DOCSLIB.ORG

The Protohistoric Period in the Western Great Basin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Protohistoric Period in the Western Great Basin UC Merced Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Title The Protohistoric Period in the Western Great Basin Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7xp393zf Journal Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, 12(1) ISSN 0191-3557 Author Arkush, Brooke S Publication Date 1990-07-01 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 28-36 (1990). The Protohistoric Period in the Western Great Basin BROOKE S. ARKUSH, Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology, Weber State Univ., Ogden, UT 84408-1208. X HE cultural historical framework for the types and cultural developments. The study western Great Basin derives from a of protohistoric sites and components can compilation of archaeological data which improve our understanding of native cultures identifies time-sensitive artifact types, most as they stood on the brink of intensive contact notably series of projectile points, styles of with Euroamerican society. Moreover, these basketry, marine shell beads, and aboriginal investigations will aid in the identification of ceramics (Elston 1986). The four major subsequent changes in aboriginal material and divisions of the western Great Basin cultural nonmaterial culture and the impacts these chronology (Pre-Archaic, Early Archaic, changes had on ethnographically documented Middle Archaic, and Late Archaic) were groups. This paper is primarily concerned made on the basis of perceived changes in with the protohistory of the western region, as adaptive strategies, which are assumed to be the author is most familiar with its archaeolo­ reflected in artifact assemblages. Generally gy, ethnography, and history. speaking, these divisions are associated with Webster's Seventh New CoUegiate the following time periods: Pre-Archaic, 8,000 Dictionary defines protohistory as "The study to 6,000 or 5,000 B.C.; Early Archaic, 5,000 to of man in the times that just antedate 2,000 B.C.; Middle Archaic, 2,000 B.C. to recorded history." Moreover, the Dictionary A.D. 500; and Late Archaic, A.D. 500 to ca. of Anthropology defines the term as simply 1850. "early history" (Winick 1966). Perhaps a With few exceptions (e.g., Grosscup 1956; more appropriate definition for the Protohis­ Bennyhoff 1958; Tuohy 1984), this unifying toric period in western North America would chronological scheme, as well as various other be "a distinct span of time during which regional sequences, does not include a native cultures were modified by the introduc­ Protohistoric period, a brief, but distinct and tion of Euroamerican diseases, materials, critical era that occurred throughout the and/or practices prior to intensive, face-to- Great Basin. During this time, various face contact with whites." (perhaps most) Numic groups acquired elements of Euroamerican material culture PROTOHISTORIC INDICATORS and became aware of Anglo presence through There are various hallmarks of the communication with other native groups, Protohistoric period in the western Great and/or brief contacts with Euroamerican Basin, the first two of which are historical trappers, traders, or explorers. developments that are difficult to identify in It is important to recognize a Protohis­ the archaeological record. These consist of toric period in the cultural historical the introduction of the horse and of Old chronology of the Great Basin, as it is World diseases among certain western Numic associated with a particular range of time, and and Washoe groups. One segment of the is characterized by several distinct artifact Northern Paiute that originally inhabited PROTOHISTORIC PERIOD IN THE WESTERN GREAT BASIN 29 areas of eastern Oregon, known historically as diseases first impacted native groups of the the Bannock, acquired the horse sometime western Great Basin. New World natives during the early eighteenth century, moved were immunologically defenseless against eastward into Northern Shoshone territory, many Old World diseases, and various epi­ and developed Shoshone-like patterns of demics swept through western North America subsistence and social structure (Madsen during the eighteenth and nineteenth centur­ 1958:21, 1980:18-19; Fowler and Liljeblad ies with deadly results. By the end of the 1986:455). Cultural changes related to eighteenth century, smaUpox had weakened adoption of the horse included the develop­ the northeastern groups of Shoshone to such ment of fuUy mounted bands with shifting an extent that their range had contracted con­ leadership, eastward and northward expansion siderably, and entire bands no longer existed onto the Plains to exploit bison, and involve­ (Shimkin 1986:517-518). It seems likely that ment in a raiding complex for horses and the effects of smallpox, chicken pox, measles, other material goods (Steward 1938:201; and cholera were felt by native groups of the Stewart 1970; Layton 1978; Steward and western Great Basin prior to their actual Wheeler-Voegehn 1974). contact with fur traders and explorers in the Initial dispersion of the horse into the early nineteenth century (cf. Crosby 1972:37; Great Basin was facilitated by the Pueblo Malouf and Findlay 1986:504-506). Revolt of 1680, which provided a major Early modifications in western Numic opportunity for the Utes to acquire these material culture resulted from the introduc­ animals from the Eastern Pueblos (TwitcheU tion of a variety of mass-produced items 1914,11:277; Shimkin 1986:517), and resulted obtained through interaction with neighboring in the accelerated spread of horses to the native groups, as well as with Anglo trappers Comanche-Shoshone, linguistic kin of the and traders. These new elements included Utes. According to Haines (1938:Fig. 1; iron utensils such as knives, axes, awls, 1939:19) and Vernam (1964:211), some Idaho fishhooks, and arrow points, as well as glass Shoshone bands were mounted by 1690 or beads, blankets, and western clothing. The 1700. Driver and Massey (1957:285, Map 85) acquisition of these items had a tremendous also indicated that the Northern Shoshone effect upon the traditional economy. In many first obtained horses during the late 1600s. cases, these objects replaced elements of There is litfle or no definitive data concerning aboriginal material culture. Some Numic the introduction of the horse among western groups acquired firearms during protohistoric Numic groups, but Madsen (1958:21) times, but this occurred mostly among the suggested that the Bannock probably pos­ Northern and Eastern Shoshone, Bannock, sessed some horses by 1700. Together with Ute, and Comanche (cf. Hughes and Benny­ the Shoshone, the Bannock became middle­ hoff 1986:Table 1). men in trading the animals to various One of the most common protohistoric Columbia Plateau tribes, such as the Nez artifact types found in archaeological contexts Perc6 and Cayuse. If one accepts the date of in the western Great Basin is the glass trade A.D. 1700 as marking the introduction of the bead. Most early glass beads recovered from horse among the Bannock, then this date can sites in western North America were pro­ be used to denote the beginning of the Proto­ duced in the glass factories of Murano, historic period in the western Great Basin. Venice, and originaUy were distributed to It is difficult to determine when European various native groups by Euroamerican 30 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY explorers, fur traders, and trappers (Sorensen Uterature has revealed the presence of glass and Le Roy 1968). trade-beads at no fewer than 38 aboriginal Because the western Great Basin was a sites in the western Great Basin (Fig. 1). The peripheral area of the fur trade, it seems number of glass trade-beads recovered from likely that many glass beads entered this each of the above sites is presented in Table region through traditional trade networks, 1. In addition to the sites listed in Table 1, especially through trans-Sierran trade (cf. glass trade-beads also have been documented Heizer 1970:238). Early Spanish land at a protohistoric site near Masonic, Mono expeditions to upper California and the County, California (Tuohy 1969), and at establishment of the Mission system were various native sites in Panamint and Death responsible for the mass distribution of glass valleys, Inyo County, California (Wallace et al. beads in California (Motz et al. 1986:116). 1959:9; Hunt 1960:285-287). These desirable items were eagerly acquired At many of the above sites, glass beads by interior CaUfornia natives and apparently are the only nonaboriginal artifacts present in were traded eastward into the Great Basin in the recovered assemblages. This pattern a rapid fashion. indicates that most precontact aboriginal Archaeological data from sites in the industries such as those involving flaked and eastern Sierra Nevada, such as CA-lny-2 ground stone, worked bone, ceramics, and (Riddell 1951), CA-Iny-1700(Bettinger 1989), basketry remained intact during the Protohis­ and CA-Mno-2122 (Arkush 1989), suggest toric period. that glass beads either partially or completely DISCUSSION replaced aboriginally produced beads of shell and stone during protohistoric times. Steward A major problem associated with the (1933:258) indicated that among the Owens Protohistoric period in the western Great Valley and Mono Basin Paiute, glass beads Basin is estabhshing a uniform date for its replaced shell beads as a form of money inception, as it began at different times in during the ethnographic period. Steward
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ghana's Glass Beadmaking Arts in Transcultural Dialogues
    Ghana’s Glass Beadmaking Arts in Transcultural Dialogues Suzanne Gott PHOTOS BY THE AUTHOR EXCEPT WHERE OTHERWISE NOTED hanaian powder-glass beads first captured spread of West African strip-weaving technologies. my attention in 1990, when closely examin- With the beginnings of European maritime trade in the late ing a strand of Asante waist beads purchased fifteenth century, an increasing volume of glass beads and glass in Kumasi’s Central Market. Looking at the goods were shipped to trade centers along present-day Ghana’s complex designs of different colored glasses, Gold Coast,1 stimulating the growth of local beadworking and I was struck with the realization that each powder-glass beadmaking industries. The flourishing coastal bead had been skillfully and painstakingly crafted. This seem- trade achieved a more direct engagement between European Gingly humble and largely unexamined art merited closer study merchants and trading communities than had been possible and greater understanding (Fig. 1). I worked with Christa Clarke, with the trans-Saharan trade, and enhanced European abilities Senior Curator for the Arts of Global Africa at the Newark to ascertain and respond to local West African consumer pref- Museum, to develop the 2008–2010 exhibition “Glass Beads of erences. This interactive trade environment also facilitated the Ghana” at the Newark Museum to introduce the general public impact of the demands of Gold Coast consumers on European to this largely overlooked art (Fig. 2). The following study pro- product design and production, a two-way dynamic similar to vides a more in-depth examination of Ghanaian glass beadmak- the trade in African-print textiles (Nielsen 1979; Steiner 1985).
    [Show full text]
  • The Traveling Beads
    The Traveling Beads What does this colorful 21st century Venetian glass necklace have in common with glass beads found by archeologists at Manzanar? A close look reveals that all the found beads were made of the same material, of similar color and shape, served the same functions, and originated from the same part of the world. How could beads from southern Europe appear thousands of miles away in the sand at Manzanar amongst American Indian artifacts? What do they reveal about the Owens Valley Paiute (Numu) who inhabited Manzanar long before it was a WWII War Relocation Center? For centuries, Europeans have created beautiful glass objects that have served as beads, jewelry, money, vases, lamps and art objects. As early as 1291, there is evidence that artisans working in the glass factories of Italy have molded some of the most beautiful glass products in the world. When European explorers from Spain, Portugal, Italy and France began their land explorations in the New World, they brought these beautiful objects with them to trade with the people they hoped to find in the new land. Archeologists have documented many American Indian sites in all parts of California that contain glass objects and beads of European origin. Trade networks existed throughout the country along river ways and trails allowing indigenous people to exchange resources (or goods) including manufactured items, such as beads. Regional exchanges must have occurred between the Spaniards and the Indians as the missions were built along the west coast of California. The establishment of the mission system was most likely responsible for the mass distribution of glass beads throughout California.
    [Show full text]
  • O?-A BIBLIOGRAPHY of GLASS TRADE BEADS in NORTH AMERICA
    A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GLASS TRADE BEADS IN NORTH AMERICA Karlis Karklins and Roderick Sprague Originally published in 1980, and long out of print, this bibliography is reproduced here as it continues to be a valuable research tool for the archaeologist, material culture researcher, museologist, and serious collector. Although some of the references are out-of-date, the majority contain information that is still very useful to those seeking comparative archaeological data on trade beads. The bibliography contains 455 annotated entries that deal primarily with glass beads recovered from archaeological contexts in Canada, the United States, and Mexico. A number of works that deal with bead manufacturing techniques, bead classification systems, and other related topics are also included. An index arranged by political unit, temporal range, and other categories adds to the usefulness of the bibliography. INTRODUCTION Since a thorough review of pertinent literature is prerequisite to the meaningful study of a specific artifact category, this bibliography is offered as an aid to those who are carrying out research on glass trade beads found in the continental United States, Canada, and Mexico. The references in this bibliography are primarily those which will be useful in dating bead collections, establishing bead chronologies, and compiling distribution charts of individual bead types. However, references dealing with bead manufacturing techniques, beadwork, bead classification systems, and the historical uses and values of trade beads have also been listed. Some sources dealing with beads from areas outside North America have been included because they have a definite bearing on the study of glass beads in North America.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Challenge to the Fur Trade
    VOLUME XXXV NO. 2 SPRING 2015 Enter the Americans: A New Challenge to the Fur Trade hile the American entry into the the fur trade in what was to become W fur trade market west of the the Louisiana Purchase (1803) Mississippi River was rather late in its continued unabated to supply the history, it was never the less significant demand in Europe. in many ways. Preceding them by over Trade Goods two hundred years were the Dutch, th Spanish, French, and British trappers From the 13 century onwards the who had several generations of dealing colored glass trade beads found with the Native Americans in the throughout the world were northeast, the Great Lakes region, the manufactured in Venice, Italy. By the upper Missouri area, and the Pacific 1600s glass beads were also being Northwest, as well as the southwestern created in Bohemia (Czech Republic), part of what became the United States. Holland, France, England, and Sweden. The North American continent (and For a short while there was even a to a lesser extent South America) had bead-making industry at Jamestown, long been a source of raw materials for the various, Virginia. Many styles and colors were manufactured, ever-changing, empires of Europe whose resources with different tribes valuing different colors and in timber and furs had been depleted. Looking west designs and trading accordingly. they found a land rich in the many products they Other trade goods made of metal created a needed: timber for ship-building, pelts for the substantial industry throughout Europe, supplying fashions of the moment, and hides for the leather the growing Indian demand for improved substitutes belts that turned the factory wheels of industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Beads Recovered from Shipwreck 31CR314 Queen Anne's Revenge Site
    Queen Anne’s Revenge Shipwreck Project RESEARCH REPORT AND BULLETIN SERIES QAR-B-07-02 Beads Recovered from Shipwreck 31CR314 Queen Anne’s Revenge Site Linda Carnes-McNaughton, Ph.D. Fort Bragg Cultural Resources Program Susan G. Myers NC Office of State Archaeology April 2007 Underwater Archaeology Branch Office of State Archaeology Department of Cultural Resources State of North Carolina www.qaronline.org Cover photo: Queen Anne coin weight for 1 guinea gold coin. Recovered from site Fall 2006 Introduction Portable, desirable, and durable, beads find their way onto many archaeological sites. The complex artifact assemblage from the shipwreck believed to be Queen Anne’s Revenge (QAR) includes five glass beads, three of them complete, one badly damaged and one in three pieces. The damaged beads were fragmented during conservation activities used to break down large concretions. Three beads originated in concretion recovered from the Stern portion of the vessel and two were found in a concretion from the bow. Whether they were among the ship occupants’ personal effects, or lost from a hank, or part of some trade cargo, they are provocative reminders of La Concorde’s life as a slave trader, but it may never be certain. Since more beads have now been seen, locked in concretions (as revealed through x-radiography, 687.000 and 786.000), the sample size will undoubtedly increase and future observations will become more definitive. In general, glass beads as an artifact group are functionally related to personal items, and typically classified as ornamental. Small beads, in the size range of seed beads (2-4 mm) and pony beads (4-6 mm) were often sewn on articles of clothing or strung for personal adornment, such as necklaces or earrings.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Reviews and End Matter
    BEADS: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers Volume 1 Volume 1 (1989) Article 10 1989 Book Reviews and End Matter Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/beads Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, Science and Technology Studies Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Repository Citation (1989). "Book Reviews and End Matter." BEADS: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 1: 95-101. Available at: https://surface.syr.edu/beads/vol1/iss1/10 This End Matter is brought to you for free and open access by SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in BEADS: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers by an authorized editor of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BOOK REVIEWS The History of Beads from 30,000 B.C. to the It is to be hoped that the _degree of completeness Present. represented in the map of North America is not indi­ cative of the completeness of the other maps. Only Lois Sherr Dubin. Harry N. Abrams, New those tribes or archaeological cultures mentioned in York, 1987. 346 pp., 130 figs., 248 color figs. the text are included, thus the Chumash represent the $60.00. California Culture Area, the Yakima represent the Plateau, and the Haida represent the Probably the most important line in this work is Northwest Coast. We are told in the caption that on the title page: "Original Photography by Togashi." italics represent prehis­ toric cultures, yet three of the four This will be the final word in coffee-table books on listed are the three traditional Southwest cultures the subject of beads.
    [Show full text]
  • 19Th Century Glass Tade Beads
    19TH CENTURY GLASS TRADE BEADS From two Zulu royal residences Sharma Jeanette Saitowitz University of Cape Town The.sis presented to the University of Cape Town in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts June 1990 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town ABSTRACT This thesis is a formal analysis of beads from the two Zulu capitals of Mgungundlovu ( occupied by Dingane between 1829 and 1838) and Ondini (held by Cetshwayo between 1873 and 1879). It contains a set of procedures for producing a bead taxonomy, most of which has been adopted from work done in North America, bur some of which consists of analytical methods original to this study. The taxonomy is based on visual and physical screening of large collections, followed by chemical analysis. It provides a standardized system for South African bead studies. Results of the analysis are employed for the following purposes: 1) To provide a database of the varieties of glass beads in circulation in Zululand for two relatively short periods of time in the nineteenth century. 2) To determine the spatial and temporal variability in relative abundance of bead types in the two sites. Subtle differences occur between beads excavated from one section of Mgungundlovu and another.
    [Show full text]
  • Tracing Sixteenth Century Beads in South America to Understand Their Impact on Indigenous Ritual Practices and Material Culture at the Time of the Spanish Conquest
    Tracing Sixteenth Century Beads in South America to Understand Their Impact on Indigenous Ritual Practices and Material Culture at the Time of the Spanish Conquest The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Feinzig, Kristi May. 2017. Tracing Sixteenth Century Beads in South America to Understand Their Impact on Indigenous Ritual Practices and Material Culture at the Time of the Spanish Conquest. Master's thesis, Harvard Extension School. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33813391 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Tracing Sixteenth Century Beads in South America to Understand Their Impact on Indigenous Ritual Practices and Material Culture at the Time of the Spanish Conquest Kristi May Feinzig A Thesis in the Field of Anthropology and Archaeology for the Degree of Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies Harvard University March 2017 © March 2017 Kristi M. Feinzig Abstract This thesis examines bead preferences in Peru, Venezuela, and Colombia before and after the Spanish Conquest during the sixteenth century. By examining the spread of beads across a region, I was able to gain insight into colors and materials that people desired and identify potential patterns of resistance to glass beads. Information about the cultures and societies of my study are gleaned from examining glass and shell bead dispersion and their use before and after this period of significant cultural impact.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade Beads: the First Worldwide Currency
    March 23, 2011 TRADE BEADS: THE FIRST WORLDWIDE CURRENCY Special Exhibit Runs March 31-August 31, 2011, at Pawnee Indian Museum State Historic Site ______________________________________ REPUBLIC, KS—The Kansas Historical Society announced the special exhibit Trade Beads: The First Worldwide Currency will open March 31 at Pawnee Indian Museum State Historic Site. This exhibit runs through August 31, 2011. Regular admission fee of $3 applies. The museum is located at 480 Pawnee Trail, Republic. For more information call 785-361-2255 or visit kshs.org/places/pawnee_indian . Trade beads have been used for thousands years for various purposes such as decoration and money. The oldest beads were made from bones, copper, shell, and even teeth. European explorers used glass beads to trade with American Indians with the first recorded use by Christopher Columbus in 1492. The majority of these glass beads were made in Venice and Bohemia. Numerous glass beads of many different colors were discovered in the excavations at Pawnee Indian Museum. This exhibit features dozens of beads produced from the 1500s to the 1800s. About the Pawnee Indian Museum: The Pawnee Nation was the dominant power of the Central Plains for hundreds of years. This museum tells the story of a Pawnee village that may have existed as early as the 1770s. The most remarkable feature is the museum’s centerpiece – the excavated floor of a large Pawnee earth lodge. Feel the spirits of the past while walking the perimeter of the lodge and view the rare sacred bundle that hangs above the altar. After touring the museum, walk the interpretive trail that winds through the depressions marking other lodges.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis Methods of Dating Glass Beads From
    THESIS METHODS OF DATING GLASS BEADS FROM PROTOHISTORIC SITES IN THE SOUTH PLATTE RIVER BASIN, COLORADO Submitted by Christopher R. von Wedell Department of Anthropology In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Fall 2011 Master‟s Committee Advisor: Jason M. LaBelle Sammy J. Zahran Mary Van Buren ABSTRACT METHODS OF DATING GLASS BEADS FROM PROTOHISTORIC SITES IN THE SOUTH PLATTE RIVER BASIN, COLORADO Morphological characteristics and chemical trace elements counts acquired using Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry analyses were documented for glass trade beads from 24 protohistoric archaeological assemblages in the South Platte River Basin. The resulting database was used to provide quantitative descriptions of each recorded assemblage and to characterize the types of glass beads currently reported in the region. Statistical analyses were then conducted to determine if and to what extent morphological and chemical traits change through time. Characteristics of beads in dated contexts were then used to develop a linear regression model in an attempt to determine if it is possible to estimate the age of beads from undated contexts. It is concluded that morphological and chemical characteristics of glass beads in dated contexts can be used to estimate the age of glass beads in undated contexts using linear regression. The results of this thesis demonstrate that morphological characteristics are currently more accurate and precise than chemistry although both methods hold potential for revision and improvement as more dated sites become available to supplement the statistical models. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis was made possible by the encouragement, support, and gentle nudging of many individuals and institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Gifts, Goods and Money
    Gifts, Goods and Money Gifts, Goods and Money: Comparing currency and circulation systems in past societies explores and Hofmann (eds) Brandherm, Heymans the economic and social roles of exchange systems in past societies from a variety of different perspectives. Based on a broad range of individual case studies, the authors tackle problems Comparing currency and circulation systems surrounding the identification of (premonetary) currencies in the archaeological record. These concern the part played by weight measurement systems in their development, the changing role of objects as they shift between different spheres of exchange, e.g. from gifts in past societies to commodities, as well as wider issues regarding the role of exchange networks as agents of social and economic change. Among the specific questions the papers address is what happens when new objects of value are introduced into a system, or when existing objects go out of use, as well as how exchange systems react to events such as crises or the emergence of new polities and social constellations. One theme that unites most of the papers is the tension between what is introduced from the outside and changes that are driven by social transformations within a given group. Dirk Brandherm studied Archaeology, Classics and Social Anthropology at the universities of Münster, Edinburgh and Freiburg. Most of his work has been in European Bronze and Iron Age archaeology, with one focus on metalwork production and depositional practices. He currently holds a position of Lecturer at Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland. Elon Heymans studied archaeology at the University of Amsterdam and at Tel Aviv University.
    [Show full text]
  • Society for – California Archaeology
    Society for California Archaeology Newsletter Founded 1966 Volume 34, Number 4 December 2000 ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ Inside ♦ Beads!: 1, 27-35. ♦ President’s Message: 3. Beads! ♦ Committee Reports: 4-14. A Middle Holocene Olivella Wall- Bead Assemblage from Central ♦ Executive Board Minutes: 13-14. CaliforniaJeff Rosenthal and Jack Meyer ♦ Reports and Announcements: 15-24. ♦ Notes on Two Tubatulabal Strands of Annual Meeting Update: 5. Glass BeadsMark Q. Sutton ♦ Membership Report: 20-22. A Survey of Glass Trade Bead ♦ Federal Report: 25-27. Distribution in Yosemite National ParkKathleen L. Hull ♦ New Publications: 24. Recent Investigations of Historic-Era ♦ Calendar of Events: 39. Bead Industries on Santa Cruz IslandJeanne E. Arnold Figure 1: Unusual Large L3 Ovoid Thick Rectangles Investigation Of A Siskiyou County Found Associated with Burial 14, CA-CCO-637. Bead CollectionRichard C. Jenkins Substrate A Middle Holocene Olivella Wall-Bead Assemblage from Central California Newsletter 25(3):15 (May 1991): Jeff Rosenthal and Jack Meyer A Few Words at the Commemoration of the 25th Anniversary of the SCA As part of the Los Vaqueros Reservoir Project, recently completed in eastern Contra Costa County, over 200 prehistoric human burials were removed from two “The Society was established in the mid- sites within the footprint of the newly-built dam and spillway settling basin. 1960s, not without some diversity of opinion Although the vast majority of the burials were found at site CA-CCO-696, 25 graves on a variety of ideas and subjects, but it did were exposed at site CA-CCO-637 situated on an alluvial fan immediately north of begin to function.
    [Show full text]