DOCSLIB.ORG

Biochemical Characterization of a Bifunctional Enzyme Constructed by the Fusion of a Glucuronan Lyase and a Chitinase from Trichoderma Sp

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Biochemical Characterization of a Bifunctional Enzyme Constructed by the Fusion of a Glucuronan Lyase and a Chitinase from Trichoderma Sp life Article Biochemical Characterization of a Bifunctional Enzyme Constructed by the Fusion of a Glucuronan Lyase and a Chitinase from Trichoderma sp. Zeineb Baklouti 1,2 ,Cédric Delattre 1,3 , Guillaume Pierre 1 , Christine Gardarin 1, Slim Abdelkafi 2 , Philippe Michaud 1 and Pascal Dubessay 1,* 1 CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont-Auvergne, FS-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; [email protected] (Z.B.); [email protected] (C.D.); [email protected] (G.P.); [email protected] (C.G.); [email protected] (P.M.) 2 Département Génie Biologique, Université de Sfax, Unité de Biotechnologie des Algues, Ecole National d’Ingénieurs de Sfax, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia; slim.abdelkafi@enis.tn 3 Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 16 September 2020; Accepted: 6 October 2020; Published: 8 October 2020 Abstract: Bifunctional enzymes created by the fusion of a glucuronan lyase (TrGL) and a chitinase (ThCHIT42) from Trichoderma sp. have been constructed with the aim to validate a proof of concept regarding the potential of the chimera lyase/hydrolase by analyzing the functionality and the efficiency of the chimeric constructions compared to parental enzymes. All the chimeric enzymes, including or nor linker (GGGGS), were shown functional with activities equivalent or higher to native enzymes. The velocity of glucuronan lyase was considerably increased for chimeras, and may involved structural modifications at the active site. The fusion has induced a slightly decrease of the thermostability of glucuronan lyase, without modifying its catalytic activity regarding pH variations ranging from 5 to 8. The biochemical properties of chitinase seemed to be more disparate between the different fusion constructions suggesting an impact of the linkers or structural interactions with the linked glucuronan lyase. The chimeric enzymes displayed a decreased stability to temperature and pH variations, compared to parental one. Overall, TrGL-ThCHIT42 offered the better compromise in terms of biochemical stability and enhanced activity, and could be a promising candidate for further experiments in the field of fungi Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes (CWDEs). Keywords: chitinase; glucuronan lyase; bifunctional enzyme; enzymatic efficiency; polysaccharide 1. Introduction The filamentous fungi belonging to Trichoderma genus have been considered with interest for their use as enzymatic producer for biocontrol strategies [1]. The antagonistic actions exerted by Trichoderma against fungal phytopathogens involve indirect mechanisms, such as competition for nutrients or space, modification of environmental conditions, induction of plant defensive properties and antibiosis, or directly mechanisms encompassing mycoparasitism [2,3]. The production and secretion by Trichoderma of Cell-Wall Degrading Enzymes (CWDEs), among which chitinases [4,5], glucanases [6–8] and proteases [9–11] are the most representative, playing a major and significant role in targeted host invasion [12,13]. Chitinases are polysaccharide hydrolases categorized into glycoside hydrolase (GH) 18, 19, 20, 23 and 48 families of the CAZy database (http://www.cazy.org/). They catalyze the hydrolysis of β-(1,4) linkages in chitin (Figure1), an abundant polysaccharide, found as a major structural compound of fungi cell wall [14,15]. Chitins are polymers composed of β(1,4) linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcpNAc) Life 2020, 10, 234; doi:10.3390/life10100234 www.mdpi.com/journal/life LifeLife2020 2020, 10, 10, 234, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of2 of15 15 compound of fungi cell wall [14,15]. Chitins are polymers composed of β(1,4) linked and glucosamine (GlcpN). Native chitins include up to 90% of GlcpNAc in their structure. When the N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine (GlcpNAc) and glucosamine (GlcpN). Native chitins include up to 90% of degree of acetylation of chitin is lower than 40%, the term chitosan is used. However, authors use rather GlcpNAc in their structure. When the degree of acetylation of chitin is lower than 40%, the term thechitosan “deacetylation is used. However, degree” toauthors characterize use rather chitosans. the “deacetylation Chitinases havedegree” been to classifiedcharacterize in twochitosans. groups: EndochitinasesChitinases have (E.C.3.2.1.14) been classified which in two cleave groups: chitin Endochitinases at internal sites (E.C.3.2.1.14) forming dimeric which orcleave low molecularchitin at massinternal multimers sites forming of N-acetyl-glucosamine dimeric or low molecular (GlcNAc) mass (chitotriose,multimers of chitotetraose),N‐acetyl‐glucosamine and exochitinases (GlcNAc) comprising(chitotriose, both chitotetraose), chitobiosidases and (E.C.3.2.1.52)exochitinases catalyzing comprising the releaseboth chitobiosidases of di-acetylchitobioside (E.C.3.2.1.52) from thecatalyzing non-reducing the release end of chitin,of di‐acetylchitobioside and β-(1,4)-N-acetylglucosaminidases from the non‐reducing (GlcNAcases) end of chitin, (E.C.3.2.1.52) and generatingβ‐(1,4)‐N‐acetylglucosaminidases monomers of GlcNAc from (GlcNAcases) the products (E.C.3.2.1.52) of endochitinase generating and monomers chitobiosidase of GlcNAc [16]. If from many GlcNAcasesthe products (Nag1, of endochitinase Exc2, Tvnag1 and andchitobiosidase -2, Chit73, [16]. Chit102) If many identified GlcNAcases from (Nag1,T. harzanium Exc2, Tvnag1, T. atroviride and , T.‐2, asperellum Chit73, Chit102)and T. reesei identified[12,17, 18from] were T. harzanium known to, beT. functionallyatroviride, T. activeasperellum on chitin and T. degradation reesei [12,17,18] during mycoparasitism:were known to be some functionally of them, suchactive as on Nag1 chitin and degradation Chit102, were during also mycoparasitism: involved in the inductionsome of them, of the expressionsuch as Nag1 of other and Chit102, chitinolytic were enzymes also involved in presence in the of induction pathogen of [ 19the]. expression In addition, of the other over-expression chitinolytic byenzymesTrichoderma in presencespp. of of endochitinases pathogen [19]. Chit33,In addition, Chit36 the and over Chit42,‐expression originally by Trichoderma characterized spp. from of T.endochitinases harzanium [20 ],Chit33, significantly Chit36 enhanced and Chit42, antagonistic originally activity characterized of transformants from T. against harzaniumRhizoctonia [20], solanisignificantly, Fusarium enhanced oxysporum antagonisticand Sclerotium activity rolfsii of[ 9transformants,21,22], with chit42 against considered Rhizoctonia as asolani key, enzyme. Fusarium oxysporum and Sclerotium rolfsii [9,21,22], with chit42 considered as a key enzyme. FigureFigure 1. 1. ChitinaseChitinase and glucuronan lyase mechanism mechanism (with (with R R == HH and/or and/or acetyl acetyl group). group). AmongAmong the the enzymes enzymes produced produced by Trichodermaby Trichodermaand secreted and secreted in extracellular in extracellular medium, medium, a glucuronan a lyaseglucuronan (E.C.4.2.2.14) lyase (E.C.4.2.2.14) was purified was and purified characterized and characterized from Trichoderma from Trichodermasp. GL2 [ 23sp.,24 GL2]. This [23,24]. lyase cleavesThis lyase randomly cleaves glucuronan randomly glucuronan polysaccharide, polysaccharide, a polymer a of polymerβ-(1-4)-linked of β‐(1‐d4)-glucuronic‐linked D‐glucuronic acids, by a βacids,-elimination by a β‐elimination mechanism mechanism to produce to unsaturated produce unsaturated oligoglucuronans oligoglucuronans (Figure 1(Figure). Although 1). Although its role remainsits role unknown,remains unknown, several hypotheses several hypotheses might be might considered, be considered, notably the notably contribution the contribution of glucuronan of lyasesglucuronan in the assimilationlyases in the of assimilation celluloses which of celluloses are oxidized which by are lytic oxidized polysaccharide by lytic monooxygenasespolysaccharide (LPMO)monooxygenases produced from(LPMO) bacteria produced and fungi from [ 25bacteria]. Another and hypothesis fungi [25]. mayAnother be to hypothesis consider this may enzyme be to as aconsider CWDE. Althoughthis enzyme glucuronan as wasa CWDE. mainly describedAlthough as exopolysaccharidesglucuronan was inmainly several described bacteria [ 26as,27 ], fragmentsexopolysaccharides of glucuronan in several polysaccharides bacteria [26,27], were alsofragments reported of glucuronan as a representative polysaccharides cell-wall were component also ofreported specific phytopathogensas a representative belonging cell‐wall to Mucorales, component such of asspecificMucor andphytopathogensRhizopus genus belonging [28,29]. to Mucorales,Chitinase such and as glucuronan Mucor and Rhizopus lyase enzymes genus [28,29]. could then be attractive as potential biocontrol agent. SeveralChitinase arguments and glucuronan can be advanced lyase enzymes for their could potential then be interest attractive in as reducing potential fungi biocontrol development: agent. iSeveral chitin and arguments glucuronan can arebe advanced both components for their ofpotential the cell interest wall of in some reducing phytopathogens fungi development: (Mucorales), i) iichitin chitinase and glucuronan have been demonstrated are both components antagonistic of the agent cell wall against of some fungi, phytopathogens and iii the anti-fungal (Mucorales), properties ii) ofchitinase glucuronan have lyase been have demonstrated never been studied.antagonistic Moreover, agent theagainst rise offungi, genetic and engineering
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pdf 258.73 K
    Iran J Biotech. 2015 December;13(4): e1175 DOI:10.15171/ijb.1175 Research Article An Alternative Bacterial Expression System Using Bacillus pumilus SG2 Chitinase Promoter Kambiz Morabbi Heravi 1, Garshasb Rigi 2, Maryam Rezaei Arjomand 3, Amin Rostami 3, Gholamreza Ahmadian 3,* 1Institut für Industrielle Genetik, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran 3Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran *Corresponding author: Gholamreza Ahmadian, Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98-2144787301-10, Fax: +98-2144787399, E-mail: [email protected] Received: April 27, 2015; Revised: September 20, 2015; Accepted: October 03, 2015 Background: Chitin is an abundant natural polysaccharide found in fungi, algae, and exoskeleton of insects. Several bac- terial species are capable of utilizing chitin as their carbon source. These bacteria produce chitinases for degradation of chitin into N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. So far, regulation of the chitinase encoding genes has been studied in different bacte- rial species. Among Bacillus species, B. pumilus strain SG2 encodes two chitinases, ChiS and ChiL. The promoter region of chiSL genes (PchiS) is mainly regulated by the general carbon catabolite repression (CCR) system in B. subtilis due to the presence of a catabolite responsive element (cre). Objectives: Use of PchiS in constructing an inducible expression system in B. subtilis was investigated. Materials and Methods: In the first step, complete and shortened versions of PchiS were inserted upstream of the lacZ on a pBS72/pUC18 shuttle plasmid.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,981,835 Austin-Phillips Et Al
    USOO598.1835A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,981,835 Austin-Phillips et al. (45) Date of Patent: Nov. 9, 1999 54) TRANSGENIC PLANTS AS AN Brown and Atanassov (1985), Role of genetic background in ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF Somatic embryogenesis in Medicago. Plant Cell Tissue LIGNOCELLULOSC-DEGRADING Organ Culture 4:107-114. ENZYMES Carrer et al. (1993), Kanamycin resistance as a Selectable marker for plastid transformation in tobacco. Mol. Gen. 75 Inventors: Sandra Austin-Phillips; Richard R. Genet. 241:49-56. Burgess, both of Madison; Thomas L. Castillo et al. (1994), Rapid production of fertile transgenic German, Hollandale; Thomas plants of Rye. Bio/Technology 12:1366–1371. Ziegelhoffer, Madison, all of Wis. Comai et al. (1990), Novel and useful properties of a chimeric plant promoter combining CaMV 35S and MAS 73 Assignee: Wisconsin Alumni Research elements. Plant Mol. Biol. 15:373-381. Foundation, Madison, Wis. Coughlan, M.P. (1988), Staining Techniques for the Detec tion of the Individual Components of Cellulolytic Enzyme 21 Appl. No.: 08/883,495 Systems. Methods in Enzymology 160:135-144. de Castro Silva Filho et al. (1996), Mitochondrial and 22 Filed: Jun. 26, 1997 chloroplast targeting Sequences in tandem modify protein import specificity in plant organelles. Plant Mol. Biol. Related U.S. Application Data 30:769-78O. 60 Provisional application No. 60/028,718, Oct. 17, 1996. Divne et al. (1994), The three-dimensional crystal structure 51 Int. Cl. ............................. C12N 15/82; C12N 5/04; of the catalytic core of cellobiohydrolase I from Tricho AO1H 5/00 derma reesei. Science 265:524-528.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of a Chitinase and an Endo-Β-1,3-Glucanase from Trichoderma Harzianum Rifai T24 Involved in Control of the Phytopathogen Sclerotium Rolfsii
    Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2001) 56:137–143 DOI 10.1007/s002530100646 ORIGINAL PAPER M.H. El-Katatny · M. Gudelj · K.-H. Robra M.A. Elnaghy · G.M. Gübitz Characterization of a chitinase and an endo-β-1,3-glucanase from Trichoderma harzianum Rifai T24 involved in control of the phytopathogen Sclerotium rolfsii Received: 23 November 2000 / Received revision: 26 January 2001 / Accepted: 26 January 2001 / Published online: 19 May 2001 © Springer-Verlag 2001 Abstract Of 24 Trichoderma isolates, T. harzianum causes disease in over 500 plant species. Recently, the Rifai (T24) showed a potential for control of the phyto- fungus has also been found in Europe on different hosts, pathogenic basidiomycete Sclerotium rolfsii. When T24 including juglans and sunflowers (Belisario and Corazza was grown on different carbon sources, growth inhibi- 1996; Infantino et al. 1997). Mycoparasitic fungi have tion of S. rolfsii by the T24 culture filtrate correlated been shown to have a potential for the control of plant with the activity of extracellular chitinase and β-1,3- diseases caused by S. rolfsii (Maoa et al. 2000). Lectins glucanase. The 43-kilodalton (kDa) chitinase and the of S. rolfsii were found to be the recognition signal initi- 74-kDa β-1,3-glucanase were purified from the T24 cul- ating the coiling process in Trichoderma harzianum ture filtrate in two and three steps, respectively, using (Inbar and Chet 1995) (Fig. 1), while it has been sug- ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by hydropho- gested that constitutive carbohydrolases of T. harzianum bic interaction chromatography (phenyl-Sepharose) and release oligosaccharides from Rhizoctonia solani cell β gel filtration ( -1,3-glucanase).
    [Show full text]
  • Flavonoid Glucodiversification with Engineered Sucrose-Active Enzymes Yannick Malbert
    Flavonoid glucodiversification with engineered sucrose-active enzymes Yannick Malbert To cite this version: Yannick Malbert. Flavonoid glucodiversification with engineered sucrose-active enzymes. Biotechnol- ogy. INSA de Toulouse, 2014. English. NNT : 2014ISAT0038. tel-01219406 HAL Id: tel-01219406 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01219406 Submitted on 22 Oct 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Last name: MALBERT First name: Yannick Title: Flavonoid glucodiversification with engineered sucrose-active enzymes Speciality: Ecological, Veterinary, Agronomic Sciences and Bioengineering, Field: Enzymatic and microbial engineering. Year: 2014 Number of pages: 257 Flavonoid glycosides are natural plant secondary metabolites exhibiting many physicochemical and biological properties. Glycosylation usually improves flavonoid solubility but access to flavonoid glycosides is limited by their low production levels in plants. In this thesis work, the focus was placed on the development of new glucodiversification routes of natural flavonoids by taking advantage of protein engineering. Two biochemically and structurally characterized recombinant transglucosylases, the amylosucrase from Neisseria polysaccharea and the α-(1→2) branching sucrase, a truncated form of the dextransucrase from L. Mesenteroides NRRL B-1299, were selected to attempt glucosylation of different flavonoids, synthesize new α-glucoside derivatives with original patterns of glucosylation and hopefully improved their water-solubility.
    [Show full text]
  • N-Acetylglucosamine: Production and Applications
    Mar. Drugs 2010, 8, 2493-2516; doi:10.3390/md8092493 OPEN ACCESS Marine Drugs ISSN 1660-3397 www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs Review N-Acetylglucosamine: Production and Applications Jeen-Kuan Chen 1,†, Chia-Rui Shen 2,† and Chao-Lin Liu 3,* 1 Department of Environment and Biotechnology, Refining & Manufacturing Research Institute, CPC Corporation, 217 Min-Sheng S. Rd, Chiayi, Taiwan; E-Mail: [email protected] (J.-K.C.) 2 Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; E-Mail: [email protected] (C.-R.S.) 3 Graduate School of Biochemical Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, Taipei, 84 Gung-Juan Road, Taishan, Taipei, Taiwan † These authors contributed equally to this work. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-2-2908-9899; Fax: +886-3-211-8698. Received: 22 March 2010; in revised form: 19 April 2010 / Accepted: 23 April 2010 / Published: 15 September 2010 Abstract: N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a monosaccharide that usually polymerizes linearly through (1,4)-β-linkages. GlcNAc is the monomeric unit of the polymer chitin, the second most abundant carbohydrate after cellulose. In addition to serving as a component of this homogeneous polysaccharide, GlcNAc is also a basic component of hyaluronic acid and keratin sulfate on the cell surface. In this review, we discuss the industrial production of GlcNAc, using chitin as a substrate, by chemical, enzymatic and biotransformation methods. Also, newly developed methods to obtain GlcNAc using glucose as a substrate in genetically modified microorganisms are introduced.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping the Transglycosylation Relevant Sites of Cold-Adapted -D
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Mapping the Transglycosylation Relevant Sites of Cold-Adapted β-d-Galactosidase from Arthrobacter sp. 32cB Maria Rutkiewicz 1,2,* , Marta Wanarska 3 and Anna Bujacz 1 1 Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; [email protected] 2 Macromolecular Structure and Interaction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany 3 Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 June 2020; Accepted: 24 July 2020; Published: 28 July 2020 Abstract: β-Galactosidase from Arthrobacter sp. 32cB (ArthβDG) is a cold-adapted enzyme able to catalyze hydrolysis of β-d-galactosides and transglycosylation reaction, where galactosyl moiety is being transferred onto an acceptor larger than a water molecule. Mutants of ArthβDG: D207A and E517Q were designed to determine the significance of specific residues and to enable formation of complexes with lactulose and sucrose and to shed light onto the structural basis of the transglycosylation reaction. The catalytic assays proved loss of function mutation E517 into glutamine and a significant drop of activity for mutation of D207 into alanine. Solving crystal structures of two new mutants, and new complex structures of previously presented mutant E441Q enables description of introduced changes within active site of enzyme and determining the importance of mutated residues for active site size and character.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Chitinase Activities, and Cloning, Analysis, And
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2002 Characterization of chitinase activities, and cloning, analysis, and expression of genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins in strawberry Anwar Ahmad Khan Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Recommended Citation Khan, Anwar Ahmad, "Characterization of chitinase activities, and cloning, analysis, and expression of genes encoding pathogenesis- related proteins in strawberry" (2002). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 2350. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/2350 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. CHARACTERIAZATION OF CHITINASE ACTIVITIES, AND CLONING, ANALYSIS, AND EXPRESSION OF GENES ENCODING PATHOGENESIS- RELATED PROTEINS IN STRAWBERRY A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In The Department of Biological Sciences By Anwar A. Khan B.Sc. University of Karachi, 1987 B.S. Winona State University, 1994 December, 2002 DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of my dear brother Ayaz Ahmed Khan (late). He was one of the most brilliant persons I have known in my early age. His encouragement and help is one reason I am able to reach this point in my life. I was fortunate to have him as a brother and it would have made him proud to see me complete a doctorate degree.
    [Show full text]
  • The Microbiota-Produced N-Formyl Peptide Fmlf Promotes Obesity-Induced Glucose
    Page 1 of 230 Diabetes Title: The microbiota-produced N-formyl peptide fMLF promotes obesity-induced glucose intolerance Joshua Wollam1, Matthew Riopel1, Yong-Jiang Xu1,2, Andrew M. F. Johnson1, Jachelle M. Ofrecio1, Wei Ying1, Dalila El Ouarrat1, Luisa S. Chan3, Andrew W. Han3, Nadir A. Mahmood3, Caitlin N. Ryan3, Yun Sok Lee1, Jeramie D. Watrous1,2, Mahendra D. Chordia4, Dongfeng Pan4, Mohit Jain1,2, Jerrold M. Olefsky1 * Affiliations: 1 Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. 2 Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. 3 Second Genome, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA. 4 Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. * Correspondence to: 858-534-2230, [email protected] Word Count: 4749 Figures: 6 Supplemental Figures: 11 Supplemental Tables: 5 1 Diabetes Publish Ahead of Print, published online April 22, 2019 Diabetes Page 2 of 230 ABSTRACT The composition of the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota and associated metabolites changes dramatically with diet and the development of obesity. Although many correlations have been described, specific mechanistic links between these changes and glucose homeostasis remain to be defined. Here we show that blood and intestinal levels of the microbiota-produced N-formyl peptide, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLF), are elevated in high fat diet (HFD)- induced obese mice. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of the N-formyl peptide receptor Fpr1 leads to increased insulin levels and improved glucose tolerance, dependent upon glucagon- like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Obese Fpr1-knockout (Fpr1-KO) mice also display an altered microbiome, exemplifying the dynamic relationship between host metabolism and microbiota.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspergillus Fumigatus, One Uninucleate Species with Disparate Offspring
    Journal of Fungi Article Aspergillus fumigatus, One Uninucleate Species with Disparate Offspring François Danion 1,2,3 , Norman van Rhijn 4 , Alexandre C. Dufour 5,† , Rachel Legendre 6, Odile Sismeiro 6, Hugo Varet 6,7 , Jean-Christophe Olivo-Marin 5 , Isabelle Mouyna 1, Georgios Chamilos 8, Michael Bromley 4, Anne Beauvais 1 and Jean-Paul Latgé 1,8,*,‡ 1 Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; [email protected] (F.D.); [email protected] (I.M.); [email protected] (A.B.) 2 Centre d’infectiologie Necker Pasteur, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France 3 Department of Infectious Diseases, CHU Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France 4 Manchester Fungal Infection Group, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; [email protected] (N.v.R.); [email protected] (M.B.) 5 Bioimage Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3691, 75015 Paris, France; [email protected] (A.C.D.); [email protected] (J.-C.O.-M.) 6 Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, Plate-Forme Transcriptome et Epigenome, Biomics, 75015 Paris, France; [email protected] (R.L.); [email protected] (O.S.); [email protected] (H.V.) 7 Département Biologie Computationnelle, Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, Institut Pasteur, USR 3756 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France 8 Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology FORTH and School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] † Current addresses: Centre Scientifique et Technique Jean Féger, Total, 64000 Pau, France. ‡ Current addresses: Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology FORTH, University of Crete Heraklion, 70013 Heraklion, Greece.
    [Show full text]
  • Chitinases—Potential Candidates for Enhanced Plant Resistance Towards Fungal Pathogens
    agriculture Review Chitinases—Potential Candidates for Enhanced Plant Resistance towards Fungal Pathogens Manish Kumar 1, Amandeep Brar 1, Monika Yadav 2, Aakash Chawade 3 ID , V. Vivekanand 2 and Nidhi Pareek 1,* 1 Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305801, India; [email protected] (M.K.); [email protected] (A.B.) 2 Centre for Energy and Environment, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017, India; [email protected] (M.Y.); [email protected] (V.V.) 3 Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 101, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +91-1463-238733 Received: 30 April 2018; Accepted: 20 June 2018; Published: 22 June 2018 Abstract: Crop cultivation is crucial for the existence of human beings, as it fulfills our nutritional requirements. Crops and other plants are always at a high risk of being attacked by phytopathogens, especially pathogenic fungi. Although plants have a well-developed defense system, it can be compromised during pathogen attack. Chitinases can enhance the plant’s defense system as they act on chitin, a major component of the cell wall of pathogenic fungi, and render the fungi inactive without any negative impact on the plants. Along with strengthening plant defense mechanisms, chitinases also improve plant growth and yield. Chitinases in combination with recombinant technology can be a promising tool for improving plant resistance to fungal diseases. The applicability of chitinase-derived oligomeric products of chitin further augment chitinase prospecting to enhance plant defense and growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Biochemical Characterization of a Novel Exo-Oligoxylanase From
    Liu et al. Biotechnol Biofuels (2019) 12:190 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-019-1532-6 Biotechnology for Biofuels RESEARCH Open Access Biochemical characterization of a novel exo-oligoxylanase from Paenibacillus barengoltzii suitable for monosaccharifcation from corncobs Xueqiang Liu1, Zhengqiang Jiang2, Yu Liu2, Xin You2, Shaoqing Yang2* and Qiaojuan Yan1* Abstract Background: Xylan is the major component of hemicelluloses, which are the second most abundant polysaccha- rides in nature, accounting for approximately one-third of all renewable organic carbon resources on earth. Efcient degradation of xylan is the prerequisite for biofuel production. Enzymatic degradation has been demonstrated to be more attractive due to low energy consumption and environmental friendliness, when compared with chemical degradation. Exo-xylanases, as a rate-limiting factor, play an important role in the xylose production. It is of great value to identify novel exo-xylanases for efcient bioconversion of xylan in biorefnery industry. Results: A novel glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 8 reducing-end xylose-releasing exo-oligoxylanase (Rex)-encoding gene (PbRex8) was cloned from Paenibacillus barengoltzii and heterogeneously expressed in Escherichia coli. The deduced amino acid sequence of PbRex8 shared the highest identity of 74% with a Rex from Bacillus halodurans. The recombinant enzyme (PbRex8) was purifed and biochemically characterized. The optimal pH and temperature of PbRex8 were 5.5 and 55 °C, respectively. PbRex8 showed prominent activity on xylooligosaccharides (XOSs), and trace activity on xylan. It also exhibited β-1,3-1,4-glucanase and xylobiase activities. The enzyme efciently converted corncob xylan to xylose coupled with a GH family 10 endo-xylanase, with a xylose yield of 83%.
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Thermotoga Maritima Β-Galactosidase
    PhD thesis: Study of Thermotoga maritima β-galactosidase: immobilization, engineering and phylogenetic analysis by David Talens-Perales Supervised by: Julio Polaina Molina Julia Mar´ın Navarro Valencia, 2016 Los Doctores Julio Polaina Molina y Julia Mar´ın Navarro pertenecientes al Instituto de Agroqu´ımica y Tecnolog´ıa de Alimentos del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, hacen constar que: La Tesis Doctoral titulada “Study of Thermotoga maritima β-galactosidase: immobilization, engineering and phylogenetic analysis”, presentada por Don David Talens Perales para optar al grado de Doctor en Biotecnolog´ıa por la Universidad de Valencia, ha sido realizada en el Instituto de Agroqu´ımica y Tecnolog´ıa de Alimentos (IATA- CSIC) bajo su direcci´on, y que re´une los requisitos legales establecidos para ser defendida por su autor. Y para que as´ıconste a los efectos oportunos, firman el presente documento en Paterna, a 22 de Julio de 2016. Julia Mar´ın Navarro Julio Polaina Molina This work was developed at the Department of Food Biotechnology in the Agrochemistry and Food Technology Institute (CSIC), Valencia, Spain. This project was carried out within a JAEpredoc program and FPU program sponsored by CSIC and the Ministerio de Educaci´on, Cultura y Deporte respectively. This project was also supported by grants BIO2010-20508-C04- 02, BIO2013-48779-C4-3-R from Spain’s Secretar´ıa de Estado de Investigaci´on, Desarrollo e Innovaci´onand EU H2020-634486-INMARE from EU Horizon 2020 Program. Dedicado a mi familia y a ti, gracias por no dejarme vencer Agradecimientos Cuando uno decide embarcarse en un doctorado no sabe muy bien qu´ees lo que est´ahaciendo.
    [Show full text]