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Download PDF File Folia Morphol. Vol. 80, No. 3, pp. 549–556 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2020.0083 O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Copyright © 2021 Via Medica ISSN 0015–5659 eISSN 1644–3284 journals.viamedica.pl Anatomic characterisation of the parietal branches arising from the internal iliac artery in the foetal pig (Sus scrofa domestica) H. Anetai1 , K. Tokita2, 3, M. Sakamoto3, S. Midorikawa-Anetai2, 4, R. Kojima2 1Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan 2School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Medical Care, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan 3Graduate School of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan 4Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Japan [Received: 16 May 2020; Accepted: 11 July 2020; Early publication date: 29 July 2020] Background: It is critical for surgeons to have a full understanding of the com- plex courses and ramifications of the human internal iliac artery and its parietal branches. Although numerous anatomical studies have been performed, not all variations at this site are currently understood. Therefore, we characterised these blood vessels in foetal pigs to provide additional insight from a comparative anatomical perspective. Materials and methods: Eighteen half-pelvis specimens from foetal pigs were dissected and examined on macroscopic scale. Results: Among our findings, we identified the internal iliac artery as a descend- ing branch of the abdominal aorta. A very thick umbilical artery arose from the internal iliac artery. The superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, and internal pudendal arteries formed the common arterial trunk. Although the superior gluteal artery emerged from the common trunk from inside the pelvis, the inferior gluteal and internal pudendal arteries bifurcated at deep layer within the gluteus muscles after leaving pelvic cavity. We were unable to detect an typical obturator artery emerging from the internal iliac artery. A branch supplying the hip adductors was identified as arising from the inferior epigastric artery which itself was derived from the distal end of the external iliac artery. Conclusions: We identified the anatomic characteristics of the internal iliac artery and its parietal branches in the foetal pig. Our findings provide new insight into the comparative anatomy of the internal iliac artery and will promote understand- ing of related morphogenetic processes. (Folia Morphol 2021; 80, 3: 549–556) Key words: hypogastric artery, pelvic artery, gross anatomy, comparative anatomy, anatomical variation, domestic animal INTRODUCTION compartment of thigh, and the intrapelvic viscera in The internal iliac artery arises from a bifurcation of humans [14, 15, 18, 26]. These branches are classi- the common iliac artery which generates numerous fied into two groups on the basis of the pattern of branches that feed the gluteal region, the medial blood supply (Table 1). Group 1 includes the parietal Address for correspondence: Mr. H. Anetai, Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan, tel: +81-3-5802-1023, fax: +81-3-5689-6923, e-mail: [email protected] This article is available in open access under Creative Common Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license, allowing to down- load articles and share them with others as long as they credit the authors and the publisher, but without permission to change them in any way or use them commercially. 549 Folia Morphol., 2021, Vol. 80, No. 3 Table 1. General anatomy of the parietal and visceral branches variations of the lumbosacral plexus [4]. However, not of the human internal iliac artery all anatomical variations among the parietal branches Group Artery Main blood supply are clearly understood; for example, the branching Parietal branch Superior gluteal artery Gluteal muscles patterns and course variations observed among the Inferior gluteal artery Gluteal muscles IG and Ob have not been fully considered. Internal pudendal artery Parietal wall of There are very few published studies that focus ischio-anal fossa on embryologic and comparative anatomical descrip- Obturator artery Hip adductor muscles tions of anomalies of the internal iliac artery and its Iliolumbar artery Intrapelvic muscles parietal branches; likewise, precise embryological and Lateral sacral artery Spinal cord anatomical descriptions of the internal iliac artery Visceral branch (Cord of) umbilical artery – during foetal development have not been reviewed Superior vesical arteries Urinary organs since 1919 [35]. Anatomic investigations of the in- ternal iliac artery have been conducted in a several Inferior vesical arteries Urinary organs primate, rodent, and artiodactyl species, although Artery to ductus Internal genitalia deferens/uterine artery very few comparative studies have emerged [2, 6, Middle rectal artery Rectum 13, 16, 21, 22]. As such, it is clear that the standard anatomy of the internal iliac artery with respect to commonalities shared with other mammalian species branches, which are the arteries that feed the parietal has not been fully addressed; strong basic findings muscles, e.g., the gluteal and hip adductor muscles. would be crucial prior to any discussion of variations Group 2 are the visceral branches that provide blood or aberrancies. In the present study, our goal was supply to the intrapelvic organs, including the internal to identify the anatomical characteristics of the pa- genitalia, urinary organ, and the rectum. The superior rietal branch arising from the internal iliac artery in gluteal (SG), iliolumbar and lateral sacral arteries typ- a foetal pig (Sus scrofa domestica). This would be an ically arise from the posterior division of the internal important first step toward systematising all available iliac artery, while all other branches originate from information on the standard structure of the common the anterior division [15, 18]. parietal branches as well as the identification of spe- The ramifications and courses characteristic of cific findings characteristic of each species. these branches of the internal iliac artery can be quite complex in human subjects, and there are many pub- MATERIALS AND METHODS lished studies that survey the anatomy of this region The present study performed in 18 half-pelvis [1, 2, 8, 9, 17, 23, 24, 27, 30, 32, 36, 39, 41, 42]. The specimens (12 right and 6 left) from foetal pigs (Sus anomalies identified in the main parietal branches, scrofa domestica) which had been used for anatom- the SG, inferior gluteal artery (IG), internal pudendal ical studies as part of the curriculum of the Depart- artery (IP), and obturator artery (Ob) have been a sub- ment of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Med- ject of great interest among anatomists and clinicians ical Care, Saitama Medical University. In the present due to their morphological and surgical significance. study, experiments involving animals were carried out In the past few years, morphogenetic and topo- in accordance with the Guidelines for Proper Conduct graphic studies focused on the origin and course of of Animal Experiments (Science Council of Japan), as variations identified among the parietal branches of revised in 2006. the internal iliac artery have been subjected to conven- All specimens were obtained as scientific teach- tional statistical analyses. As but one example, Honma ing materials from Bio Corporation (Alexandria, MN, et al. [17] examined the formation of an arterial ring USA) and were embalmed with 1.8% formalin, 2.7% in the human pelvic artery and suggested that specific phenol, and 5.0% ethylene glycol. Additionally, the ramifications of the parietal branches were associated specimens were injected with red latex in the arterial with the site of disappearance of the arterial ring. Fur- systems. The distance between the crown and rump thermore, previous study examined variations in the of the specimens was 30–35 mm. course taken by the SG, including its relationship with The internal iliac artery and its parietal branches the lumbosacral plexus; we found that the route taken were identified through conventional macroscopic by the SG varied in accordance with the segmental dissection procedures. The origin, course and dis- 550 H. Anetai et al., Internal iliac artery of the foetal pig A B Figure 1. Typical ramification and branches from the iliac artery; A. Drawing of the iliac artery and peripheral structures in the foetal pig. The internal iliac artery and its branches are shown in bright red; B. Photograph of a dissected right iliac artery and peripheral structures in the foetal pig; C. Schematic of the arterial tree of dissected right iliac artery in the foetal pig. Black and white arrowheads indicate the com- mon arterial trunk formed by the superior gluteal artery (SG), inferior gluteal artery (IG), and internal pudendal artery (IP). The dotted line indicates the outlet of the pelvic cavity; C AA — abdominal aorta; Ad — hip adductor muscles; AW — abdominal wall; EI — external iliac artery; Fe — fem- oral artery; GMe — gluteus me- dius; GMi — gluteus minimus; GS — gluteus superficialis; IE — inferior epigastric artery; II — internal iliac artery; Ili — iliolumbar artery; L — lumbar vertebra; MCF — medial circumflex femoral artery; MS — medial sacral artery; PMj — psoas major; Um — umbilical artery; Vi — visceral branch. tribution of the all parietal branches were recorded Ramifications, course,
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