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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Early UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Early Zionist-Kurdish Contacts and the Pursuit of Cooperation: the Antecedents of an Alliance, 1931-1951 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures by Scott Abramson 2019 © Copyright by Scott Abramson 2019 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Early Zionist-Kurdish Contacts and the Pursuit of Cooperation: the Antecedents of an Alliance, 1931-1951 by Scott Abramson Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures University of California, Los Angeles Professor Lev Hakak, Co-Chair Professor Steven Spiegel, Co-Chair This study traces the progress of the contacts between Zionists/Israelis and Kurds—two non-Arab regional minorities intent on self-government and encircled by opponents—in their earliest stage of development. From the early 1930s to the early 1950s, the Political Department of the Jewish Agency (later, the Israeli Foreign Ministry) and several eminent Kurdish leaders maintained contact with a view to cooperation. The strategic calculus behind a Zionist/Israeli-Kurdish partnership was the same that directed Zionist/Israeli relations with all regional minorities: If demographic differences from the region’s Sunni Arab majority had made ii them outliers and political differences with them had made them outcasts, the Zionists/Israelis and the Kurds, together with their common circumstance as minorities, had a common enemy (Arab nationalists) against whom they could make common cause. But in the period under consideration in this work, contact did not lead to cooperation, and none of the feelers, overtures, appeals for support, and proposals for cooperation that passed between the two sides throughout these two decades were crowned with success. For the failure of this pursuit, this study finds the Zionists, despite their openness to the Kurds, principally responsible, and identifies several reasons they chose not to give effect to Kurdish proposals: the distance and inaccessibility of the remote and landlocked Kurds; Zionist concern for Turkish, Iranian, and American sensitivities; doubts on the part of certain Jewish Agency personnel about the promise of such a relationship; and Zionist preoccupation and limited resources. Despite these inauspicious beginnings, what was then unknowable to those participating in real time is now undeniable to those observing in retrospect: namely, that the early relations between Kurds and Zionists were to be the foundation of their later partnership, the antecedents to their eventual alliance. iii The dissertation of Scott Abramson is approved. Carol Ann Bakhos Franck Salameh Lev Hakak, Committee Co-Chair Steven L. Spiegel, Committee Co-Chair University of California, Los Angeles, 2019 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………..1 1.1 The Jewish state and “the Second Israel”................................................................1 1.2 Synopsis……………………..…………………………………………………….6 1.3 Main contentions………………………………………………………………….8 CHAPTER TWO: ZIONISM, MINORITIES, AND THE KURDS…………………………….12 2.1 Zionism and the minorities of the Middle East………………………………….12 2.2 The Kurds in the light of Zionist interest ……………………………………….16 2.3 The Political Department of the Jewish Agency and Zionist diplomacy………..26 CHAPTER THREE: EARLY CONTACTS……………………………………………………..29 3.1 Reuven Shiloah’s assignment in Iraq…………………………………………....29 3.2 The Bakr Sidqi regime, Daud al-Haydari, and Zionism……..……………….....36 3.3 Iraq after Bakr Sidqi: Zionism, Palestinian Arab exiles, and the Kurds………...51 CHAPTER FOUR: KAMURAN BADR KHAN AND MORRIS FISHER…………………….73 4.1 The two prime movers of Zionist-Kurdish relations………………………….....73 4.2 Zionist and Kurdish delegations at the U.N.’s FoundingConference………...….79 4.3 Anglo-American Commission of Inquiry ……………………………………….87 CHAPTER FIVE: THE GREAT POWERS AND ZIONIST-KURDISH RELATIONS………...98 5.1 Zionist-Kurdish relations and Iranian, Turkish, and American apprehensions….98 5.2 France and Zionist-Kurdish relations…………………………………………...103 5.3 Kurdish appeals and Zionist and Israeli responses…………………………..…118 CHAPTER SIX: THE FIRST ARAB-ISRAELI WAR………………………………....………129 6.1 Badr Khan’s proposals and wartime Syria…………………………………...…129 6.2 Iraqi participation in the 1948 war and Israeli hope of a Kurdish uprising…….139 6.3 Abdul Aziz Yamulki’s appeal for Israeli support……………………………….151 CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………..156 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………………168 v Scott Abramson Curriculum Vitae [email protected] EDUCATION University of California, Los Angeles – Los Angeles, California 2012-2019 Doctoral candidate Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures Concentration: The history of the modern Levant Dissertation: Early Zionist/Israeli-Kurdish Contacts and the Pursuit of Cooperation: The Antecedents of an Alliance, 1931-1951 Brandeis University – Waltham, Massachusetts 2009-2011 Master of Arts Department of Near Eastern and Judaic studies Concentration: Israeli and modern Middle Eastern history Thesis: The Promise and Failure of the Zionist-Maronite Relationship, 1920-1948 ACADEMIC PUBLICATIONS “A Historical Inquiry into Early Israeli-Kurdish Contact.” Journal of the 2018 Middle East and Africa 9, no. 4 (2018): 379-399. “A Portrait of Arab Authors Who Write in Hebrew” (in Hebrew). HaDor 6 2018 (2018): 124-127. "Lebanese Armenians: A Distinctive Community in the Armenian Diaspora 2013 and in Lebanese Society." The Levantine Review 2, no. 2 (2013): 188-216. OTHER PUBLICATIONS "Turkey’s Love Affair with a Russian-Armenian Painter: Aivazovsky at 200.” 2017 Asbarez, July 29, 2017. "The Iranian Intellectual Who Inspired the Islamic Revolution and Admired Israel.” 2017 Tablet Magazine , June 26, 2017. vi "The Armenian Genocide and American Silence Still Unbroken." 2015 Asbarez, 2015 May 21, 2015. CONFERENCE AND ACADEMIC PRESENTATIONS “A Historical Inquiry into Israeli-Kurdish Contact,” Tenth Annual Conference of the 2017 Association for the Study of the Middle East and Africa (ASMEA), October 19, 2017, Washington, D.C. "The Armenians of the Levant: The Region’s Unsung Builders and Modernizers," 2017 sponsored by the National Association for Armenian Studies and Research, Ararat-Eskijian Museum, May 21, 2017, Mission Hills, CA. "Born at a Disadvantage: Syria's Inherent Problems of Demography and Geography,” 2015 Eighth Annual Conference of the Association for the Study of the Middle East and Africa (ASMEA), October 29, 2015, Washington, D.C. AWARDS AND GRANTS UCLA Y&S Nazarian Center for Israel Studies Ph.D. Student Research Fellowship 2019 Israel Institute Doctoral Fellowship 2018-2019 UCLA Dissertation Year Fellowship 2018-2019 UCLA Distinguished Teaching Assistant Award (conferred by the 2018 Academic Senate) UCLA Y&S Nazarian Center for Israel Studies Ph.D. Student Research Fellowship 2018 Israel Institute Doctoral Fellowship 2017-2018 National Association for Armenian Studies and Research (NAASR) Research Grant 2017 Association for the Study of the Middle East and Africa (ASMEA) Research Grant 2017 AREA LANGUAGES Modern Hebrew (advanced) Modern Standard Arabic (advanced) Persian (early intermediate) vii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Jewish State and the “Second Israel” Amid the international outcry in September 2017 against the Kurdish Regional Government’s (KRG) referendum on seceding from Iraq, there was but one voice that could be heard speaking in favor of the initiative and its pro-independence result. The quarter from which this lone voice issued, as many headlines announced, was Israel. True though it was that a few other countries—Canada and the Czech Republic, for example—could be said to have backed Kurdish independence tacitly, keeping quiet amid the world’s advocacy of Iraq’s “territorial integrity.” But if their support was silent, Israel’s was strident. The singularity of Israeli support did not escape the attention of the KRG’s electorate. Photographs widely publicized in the regional and Western press showed Iraqi Kurds of every description waving Israelis flags in gratitude, a scene that left one to wonder whether this was the only time since 1948 in the Middle East outside the Jewish state in which Israeli flags could be seen waved overhead in support rather than trampled underfoot in contempt. At the bar of regional public opinion, the Iraqi Kurds had long stood accused of being a “second Israel,” so, to many observers in the Middle East, this vexillary display was enough to solidify an accusation into a conviction. So, too, did it dramatize just how far the Iraqi Kurds’ ambitions had diverged from the line on Kurdish independence taken by the KRG’s neighbors. For all their disagreements, regional governments had discovered a rare patch of common ground in opposing the KRG’s secession.“You should know that the waving of Israeli flags there will not save you,” thundered Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan. 1 Iranian Supreme Leader 1 “Barzani’s Decision to Hold Referendum ‘Betrayal to Turkey,’ Erdoğan Says,” H ürriyet Daily News, September 26, 2017 1 Ayatollah Khamenei, for his part, alleged an international conspiracy headed by the United States (never mind that Washington opposed the referendum) that sought “to create a ‘new Israel’ in the region.’”2 The state-run Arabic-language Iranian television channel Al-Kawthar TV seconded Khamenei’s description of Kurdistan as a “new Israel” but extended the analogy to KRG president Massoud Barzani, whom it denounced
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