Urban Trajectories
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Urban Trajectories A comparative study between Rio de Janeiro’s Favelas and Johannesburg’s Townships Sérgio H. Rocha Franco ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX ni al Dipòsit Digital de la UB. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX o al Dipòsit Digital de la UB (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tdx.cat) y a través del Repositorio Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR o al Repositorio Digital de la UB. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR o al Repositorio Digital de la UB (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos. En la utilización o cita de partes de la tesis es obligado indicar el nombre de la persona autora. WARNING. On having consulted this thesis you’re accepting the following use conditions: Spreading this thesis by the TDX (www.tdx.cat) service and by the UB Digital Repository (diposit.ub.edu) has been authorized by the titular of the intellectual property rights only for private uses placed in investigation and teaching activities. Reproduction with lucrative aims is not authorized nor its spreading and availability from a site foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository. Introducing its content in a window or frame foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository is not authorized (framing). Those rights affect to the presentation summary of the thesis as well as to its contents. In the using or citation of parts of the thesis it’s obliged to indicate the name of the author. PhD in Sociology Urban Trajectories A comparative study between Rio de Janeiro’s Favelas and Johannesburg’s Townships Sérgio H. Rocha Franco PhD in Sociology Thesis title: Urban Trajectories A comparative study between Rio de Janeiro’s Favelas and Johannesburg’s Townships PhD candidate: Sérgio H. Rocha Franco Supervisor: Peter Wagner Date: Barcelona 2019 Table of Contents PART ONE – THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 1. Chapter 1 – Introduction ....................................................................................... 15 1.1. Trajectories of modernity .................................................................................. 17 1.2. The making of the research subject ................................................................... 19 1.3. Justification ........................................................................................................ 23 1.4. Objectives and research design.......................................................................... 26 1.5. Research questions and hypotheses ................................................................... 28 2. Chapter 2 – Methodology ..................................................................................... 33 2.1. An approach from the level of everyday life ..................................................... 37 2.2. Research site 1: Rio de Janeiro’s favelas .......................................................... 39 2.3. Research site 2: Soweto ..................................................................................... 47 2.4. Data analysis ...................................................................................................... 51 2.5. Multi-sited ethnographic research and the comparative effort .......................... 53 3. Chapter 3 – Postcolonial Grammars ..................................................................... 59 3.1. A reassessment of critical urban thought from a postcolonial viewpoint.......... 62 3.2. Dialogue, rhetoric, and lapses in a fragmented field of research ...................... 69 3.3. A world of ordinary cities? ................................................................................ 84 3.4. Between postcolonial and critical grammars ..................................................... 93 4. Chapter 4 – Critical Grammars ............................................................................. 97 4.1. Henri Lefebvre’s urban dialectics...................................................................... 99 4.1.1. Lefebvre’s first key hypothesis: The complete urbanization of society ....... 102 4.1.2. Lefebvre’s second key hypothesis: The production of the entire space ....... 111 4.2. Criticism, celebration, reductionism, and fragmentation ................................ 117 4.2.1. Brazil, South Africa, and the right to the city ............................................... 120 4.2.2. Multiplexing the urban and decentering the production of space? ............... 124 4.3. Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 130 INTERREGNUM 5. Chapter 5 – The Potential Commodification of Everything .............................. 135 5.1. The restitution of the ‘third term’ .................................................................... 136 3 5.2. The great transformation ................................................................................. 139 5.3. The potential commodification of everything ................................................. 145 5.4. The critique of everyday life ........................................................................... 148 5.5. Theoretical endings and the opening lived dialogues ...................................... 154 PART TWO – FROM FAVELAS TO TOWNSHIPS. THE CASE STUDIES AND THE COMPARATIVE EFFORT 6. Chapter 6 – Favelas ........................................................................................... 159 6.1. The scars of the past ........................................................................................ 160 6.1.1. From Rio de Janeiro’s foundation to Rio’s favelas ...................................... 161 6.1.2. Industrialization, peripheral urbanization, and self-built landscapes ........... 170 6.1.3. Primitive accumulation without dispossession ............................................. 182 6.2. The open wounds of the present ...................................................................... 184 6.2.1. From incipient commodification to the production of space ........................ 187 6.2.2. Global mega-events and their related public policies ................................... 190 6.2.3. State regulation and the reshaping of markets .............................................. 194 6.2.4. When development means displacement ...................................................... 196 7. Chapter 7 – Townships ...................................................................................... 211 7.1. The profound scars of the past ......................................................................... 214 7.1.1. Johannesburg’s foundation and early racial segregation .............................. 214 7.1.2. Apartheid ...................................................................................................... 226 7.1.2.1. The making of comprehensive segregation ............................................... 228 7.1.2.2. High apartheid ........................................................................................... 242 7.2. The ambivalences of the present ..................................................................... 251 7.2.1. The ‘Other City’ ........................................................................................... 252 7.2.2. Global mega-events, neoliberal urban policy, and the private sector ........... 257 7.2.3. Soweto ‘almost now now’ ............................................................................ 260 7.2.4. Commodification and market expansion ...................................................... 264 7.2.4.1. Housing and service provision .................................................................. 265 7.2.4.2. Tourism ...................................................................................................... 274 7.2.4.3. The ‘mall phenomenon’............................................................................. 276 4 8 Chapter 8 – Toward a Comparative Analysis of the Case studies: Exploring similarities and differences between favelas and townships .................................. 285 8.1. Welfare expansion, (de)commodification, and urban marginality .................. 286 8.2. Segregation patterns: The race-class axis ........................................................ 297 8.3. Locational attributes and (urban) development: Successive displacement? Perpetual