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19Th Century Glass Tade Beads 19TH CENTURY GLASS TRADE BEADS From two Zulu royal residences Sharma Jeanette Saitowitz University of Cape Town The.sis presented to the University of Cape Town in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts June 1990 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town ABSTRACT This thesis is a formal analysis of beads from the two Zulu capitals of Mgungundlovu ( occupied by Dingane between 1829 and 1838) and Ondini (held by Cetshwayo between 1873 and 1879). It contains a set of procedures for producing a bead taxonomy, most of which has been adopted from work done in North America, bur some of which consists of analytical methods original to this study. The taxonomy is based on visual and physical screening of large collections, followed by chemical analysis. It provides a standardized system for South African bead studies. Results of the analysis are employed for the following purposes: 1) To provide a database of the varieties of glass beads in circulation in Zululand for two relatively short periods of time in the nineteenth century. 2) To determine the spatial and temporal variability in relative abundance of bead types in the two sites. Subtle differences occur between beads excavated from one section of Mgungundlovu and another. Between 1838 and 1879 the bead preferences of the Zulu changed markedly. The early collection is dominated by white beads and the later one by pink. 3) To define a set of physico-chemical characteristics for 19th century European glass trade beads which provide useful information for comparative bead.studies and insights into the history of glass making. Techniques are developed for screening large bead collections which provide information about glass composition. These techniques can be applied after minimal training. The results of compositional analysis are used to evaluate the bead taxonomy that was constructed by means of visual classification procedures. It is a test, therefore, of the classification procedures used by American bead analysts. 4) Finally, to compare whether or not the results obtained from Mgungundlovu and Ondini are congruent with the pictorial and ethnographic descriptions of glass beads in Zululand produced during the relevant parts of the 19th century. It is concluded that the majority of the beads from Mgungundlovu and Ondini are most likely to have been of European origin, probably from the Venetian island of Murano. This restrictive conclusion provides an archaeological perspective on the European bead trade, since it is known that the major trade partners of the Zulu kingdom changed between 1838 and 1879. - i - I dedicate this thesis to the loving memory of my father PREFACE This study was supported by a Larger Research Grant from the Human Sciences Research Council. The Harry Oppenheimer Institute for African Studies funded my research on glass bead manufacture in Venice. I thank the Natal Museum, the Kwazulu Monuments Council, and the Natal Provincial Museums Service for making the bead samples available for study. I am grateful to Revil Mason (Archaeological Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand) for allowing me to analyze various beads from the Van Riet Lowe bead collection. Andrie Meyer (University of Pretoria), Joan Broster, David Killick and Garth Sampson also contributed beads for elemental analysis. Kathy Skelly (Peabody Museum, Harvard) and Ann Porter (Robert Fleming Museum, University of Vermont) kindly arranged access to Zulu bead collections. Special thanks are extended to Karlis Karklins for verifying the classification and to Peter Francis for his discussion on glass beads. Staff members of the Societfa Venezia Conterie and in particular Stephano Della Rosa made a valuable contribution towards my knowledge of bead manufacture and the important role South Africa played in the international bead trade. I am grateful to Roger Summers and Nikki Thompson for their initial study and classification of Hall's Mgungundlovu sample and Rawlinson's Ondini collection. I thank Dick Rickard and Marshall Otter of the Geochemistry Department for performing all the microprobe analyses for this study. Associate Professor R.0. Heckroodt made available the facilities of the Materials Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town and commented on certain sections of this thesis. Professor Nikolaas J van der Merwe supervised the thesis and I am grateful to him for his support and encouragement. Rob Rawlinson kindly allowed me to publish the drawings of his excavations at the main entrance of Mgungundovu and the isigodlo at Ondini. Charles Basson of the Geochemistry Department assisted with the photography of the beads and was responsible for photographing and printing superb black and white examples. Mike Herbert also contributed to the photography, and Cedric Poggenpoel kindly illustrated the schematic drawing of Mgungundlovu. I am indebted to Francis Thackeray for his assistance, encouragement and advice throughout the preparation of this thesis. He also provided all the statistical tests of the analyses. Danielle Gluck, Judith Sealy, Julia Lee-Thorp and John Lanham commented on earlier drafts of this thesis and provided a great deal of computer assistance. Finally, I thank Charles, Nicole, Romy and Danielle, without whose support I could not have completed this thesis. - 11 - TABLE OF CONTENTS page Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 1 Preface .............................................................................................................................. 11 Table of contents .................................................................................................................. iii List of figures .......................................................................................................................... vi List of tables ........................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 Background to bead research in southern Africa and elsewhere ................................................................................................. 2 The history of glass beads and trade in Africa ......................................... .4 Archaeological excavations at Mgungundlovu and Ondini: Two 19th century Zulu sites .......................................................... 6 Objectives ........................................................................................................ 8 Classification .................................................................................................. 9 Physical and chemical analysis of beads .................................................... 9 Chapter 2: Glass beads and trade ................................................................................. 11 European glass bead centres ...................................................................... 12 Glass bead trade .......................................................................................... 14 Trade in southern Africa, 700 - 1880 A.D . .............................................. 16 Discussion ..................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 3: Archaeological excavations at Mgungundlovu and Ondini: Two 19th century Zulu sites ................................................ 23 Historical background ................................................................................. 23 Excavation ..................................................................................................... 29 Recovery methods ....................................................................................... 35 Spatial variability of beads at Mgungundlovu ......................................... 35 and Ondini Discussion ..................................................................................................... 36 - lll - Chapter 4: Visual classification ..................................................................................... 38 The classification system ............................................................................ 39 1.Methods of manufacture ......................................................................... 41 2.Structure ..................................................................................................... 48 3.Tubular or round ...................................................................................... 50 4.Decoration ................................................................................................. 51 5.Shape .......................................................................................................... 52 6.Size .............................................................................................................. 53 7.Colour ......................................................................................................... 54 8.Diaphaneity ..............................................................................................
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