de accion para ALASEI; Estudio de receptfvidad ; Incertidumbres del proyecto , 367 SEPTIMA PARTE: PERIODISMO PARA EL DESARROLLO Y OTROS TEMAS , 393 Capitulo XVI: Derecho de informacion y agendas transnacionales ..... 398 CapltuloXVII: Siempre hay mas dificultades: telecomunicaclones; Aspectos tecnicos de una red noticiosa; Tarifas y Press Bulletin Service; Antecedentes historicos de las rebajas para la prensa; "Development Press Bulletin Service"; Obstaculos a 1a aplicacion del DPBS 404 Capitulo XVIII: Periodismo y desarrollo, Medics "complacientes" 0 periodis­ mo para el desarrollo; Ideologia ocupacional: transferencia del profesionalis­ mo en los medsos, Mejoria de la noticia; Reforma 0 redefinici6n?; EI eslabon mas debil 423 BIBLIOGRAFIA , , .446 Agencias de Noticias 159 Los costos de operaciones se mantienen bajos, adernas, por­ que en muchos de sus contratos con gobiernos la agencia presta sus servicios a cambio de la prestacion total 0 parcial de canales de te­ lecomunicaciones, como ocurre con el sistema ASIN en America Latina y el Caribe; alquila canales de satelite al sistema estatal de comunicaciones Italiano, que ofrece tarifas menos costosas que 0­ tros paises: y los salaries de su personal estan fjiados sequn niveles de sueldo local en cada pais. Un editor en la central de Roma, por ejemplo, qana alrededor de 1.200 dolares al rnes, con 10 cual la agencia ahorra unos 100 mil dolares anuales en relacion con el cos­ to normal de mantenimiento de un corresponsal occidental en el extranjero, Una de las muchas originales de IPS reside en su apertura ala investiqacion. La agencia facilita el acceso gratis a sus servicios pa­ ra cualqu ier investigador interesado en sus contenidos y operacio­ nes, y aspira tarnbien a servir de canal para 1.1 difusion de resulta­ dos y puntos de vista de estudiosos de la comunicacion. En 1979, por ejernplo, IPS ofrecio el uso gratuito de media hora de transmi­ sian internacional de un boletin semanal sobre cuestiones de co­ rnunicacion a la Asociacion Latinoamericana de Investigadores de la Cornunicacion ALAIC. EI mismo tipo de oferta, que deja el control de los contenidos totalmente en manos de los investiqado­ res, fue hecha en la misma epoca de la Asociacion I nternacional de Investigaciones para la Paz, IPRA, pero hasta fines de 1982 ningu­ na de las agrupaciones de especialistas habia hecho uso de la oferta (10). Ambas la aceptaron y dejaron constancia de que [arnas una agencia habia tornado un paso semejante, pero no fueron capaces de organizarse para producir los articulos especiales requeridos pa­ ra boletines de ese tipo. La agencia torno entonces otro camino, y en lugar de dejar la orqanizacion de estos boletines en manos de las asociaciones de investigadores, torno contacto con especialistas in­ dividuales que entregan columnas regulares para inclusion en sus servicios especiales. Esta actitud abierta, unica en su genero, y que la diferencia tarnbien de las agendas occidentales y de parses socialistas, expli­ ca tambien el hecho que sus servicios periodrsticos hayan sido so­ metidos a varies analisis de contenido en los ultirnos alios: entre e­ 1105, un estudio f inlandes (Jokelin 1977) un estudio holandes (Van 160 Raquel Salinas Aernsbergen, Tonnaer y Van der Veen, 1979). dos estudios inde­ pendientes de autores chilenos (Salina's, 1978, y Ahues, 1980), y un ultimo estudio auspiciado por la Asoclacion Internacional de Investigaciones de la Cornunicacion (AIERI) y realizado por un au­ tor norteamericano, cuyos resultados se esperan para mediados de 1983 (11). Ninguno de estos estudios, sin embargo, proporciona una vi­ sion completa de los contenidos que circulan por la agenda: todos incluyen solamente muestras del servicio period (stico y todos, ex­ ceptuando el de Giffard, toman muestras de antes de 1980, fecha que coincide con la maxima expansion de los servicios especializa­ dos en la agencia. Los estudios tampoco incluyen los boletines do­ minicales existentes desde antes de esa fecha, y es muy temprano aun para tener estudios sobre los contenidos de las filiales autono­ mas que se estan crean do en paises industrializados. La agencia ha utilizado al maximo los resultados de estos es­ tudios en las discusiones internes y planificacion de sus activida­ des. Los anal isis de Salinas y Ahues, por ejemplo, fueron utiliza­ dos por tres editores de la central en Roma para preparar un infor­ me interno que fue dlstribuido a todas las corresponsal ias a princi­ pies de 1980, y que incluia crfticas y sugerencias surgidas del in­ tercambio de opiniones entre los autores y los editores (12). Las formulaciones cr iticas de los autores holandeses alimentaron los planes internes para una mayor expansion en el Tercer Mundo, en un momento en que America Latina estaba demasiado sobre-repre­ sentada en los contenidos del servicio; y coincidieron con la crea­ cion de una newsletter para corresponsales y amigos de IPS, en un momenta en que tales autores detectaron problemas de cornunica­ cion interna en la red. EI estudio de la autora, en 1978, estirnulo el interes de los editores en los analisis de contenido, ya partir de esa epoca ellos definieron independientemente un sistema propio de codificacion de contenidos, simple y efectivo, que les permite examinar regularmente
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