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Gendered Violence Victim Advocacy and Negotiating Occupational Stigma in Social Interactions

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Gendered Violence Victim Advocacy and Negotiating Occupational Stigma in Social Interactions CONTESTED TITLES: GENDERED VIOLENCE VICTIM ADVOCACY AND NEGOTIATING OCCUPATIONAL STIGMA IN SOCIAL INTERACTIONS Johnanna Joy Ganz A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2015 Committee: Sandra Faulkner, Advisor Madeline Duntley, Graduate Faculty Representative Jorge Chavez Lisa Hanasono © 2015 Johnanna Joy Ganz All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Sandra Faulkner, Advisor This dissertation employs a mixed-method approach to explore the experiences and perceptions of domestic and sexual violence victim advocates. Advocates are trained professionals who provide support, information, and resources to victims who have experienced gendered violence. Little research examines domestic and sexual violence victim advocates despite the thousands who work across the United States. The existing literature research primarily uses quantitative methods to examine the negative emotional impact of employment. Few, if any, studies ask questions about how external factors and experiences of every day life affect advocates, on or off the job. As a result, this research investigates what it means to be an advocate in a socio-relational context by exploring advocates’ experiences of occupational identity when interacting with strangers or new acquaintances. Occupational identity is a primary point of interaction within the social world, and advocacy is a complex, politically, and culturally situated occupation within the United States. Advocates are subject to a host of reactions when they introduce their jobs to strangers or new acquaintances—many of these experiences communicate stigma based on occupational choice rather than personal identity. Thus, this dissertation examines the presence and effects of occupational stigma on advocates, which is most clearly seen through the deployment of positive and negative stereotype and the relational process of Othering. Using data gathered from 21 in-depth interviews with advocates as well as a survey with 221 respondents, this study uses cultural studies, feminist methodology, and sociological theory to demonstrate that occupational stigma experienced through short introductory interactions has iv an effect on advocates’ sense of self, sense of work, and willingness to share their occupational identity. Advocates and advocacy organizations have few resources to consider and prepare their employees for the experience of stigma. To assist organizations, this dissertation examines the relationship between experiences of Othering, stereotype, and stigma to feelings of burnout. Finally, this dissertation provides concrete suggestions on how to train advocates, provide support to organizations, and reduce the impact of occupational stigma on victim advocates. Such research offers new areas for consideration and exploration for those interested in victim advocacy, care-work, the micropolitics of occupational identity, and stigmatized occupations. v To Cleo vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I give many thanks to the members of my dissertation committee; your comments were useful in thinking through this project. I especially want to thank Dr. Lisa Hanasono for the countless hours she spent teaching me the finer aspects of quantitative research. Some of the greatest thanks go to Dr. Marne Austin for her tireless editing, questions, listening, and quirky humor. Lisa and Marne made an enormous difference in the completion of my research and writing. Words are not now nor will they ever be sufficient to express my gratitude to them. There are many more who helped me on my path to finishing my doctoral program. In particular, my gratitude goes to Dr. Mary Krueger for her guidance and kindness, Dr. Marybeth Stalp for her wisdom, and Dr. Kristin Mapel-Bloomberg, who always believes in me. My sincere love and gratitude goes to Dr. Denise Litterer for her unwavering, boundless support through some of the most difficult years of my life; she made all the difference. I want to acknowledge Beka Patterson for her support, humor, and guidance. Thanks to my family Melissa Scott, Penny Warren, Stephanie Kobbe, and Cael Warren. Further, Alisha Ostlund, Mallory Mann, Dr. Megan MacDonald (HM and Baby Sky), Kaitlin Korbitz, Eleanor Monroe, and Nicki Reamer also deserve such great thanks. Their friendship has sustained me throughout this whole process. Without the outstanding and engaged participants, this project would not have been possible. The dedicated advocates and organizations that assist victims of gendered violence never have enough thanks or support. Hopefully, these words convey the deep sense of indebtedness and joy I feel having been a member and observer of this unique community. I look forward to the ways I can give back to the community that gave so much to me. Finally, above all, my deepest and most profound thanks go to the creature that saved me. CleoCatra is and always will be the best thing to come out of Bowling Green, Ohio. Without her demanding, persistent, and fickle love, I would not be alive to see this day. She is my favorite vii and best companion in this life. I am so grateful we found each other in the darkness and walked towards the light, together. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 A Brief History of Advocacy ........................................................................................... 5 Rationale and Aims ......................................................................................................... 7 Notes on Terminology ..................................................................................................... 13 Organization of Chapters ................................................................................................. 17 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND THEORY ............................................. 20 Literature On Victim Advocates ...................................................................................... 20 Studies of Victim Advocates and Their Experiences ................................................ 21 Advocates within Legal and Medical Systems .......................................................... 22 Negative Effects of Advocacy Employment ............................................................. 26 Theoretical Underpinnings .............................................................................................. 28 Understanding Dirty Work in the Context of Victim Advocacy ............................... 29 Stigma, Stereotype, and Othering in Social Interactions ........................................... 33 Goffman and stigma ............................................................................................ 33 Lippmann and stereotype .................................................................................... 36 Othering as relational process embedded in stereotype ...................................... 40 Occupational Stigma in the Social World ............................................................................. 42 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION METHODS ................... 44 Feminist Methodology ..................................................................................................... 44 Research Design and Triangulation ................................................................................. 50 Recruitment Procedures: Interview And Survey ............................................................. 51 vii In-Depth Interview Participants, Methods, and Procedures ............................................ 54 Participants .......................................................................................................... 54 Interview Methods ............................................................................................... 55 Data Analysis ....................................................................................................... 57 Survey: Procedures, Participants, Measures, and Data Analysis .................................... 58 Procedures ........................................................................................................... 59 Participants .......................................................................................................... 60 Measures .............................................................................................................. 62 Conclusions Regarding Methods ..................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER IV: “IT TAKES SUCH A SPECIAL PERSON”: ADVOCTES EXPERIENCES OF POSITIVE STEREOTYPE ............................................................................................. 67 Positive Stereotype and Othering .................................................................................... 67 Consequences of Positive Stereotyping ..................................................................... 70 Othering and the Process of Positive Stereotyping ................................................... 71 “Great For You”: Idealization and Encouragement ....................................................... 72 “I Just Couldn’t Do It”: Sympathy .................................................................................. 78 Responding to Positive Stereotype .................................................................................
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