DOCSLIB.ORG

269 Geothermal Resources I N Indonesia Progress Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
269 Geothermal Resources I N Indonesia Progress Of 269 Proc. Geothermal Workshop 1983 (Presented at Pacific Geothermal Conference 1982) GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN INDONESIA PROGRESS OF DEVELOPMENT UP TO 1990 Vincent T. Radja Leader of the Indonesian Team ASEAN Geothermal Cooperation Project and Geothermal Coordinator, State Electricity Corporation, Indonesia The Government intends to develop these resources cooperation with foreign companies possesing the tech- ABSTRACT nological capabilities and having proven their ence i n geothermal developnent. The ever increasing for in In Thefirst join operation contract and energy sales donesia has led to investigate of the possibility of- tract on development o f Salak Geothermal Resources, using new sources o f energy. One such effort has West Java, was signed on between been directed toward the developnent of geothermal e- PLN and UNION Geothermal of Indonesia, Ltd. nergy resources. A Tender to develop Geothermal Energy Resources I n Since the steam a t t h e Kamojang Area (West Dieng, Central Java, and Darajat, West Java i s Java) i n 1926, several attempts have been made t o ed t o be opened soon. cover new Geothermal fields through out the Indonesian Up t o t h e Year 1990 the of Indonesia intends archipelago. to develop the Geothermal resources up to in Based on Studie made, Indonesia has a potential output West Java (Kamojang, Salak, Darajat, Cisolok, Banten), o f between 5500 i n Java, Java (Dieng), Bali and Worth Sulawesi 1100 in 1400 i n Sulawesi, with other estimated potentials scattered i n Nusatenggara, Moluc- cas and The Indonesian engaged i n the effort Up to the year 1990 the of Indonesia i n - of developing geothermal resources as an important al- tends to develop the Geothermal Areas i n Kamojang, Sa ternative sources o f energy i n the country, has express jat and Banten i n West: ed interest i n availing itself of the technical Java, Dieng i n Central Java, and Lahendong i n ration offered by the Italian i n the - Worth Sulawesi up to 1050 Area, North Sulawesi and Japanese The objective of this paper i s to describe the impor- through JICA in Area, Central Sumatera tance o f various geothermal energy resources i n Indo- since 1980. nesia and an overall of development o f this resources, the history of development past, present The objective of this pa er is to the and future prospects with special emphasise on elec- portance of various resources i n tric power developnent and the role they and an overall of of these Indonesia up to the year 1990. ces with special emphasis on e lectric power REVIEW OF GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH IN INDONESIA Hot water as well as steam and other gases within Indonesia is one main oil production countries i n the earth retain a higher temperature than on the sur- Southeast Asia, and at t h e same time, it also has a face, the same i s true about pressures. high potential of Geothermal Energy estimated to be 10.000 MW because of i t s location the Pacific Vol- difference is caused by meteoric water i n canic belt, tact with, or i n t o , magma. As o f December 31, 1978, the total installed generat- Tectonic movements enable the magma t o penetrate into ing capacity of PLN t o 2.200 during the the surface which then an and Third Five Year Plan, a number o f new power p l a n t s on o f volcano. Post volcanic evidences of the Throughout Indonesia are to be built increasing the tioned explosion are seen i n the form o f the generating capacity by 2.729 o f hot springs, fumaroles, geysers and solfatara. Either a fumarole or a geyser is eventually formed, the Indonesian planning for Increased rain circulation factor plays an important role i n de- electricity supply i s centered on three sources : termining the final situation, The Indonesian region Coal, Hydro power and Geothermal Energy, with its highly seasonable rainfall, enables a better I n the policy tt was establish circulation in this particular case. ed that steps need t o be taken for the conservation oil andthe of other energy sources, such As Indonesia i s within the quake area, tectonic as coal, hydro power, wind power, geothermal power, trembles take place quite frequently that pene nuclear power, solar energy etc. trations that have not manifested i n explosions may dely be found. All areas should be surveyed by the Studies concerning geothermal power potential in plication of new methods. Indonesia give the following : for a l l Indonesia are between Observing the Indonesian volcanic structures, it and 10.000 MW and are distributed as follows. (Fig : 1) i s not surprising to find the existence of post-vol - canic evidence every where, Java : 5.500 Sumatera : MU I n Indonesia there i s plenty of geothermal (Celebes) : ce appearing on the surface, Almost half of the vol - Nusa Tenggara (Lesser : 400 MW canic centres i n Indonesia (88 out of 177 centres) Moluccas : bear the evidence of fumarole and solfatara activities. Irian : 100 MW Zen : 1970 A 30 HW Kamojang Geothermal Plant i n West Java will be on line December 1982. 2 70 RADJA 1. The Pattern of Geothermal Survey i n Indonesia : 2. Terms and Condition . The Survey f o r geothermal resources i n Indonesia can 2.1. P o t e n t i a l Areas Offered for Development be devided into three important phase Kadir ; et. : 1974 Dirng (Central Java) : 2000 b. Kamojang (West Java) : 100 MW a). Pre War Survey [Before the year 1928) c. Darajat (West Java) : 100 MW b). Between 1964 - 1974 d. Gunung Salak (West Java) : 150 MW After 1974 (Present developnent) e. Cisolok (West Java) f. Banten (West Java) 300 OPPORTUNITIES IN GEOTHERMAL . RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA See map attached (Fig. : 3) 1. General Background 2.2. Period and Stages of Developnent : The government of Refublic of Indonesia has a. General Survey, Exploration and Feasibility ked on a policy to diversify the utilization of the va- Study Period. Et. at' : 1974 ) rious of energy types i n the country. potential i s widely distrubuted i n Indonesia A maximum total period of 60 (sixty) months, and it i s the desire that this resource be prising a maximum o f 48 (Fourty eight) months developed f o r power generation. f o r general survey and exploration and maximum Initial development efforts will be concentrated on six o f 12 (Twelve) months for a feasibility study, areas i n Java where geological explorations have indi o f areas during exploration pe - cated a high probability that geothermal steam could be riod shall be carried out gradually, starting, produced i n comnercial quantities. at the latest, 3 (three) years after the The intends t o develop these resources i n ration activities have operation with foreign companies possesing the techno - logical capabilities and having proven their experience b. Steamfield Development and Power S t a t i o n Cons- i n geothennal developnent. Radja : 1975 truction Period : Depending upon the prevailing conditions of the For projects comprising steam field developnent individual geothermal fields, the scope of the only or including construction of power ing may include : ( Akil : 1979 ) on and transmission, a maximum period of (thirty six) months is allowed. 1. The developnent o f geothermal steam only, 2. The develo ent of geothennal steam and construction c. Production Period : power 3. The developnent o f geothermal steam and construction A period of 360 (three hundred and sixty) months o f power plant with associated as from the of steam production i s required. The Department of Mines and Energy established a t o discuss and negotiate with 2.3. Progress up t o early March 1982 : rested parties for such participation, This will assist canpanies i n Joint Operation Contract and Energy Sales Contract their with the and will serve as a tern of reference. Thefirst joint operation contract and Energy Sales Parties interested i n participating i n the developnent contract on developnent of Geothermal Energy of one or of the six indicated locations, should ces was signed on February 1982 between express their interest as soon as possible. TAMINA, PLN and UNION Geothermal of Indonesia, Ltd. Discussion and negotiation with interested parties will The contractor is assigned t o explore and develop be conducted on a first-come, first-served basis. potential geothermal energy resources i n the Gu - nung Salak Area (West Java). All geothermal The will schedule discussion with inte- y produced by the Contractor shall be sold to PLN rested partles as soon as possible after receiving such State Electricity and i s stipulated inquiries. i n the Energy Sales Contract between and PLN. I DISTRIBUTION MAP OF GEOTHERMAL IN INDONESIA 271 RADJA A Tender t o develop Energy Resources i n Type Darajat and (Located i n West Java) and Dieng (Central Java) i s scheduled t o be opened November 1, Training 1982 soon. Up t o the year 1990 the Goverment of Short Miss ons donesia intends to develop the Geothennal Areas i n Meeting Conference Kamojang, Salak, Darajat, Wayang, Banten, Cisolok Exchange Data Centre i n North Sulawesi Bali up to 1050 HW. Table : 1 GEOTHERMAL CONSTRUCTION PROJECT ASEAN COOPERATION ON GEOTHERMAL POWER DEVELOPMENT Historlcal The First Meeting of the ASEAN Working Groups As early as 1918 proposals were made to training to the cooperation project among ASEAN power geothennal energy at Kamojang but was not authorities, namely Geothennal Power Develo ent, was 1926 1928 that five exploration wells were held at the Asian Institute of Tourism driiled by the Netherlands East City, Philippines, March 24 and 25, 1982.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • National Transportation Safety Committee Ministry of Transportation Republic of Indonesia 2012
    FINAL KNKT.12.05.09.04 NNAATTIIOONNAALL TTRRAANNSSPPOORRTTAATTIIOONN SSAAFFEETTYY CCOOMMMMIITTTTEEEE Aircraft Accident Investigation Report Sukhoi Civil Aircraft Company Sukhoi RRJ–95B; 97004 Mount Salak, West Java Republic of Indonesia 9 May 2012 NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY COMMITTEE MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA 2012 This Final report was produced by the National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC), 3rd Floor Ministry of Transportation, Jalan Medan Merdeka Timur No. 5 Jakarta 10110, Indonesia. The report is based upon the investigation carried out by the NTSC in accordance with Annex 13 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation Organization, the Indonesian Aviation Act (UU No. 1/2009) and Government Regulation (PP No. 3/2001). Readers are advised that the NTSC investigates for the sole purpose of enhancing aviation safety. Consequently, the NTSC reports are confined to matters of safety significance and may be misleading if used for any other purpose. As the NTSC believes that safety information is of greatest value if it is passed on for the use of others, readers are encouraged to copy or reprint for further distribution, acknowledging the NTSC as the source. When the NTSC makes recommendations as a result of its investigations or research, safety is its primary consideration. However, the NTSC fully recognizes that the implementation of recommendations arising from its investigations will in some cases incur a cost to the industry. Readers should note that the information in NTSC reports and recommendations
    [Show full text]
  • Communication for Empowerment Assessment Report: Indonesia
    Communication for Empowerment Assessment Report: Indonesia Content Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank AJI Aliansi Jurnalis Independen – Alliance of Independence Journalists AMAN Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara – Indigenous Peoples Alliance of Archipelago ARGP Asia Regional Governance Programme Asteki Asosiasi Televisi Kerakyatan Indonesia – Association of People Centered Television Indonesia ATVKI Asosiasi Televisi Komunitas Indonesia –Association of Community Television Indonesia BCG Boston Consulting Group BPS Biro Pusat Statistik - C4E Communications for Empowerment DPR Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat – Indonesian Legislative Body or Parliament FITRA Forum Indonesia untuk Transparansi Anggaran – Indonesian Forum for Budget Transparency FM Frequency Modulation FOI Freedom of Information GSM SIM card Global System for Mobile Communications Subscriber Identification Module card ICT Information and Communication Technology IDRD Institute of Dayakology for Research and Development ILO International Labour Organization ITE Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik – Information and Electronic Transaction KPI Komisi Penyiaran Indonesia – Indonesian Broadcasting Commission KR Kalimantan Review MNCTV Media Nusantara Citra Televisi NGO Non-governmental Organization PLN Perusahaan Listrik Negara – State Own Electricity Company PT Perseroan Terbatas – Limited Company PTPN Perseroan Terbatas Perkebunan Nusantara – Indonesian State Own Plantation Company Puskesmas Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat – Community Health Center RCTI Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia REDD
    [Show full text]
  • Detailed Final Report
    An urgent conservation call from endemic plants of Mount Salak, West Java, Indonesia I Robiansyah* and S U Rakhmawati Research Center for Plant Conservation and Botanic Gardens - LIPI. Jl.Ir.H. Juanda 13 Bogor 16003, West Java, Indonesia *[email protected] Abstract. Mount Salak is part of Mount Halimun-Salak National Park in West Java, Indonesia. It is home to five endemic plant species that are very susceptible to human interference due to their close proximity to human settlements. The deforestation rate of the area was 1,473 ha or 1.3% of the total area each year. Using eleven line transects with a total length of 44.76 km, the present study aims at providing data on current population and conservation status of these five endemic plant species. The results showed that there was an urgent conservation call from Mount Salak as all five targeted species were unable to be located. Furthermore, two invasive species that might possess serious threat to the endemic plants were observed during the survey: markisa (Passiflora sp.; Passifloraceae) and harendong bulu (Clidemia hirta; Melastomataceae). Based on these results, the present study assigned all the endemic species as Critically Endangered according to the IUCN Red List Category and Criteria. To conserve all the endemic plant species in Mount Salak, several recommendations were given and discussed. 1. Introduction Plants are fundamental part of terrestrial ecosystem and provide support systems for life on earth. For human, plants provide many essential services that underpin human survival and well-being, such as source of food, clothes, timber, medicines, fresh air, clean water, and much more.
    [Show full text]
  • Utilization of Araceae by Local Community in Cisoka Village, Cikijing Sub-District, Majalengka District, West Java, Indonesia
    BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 19, Number 2, March 2018 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 640-651 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d190236 Utilization of Araceae by local community in Cisoka Village, Cikijing Sub-district, Majalengka District, West Java, Indonesia ASEP ZAINAL MUTAQIN, MUTHI FATHARANI, JOHAN ISKANDAR, RUHYAT PARTASASMITA♥ Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran. Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia. Tel. +62-22-7796412 ext. 104. Fax. +62-22-7794545. ♥email: [email protected]; [email protected] Manuscript received: 30 June 2017. Revision accepted: 21 March 2018. Abstract. Mutaqin AZ, Fatharani M, Iskandar J, Partasasmita R. 2018. Utilization of Araceae by local community in Cisoka Village, Cikijing Sub-district, Majalengka District, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 640-651. Various species of Araceae plants are widely used by the tribes of Sunda as food. However, cultivation is increasingly rare inWest Java region, and is found in some places only. One area where many people still grow Araceae plants is Cisoka Village, Cikijing Sub-district, Majalengka District, West Java Province, Indonesia. This paper aims to explain the reason for the cultivation of Araceae by the local community in the Village of Cisoka. This study used a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, but the former was used more than the latter The primary data were collected through structured and semi-structured interviews, participant observation, exploration, and plant sample collection. The data were analyzed descriptively with emic and ethic approaches. The results of the study showed that 20 species and 13 varieties (landraces) of Araceae plants were used by the community.
    [Show full text]
  • Between Climate Change, Avoided Deforestation and Indonesia
    What Lies Ahead? Between Climate Change, Avoided Deforestation and Indonesia G. Galudra 1 Abstract: Mounting global concern over climate change and the link to deforestation has refocused international attention on the need to protect the world’s forest. Rampant forest and peatland destruction in Indonesia means that the country is one of the world’s top three emitters of CO2, a major contributor to global warming. Based on data from 2000, Indonesia’s annual emissions from forestry and land use change are calculated at 2,563 MtCO2e, dwarfing the yearly amount from energy, agriculture and waste which amount only to 451 MtCO2e. During COP 13 in Bali, the Government of Indonesia officially proposes REDD (Reduced Emission from Deforestation and Degradation), which offers financial rewards for activities that can reduce CO2 from clearing, converting, or degrading forests. The REDD is a reward for not being CO2 emitters and for policies and business practices that do not support deforestation and degradation. However, such concerns have been raised by others about the Indonesia’s readiness on emission reduction. What are the implications of REDD for Indonesia, its forests and its forest dependent peoples? Will REDD successfully halt deforestation in Indonesia? What are the greatest challenges when REDD is being implemented? Will REDD success without the government respects indigenous people rights and resolves its ambiguity land tenure policies? In order to understand and analyze the implication of implementing REDD at the local and community level, this study will discuss a case study in Mount Halimun- Salak National Park, Indonesia, where various kinds of policy mechanism and land use planning actions are taken to halt deforestation.
    [Show full text]
  • Flooding in Jakarta Towards a Blue City with Improved Water Management
    MARK CALJOUW, PETER J.M. NAS AND PRATIWO Flooding in Jakarta Towards a blue city with improved water management Sunday, 27 January 2002, a large flood swept down on Jakarta and inundated several parts of the city.1 From the evening of 27 January to the morning of 28 January rain came streaming down, and the dike south of Jakarta broke. The pungent black water, with a hefty cargo of garbage, poured onto the main roads to Bogor, Kramat Jati and East Jakarta. In North Jakarta, in Kelurahan Pejagalan, Kecamatan Penjaringan, the flooding or banjir hit at midnight and continued until five o’clock in the morning, reaching levels as high as 20 cm. Even harder hit was Kelurahan Kapuk Muara, inundated with 70 cm of water.2 In West Jakarta the flood invaded houses and main thoroughfares. At Kelurahan Tanjung Duren Utara the waters rose 120 cm after the dike con- taining the Sekretaris and Gendong Rivers gave way, while the water at Tomang Barat Reservoir could no longer be controlled. River water spread over the housing estates and urban kampongs of West Jakarta. Daan Mogot Street and the housing in its vicinity were the first to be reached by the giant flood. Cars had to be evacuated before being overwhelmed by the deluge, and all furniture on the ground floor of two-storey houses had to be moved 1 This article is based on personal experience with floods in Jakarta, interviews with experts, and the study of historical material, newspapers, and official reports. 2 ‘Hujan lebat guyur Jakarta sejumlah permukiman tergenang’, Suara Pembaruan, 28-1-2003.
    [Show full text]
  • A Natural State Reservoir Modelling of Salak Geothermal Field
    Vol. 4 No. 1 2020 p. 1 - 13 A Natural State Reservoir Modelling of Salak Geothermal Field Allen Haryanto Lukmana Petroleum Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Email korespondensi: [email protected] ABSTRACT The Awibengkok or Salak Geothermal Field is a geothermal reservoir dominated by water. The Awibengkok Reservoir is a medium to high temperature geothermal source (240-312 ◦C) producing electricity up to 377 MW. Reservoirs with young volcanism and intrusion in highlands to the west of Mount Salak and east of the Cianten caldera, the collapsed andesite stratocon. Reservoir 3D modeling simulation is used in this research. 3D reservoir model to meet requirements in the natural state stage. Calibrate the reservoir 3D model by aligning pressure and temperature with P&T well data. Well located for use in matching is in western region of the Salak geothermal field and in the eastern region of the reservoir. The 3-dimensional model of the Salak geothermal field reaches its natural state with a simulation time of up to millions of years. The results from 3D modeling in a natural state illustrate the type of reservoir that is dominated by water and has a steam cap in the western and eastern model regions. Rock material in two different regions for different initial conditions. Higher temperatures in west. The reservoir has a gas saturation that varies from 0.13 to 0.5 and there is a caprock with 9 mD permeability. Keywords: awibengkok; geothermal; modeling; natural state ABSTRAK Lapangan panas bumi Awibengkok atau Salak adalah reservoir panas bumi yang didominasi oleh air.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Demand in Mount Salak Endah Tourism Object in Bogor Regency
    EKO-REGIONAL, Vol. 12, No. 1, March 2017, pp. 32-39 Analysis of Demand in Mount Salak Endah Tourism Object in Bogor Regency By: Bunari Pandu Junior High School Bogor Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT This research was to find out how is the demand to visit Mount Salak Endah tourism object. From the results of demand analysis of Mount Salak Endah tourism object, it was obtained that: a) length of journey had a negative effect on the number of visits to Mount Salak Endah tourism object with a coefficient value of -0.753; b) length of journey to other similar tourism object (Puncak) had a positive effect on the number of visits to Mount Salak Endah tourism object with a coefficient value of 0.501; c) perception of admission ticket price to other similar tourism object (Puncak) had a negative effect on the number of visits to Mount Salak Endah tourism object with a coefficient value of -0.310; d) perception of tourism facilities in Mount Salak Endah had a positive effect on the number of visits to Mount Salak Endah tourism object with a coefficient value of 0.314; and e) perception of culinary in Mount Salak Endah had a positive effect on the number of visits to Mount Salak Endah tourism object. Keywords: Mount Salak Endah, Demand of Tourism Object, Travel Cost Method, Perception of Tourism Facilities, Perception of Culinary. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana permintaan untuk berkunjung ke objek wisata Gunung Salak Endah. Dari hasil analisis permintaan objek wisata Gunung Salak Endah, diperoleh bahwa: a) panjang
    [Show full text]
  • Floods in Jakarta, Banten, and West Java Province, Republic of Indonesia
    Emergency Situation Report # 6 19 February 2007 Floods in Jakarta, Banten, and West Java Province, Republic of Indonesia Type of Emergency Floods, triggered by heavy seasonal rain. Background • 40 % of Jakarta is located under the sea level. • Jakarta is prone to flood due to poor drainage. • Jakarta experienced yearly and major similar magnitude of flood in 2002. Table showing the history of floods in Jakarta. No Year Affect 1 1699 Ciliwung river floods “Oud (old) Batavia” after Mount Salak erupts 2 1714 Ciliwung river overflows after clearing forest areas in Puncak. 3 1854 “Niew (new) Batavia” is a meter underwater, caused by the raging Ciliwung. 4 1918 Extensive flooding. The Dutch colonial government begins work n the Western Flood Canal. 5 1942 The Canal is completed, but Jakarta still floods. 6 1996 A flood sweeps through the capital. Approximately 10 people die. 7 2002 The Dartmouth Flood Observatory notes it as the largest flood in Jakarta’s history, 25 people died. 8 2007 The greatest flood to fit Jakarta in the last three centuries. Diagrammatic map showing the geographic location of Jakarta. 1 Emergency Situation Report # 6 19 February 2007 Present Situation • On Tuesday, 23 January 2007, 150 mm heavy rains down poured Bogor, Depok and southern parts of Jakarta since caused Ciliwung River and Pesanggrahan River to overflow. • The flood has inundated 60% of Jakarta. • More than 70,000 houses in Jakarta, Tangerang and Bekasi were flooded. • The water level ranged from 10 centimeters to 7 meters. • The present year’s flood was much worse than the deluge of 2002.
    [Show full text]
  • Mt.Salak- Mt.Pangranggo, West Java, Indonesia
    Home Search Collections Journals About Contact us My IOPscience Controlling Groudwater System by Pattern Fracture Approach in Subsurface Volcanic Deposit: Mt.Salak- Mt.Pangranggo, West Java, Indonesia This content has been downloaded from IOPscience. Please scroll down to see the full text. 2016 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 29 012029 (http://iopscience.iop.org/1755-1315/29/1/012029) View the table of contents for this issue, or go to the journal homepage for more Download details: IP Address: 189.218.61.154 This content was downloaded on 26/06/2016 at 16:34 Please note that terms and conditions apply. International Symposium on Geophysical Issues IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 29 (2016) 012029 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/29/1/012029 Controlling Groudwater System by Pattern Fracture Approach in Subsurface Volcanic Deposit: Mt.Salak- Mt.Pangranggo, West Java, Indonesia Cipta Endyana1, Hendarmawan2, Emmy Sukiyah3, Irwan Ary Dharmawan4 1,2,3 Faculty of Geology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia 4 Departement of Geophysics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. In general, the volcanic region has high potential of water resources. However, volcanic field are very complex in structure and texture of rock compared with sedimentary rocks. They also have different porosity in type and distribution, with the spread of the highly different within a short distance. Consequently, groundwater in this volcanic area is quite difficult to predict groundwater flow. Those rocks should be identified as vertical and lateral spreading. In fact, the groundwater a is not flowing in the volcanic rock pores only, but also flow in fractures that developed by the volcanic and tectonic processes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Orange Tuff : a Late Pleistocene Tephra‑Fall Deposit Emplaced by a VEI 5 Silicic Plinian Eruption in West Java, Indonesia
    This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. The Orange Tuff : a Late Pleistocene tephra‑fall deposit emplaced by a VEI 5 silicic Plinian eruption in West Java, Indonesia Harpel, Christopher J.; Kushendratno; Stimac, James; Primulyana, Sofyan; de Harpel, Cecilia F. Avendaño Rodríguez 2019 Harpel, C. J., Kushendratno., Stimac, J., de Harpel, C. F. A. R., & Primulyana, S. (2019). The Orange Tuff : a Late Pleistocene tephra‑fall deposit emplaced by a VEI 5 silicic Plinian eruption in West Java, Indonesia. Bulletin of Volcanology, 81(6), 33‑. doi:10.1007/s00445‑019‑1292‑y https://hdl.handle.net/10356/82733 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445‑019‑1292‑y © 2019 The Author(s). This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Downloaded on 10 Oct 2021 14:53:09 SGT Bulletin of Volcanology (2019) 81: 33 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-019-1292-y RESEARCH ARTICLE The Orange Tuff: a Late Pleistocene tephra-fall deposit emplaced by a VEI 5 silicic Plinian eruption in West Java, Indonesia Christopher J. Harpel1,2 & Kushendratno3 & James Stimac4 & Cecilia F. Avendaño Rodríguez de Harpel5 & Sofyan Primulyana3 Received: 29 December 2017 /Accepted: 2 April 2019 /Published online: 7 May 2019 # The Author(s) 2019 Abstract A VEI 5 dacite eruption emplaced the Orange Tuff about between 34.3 cal kBP and 17.2 cal kBP.
    [Show full text]
  • Current History and the News
    NOT FOR PUBLICATION INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS RC 22 Bogor, West Java Ourrnt History and the News Indonesia Novezber 16, 195 Mr. Walter S. Rogers Ins tiite of Current World Affairs 522 Fifth Avenue New York 36, New York Dear Mr. Rogers: During these first cool days of the rainy season, I do most of my writing on the veranda o my hotel in Bogor. As I sit here, I can see the green juugled slopes of Mount Salak, a dead volcano which rises nearly 7,000 feet from the Bogor foot- hills. Not long ago, Mount Salak was a favorite lair of the Darul Islam rebels, and a few fanatic Moslems still hidethere. The scene reminds me that Indonesia is the one country in the Far East whose rebellions are not communist, but Moslem. Yet down here in ogor, as in most of Indonesia, politically-minded Moslems belong to the moderate and perfectly legal Masjumi Party. Next door to the hotel is a command post of the Siliwa.ngi Division, which has been fizhting the Darul Islam rebels for several years with limited success. Only six years ago, the same Siliwangi Division crushed the communist rebellion at Madiun. Since then, the Indonesian Csmmunist Party has stood loyally at the government's side, contemptuous of traitors and rebels. I've spent a good deal of time wondering about the four factors in this Indonesian political equation: Nationalist government, communists, Moslems, and army.-My 19%3 letters were written with the feelir, g that this equation--which can be factored several ways but seemingly never to a solution--contains the most basic statement of power relations iu Indonesia.
    [Show full text]