269

Proc. Geothermal Workshop 1983 (Presented at Pacific Geothermal Conference 1982)

GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN PROGRESS OF DEVELOPMENT UP TO 1990

Vincent T. Radja

Leader of the Indonesian Team ASEAN Geothermal Cooperation Project and Geothermal Coordinator, State Electricity Corporation, Indonesia

The Government intends to develop these resources cooperation with foreign companies possesing the tech- ABSTRACT nological capabilities and having proven their ence i n geothermal developnent. The ever increasing for in In Thefirst join operation contract and energy sales donesia has led to investigate of the possibility of- tract on development o f Salak Geothermal Resources, using new sources o f energy. One such effort has West , was signed on between been directed toward the developnent of geothermal e- PLN and UNION Geothermal of Indonesia, Ltd. nergy resources. A Tender to develop Geothermal Energy Resources I n Since the steam a t t h e Kamojang Area (West Dieng, Central Java, and Darajat, i s Java) i n 1926, several attempts have been made t o ed t o be opened soon. cover new Geothermal fields through out the Indonesian Up t o t h e Year 1990 the of Indonesia intends archipelago. to develop the Geothermal resources up to in Based on Studie made, Indonesia has a potential output West Java (Kamojang, Salak, Darajat, Cisolok, Banten), o f between 5500 i n Java, Java (Dieng), Bali and Worth Sulawesi 1100 in 1400 i n Sulawesi, with other estimated potentials scattered i n Nusatenggara, Moluc- cas and The Indonesian engaged i n the effort Up to the year 1990 the of Indonesia i n - of developing geothermal resources as an important al- tends to develop the Geothermal Areas i n Kamojang, Sa ternative sources o f energy i n the country, has express jat and Banten i n West: ed interest i n availing itself of the technical Java, Dieng i n Central Java, and Lahendong i n ration offered by the Italian i n the - Worth Sulawesi up to 1050 Area, North Sulawesi and Japanese The objective of this paper i s to describe the impor- through JICA in Area, Central Sumatera tance o f various geothermal energy resources i n Indo- since 1980. nesia and an overall of development o f this resources, the history of development past, present The objective of this pa er is to the and future prospects with special emphasise on elec- portance of various resources i n tric power developnent and the role they and an overall of of these Indonesia up to the year 1990. ces with special emphasis on e lectric power REVIEW OF GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH IN INDONESIA Hot water as well as steam and other gases within Indonesia is one main oil production countries i n the earth retain a higher temperature than on the sur- Southeast Asia, and at t h e same time, it also has a face, the same i s true about pressures. high potential of Geothermal Energy estimated to be 10.000 MW because of i t s location the Pacific Vol- difference is caused by meteoric water i n canic belt, tact with, or i n t o , magma. As o f December 31, 1978, the total installed generat- Tectonic movements enable the magma t o penetrate into ing capacity of PLN t o 2.200 during the the surface which then an and Third Five Year Plan, a number o f new power p l a n t s on o f . Post volcanic evidences of the Throughout Indonesia are to be built increasing the tioned explosion are seen i n the form o f the generating capacity by 2.729 o f hot springs, fumaroles, geysers and solfatara. Either a fumarole or a geyser is eventually formed, the Indonesian planning for Increased rain circulation factor plays an important role i n de- electricity supply i s centered on three sources : termining the final situation, The Indonesian region Coal, Hydro power and Geothermal Energy, with its highly seasonable rainfall, enables a better I n the policy tt was establish circulation in this particular case. ed that steps need t o be taken for the conservation oil andthe of other energy sources, such As Indonesia i s within the quake area, tectonic as coal, hydro power, wind power, geothermal power, trembles take place quite frequently that pene nuclear power, solar energy etc. trations that have not manifested i n explosions may dely be found. All areas should be surveyed by the Studies concerning geothermal power potential in plication of new methods. Indonesia give the following : for a l l Indonesia are between Observing the Indonesian volcanic structures, it and 10.000 MW and are distributed as follows. (Fig : 1) i s not surprising to find the existence of post-vol - canic evidence every where, Java : 5.500 Sumatera : MU I n Indonesia there i s plenty of geothermal (Celebes) : ce appearing on the surface, Almost half of the vol - Nusa Tenggara (Lesser : 400 MW canic centres i n Indonesia (88 out of 177 centres) Moluccas : bear the evidence of fumarole and solfatara activities. Irian : 100 MW Zen : 1970 A 30 HW Kamojang Geothermal Plant i n West Java will be on line December 1982. 2 70

RADJA

1. The Pattern of Geothermal Survey i n Indonesia : 2. Terms and Condition . The Survey f o r geothermal resources i n Indonesia can 2.1. P o t e n t i a l Areas Offered for Development be devided into three important phase Kadir ; et. : 1974 Dirng (Central Java) : 2000 b. Kamojang (West Java) : 100 MW a). Pre War Survey [Before the year 1928) c. Darajat (West Java) : 100 MW b). Between 1964 - 1974 d. Gunung Salak (West Java) : 150 MW After 1974 (Present developnent) e. Cisolok (West Java) f. Banten (West Java) 300 OPPORTUNITIES IN GEOTHERMAL . RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA See map attached (Fig. : 3) 1. General Background 2.2. Period and Stages of Developnent : The government of Refublic of Indonesia has a. General Survey, Exploration and Feasibility ked on a policy to diversify the utilization of the va- Study Period. Et. at' : 1974 ) rious of energy types i n the country. potential i s widely distrubuted i n Indonesia A maximum total period of 60 (sixty) months, and it i s the desire that this resource be prising a maximum o f 48 (Fourty eight) months developed f o r power generation. f o r general survey and exploration and maximum Initial development efforts will be concentrated on six o f 12 (Twelve) months for a feasibility study, areas i n Java where geological explorations have indi o f areas during exploration pe - cated a high probability that geothermal steam could be riod shall be carried out gradually, starting, produced i n comnercial quantities. at the latest, 3 (three) years after the The intends t o develop these resources i n ration activities have operation with foreign companies possesing the techno - logical capabilities and having proven their experience b. Steamfield Development and Power S t a t i o n Cons- i n geothennal developnent. Radja : 1975 truction Period : Depending upon the prevailing conditions of the For projects comprising steam field developnent individual geothermal fields, the scope of the only or including construction of power ing may include : ( Akil : 1979 ) on and transmission, a maximum period of (thirty six) months is allowed. 1. The developnent o f geothermal steam only, 2. The develo ent of geothennal steam and construction c. Production Period : power 3. The developnent o f geothermal steam and construction A period of 360 (three hundred and sixty) months o f power plant with associated as from the of steam production i s required. The Department of Mines and Energy established a t o discuss and negotiate with 2.3. Progress up t o early March 1982 : rested parties for such participation, This will assist canpanies i n Joint Operation Contract and Energy Sales Contract their with the and will serve as a tern of reference. Thefirst joint operation contract and Energy Sales Parties interested i n participating i n the developnent contract on developnent of Geothermal Energy of one or of the six indicated locations, should ces was signed on February 1982 between express their interest as soon as possible. TAMINA, PLN and UNION Geothermal of Indonesia, Ltd. Discussion and negotiation with interested parties will The contractor is assigned t o explore and develop be conducted on a first-come, first-served basis. potential geothermal energy resources i n the Gu - nung Salak Area (West Java). All geothermal The will schedule discussion with inte- y produced by the Contractor shall be sold to PLN rested partles as soon as possible after receiving such State Electricity and i s stipulated inquiries. i n the Energy Sales Contract between and PLN.

I

DISTRIBUTION MAP OF GEOTHERMAL IN INDONESIA 271

RADJA

A Tender t o develop Energy Resources i n Type Darajat and (Located i n West Java) and Dieng (Central Java) i s scheduled t o be opened November 1, Training 1982 soon. Up t o the year 1990 the Goverment of Short Miss ons donesia intends to develop the Geothennal Areas i n Meeting Conference Kamojang, Salak, Darajat, Wayang, Banten, Cisolok Exchange Data Centre i n North Sulawesi Bali up to 1050 HW. Table : 1 GEOTHERMAL CONSTRUCTION PROJECT ASEAN COOPERATION ON GEOTHERMAL POWER DEVELOPMENT Historlcal

The First Meeting of the ASEAN Working Groups As early as 1918 proposals were made to training to the cooperation project among ASEAN power geothennal energy at Kamojang but was not authorities, namely Geothennal Power Develo ent, was 1926 1928 that five exploration wells were held at the Asian Institute of Tourism driiled by the Netherlands East City, Philippines, March 24 and 25, 1982. Survey. One of these wells, Kamojang 3, isstilldischar The Meeting was attended by delegates fran Indonesia, ging steam. Involvement of New Zealand Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand. Radja 1982 maintained through the operating periodtoassist parts ingetting through the "Leaning Curve"as The following major points were jointly agree possible. the present procedures are upon i n the : being final ished betweenmanufacturers, PERTAMINA. Training programmes are also well underway for operat- a. The Philippines and Indonesian Working Groups will ing staff. Some in-factory training is being exchange Pro Fonna Sales Contracts for Geothermal out by manufacturers, further general will be Resources or Supply Contracts. given on site by GENZL and contractors and various se- Each country will give i t s assessment o f these Re - nior operations staff wlll spend time at in sources and the provisions which could be mutually New Zealand, the operatlon of an adopted by a l l ASEAN countries. existing geothermal plant, Radja : 1979 The output of this interchange shall be dis- seminated t o the other ASEAN Future Developnent Unit 2 3 : 2 x 55 b. The following possible areas of ASEAN cooperation on In the original planning design for power developnent were agreed upon : the overall scale of developnent planned was for MW statlon, both fran the original drilllng SCOPE . and the more recent exploration drilling carried out by PERTAMINA, together with the revised updated reservair Technical analysis based on well tests and use of more cated analytical techniques, of the reservoir Exploration Geology Geophysihs capacity at Kamojang have been Increased, Dri ing ion . Based on this data, PLN agreed to extend the Reservoir Engineering Assessment tion by 2 x 55 units under the World Bank Loan, Power Generation Agreement for Engineering Design between PLN and GENZL be signed R.H. Wilson : 1982 ) The future developnent of geothermal energy in Indonesia has been given the highest prtorlty by the Legislation Goverment , Institutiona1 k Indonesia has very large reserves of geother mal and such developnent could make a significant Pricing Policies tribution to overall electrical energy supply,

Table : GEOTHERMAL POWER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM UP TO YEAR - 1990

AGENCY YEAR

N

PERTAWINA 30 -

, 1050 7 A 272

RADJA

This has added importance i n that it will not on- The Koei Team o f Japan has participated in ly help toward the diversification of energy the project since 1980 in accordance with the - but also provide an energy for oil fired ration Agrement' concluded between the State Electri- generation, freeing o i l for the export city Corporation, Directonate of Volcanology and Ltd. on July 21,1980. DIENG GEOTHERMAL PROJECT The Dieng Volcanic is a canplicated vol canic with connes, craters, lakes and solfatara fields. and Radja The complex is an old volcanic ruin on connes, originated over an elongated strip of 14 long and 6 wide. Most of the which are to 300 high, are of the cinder type and they are distributed over the entlre elongated ship which trend in NU - In fact it is a extension of the Sundoro t volcanic Though the connes consist of cinders, lava flows are also found same o f them. A three long lava stream flowed the crater. .'. . It is probable however that the geothermal in terest of this area is not only restricted to the eng Plateau in sensustricto where solfataric activity is rather extensive. The frequently recorded phreatic eruption in the area of 7 to the West, indicate the presence of covers underneath the thick blanket of piroclastics. Hot springs are widely distributed in this region. The temperature of many sofatara fields fluctuate bet- ween 85 - 99 Through the whole area is completely covered by pyro - In the adjacent area of Karangkobar. good outcrops of Miocene are found. Well several hundred metres thick are overlain by shales and Igneous are The sedimentary series of Karangkobar have their continuation underneath the area of Batur and Dieng Plateau the existence of an adquate reservoir and cover both areas is ensured. Five deep exploration has also carried out by in Dieng field, the drilling of DNG - 6 still in progress now. A tender t o develop Geothermal Energy Resources in Dieng KERINCI GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION PROJECT (Central Java) scheduled to be opened in early ber 1982. The Survey f o r the Geothermal Developnent on the A FeasibllIty Study concerning the technical Area, Province, Central Sumatera car- . ried out by I n response t o the request extended by aspects and plan of the installation of the Goverment of Indonesia, 2 x power plant will be done by PLN late 1982 and The Surveys were conducted i n three one Year plans for subsequent up to starting in 1980. Thefirst phase survey and exploration (1980) LAHENDONG GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION PROJECT ed of Regional and Detailed Geological of thermal Manifestation, a Hydrogeologlcal Survey and a- It is anticipated in the Third Plant for Power by the Geochanical Survey, ( Hodjo : 1979 ) that the future for electrical power will- The second phase survey 1981 of : more than double from 1977 to a). Gravity survey t o measure the gravity values vary- According to this plan, geotheml power development ing with the density of the rocks forming projects are planned. One is 2 x 55 project in the ground Structures i n the survey areas. Dieng area Central Java and the second is Lahendong. To Clarify the Geologic structural background of the promising regions of geotheml activity by the Directorate of Volcanology is the the subsurface formation of the underground struc- Island of Sulawesi contains four of potential develo - tures. ment. Radja : 1976 ) Geothemal upon the Of these, the Lahendong district In near the tlon of gravity of in Northern Sulawesi thou ht to have the potential to produce 20 of power. The third phase survey consist of the Ing of one exploratory well depth i n Sikal Area, (Fig. : 2 describing the kind and roperties of all rocks and measuring of and A Study of the geothermal tential In the dong area was as a for the cons of vapour and water. (Started i n September 1982) tructlon of a geothermal plant with a capacity of and electrical logging are to be tested. by the State Electricity Corporation in GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION PROJECT cooperation with the Directorate of Volcanology which was undertaking a geophysical exploration and The mountain Salak solfatarlc consist of operatlon to a depth of 500 metres. parts namely Mount Salak porper i n the Northeast and the old volcanic of Kiaraberes - Perbakti i n the t, Roughly it i s an volcanic complex which measures 35 35 trending or less 2

RADJA

The complex o f Kiaraberes - Perbakti i s on old 3. Geological mapping a t 1 : 46.000; o f the area; canic ruin which has been extensively eroded. 4. Georesistivity prospection, consisting of 12 ver the NE and directing the following or tical soundings and approximately of pro - canic renants can be discerned : f i l e soundings. The evaluation of the results so far obtained con- Perbakti, Endut, Kiaraberes, Gagak. firms the favourable geotheml prospects of the Area. In this complex a great many solfatarics and roles are found. I n the past numerous phreatic erupti- on have been recorded. manifestations i n Perbakti and Cibeureum Craters are quite impressive. The measured at ,spots i n both craters varied between 68 C and 95 c. I n the volcanic ruin of Kiaraberes, travertine sinters were observed. A self sealing process by solfataric action in this area i s obvious. The whole lex is completely covered by a thick blanket of I n the Kiaraberes volcanic ruin, a flow of obsidian and rhyolitik rock observed which indicated the presence of an acid intrusive body a t a not too great depth underneath. Radja : 1975

Though strata were found i n the G LOCATION IN JAVA near the Salak volcanic is by magmatic a c t i v i t y which pierced through a series of Eocene sandstone and which have OTHER GEOTHERMAL RECONNAISANCE PROJECTS an estimated thickness varying between 75 - Based on t h e agreement signed by PERTAMINA, PLN a n d UNION o f Indonesia on February 11,1982. (Joint Operation Contract and Energy Sales Contract), Extensive investigation were completed i n 1971 will soon be developing the Cibeureum i n the geothermal region beneath the Cal- field. dera i n Bali K. Seal 1976 ) It i s anticipated that the first geothermal well will A favour field referred to as Bedugul i s of be spuded to provide the equivalent of 110 MW of elec- particular interest in that associated hot springs trical energy initially constructed by PLN. are a l l located more than 15 fran the reservoir. It i s also understood that in conjuncion with the Based on Seal and extensive drainage outflow feeds i e ld Development, Topografic Surveys, Engineering these springs with hot water that has undergone both Geological Investigation, Envirornental Impact Analysis dilution and chemical modification i n i t s passage - Soil will be carried out by PLNfor the purpose of underground down t h e flanks of the Caldera. lection of the power plant site and design Estimates made f o r t h e energy contained i n this out - o f the power plants, flow confirm it to least i n amount with - The general survey, exploration and feasibility study similar measurements a t Darajat. period shall be sixty on the effecti- Coupled with the greater size of the reservoir Indica- ve date February 11, 1982. tions are that the potential is greater than either or Darajat but i s prudently estimated as an GEOTHERMAL RECONNAISANCE PROJECT i n dicated resource of 150 As the agency o f the goverrment of the o f Indonesia, The Indonesian engaged i n t h e effort an L i s t r i k Negara wished t o engage Geother- o f developing geothermal resources as an important - mal Energy of New Zealand as consultant t o conduct a ternative source of energy i n the has express- pre- feasibility study and t o provide the basic ed the interest of availing itself of the technical co- necessary for planning and developnent. operation offered by the Italian The studies will be canpleted i n 1982, ready for the Developnent Bank appraisal for Considering their interest and mutual study. Radja : 1980 fit in o f Geothermal both have agreed t o undertake a preliminary evaluation GEOTHERMAL IN WEST bility through the activities : The exploration at Darajat produced data a. Define the Geothermal o f the Kotamubago Area camparable to that from and i s strongly - on which t o base the siting of deep exploratory wells, sug ested that the fields are very similar. done by GENZL of Zealand and PERTAMINA b. Prepare a technically sound report, has confirmed this and, with the known t o be which will constitute a basis for the acquisition of of comparable the Darajat field is judged equiva funds f o r the further stage of and de - lent to with a measured potential of 150 (GENZL : 19821; The implementation of this cooperation will start The p r e - feasibility studies conducted Geother - Hay 13, 1982 and will be within 10 Energy o f New Zealand in The Kotamubago geothermal area i s situated the 1982 : t h e Bolaang Hongondow District, North Sulawesi Province. a. To rovide an early of the present status The area i s characterized by the occurence of numerous of and and very active thermal manifestations (Fumaroles and b, To conduct supplementary field surveys as to their hot springs), spread over a surface of nearly 300 for in resource which appear t o to Quarternary volcanism, potential, power system The Geothermal Division of the has carried and aspects. out the following investigations : The Asian Developnent Bank will evaluate the r e 1. Inventory of manifestations : o f GENZL reports the purpose of financtng 2. Sampling and chemical analysis of 73 waterpoints the Feasibility Studies. from hot springs, superficial dralnage, and shallow The Darajat field situated near Kamojang so that wells; the power produced can connect to the grid linking and 274

Radja

EAST JAVA AREAS V.T. RADJA : "Investigations of Energy Resources in Minahasa Area, North Considerable geothermal activity extends : International Congress out East Java, pros ects have been indentified on Thermal Waters, Geothermal Energy in Ijen Caldera, and more be discovered as explo and Vulcanism of the Mideteranean - ration continues in these areas. Area, Oct. 5 - 10, 1976. The most area in East Java is in the Athens, Greece. complexes where several centres of natural thermal activity have been located. V.T. RADJA : "Towards the Construction and Envi- As with any porspect in Java, the Arjuno, Welirang, Impacts of the fields if proven, would connect to the Geothermal Power Project, West Java national : 1982 Indonesia" : Geothermal Resources For these reasons a continuation of the exploration Annual Meeting 1979. is Sept. 24 27, 1979. Reno , . .A, REFERENCES AKIL : Development in M.T. ZEN : "Result of the Preliminary Geologi- sia Technical Discussion cal Investigation of Natural Steam National World Energy Fields in Indonesia". ference, 16 - 17 November 1979 First United Nations Geothermal Jakarta - Septenber 23 - October 1, 1970. Pisa, Italy. SEAL : Visit in Indonesia Areas Java and Be- A. : Exploration at the Di - lieved to have Geothermal Potential", A. eng and Policy to Utili- Geothermal Energy New Zealand Ltd. V.T. RADJA ze other Resources in Hay 1976. ia IX World Energy Conference, Sept. V.T. RADJA : Energy Resources Explora- 23 - 29, 1974, Detroit, Michigan, tion in Indonesia with special U.S.A. sise on Electric Power Generation Past, Present and future Prospects V.T. RAWA : of Energy (A Country Paper) dfes in Indonesia, Second United ESCAP Seminar on Geothermal Energy tfons Geothermal Resources, Rotorua, New Zealand May 20 1975. 27 - 5, 1980. San Francisco, California, U.S.A. R .H. WILSON : of the DJAJADI Energy in Indo- Power Station and L. PARDYANTO nesia Volcanic 'Areas" West Java, Indonesia. ALZWAR Pacific Energy and Offshore South East Asia Conference Resources Conference. and Exhibition. - 30, 1974 Singapore, February 1982. Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. V.T. RADJA : Energy Resources Develop- SUBROTO : Investigation in Indo- ment in Indonesia with Special nesia, A Status Report 1979. sise on Electric Power Generation Past, Present and future Prospects (A Country Paper) ASEAN Cooperation Project, Geother: mal Power Developaent, First Ad-Hoc Meeting, (Philippines) March 24 25, 1982.