Data presentation DATA PRESENTATION

Wallacea

HABITAT OVERVIEW F

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8 8 The habitat region accounts which form the major part of this book have been prepared in a standardised way. The opening page of each account summarises the number of globally threatened species that occur there, the habitat requirements and altitudinal ranges of these birds, and the countries and territories which the region covers. The special features and global importance of the region are highlighted in the summary text, including whether it overlaps with one of Conservation International’s Global Hotspots (see pp.20–21). ALLACEA in cludes the Indonesian r Threatened species (almo egions of Nusa Tengga W st equivalent to the Les ra Malu ser Sundas), Sulawesi a ku (almost equivalent t nd o the Moluccas). The e Total remarkable for the h ntire region is CR EN VU igh degree of localised e subdivided in ndemism, and has been 7 20 22 to 10 Endemic Bird Ar 49 SUMMARY TABLE three eas (four in Nusa Teng in Sulawesi and three in gara, Maluku) and one Seco — — 1 1 Sulawesi). In several o ndary Area (in f these EBAs (e.g. Timo Buru) the thre r and Wetar; Sulawesi; — The number of species that qualify for the IUCN Red List Categories (see atened species include b 1 — 1 forest s oth lowland and monta pecialists, and some thr ne eatened species are high Total 7 p.18) of CR (Critically Endangered), EN (Endangered) and VU (Vulnerable) (e.g. Black-chinned Mo ly localised 21 23 51 narch is confined to th Boano); conser e tiny island of vation measures a Key: = breeds only in re therefore required this forest region. are given, and are subdivided according to their occurrence status within both lowland an to protect = also bre d montane fo eds in other region(s). rests in these EBAs, an which support h d in the areas Threatened= non-breeding v isitospeciesr fro ighly localised spe m another region. hig cies. The remarkable to the habitat region. The symbols and species categories used in this table hly threatened sp tal of 27 The Wallac ecies mainly com ea region corresponds to prises birdaras affe Intern Conservation loss within thei cted by habitat ational’s Wallacea Hotsp r small ranges, but a ot (see pp.20–21). fro lso several species und Total cross-refer to those used in Table 2. m exploitation for the w er pressure ild bird trade (e.g. Ch Yellow-crested Co attering Lory and CR EN VU ckatoo) or for t heir eggs (e.g. Maleo). ■ ■ Key hab 7202249 itats Tropical lowland an and d montanene rainforest, m dry deciduous forest, m oist angrove forest and sag associated grassland o swamps, and ■ scrub and cultivation. —— 11 Altitude 0–3,000 m. ■ Co MAP untries and territories Indonesia in Ma Tim (Nusa Tenggara, Sula luku); or-Leste (East Timor) wesi, —1—1 The maps are colour coded according to habitat type (e.g. forest regions . esi; The G unung Sahendaruman IBA three on Sangihe supports five hig are in a variety of shades of green), and show the geographical extent of of which are unique to this hly threatened bird speTotalcies, 7212351 site. PHOTO: PHIL BENSTEAD

each habitat region. In most forest and grassland regions, further colour Key: = breeds only in this forest region.

coding is used to show sub-regions (usually Endemic Bird Areas: see p.20– = also breeds in other region(s).93 21), each of which has its own group of threatened birds. The locations of = non-breeding visitor from another region. the outstanding Important Bird Areas for threatened birds given in Table 1 The Wallacea region corresponds to Conservation are shown on the maps. Only those countries and territories where the habitat region’s threatened birds have been recorded are labelled on the OUTSTANDING IBAs FOR THREATENED BIRDS maps. The seabirds map (S01) differs in that it shows all known breeding localities for the five threatened seabirds that breed in Asia. Wallacea The most outstanding sites for threatened birds in the habitat region, generally those with the most extensive and highest quality natural habitats, or wetlands that regularly support globally outstanding congregations of threatened waterbirds.

Wallacea

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Table 1. Outstanding Important Bird Areas in Wallacea.

IBA name Status Island Threatened species and habitats 1 Komodo NP PA BR, WH Komodo Important population of Yellow-crested Cockatoo 2 Mbeliling — Flores Several Northern Nusa Tenggara EBA species, nota 3 Ruteng NRP PA Flores Several Northern Nusa Tenggara EBA species, nota nt Bird Areas in Wallacea. Table 1. Outstanding Importa ned species and habitats us Island Threate 4 Wolo Tadho NR (PA) Flores Extensive forests with several Northern Nusa Tengg ame Stat IBA n n of Yellow-crested Cockatoo BR, WH Important populatio res Hanging-parrot PA Komodo otably Flores Monarch and Flo Komodo NP Nusa Tenggara EBA species, n 5 Manupeu-Tanadaru PA Sumba Large protected area, with populations of all of Sum 1 es Several Northern owl — Flor species, notably Flores Scops- 2 Mbeliling Northern Nusa Tenggara EBA Flores Several A species NRP PA al Northern Nusa Tenggara EB 3 Ruteng Extensive forests with sever 6s Laiwangi-Wanggameti NP PA Sumba Large protected area, with populations of all of Sum (PA) Flores Sumba’s threatened forest bird Wolo Tadho NR rea, with populations of all of 4 mba Large protected a forest birds daru PA Su ns of all of Sumba’s threatened 5 Manupeu-Tana protected area, with populatio 7 Gunung Mutis PA Timor Populations of several Timor and Wetar EBA specie A Sumba Large ably Timor Imperial-pigeon angi-Wanggameti NP P or and Wetar EBA species, not 6 Laiw Populations of several Tim es PA Timor al Timor and Wetar EBA speci 7 Gunung Mutis est, with populations of sever imor-Leste Large area of for 8 Paitchau-Iralalora — Timor-Leste Large area of forest, with populations of several Tim tstanding Important Bird Areas in Wallacea. alora — T etar EBA species 8 Paitchau-Iral lations of several Timor and W — Wetar Popu Arnau mar Flycatcher 9 r The only site for Da ory 9 Arnau — Wetar Populations of several Timor and Wetar EBA specie — Dama al-pigeon and Red-and-blue L 10 Pulau Damar ns of Talaud Rail, Grey Imperi ye, also Sangihe Status Island Threatened species and habitats Talaud Populatio ycatcher and Sangihe White-e ng HR PA e-thrush, Cerulean Paradise-fl 11 Karakela The only site for Sangihe Shrik 10 Pulau Damar — Damar The only site for Damar Flycatcher n — Sangihe nt Sunbird 12 Gunung Sahendaruma Hanging-parrot and Elega only site for Siau Scops-owl owl, Matinan Flycatcher — Siau The cies, notably Cinna11bar Hawk- Karakelang HR PA Talaud Populations of Talaud Rail, Grey Imperial-pigeon a lau Siau rting several Sulawesi EBA spe 13 Pu i Extensive forests suppo one NP PA Sulawes ds unds 14 Bogani Nani Wartab and Maleo nesting groun d-nightjar and Maleo nesting gro A species, notably Sulawesi Eare ts supporting several Sulawesi EB 12 Gunung Sahendaruman — Sangihe The only site for Sangihe Shrike-thrush, Cerulean P BR lawesi Extensive fores PA Su tcher 15 Lore Lindu NP nly site for Lompobatang Flyca PA Sulawesi The o Hanging-parrot and Elegant Sunbird 16 Lompobatang PF r White-tipped Monarch Tanahjampea The only site fo pea — ed-owl 17 Tanahjam The only site for Taliabu Mask — Taliabu otably Dusky Friarbird 13 Pulau Siau — Siau The only site for Siau Scops-owl 8 Taliabu PNR North Maluku EBA species, n 1 orotai Supports several — M North Maluku EBA species 19 Wayabula sive forests supporting several Halmahera Exten ed Fruit-dove in14 the lowlanBoganids Nani Wartabone NP PA Sulawesi Extensive forests supporting several Sulawesi EBA s bata — he main peak and Carunculat eet TABLE 1 lists the outstanding Important Bird Areas20 inLalo the habitat region,Molu ccandan Woodc ockserves on t as obably also Blue-fronted Lorik — Obi Rufous-throated White-eye, pr 21 Pulau Obi own for Black-lored Parrot and Buru The only site kn and Maleo nesting grounds ada — veral Seram EBA species a key to the habitat region map. It provides information22 Kapalat M on whether theEx teIBAnsive fores ts sisupp ortaing se — Seram A species BR 23 Waibula ts supporting several Seram EB Seram Extensive fores 15 Lore Lindu NP PA Sulawesi Extensive forests supporting several Sulawesi EBA speci P PA onarch 24 Manusela N e only site for Black-chinned M protected area and/or listed under an international convention,— theBoa noterritoryTh or island . Boano be published in early 2004 25 Pulau rtant Bird Areas in Asia, due to 16oposedLompobatang nature reserve. PF PA Sulawesi The only site for Lompobatang Flycatcher ill be included in the Impo Protection Forest; PNR = pr holly at more IBAs in this region w ature Recreation Park; PF = .xx–xx); WH = IBA is w Note th R = Nature Reserve; NRP = N iosphere Reserve (see pp eserve; NP = National Park; N ; BR = IBA is wholly or partially a B where the IBA is located, and its importance for threatenedIBA name: HR = Hunting Rbirds. rotected areas; — = unprotected Key area; (PA) = IBA partially p 17 Tanahjampea — Tanahjampea The only site for White-tipped Monarch Status: PA = IBA is a protected eritage Site (see pp.xx–xx). or partially a World H 18 Taliabu PNR — Taliabu The only site for Taliabu Masked-owl 19 Wayabula — Morotai Supports several North Maluku EBA species, notab 94

41 Data presentation

Wallacea TABLE 2 lists the globally threatened species found in the habitat region, together Table 2. Threatened birds of Wallacea. with a symbol to represent their occurrence status there, their IUCN Red List Species Distribution and habitat Category, and notes on their distribution and/or habitats. In most forest and NORTHERN NUSA TENGGARA (EBAgrassland regions, the table is divided into subgroups of threatened birds (usually by Flores Green-pigeon Treron floris VU Throughout EBA in lowland forest Endemic Bird Areas: see pp.20–21; the codes used for Endemic Bird Areas and Yellow-crested Cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea s CR Occurs sparsely throughout EBA in lowSecondary Areas are from Stattersfield et al. 1998), which are colour coded to cross- Flores Hanging-parrot Loriculus flosculus EN Endemic to Flores, where very local inrefer m visually to the coloured sub-regions on the map. In wetland regions, the Flores Scops-owl Otus alfredi EN Endemic to Flores, known from two lococcurrence status symbols are used to show whether a species is a breeding, passage Flores Monarch Monarcha sacerdotum EN Endemic to Flores, where very local in m Flores Crow Corvus florensis EN Endemic to Flores, inhabits lowland orfor non-breeding visitor, and the proportion of its global population that is estimated to occur in the wetland region. The occurrence status symbols and IUCN Red List SUMBA (EBA 163) Sumba Buttonquail Turnix everetti VU Sparse dry grassland with patches of Categorybu cross-refer to the summary table and the species list in the Appendix. Red-naped Fruit-dove Ptilinopus dohertyi VU Mostly confined to montane forest Yellow-crested Cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea s CR Depends on closed-canopy primary low Sumba Hornbill Aceros everetti VU Mostly confined to large patches of und Wallacea Table 2. Threatened b TIMOR AND WETAR (EBA 164) irds of Wallacea. Species

Slaty Cuckoo-dove Turacoena modesta VU Primary and tall secondary lowland and Distribution and habitat F08 Flores Gree NORTHERN n-pigeon Treron floris NUSA TENGGARA (EBA 16 Wetar Ground-dove Gallicolumba hoedtii EN Lowland and hill forests on Timor and W VU 2) Yellow-crested Cocka Throughout EBA in lowland too Cacatua sulphurea s forest Flores Ha CR Occurs sparsely nging-parrot Loriculus flosc throughout EBA in lowland fo Timor Green-pigeon Treron psittacea EN Primary or tall secondary forest on Timo ulus E rest Flores Scops-o N Endemic to Flores, w wl Otus alfredi here very local in mid-elevat ion semi-evergreen rainforest Flores Monar EN Endemic to Flores, k Timor Imperial-pigeon Ducula cineracea EN Forest at 500–2,200 m in the mountains ch Monarcha sacerdotum nown from two localities in montane forest above 1,000 m Flores Crow C EN Endemic to Flores, w orvus florensis here very local in mid-elevat s EN ion semi-evergreen rainforest Yellow-crested Cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea CR Lowland and hill forests on Timor Endemic to Flores, inhabi ts lowland forest below 950 m Sumba SUMBA (E Timor Sparrow Padda fuscata VU Savanna, scrub and cultivation in the lo Buttonquail Turnix everetti BA 163) VU S Red-naped Fruit-dove P parse dry grassland with patc tilinopus dohertyi hes of bushes in the lowlands VU M Yellow-crested Cockato ostly confined to montane fo BANDA SEA ISLANDS (EBA 165) o Cacatua sulphurea s rest CR Depe Sumba Hornbill Aceros eve nds on closed-canopy primar retti y lowland forest with tall tree VU Most s Damar Flycatcher Ficedula henrici VU Common in forest on the tiny island of ly confined to large patches o f undisturbed lowland forest Slaty Cucko TIMOR AND The Data Deficient Lesser Masked-owl Tyto sororcula has been recorded in forest on two islands of the Tanimbar group o-dove Turacoena modesta WETAR (EBA 164) Wetar G VU Primary and ta round-dove Gallicolumba ll secondary lowland and hi hoedtii ll forests on Timor and Wetar Timor Gre EN Lowland and hill = breeds only in this forest region; = also breeds in other region(s); = non-breeding visitor from another region; s = also oc en-pigeon Treron psittacea forests on Timor and Wetar EN Pr Timor Imperial-pigeon D imary or tall secondary forest ucula cineracea on Timor, chiefly in the extre EN Fo me lowlands Yellow-crested Cockato rest at 500–2,200 m in the m o Cacatua sulphurea s ountains of Timor and Wetar Ti CR Lowlan mor Sparrow Padda fuscata d and hill forests on Timor VU Savanna, scrub and cultiva tion in the lowlands of Timor Damar BANDA S Flycatcher Ficedula henrici EA ISLANDS (EBA 165) VU The Data Deficie Common in forest o nt Lesser Masked-owl Tyto s n the tiny island of Damar ororcula has been recorded in = b forest on two islands of the reeds only in this forest regio Tanimbar group n; = also breeds in othe r region(s); = non-breedin g visitor from another region ; s = also occurs in other EB CURRENT STATUS OF HABITATS AND A(s) and/or SA(s) in Wallacea ... continued Flores Green THREATENED SPECIES -pigeon is widespread but l fragmented l ocalised in the owland forests of northern Yellow-crested Cockat Nusa Tenggara. oo has declined rapidly in ma Wallacea because of ca ny parts of pture for the wild bird trade. This section gives an overview of the current conditions of the natural and semi-natural habitats in the region, with information on past and current threats, and conservation measures that are already in place. Where species are directly threatened by exploitation or other issues that do not relate to their habitats, information is given on the

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95 Table 3. Conservation issues and strategic solutions for birds of Wallacea.

Conservation issues Strategic solutions Wallacea Forest loss and degradation ugh conservation ould be promoted thro les; this sh s F ging has lifesty ➤ ical services that forest ■ FORESTRY ANDt sILLEGAL. In seve rLOGGINGal areas, log k (Managestressing tforestshe ecol osustainably,g with certification schemes based on best ure and settlemen awareness wor ), 0 agricult s, for example Bogani ance of water supplies ■ inside protected area ide, including mainten EXPLOITATIONccurred OF FOREST PRODUCTS prov lp 8 recently o wesi and Manusela independentse rmonitoringves and IBAs, to he National Park on Sula larly around nature re s Nani ■Wartabone has been particu ➤ e most important area CONVERSION TOO nAGRICULTUREce selective log gANDing PLANTATIONS aCancelnd distu rloggingbance in concessionsth within gazetted and proposed protect tional Park on Seram. reduce damage Na ssures to change the ➤ ed birds. ■ LIVESTOCKhere are fGRAZINGrequently pANDre FIRE of habitat for thDevelopreaten greater community participation in forest management a concluded t ture or plantations. ction forestry to agricul CONSERVATION ISSUES ndu■se from produ nable ➤ IONS la TRANSMIGRATION mitted to sustai PromoteT UtheRE A developmentND PLANTAT of more efficient agriculture, to help re government is com ■ SION TO AGRICUL The Indonesian d CONVER nverted for ■ DEVELOPMENT (URBAN,s comm INDUSTRIAL,endable laws ETC.)an forest continue to be co t management, and ha Large areas of natural habitat ku. Near the fores laws are frequently ons, especially in Malu AND STRATEGIC SOLUTIONS ■ . However, these ure➤ and plantati regulatioPESTICIDESns in place e forest agricult Maintain forest patchesconut , onban Sangihe,ana, cacao and restore the forest at Gu spread corruption in th been replaced with co ed, in part due to wide coast, forest has h alluvial soil flout rcially valuable forests ➤ Introduces. In fireland management, forest on ric programmes, and measures to reduce that extensive comme nd oil palm plantation uteng sector. Given major priority. a ultural fields, e.g. at R orest management is a ➤ be converted to agric remain, sustainable f based on is liable to Develop new transmigrationas are th rschemes,eatened roads and mines following be rapidly advanced, mportant protected are ation schemes need to on Flores. Many i ang Certific nd independent environmentalent, in cimpactluding K assessment,arakel to integrate biodiversity conser n forest management a agricultural encroachm ture This section is usually subdivided under four main best practices i ed inside by unung Sibela Strict Na s should not be grant ➤serve on Talaud and G onitoring. Concession ially Hunting Re Eliminate use of illegal insecticidescause it leads t oon plantations m areas, i.e. on land offic his threat is twofold be or proposed protected Reserve on Bacan. T st gazetted rvation (with the reater pressure on fore nated for nature conse es of people and puts g e headings: Habitat loss and degradation; Protected areas alloProtectedcated or desig areas coverage ande pr inmanagementcipal influx extends well beyond th n of 1981 remaining th e impact on a reserve ional conservation pla resources, so th ern boundary nat cancelled, and For example, the south ■ GAPS oINnc ePROTECTEDssions shou ldAREAS be SYSTEM area encr➤oached upon. i is reference). C g operations Establish new protectedtional Park areason Su ltoaw efills gaps in coverage of threatened b alised, whenever loggin ni Nani Wartabone Na coverage and management; Exploitation of birds: and Gaps con■cessionaires pen of Boga ➤ antations and other WEAKNESSES IN RESERVEs. MANAGEMENT Strengthenegraded by the coc oPKAnut p throughl training, improved terms and conditio ach on protected area almost entirely d for a variety encro ➤ enture within the park ltivation, anImproved people v reserve management throughleo more intensive patrolling, b cu timber, rattan and Ma in knowledge. Within each of these subsections, there are RODUCTS rposes, including ■ ATION OF FOREST P of extractive pu o ■ EXPLOIT wland forests on enforcementhera (apparently vital t ch as the remaining lo Sago swamp on Halma In some areas, su loitation for eggs. eared, and the threat to eavily degraded by exp has been extensively cl ores, habitat is being h as Invisible Rail) ercial sago overviews of the main threats to habitats and birds in the FlExploitation of birdsn some moist forest are high, involving comm nd building material. I the remaining tracts is and, firewood a collection is conversion for wet rice ion, timber and rattan n, irrigation schemes, th■roughout the reg abitat has extractio➤ ssland on Sumba is HUNTING AND TRAPPINGements and wherever h Improveond de enforcementvelopment. Gra of existing hunting laws, especially in protecte se, especially near settl potentially, fishp lture, all to region, with recommendations for conservation actions to inten On Sulawesi, some nd converted to agricu ■ EGG-COLLECTIONted into small patches. ing bu➤rnt, Promoteovergrazed sustainable a community managementrs to of Maleo and Molu been fragmen ds that be ttonquail, which appea o Maleo nesting groun etriment of Sumba Bu vi■llages are so close t n by the likel➤y d ges of the vital last WILD BIRD TRADE and collection of ratta Implementrassland thes. T hYellow-crestede lower ed Cockatoo Recovery Plan, and adap unistic felling of trees avoid man-made g cleared for address these issues. These conservation issues, and the opport ds. Protected areas e are gradually being y to deter breeding bir hes of forest on Sangih villagers is likel b human patc Gaps in knowledge ample buffers to absor ivation. eed to be zoned, with . shifting cult iculture (through n f exploitative activities t of more efficient agr ‘strategic solutions’ proposed to address them, are s, and core areas free o The developmen viate p■ressure rest management and ➤ techniques) to help alle INADEQUATEnity DATA partic iONpat ioTHREATENEDn in fo BIRDS roved anSurveyd appro poorlypriate known threatened species, islands and sites, including Greater commu traditional imp developed, respecting ➤ conservation should be Monitor populations of species that are exploited by man, includi summarised in Table 3.

r birds s and strategic solutions fo Table 3. Conservation issue of Wallacea. Strategic solutions Conservation issues agement and on best practices in forest man th certification schemes based Forest loss and degradation ➤ Manage forests sustainably, wi ND ILLEGAL LOGGING onitoring ■ FORESTRY A independent m nd proposed protected areas TABLE 3 summarises the main conservation issues EST PRODUCTS ons within gazetted a ■ EXPLOITATION OF FOR ➤ Cancel logging concessi ent and conservation PLANTATIONS tion in forest managem ng areas of N TO AGRICULTURE AND er community participa ressure on the remaini ■ CONVERSIO ➤ Develop great riculture, to help reduce the p AND FIRE ent of more efficient ag ■ LIVESTOCK GRAZING ➤ Promote the developm affecting the threatened birds in the habitat ■ IGRATION tat hendaruman TRANSM natural habi store the forest at Gunung Sa BAN, INDUSTRIAL, ETC.) es on Sangihe, and re s, in Nusa Tenggara ■ DEVELOPMENT (UR ➤ Maintain forest patch es to reduce grazing in forest ent programmes, and measur rocess, including ■ PESTICIDES ➤ Introduce fire managem llowing the existing legal p region, and the ‘strategic solutions’ proposed to schemes, roads and mines fo elopment ➤ Develop new transmigration onservation with regional dev ent, to integrate biodiversity c environmental impact assessm icides on plantations ➤ Eliminate use of illegal insect address these threats. Each of the conservation

anagement atened birds and their habitats Protected areas coverage and m s to fill gaps in coverage of thre staff issues listed in the table corresponds to a ➤ Establish new protected area onditions, and equipment for M , improved terms and c er law ■ PROTECTED AREAS SYSTE e PKA through training demarcation and strict GAPS IN ➤ Strengthen th ntensive patrolling, boundary SERVE MANAGEMENT gement through more i ■ WEAKNESSES IN RE ➤ Improve reserve mana subheading in the Conservation issues and enforcement

s, especially in protected areas strategic solutions section. Exploitation of birds cement of existing hunting law gapode nesting grounds ➤ Improve enfor t of Maleo and Moluccan Me APPING mmunity managemen ened parrots ■ HUNTING AND TR ➤ Promote sustainable co , and adapt it for other threat sted Cockatoo Recovery Plan ■ EGG-COLLECTION ➤ Implement the Yellow-cre ■ WILD BIRD TRADE protected areas ledge and sites, including proposed Gaps in know wn threatened species, islands s and parrots ➤ Survey poorly kno by man, including megapode N THREATENED BIRDS ecies that are exploited ■ INADEQUATE DATA O ➤ Monitor populations of sp

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