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Fiftieth year, number 32-33 (2509) Friday, 11-18 August 2017

At the General Audience the Holy Father speaks about forgiveness All are sinners in need of God’s mercy

At the General Audience on Wed- nesday, 9 August, the Holy Father spoke of God’s mercy as the driv- ing force of Christian hope. When Jesus forgives the sinful woman, the said, his action causes scandal, because it overturns the dominant attitude of the time. In- stead of rejecting sinners, however, Jesus embraces them: those who are outcast, the “untouchable”. In- deed, the Pope observed, “Jesus feels compassion. Literally: Jesus feels his heart tremble”. In this way, “Christ’s heart embodies and reveals the heart of God, who, wherever there is a man or woman suffering, wishes healing, libera- tion, full life for him or her”. This astonishing attitude to those in desperate situations, even those who have made many mis- takes in life, marks our Christian identity with the stamp of mercy, and gives a sure foundation to our hope. It is important to remem- ber, recalled the Holy Father, that “we are all poor sinners, in need of God’s mercy which has the “God’s garden of forgiveness”, Andrea Marie Brueck (2010) power to transform us and to give us back hope”, and that to those “who understand this fundamental truth, God gives the most beauti- ful mission in the world”, which is Appeal for peace in Nigeria and Central African Republic to love our brothers and sisters, and to proclaim “the message of a mercy which He does not deny anyone”. End all hatred and violence

PAGE 3 At the conclusion of the General Audience on Wednesday, 9 August, made an earnest entreaty for an end to hatred and violence against Christians in Africa. The following is a translation of the Explosive beginning Pope’s appeal. I was deeply distressed by the mas- and silent end sacre that occurred this past Sunday in Nigeria, inside a church, where innocent people were killed. And sadly this morn- ing there was news of homicidal violence against the Christian com- munity in the Central African Re- public. I pray that every form of hatred and violence may cease and that such shameful crimes commit- ted in places of worship, where the faithful gather to pray, will never be repeated. Let us think of our brothers and sisters of Nigeria and of the Central African Republic. Let us pray for them, all together: Hail Mary, .... A UN peacekeeping soldier guards women fleeing Zike, Central African Republic (Reuters)

Reflection at Sunday’s Angelus Women Church World Interview with the Superior General Silence and contemplation Mary of Bethany The Jesuit mission

PO LVA N I ON PA G E 11 PAGE 5 REIDONPA G E 6/7 VIANONPA G E 9 page 2 L’OSSERVATORE ROMANO Friday, 11-18 August 2017, number 32-33

St Joseph’s School (Battery); vice rector and then rector of St Mary’s Major Seminary. — the appointment of Fr John Kochuthundil as Bishop of the Ma- jor Archiepiscopal Curia, assigning VAT I C A N him the titular episcopal See of Thuburbo maius and at the same Bishop-elect Fanelli, 52, was born time to the office of Apostolic Visi- BULLETIN in Lucera, . He holds a licence tator for Syro-Malankara faithful in moral theology. He was ordained resident in Europe and in Oceania. a priest on 15 September 1990. He Until now he has been Protosyncel- CHANGES IN EP I S C O PAT E on 16 May 1997. He has served in has served in parish ministry and as: lus of the Archieparchy of parish ministry and as: vice master private secretary to Bishop Castielli Trivandrum (5 Aug.). The Holy Father appointed Fr of the post-novitiate; custodian of and Bishop Zerrillo; spiritual dire c - Bishop Kochuthundil, 58, was Hugo Ricardo Araya from the clergy the Fraternity; director of postulates; tor of the episcopal seminary; unit- born in Puthussery Bhagon, India. Colegio San Fran- of Villa de la Concepción de Río coordinator of the ary assistant of the diocesan Cathol- He holds a doctorate in canon law. cisco Fu n d a c i ó n Cuarto, as Bishop of Cruz del Eje, ; director of the ic Action; vicar general; member of He was ordained a priest on 22 Nuestros Hijos, Argentina. Until now he has served Ibarra; master of the administrative board of the Casa December 1985. He has served in as rector of the Major Seminary (2 novices; Vice Minister Provincial of Sollievo della Sofferanza at San Gio- parish ministry and as: secretary to A u g. ) . the Capuchin Order in Ecuador; vanni Rotondo; diocesan adminis- the Archbishop of Trivandrum; rec- President of the Capuchins in t r a t o r. Bishop-elect Araya, 57, was born tor of the minor seminary; president Quito; Vice President of the Confer- in El Cano, Argentina. He holds a of the Tribunal; official of the Epis- encia Ecuatoriana de Religiosos. The Holy Father accepted the resig- licence in moral theology. He was copal Conference (CBCI), Protosyn- nation of Bishop Jean-Noël Diouf of ordained a priest on 21 December cellus of the Eparchy of Gurgaon. The Holy Father accepted the resig- Tambacounda, Senegal (5 Aug.). 1984. He has served in parish min- nation of Bishop Francesco Focardi, istry and as: director of the Msgr The Holy Father appointed Bishop The Holy Father appointed Bishop OFM, titular Bishop of Cenculiana, Jean-Pierre Bassène of Kolda, Philipose Mar Stephanos Thottathil Leopoldo Buteler Institute for lay from the Apostolic Vicariate of formation; auxiliary chaplain to the Senegal, as Apostolic Administrator as Bishop of the Eparchy of Saint Camiri, Bolivia (2 Aug.). 141st Arsenal Battalion of Holmberg; sede vacante et ad nutum Sanctae Mary Queen of Peace for Syro- formator and professor at the dioces- The Holy Father accepted the resig- Sedis of Tambacounda (5 Aug.). Malankara faithful in the United an seminary. nation of Bishop Virginio Domingo States and Canada. Until now he Bishop Bassène, 66, was born in Bressanelli, SCI, of Neuquén, Argen- served as titular Bishop of Sozopolis Essyl, Senegal. He was ordained a The Holy Father accepted the resig- tina (3 Aug.). in Haemimonto and Auxiliary Bish- priest on 11 April 1980. He was or- nation of Bishop Jesús Esteban op of Tiruvalla, India (5 Aug.). The Holy Father appointed Bishop dained a bishop on 29 April 2000, Sádaba Pérez, OFM Cap., titular Fernando Martín Croxatto as Bish- subsequent to his appointment as Bishop Thottathil, 65, was born in Bishop of Assuras, from the op of Neuquén. Until now he has Bishop of Kolda. Ranni, India. He was ordained a Apostolic Vicariate of Aguarico, been titular Bishop of Fissiana and priest on 27 April 1979. He was or- Ecuador (2 Aug.). Auxiliary of Comodoro Rivadavia, dained a bishop on 13 March 2010, The Holy Father appointed Fr José Argentina (3 Aug.). OR I E N TA L CHURCHES subsequent to his appointment as Adalberto Jiménez Mendoza, OFM titular Bishop of Sozopolis in Hae- Bishop Croxatto, 60, was born in Cap., as Apostolic Vicar of Aguarico, mimonto and Auxiliary of Tiruvalla. Morón, Argentina. He was ordained The Synod of Bishops of the Major assigning him the titular episcopal a priest on 6 December 1986. He Archiepiscopal Syro-Malankara See of Ubaba. Until now he has was ordained a Bishop on 17 May Church, after consulting the been Vice Minister Provincial of the 2014, subsequent to his appointment Apostolic See and receiving Pontifi- PONTIFICAL ACADEMY FOR LIFE Order in Ecuador (2 Aug.). as titular Bishop of Fissiana and cal assent for the episcopal appoint- Bishop-elect Jiménez Mendoza, Auxiliary of Comodoro Rivadavia. ments has adopted the following The Holy Father appointed the fol- 48, was born in San Plácido, p ro v i s i o n s : lowing as members of the Board of Ecuador. He holds a licence in the- The Holy Father appointed Fr Ciro — the establishment of the new Directors of the Pontifical Academy ology with a specialization in sys- Fanelli from the clergy of Lucera- Eparchy of Parassala with territory for Life: tematic psychology, degrees in Te r - Troia, Italy, as Bishop of the Dio- taken from the Archieparchy of Bishop Alberto Germán Bochatey, apia Familiar Sistemática y de Pareja cese of Melfi-Rapolla-Venosa, Italy. Trivandrum, and the appointment of titular Bishop of Mons in and in Terapia Humanista. He made Until now he has been Vicar Gener- Bishop Thomas Mar Eusebios Mauretania, Auxiliary of La Plata, his perpetual vows for the Francis- al of the said Diocese and parish Naickamparambil as its first Bishop. professor of bioethics and Vice can Order of Friars Minor on 14 Au- priest of the Cathedral of Lucera (4 Until now he has served as Eparch Chancellor of La Plata Catholic gust 1996, and was ordained a priest A u g. ) . of the Eparchy of Saint Mary Queen University, Argentina; Msgr Carlos of Peace for Syro-Malankara faithful Simón Vázquez, Delegate for the in the United States and Canada (5 Family and Life Section of the A u g. ) . for the Laity, Family and Life; Dr Adriano Pessina, professor Bishop Naickamparambil, 56, was of moral philosophy and director of born in Mylapra, India. He was or- Francis prays at the tomb of Paul VI bioethics at the Catholic University dained a priest on 29 December of the Sacred Heart in Milan, Italy; 1986. He was ordained a bishop on Dr Mónica López Barahona, general 21 September 2010, subsequent to On Sunday, 6 August, Feast of academic director of the Biosciences his appointment as titular Bishop of the Transfiguration of the Lord Studies Centre; president of the Lares and first Exarch for Syro- and the 30th anniversary of Spanish Delegation of the Jérôme Malankara faithful resident in the the death of Paul VI, Pope Francis Lejeune Foundation, director of the United States. visited the Vatican Grotto, where Chair of Bioethics of the Jérôme Le- he paused in prayer at the tomb of — the appointment of Fr George jeune Foundation, Madrid, Spain; his Predecessor. Earlier that day, Kalayil as Bishop of the Eparchy of Ms Etsuko Akiba, professor of law the Mass in suffrage of the former Puthur. Until now he has been Pro- at the Faculty of Economics of the Pontiff was presided by Msgr tosyncellus of the said Eparchy (5 University of Toyama, Japan (5 , Bishop of A u g. ) . A u g. ) . Albano and Secretary of the Council of 9 Cardinals. Several Bishop-elect Kalayil, 59, was born members of the Curia in Renjalady, India. He holds a doc- NECROLO GY concelebrated with him, along with torate in dogmatic theology. He was others who had served in various ordained a priest on 1 May 1986. He Bishop Giovanni Benedetti, Bishop roles in collaboration with has served in parish ministry and as: emeritus of Foligno, Italy, at the age Pope Montini. secretary to the Bishop; director of of 100 (3 Aug.)

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“The Church is a people of sinners who feel the mercy and forgiveness of God”. Pope Francis emphasized this at the General Audience held in the Paul VI Hall on Wednesday, 9 August. In his reflection the Holy Father reminded the faithful that God’s mercy is the driving force of Christian hope. The following is a translation of Francis’ catechesis, which he offered in Italian.

Dear Brothers and Sisters, Good morning! We have heard the reaction of the dining companions of Simon the Pharisee: “Who is this, who even forgives sins?” (Lk 7:49). Jesus has just made a scandalous ges- ture. A woman of the city, known by all as a sinner, entered Simon’s house, stooped at Jesus’ feet and anointed them with fra- At the General Audience the Holy Father speaks of forgiveness grant oil. All those who were there at the table were whispering: if Jesus is a proph- et, he should not accept such gestures from a woman like that. Those poor wo- We are all sinners in need men, who served only to be met in secret, even by leaders, or to be stoned. Accord- ing to the mentality of the time, there of God’s mercy must be a clear division between saint and sinner, between pure and impure. Gospels reveal the first negative reactions living with another, hears the promise of toward Jesus precisely when he forgives a “living water” which can well up within But Jesus’ attitude is different. From man’s sins (cf. Mk 2:1-12). It is a man who her forever (cf. Jn 4:14). This is how Jesus the beginning of his ministry in Galilee, is suffering doubly: because he cannot changes hearts; he does so with all of us. he approaches lepers, the demon- walk and because he feels “inadequate”. It does us good to consider that God p ossessed, allthe sick and the marginal- And Jesus understands that the second ized. Conduct of the kind was not at all did not choose people who never make pain is greater than the first, to the extent mistakes as the first dough to shape his customary, such that Jesus’ compassion for that He greets him immediately with a the excluded, the “untouchable”, will be Church. The Church is a people of sin- message of liberation: “My son, your sins ners who feel the mercy and forgiveness of one of the things that upsets his contem- are forgiven” (v. 5). He frees that oppress- poraries the most. God. Peter understood the truth about ive sense of feeling inadequate. It is then himself more from the crowing of the cock Wherever there is a person who suffers, that several scribes — those who believe than from his impulses of generosity, Jesus takes on their burden, and that suf- they are perfect: I think of the many which swelled his chest, making him feel fering becomes his own. Jesus does not Catholics who believe they are perfect and superior to others. preach that the condition of suffering scorn others ... this is sad — several scribes must be borne with heroism, in the man- present there are scandalized by Jesus’ Brothers and sisters, we are all poor sin- words, which sound like blasphemy, be- ners, in need of God’s mercy which has cause only God can forgive sins. the power to transform us and to give us back hope, and to do this every day. And We who are accustomed to experien- It does us good to consider that God did he does! And to the people who under- cing the forgiveness of sins, perhaps at stand this fundamental truth, God gives not choose people who never make mistakes too “low” a “cost”, must at times remind the most beautiful mission in the world, ourselves of how high a price God’s love as the first dough to shape his Church... namely, love for brothers and sisters, and for us has cost. Each of us has cost a great the message of a mercy which He does we are all sinners in need of God’s mercy deal: Jesus’ life! He would have offered it not deny anyone. And this is our hope. even for just one of us. Jesus does not go Let us go forth with this trust in the for- to the Cross because he heals the sick, be- giveness, in the merciful love of Jesus. cause he preaches charity, because he pro- ner of stoic philosophers. Jesus shares hu- claims the beatitudes. The Son of God man pain and, when he comes across it, goes to the cross above all because he for- SPECIAL GREETINGS that attitude which characterizes Chris- gives sins, because he wants the total, tianity — mercy — gushes forth from his definitive liberation of man’s heart. Be- I greet the English-speaking pilgrims heart. Jesus feels mercy in the face of hu- cause he does not accept that the human and visitors taking part in today’s Audi- man suffering; Jesus’ heart is merciful. being exhausts his entire existence with ence, particularly those from Malta, Ni- Jesus feels compassion. Literally: Jesus this indelible “tatto o”, with thethought of geria, Guam, Canada and the United feels his heart tremble. Many times in the not being able to be welcomed by the States of America. Upon all of you, I in- Gospel we meet with this type of reaction. merciful heart of God. And with these voke the grace of the Lord Jesus, that you Christ’s heart embodies and reveals the sentiments Jesus goes to encounter sin- may be a sign of mercy and Christian heart of God, who, wherever there is a ners, which we all are. hope in your homes and communities. man or woman suffering, wishes healing, This is how sinners are forgiven. They May God bless you! liberation, full life for him or her. are not just comforted on the psychologic- Lastly, my cordial thoughts go to the This is why Jesus opens his arms to sin- al level, because they are freed from the young people, the sick people and the newly- n e rs . How many people even today persist sense of guilt. Jesus does much more: he weds who have come to Rome during this in an ill-chosen life because they have offers people who have made mistakes the period. I hope, dear young people, that the found no one willing to look at them in a hope of a new life. “But Lord, I am but a encounter with so many places laden with different way, with the eyes, or better, with rag” — “Look forward and I will make culture, art and faith may be a propitious the heart of God, that is, to look at them you a new heart”. This is the hope that occasion to know and imitate the example with hope. Jesus instead sees a possibility Jesus gives us. A life marked by love. given to us by so many witnesses to the for resurrection even in those who have Matthew the publican becomes an Gospel who lived here, such as Lawrence, amassed many mistaken choices. Jesus is Apostle of Christ: Matthew, who is a trait- whose feast day is tomorrow. I encourage always there, with an open heart; he or to his country, an exploiter of the you, dear sick people to constantly join the throws open that mercy that he has in his people. Zacchaeus, the rich, corrupt man suffering Jesus in faithfully carrying the heart; he forgives, embraces, understands from Jericho — this man surely had a de- cross for the redemption of the world. I and draws near: that is how Jesus is! gree in bribery — is transformed into a be- wish that you, dear newlyweds, may build At times we forget that for Jesus it is nefactor of the poor. The Samaritan wo- your family on the firm foundation of not a matter of easy, low-cost love. The man, who had five husbands and is now faithfulness to the Gospel of Love. page 4 L’OSSERVATORE ROMANO Friday, 11-18 August 2017, number 32-33

Archbishop emeritus of Milan, Italy Cardinal dies

Cardinal Dionigi Tettamanzi, Archbishop emeritus of Milan, passed away in northern Italy on Saturday, 5 August, at the age of 83. The Cardinal had suffered a long illness and had been living in the ‘Villa Sacro Cuore di Triuggio’ in Brianza, the Diocese of Milan’s spiritual home to which he had retired at the end of his mandate. Upon learning of Cardinal Tettamanzi’s passing, Pope Francis sent a telegram expressing his condolences to Cardinal , Apostolic Administrator of the Archdiocese of Milan, and to Archbishop-elect . The following is a translation of the Holy Father’s telegram, followed by a biography of the late Cardinal.

In learning of the death of dear Cardinal Dionigi Tettamanzi, I would like to express my condolences to his family and to this diocesan community, which counts him among its most illustrious children and among its most amiable and beloved pastors. I think with af- fection and recall with gratitude the intense cultural and pastoral work profusely offered by this worthy brother who, in his fruitful life, joyfully witnessed to the Gospel and meekly served the Church, first as a presbyter in the Archdiocese of Milan, then as Archbishop of Ancona-Osimo, as Secretary of the Italian Episcopal Conference, as Archbishop of Genoa, later as Archbishop of the dear Ambrosian Church, and lastly as Apostolic Administrator of Vigevano. He always distinguished himself as an attentive pastor, totally dedicated to the needs and the good of all the priests and the faithful, with especial attention to the themes of family, marriage and bioethics, in which he had particular expertise. I lift my prayer to the Lord so that, through the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, whom he so greatly loved, He may welcome His faithful servant in joy and eternal peace, and I impart my heartfelt Apostolic Blessing upon those who mourn his passing, with a special thought for those who lovingly assisted him in these recent times of illness.

FRANCISCUS P P.

Moral theologian, Secretary General and Vice parishes, and by dedicating himself to preaching, he was appointed Metropolitan Archbishop of President of Italy’s Catholic Bishops Conference, conducting retreats and spiritual exercises, and by Genoa, taking up his new position on 18 June, Archbishop of Ancona-Osimo, then of Genoa and offering spiritual direction, especially to families and later served as President of the regional Epis- lastly, of Milan, the successor of Cardinal Carlo and to the consecrated. copal Conference. Maria Martini, Dionigi Tettamanzi was a protag- From 1979 to 1989 he served as ecclesiastical On 25 May 1995, he was elected Vice-President onist in the life of the Italian Church for many consultant to the Italian Confederation of Con- of the CEI. He was appointed by the Pope to par- decades. sultants on the Family, as head of cultural activit- ticipate as an expert in the Synods of Bishops on Born in Renate, in the territory of the Province ies and then as president. He also collaborated the Family (1980), on the Laity (1987) and, as and the Archdiocese of Milan, at the age of 11 he with the Opera per l’Assistenza Religiosa agli In- Synod Father, in the Special Assembly for Europe entered the San Pietro diocesan seminary in fermi, an organization providing assistance to the (1991) and in the Synod on Consecrated Life Seveso, where he began the studies he later com- sick. For more than 20 years, he also served as ec- (1994). Among the various positions he held at pleted at the seminary in , clesiastical assistant of the Milan section of the the , Tettamanzi served as a consultant where he obtained a licence in theology in 1957. Italian Catholic Doctors Association. to: the Congregation for the Doctrine of the He was ordained a priest by Archbishop Gio- On 11 September 1987, upon nomination by the Faith, the for the Family, the vanni Battista Montini on 28 June 1957 and, a few Lombard Episcopate, the Congregation for Cath- for the Pastoral Care of months later, was sent to the Pontifical Lombard olic Education called him to direct the Lombard Health Care Workers; and as a member of the Seminary in Rome, where he attended the Ponti- Pontifical Seminary. Then, on 28 April 1989, the Pontifical Councils for Health Pastoral Care and fical Gregorian University. Italian Bishops Conference (CEI) appointed him for Social Communications. After completing his doctorate in sacred theo- chairman of the board of directors of the news- In the Consistory of 21 February 1998, John logy, he returned to the diocese as a professor of paper “A v v e n i re ”. Paul II created him a Cardinal with the Title of theological disciplines for prefect clerics at the He was appointed Metropolitan Archbishop of Saints and Charles. minor seminaries in Magnago and Seveso, where Ancona-Osimo on 1 July 1989 and was ordained On 11 July 2002, he was transferred to Milan, he lived until the autumn of 1966. by Cardinal in the Cathedral as the successor to Cardinal Archbishop Carlo After transferring to the Major Seminary in of Milan on 23 September. At that time, he also Maria Martini, and assumed the office on 29 Venegono Inferiore, he taught fundamental moral served as President of the Bishops’ Conference of Septemb er. theology for over 20 years, as well as courses on the Marches region, and was elected President of On 28 June 2011, Cardinal Tettamanzi resigned the sacraments of marriage and penance. At the the CEI Commission for the Family in June 1990. from the office of Archbishop of Milan, while same time, he taught pastoral theology in Milan, On 14 March 1991, he became Secretary Gener- continuing to be present in the life of the Arch- both at the Maria Immacolata Institute for the al of the CEI and on 6 April of the same year he diocese and offering his contribution at the ser- Priesthood (ISMI) and at the Regional resigned from his leadership role in the Diocese vice of the Church. In this spirit, between July Institute for Pastoral Care. He also taught courses of Ancona-Osimo, placing his service fully at the 2012 and July 2013 he acted as Apostolic Admin- in moral theology at the Comboni Theological disposal of the Italian Church. On 20 April 1995, istrator of the Diocese of Vigevano. In September Seminary in Venegono Superi- 2015 he participated in a work- ore, the Florentine Theological ing session of the Council of Institute and the Pontifical In- Cardinals — established in 2013 stitute for Foreign Missions in for the reform of the Roman Milan. Curia — presenting, according His vast teaching career in- to Pope Francis’ mandate, an in-depth feasibility study on cluded a broad range of topics the new Dicastery for the extending from fundamental to Laity, Family and Life. The specific moral theology, with a following month, he attended particular focus on the spheres the 14th Assembly of the Syn- of marriage, family, sexuality od of Bishops on the Vocation and bioethics. In addition to and Mission of the Family in his intense academic activity, the Church and in the Con- he participated in many meet- temporary World. ings, conferences, and theolo- Cardinal Tettamanzi parti- gical-pastoral courses for cipated in the Conclaves of priests and laity in Italy and 2005 and 2013, which elected a b ro a d . Benedict XVI and Francis, with All the while he continued whom he had a friendly meet- to serve in pastoral ministry, ing in the Cathedral during which he lovingly exercised by the Pontiff’s visit to Milan this carrying out Sunday service in Requiem Mass for Cardinal Tettamanzi presided by Cardinal Angelo Scola in Milan’s Cathedral (Reuters) year on 25 March. number 32-33, Friday, 11-18 August 2017 L’OSSERVATORE ROMANO page 5

At the Angelus the Holy Father invites silence and contemplation With eyes and hearts transfigured

At the Angelus on Sunday, 6 August, the service of our brothers and sisters. meditate in this way, with the Bible whom I am well pleased; listen to Feast of the Transfiguration of the The disciples’ ascent up Mount in hand, in silence, we begin to feel him!” (v. 5). Let us look to Mary, Lord, Pope Francis invited the faithful Taborleadsusto reflectontheim- this interior beauty, this joy that the the Virgin of listening, ever ready to to follow in the footsteps of the disciples Word of God engenders in us. In portance of disengaging from welcome and keep in her heart every who went up to Mount Tabor with this perspective, the summer season worldly matters, in order to make a word of the Divine Son (cf. Lk Jesus and came down “with eyes and journey toward heaven and to con- is a providential time to cultivate 2:51). hearts transfigured by their encounter template Jesus. It is a matter of be- our task of seeking and encounter- with the Lord”. This was the focus of ing attentive to the careful and pray- ing the Lord. In this period, stu- May our Mother and the Mother the meditation the Pontiff shared with erful listening of Christ, the beloved dents are free of scholastic commit- of God help us to be in harmony the faithful who had gathered in Saint ments and many families take their Son of the Father, seeking intimate with the Word of God, so that Peter’s Square. The following is a moments of prayer that allow for the holidays; it is important that in the translation of the Holy Father’s period of rest and disengagement Christ may become light and lode- docile and joyful welcoming of the star throughout our life. Let us en- reflection, which he delivered in Italian. Word of God. In this spiritual as- from daily activities, we can rein- cent, in this disengagement from force our strengths of body and trust to her the holidays of all, so Dear Brothers and Sisters, worldly matters, we are called to re- soul, by deepening our spiritual that they may be peaceful and fruit- j o u r n e y. Good morning! discover the peaceful and regenera- ful, but above all the summer of This Sunday, the liturgy celebrates tive silence of meditating on the At the end of the stunning experi- those who cannot go on holiday due the Feast of the Transfiguration of Gospel, on the reading of the Bible, ence of the Transfiguration, the dis- to impediments of age, to reasons of ciples came down the mountain (cf. the Lord. Today’s Gospel passage which leads to a destination rich in health or of work, to economic re- v. 9) with eyes and hearts trans- recounts that the Apostles Peter, beauty, splendour and joy. When we strictions or other problems, so that James and John were witnesses figured by their encounter with the to this extraordinary event. Je- Lord. It is the journey that we too it may be a time of eased tension, sus took them with him “and can make. The ever more vibrant re- gladdened by the presence of friends led them up a high mountain discovery of Jesus is not the aim in and of happy moments. apart” (Mt 17:1) and, while he itself, but spurs us to “come down the mountain”, energized by the prayed, his face changed in ap- After the Angelus, the Holy Father pearance, “shone like the sun”, power of the divine Spirit, so as to added: and “his garments became decide on new paths of conversion white as light”. Then Moses and to constantly witness to charity, Dear brothers and sisters, I greet as the law of daily life. Transformed and Elijah appeared, and all of you, people of Rome and pil- began a dialogue with Him. At by Christ’s presence and by the ar- grims from various countries: famil- this point, Peter said to Jesus: dour of his Word, we will be a con- “Lord, it is well that we are crete sign of the invigorating love of ies, associations, individual faithful. here; if you wish, I will make God for all our brothers and sisters, Today different groups of youth three booths here, one for you especially for those who are suffer- and young people are present. In ing, for those who are lonely and and one for Moses and one for particular, the group of the youth Elijah” (v. 4). He had not yet neglected, for the sick and for the finished speaking when a multitude of men and women who, pastoral care of Verona; the young bright cloud enveloped them. in different parts of the world, are people of Adria, Campodarsego, Of- The event of the Lord’s humiliated by injustice, abuse and fanengo. Transfiguration offers us a violence. I wish everyone a happy Sunday. message of hope — thus shall In the Transfiguration, the voice Please, do not forget to pray for me. “The Transfiguration of Jesus Christ”, of the heavenly Father is heard say- we be, with Him —: it invites Enjoy your lunch. Ar r i v e d e rc i ! us to encounter Jesus, to be at David Popiashvili ing: “This is my beloved Son, with

All religions need to “pray and work Pope Francis’ letter for 30th interfaith prayer meeting in Japan together for peace”, in order to re- build “harmony in the many parts of the world lacerated by war” and New paths for peace “t e r ro r i s m ”. This appeal to promote, in every field, “just relationships and “This annual religious summit”, The historic World Day of Prayer Rising Sun for a meeting on Mount fraternal solidarity” was expressed Francis observed, “contributes in a for Peace which was held in Assisi Hiei, a sacred place for Buddhists. by Pope Francis in his letter to Ven. meaningful way to the building of on 27 October 1986 was the source The date, 6 August, was chosen in that spirit of dialogue and friendship of inspiration for a group of Japan- Koei Morikawa, Head Priest of the commemoration of the tragedy of Tendai Buddhist Denomination, on which allows followers of the world’s ese Buddhists to relaunch the idea the atomic bomb dropped on the occasion of the 30th anniversary religions to work together in open- of an interfaith prayer meeting in of the Religious Summit Meeting on ing up new paths for peace in our their homeland. The 80-year-old H i ro s h i m a . Mount Hiei in Kyoto, Japan. human family”. Prayer, the Pontiff Ven. Etai Yamada had been particu- At the conclusion of his letter, the As the Pope’s personal envoy, affirmed in the letter, “inspires and larly moved by the event in Assisi Pontiff renewed the promise of his Cardinal John Tong Hon, Bishop sustains our commitment to peace, and, with that same spirit, organized prayers and invoked “upon all a prayer event a year later. In Au- emeritus of , delivered as it helps to deepen our mutual re- people gathered on Mount Hiei an and read the letter aloud. The Car- spect as persons, strengthens the gust 1987, he invited leaders of pro- abundance of divine blessings”. dinal also headed the Holy See Del- bonds of love between us and spurs fessed religions to the Land of the egation which included Archbishop us to make determined efforts to Joseph Chennoth, Apostolic Nuncio promote just relationships and in Japan, Bishop Miguel Ángel Ay- fraternal solidarity”. uso Guixot and Msgr Indunil Jana- The Pontiff also noted that “in karatne Kodithuwakku Kankana- to day’s world,marked by violence, malage, respectively the Secretary by terrorism and by growing threats and Undersecretary of the Pontifical to the earth, our common home, this Council for Interreligious Dialogue. witness of prayer and shared soli- “I am pleased to convey cordial citude conveys a fundamental mes- greetings to you and to the distin- sage to men and women of good guished representatives of the vari- will”. In fact, as men of faith, he ous religious traditions participat- continued, “we believe that lasting ing”, the Pontiff wrote in the letter peace is truly possible, because we to the Buddhist leader, first of all know that nothing is impossible if ensuring his “spiritual closeness” we turn to God in prayer”, a and joining “everyone in prayer for a concept that Francis had previously renewed blossoming of concord and expressed at the Interreligious Peace harmony in the many parts of the Summit in Assisi on 20 September world lacerated by war”. 2016. number 32-33, Friday, 11-18 August 2017 L’OSSERVATORE ROMANO page 6/7

“Christ in the House of and Ma r y ”, Velázquez (1618)

In the New Testament distinguishing among women who share her name Mary of Bethany, a model of listening

While the oldest manuscript of the Younger, affirmed. That some Jew- In John 11, Mary is introduced Mary’s tears and those of her com- In addition to being a prophetic Gospel, P75 renders v. 42 as “There is ish women were educated in Torah ahead of her sister, and is further panions cause Jesus to be deeply action that prepares for Jesus’ burial, need of only one thing,” other is evident from epigraphical evid- identified: “Mary was the one who moved and disturbed in spirit the anointing of Jesus’ feet by Mary manuscripts replace “one thing” ence for Jewish women leaders of anointed the Lord with perfume and (11:33). Jesus’ sharing in Mary’s grief of Bethany in John 12:1-8 prefigures (henos) with “a few things” (oligōn). synagogues. The real issue is not wiped his feet with her hair; her makes a powerful statement that Jesus’ washing of his disciples’ feet Some manuscripts combine the two, about women being disciples or pur- brother Lazarus was ill” (11:1-2). This even in a community that believes in in John 13:1-20. Mary’s action, like which results in nonsense: “but of a suing theological edu- the resurrection and life eternal, that of Jesus, is parabolic, giving a the tomb (28:1). In Mark, the com- will not be taken away from her” BARBARA E. REID few things there is need, or of one” cation; the controversy death and the pain it causes are still proleptic interpretation of his death. panion of Mary Magdalene at the (10:41-42). What is not readily ap- (oligōn de estin chreia ē henos). Fi- swirls around what they re a l . It symbolizes the kind of service parent in this (NRSV) and other he number of women in the crucifixion, burial, and tomb is nally, some copyists omitted the do with their education. Jesus’ sharing in Mary’s grief makes a It is notable that in this scene, the that disciples are likewise asked to translations is the exact nature of New Testament who are “Mary the mother of James the whole phrase, probably due to its in- While Luke creates a other Jews are connected to Mary. perform with a willingness even to the problem. The phrase periespato powerful statement that even in a named Mary creates a good younger and of Joses” (15:40, 47; c o m p re h e n s i b i l i t y. triangle in which Mary They were introduced as having lay down their lives out of love. The peri pollēn diakonian has been under- deal of confusion over 16:1); in Luke 24:10 she is “Mary the Some scholars have interpreted and Martha are pitted community that believes in the come to console Martha and Mary Twhich is which. The mother of Jesus mother of James.” In John 19:25, stood variously: Martha is “worried Jesus’ approbation of Mary’s sitting against one another (11:19) but here they are with Mary and distracted about many things” resurrection ... death and the pain it is the most prominent, appearing in Mary the wife of Clopas is standing at his feet and listening (see Luke with Jesus declaring in the house; they follow her out (NRSV); “burdened with much causes are still real Matthew 1-2; 12:46-47; 13:55; Mark near the cross. In Acts 12:12, Mary 8:35; Acts 22:3) as his approval of “Mary has chosen the (11:31), and they come with her and serving” (NAB), “busy with all the 3:31-32; 6:3; Luke 1-2; 8:19-20; John the mother of John Mark hosts the women pursuing theological educa- better part,” the por- weep with her (11:33). At the conclu- details of hospitality” (NAB 1970 edi- 2:1-1; 19:25; Acts 1:14. Mary of Mag- community of believers. Paul greets tion. Some even go so far as to say trayal of the two sisters sion of the scene, the connection to tion), “distracted by all the prepara- dala features in all four gospels as a a co-worker named Mary in Romans that Jesus is revolutionary or unique in the Fourth Gospel is quite differ- is an odd narrative sequence, since Mary is noted again: “Many of the tions that had to be made” (NIV). witness of Jesus’ crucifixion and 16:6. Finally, Mary of Bethany ap- in encouraging women’s learning. Jews therefore, who had come with Most of these renderings miss that ent. Both appear in the climactic the anointing does not take place burial, and as the first to discover pears in the Gospels of Luke (10:38- This interpretation, however, cannot Mary and had seen what Jesus did, the noun diakonia and the verb scene of the raising of their brother until chapter 12. It may indicate that the empty tomb, see the risen 42) and John (11:1-12:8). The many believed in him” (11:45). Mary, like diakonein can refer to serving a meal; be sustained. In Hellenistic times Lazarus (11:1-57) and in the sub- the memory and import of Mary’s Christ, and be commissioned to pro- Marys and the similarities of their the woman of Samaria (4:39) and most often they connote ministerial formal education of women began sequent chapter at a dinner in Beth- action was such that she could claim the good news (Matt 27:56, 61; stories and those of other unnamed Mary Magdalene (20:18), leads other service in Luke and Acts (Luke 8:3; to be more acceptable, as a number any (12:1-8). Both of these are critic- scarcely be mentioned without it be- 28:1; Mark 15:40, 47; 16:1, 9; Luke women in the gospels have made it Jews to believe in Jesus. 22:25-27; Acts 1:17; 6:2, 4; 11:29; 12:25; of Roman writers, such as Martial, ally important scenes that set the ing recalled (see also Mark 14:9 and 8:2; 24:10; John 19:25; 20:1-18). In difficult not to confuse them. To In the next chapter, Jesus comes 19:22; 20:24; 21:19). It is more likely Musonius Rufus, and Pliny the stage for the Passion Narrative. Matt 26:13, where Jesus declares that the Gospel of Matthew, Mary the complicate matters, in 1591 Pope to Bethany for a dinner at which that the vignette reflects conflicts in what the anonymous anointing wo- mother of James and Joseph also Gregory the Great preached a man has done will be told in Martha serves and Lazarus is at the witnesses the death of Jesus (27:56), homily in which he declared that the early Church over women’s roles in ministry rather than a historical memory of her). table (12:1-2). Mary moves to the and she is presumably “the other Mary Magdalene, the unnamed wo- In the Fourth Gospel, Mary and fore: she “took a pound of costly Mary”athis burial(27:61) andat man who was a forgiven sinner in episode in the life of Jesus. Martha voices the concern of women who Martha act in harmony, while each perfume made of pure nard, anoin- Luke 7:36-50, and Mary of are involved in “much ministry” who has a distinctive role to play. Togeth- ted Jesus’ feet, and wiped them with Bethany were all the same er they send the message to Jesus her hair. The house was filled with person. In what follows, we want to persuade others, represented by Mary, to move beyond endorsing that their brother is ill (11:3); both the fragrance of the perfume” (12:3). will focus on the three scenes are loved by Jesus (11:5); and the Judas objects that the perfume could that feature Mary of Bethany, women’s hearing of the word to ad- Barbara E. Reid is a Dominican reli- other Jews come to console both sis- have been sold and the money given first in the Gospel of Luke, vocating for their putting it into ac- gious from Grand Rapids, Michi- tion publicly. Luke attempts to re- ters about their brother (11:19). to the poor (12:5), but Jesus defends then in John. When Jesus arrives, Martha takes Mary, and interprets her prophetic gan. She obtained a doctorate in In the Gospel of Luke, the solve the dispute by putting on biblical studies research at the Jesus’ lips an affirmation of Mary’s center stage, going out to meet him action as preparation for his burial “Mary of Bethany”, Silvia Vagnoni episode with Mary and her while Mary sat in the house (v. 20). (12:7). Catholic University of America in sister Martha (10:38-42) oc- choice over Martha’s. The Third Evangelist shares a perspective simil- The dialogue that ensues between In all four gospels, a woman curs while Jesus is on the Jesus and Martha is one of the most anoints Jesus, but only in the Gos- stench of death (11:39) is overcome way to Jerusalem. The exact ar to that of the authors of the significant in the gospel, culminat- pel of John is she named. In all but by the permeating fragrance of love. locale or name of their village d e u t e ro -Pauline letters who placed ing in her declaration, “Yes, Lord, I Luke (7:36-50), the anointing takes While Martha plays a critical role in is not given (cf. John 11:1; restrictions on ministering women believe that you are the Messiah, the place just before the passion, and in 11:17-27 by making a profound ex- 12:1). The story begins: “a (e.g., 1 Tim 2:11-12; Titus 2:3-4). Son of God, the one coming into each case there is an objection that pression of faith, Mary plays an woman named Martha wel- Traditionally, Christians have seen the ointment could have been sold equally significant role by enacting comed him into her home” Mary as the contemplative sister and the world” (11:27). Martha then calls and the money given to the poor. In Jesus’ commandment to love in the (10:38). Then Mary is intro- Martha as the active one, and they her sister Mary, and tells her: “‘The manner that he does. duced as her sister, “who sat interpret Luke 10:38-42 as affirming Teacher is here and is calling for each, Jesus defends the woman and When the Lucan and Johannine at the Lord’s feet and the importance of prayer before un- you.’ And when she heard it, she got interprets her action as a preparation listened to what he was say- dertaking active ministry. Many up quickly and went to him” (11:28- for his burial. In Mark 14:3-9 and portrayals of Mary of Bethany are ing” (10:39). Both women are Christians identify with Martha, 29). Matthew 26:6-13, the anointing of taken together, she exemplifies the open and welcoming to Jesus finding themselves pulled into re- While commentators generally Jesus’ head is a prophetic action that listening stance of a disciple who and his word. lentless activity by many demands give more attention to Martha’s dia- mirrors the anointing of kings (e.g., first hears the word and then enacts A tension appears in v. 40: even as they long for time for con- logue with Jesus and her acclama- 2 Kgs 9:3-6). In Luke, the scene it. So important were Mary and her “Martha was distracted by templation. While it is true that it is tion of faith (11:17-27), Mary’s role in takes place in Galilee and a woman sister in the memory of the early her many tasks; so she came always challenging to balance con- 11:28-37 is equally important. Mary who had been forgiven many sins Church, that Hippolytus of Rome to him and asked, ‘Lord, do templation and action in the Christi- voices the struggle of all believers anoints Jesus’ feet. Here, the anoint- (AD 170–235) identifies them as the Wa s h i n g ton D.C. She is Faculty Vice you not care that my sister an life, this is not the message of who lose a loved one to death as ing is not a preparation for Jesus’ first witnesses to the resurrection President and President as well as has left me to do all the work Luke 10:38-42. Throughout the Gos- they question God’s seeming ab- burial, but an extravagant gesture of (Cant 25.6), apparently considering professor of New Testament Studies by myself? Tell her then to pel, Luke stresses that discipleship sence and why God has allowed love that flows from having been the Mary at the empty tomb to be at the Catholic Theological Union help me.’” Jesus responds, consists in both hearing and doing their beloved to die: “Lord, if you forgiven, which Jesus contrasts with the sister of Martha, and not a sep- of Chicago. Her most recent book is “Martha, Martha, you are the word (6:47; 8:15, 21; 11:28). There had been here, my brother would the puny love of his host. The Lu- arate Mary of Magdala. While Mary Wisdom’s Feast: An Introduction to worried and distracted by is something amiss here where Jesus not have died” (11:32). Mary’s words can story serves a very different of Magdala has received much at- Feminist Interpretation of the Scriptures many things; there is need of exalts one over the other. echo those of Martha (11:21), but not function than the other three. These tention in recent years, Mary of (Eerdmans Press, 2016). She also only one thing. Mary has Early copyists of the Gospel to simply replay the same dialogue. accounts add one more layer to the Bethany is equally deserving of our served as President of the Catholic chosen the better part, which struggled to rectify the situation. The drama moves to a climax as confusion about the various Marys. notice. Biblical Association of America (2014-2015). women church world women church world women church world women church world women church world women church world

“The apparition of Christ to Mary Magdalene”, Eustache Le Sueur (detail) page 8 L’OSSERVATORE ROMANO Friday, 11-18 August 2017, number 32-33

The Pope’s prayer intention for August Rediscovering art and nature

The summer season can lead us to the rediscovery of the beauty of art and nature through a true experience Holy See voices its concern of prayer and faith. Pope Francis expressed this idea in his video message for August’s prayer intention, which is available on the Pope’s Worldwide Prayer A negotiated Network, www.popesprayer.net. “The arts give expression to the beauty of the faith solution for and proclaim the Gospel message of the grandeur of Go d’s creation”, the Pontiff states in the video. “When Ve n e z u e l a we admire a work of art or a marvel of nature, we dis- cover how everything speaks to us of Him and of His The Secretariat of State issued a communiqué love”. As we hear Pope Francis speaking the words in on 4 August with regard to the escalating Spanish, images display the perfect harmony between crisis in Venezuela. The following is a transla- the sounds of nature and the notes of a violin, a guitar tion of the text: and a saxophone played by young musicians. The im- ages accompanying the Pontiff then expand to reflect The Holy See reiterates its profound con- to day’s artists throughout the world — dancers, writers, cern regarding the radicalization and painters and musicians — representatives of various worsening of the crisis in the Bolivarian cultures, races and religions. Republic of Venezuela, with the increase in Artists, the Pope suggests, are truly the custodians deaths, injuries and detainments. The Holy and communicators of that beauty which can also heal Father, directly and through the Secretariat the wounds of the human spirit, bringing hope and of State, is closely following the situation trust to people experiencing difficult times. It is to and its humanitarian, social, political, eco- them, therefore, that Francis’ prayer intention for the nomic, and also spiritual implications, and month of August is dedicated, because, he says, the assures his constant prayer for the country “artists of our time, through their creativity, may help and all Venezuelans, while inviting the us discover the beauty of creation”. faithful throughout the world to pray fer- The video message, like preceding videos, was pro- vently for this purpose. duced and distributed by La Machi agency in co- At the same time, the Holy See asks all operation with the Vatican Television Center, which political actors, and in particular the gov- “The blue violinist”, Marc Chagall recorded it. ernment, to ensure full respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as for the existing Constitution; to avoid or suspend ongoing initiatives such as the new Constituent which, rather than foster- An appeal from the Pontiff in a message to Knights of Columbus ing reconciliation and peace, foment a cli- mate of tension and confrontation and put End the spiral of violence in the Middle East the future at stake; and to create the condi- tions for a solution negotiated in line with We must not “be blind to the growth of a global culture of along with “a renewed vision the indications expressed in the letter from sufferings of those whom frat- indifference that discards the of our responsibility for the the Secretariat of State dated 1 December ricidal violence and religious least of our brothers and sis- moral health of the greater 2016, taking into account the severe suffer- fanaticism have left homeless ters”. community will contribute to ing of the population due to the difficulty or forced to flee their ancient In full fidelity to the vision overcoming the polarization of obtaining food and medicine, and to homelands”. Pope Francis en- of their Founder, the Servant and general coarsening of the the lack of security. trusted this central task to the of God Michael M c G i v n e y, social fabric that is an increas- Finally, the Holy See addresses a heart- Knights of Columbus, who the Knights are thus called to ing source of concern even in felt appeal that the entire society avoid any gathered from 1-3 August in St “respond generously to this the most prosperous of our so- form of violence, inviting the security Louis, Missouri, USA,for their challenge, first and foremost cieties”. forces in particular to abstain from the ex- 135th Supreme Convention, by recommitting themselves to The missive also expresses cessive and disproportionate use of force. which was dedicated to the their properly lay vocation of Fr a n c i s ’ continuing gratitude theme “Convinced of God’s striving for the sanctification for the Order’s support of Love and Power”. The Pontiff of the world from within, by “our Christian brothers and also asked them to “defend carrying out their daily re- sisters in the Middle East in and promote the sanctity of sponsibilities in the spirit of their witness of fidelity to the Aid for Iraq marriage and the dignity and the Gospel and revealing Lord, often borne at great per- beauty of family life”. Christ to others through the sonal cost”. No one, he says, from the K of C In a message signed by Car- witness of their lives. In this “can be blind” to their suffer- dinal , Secretary way”, the message continues, ing. In this regard, the mes- The Knights of Colombus (K of State, the Pontiff recalls “they will help to lay solid sage notes the importance of of C) are collecting funds to re- that the Order’s history foundations for the renewal of “the Knights of Columbus build the Iraqi city of Karam- “demonstrates how a spirit of society as a whole, by working Refugee Relief Fund” des in the Nineveh Plain. solidarity and mutual concern to change hearts and build The Order has pledged inspired by God’s love can p eace”. which he noted as “an two million dollars for grow ... into something im- The text expresses the eloquent sign” of their mensely greater, contributing Pop e’s appreciation for the “firm commit- the project in to the glory of God, the “unremitting efforts of the ment to solidarity the town from spread of his Kingdom, and Knights of Columbus to de- and communion which, in 2014, the universal mission of the fend and promote the sanctity with our fel- the so-called C h u rc h ”. of marriage and the dignity low Christi- Islamic State The message recalls the and beauty of family life”, be- ans”. In forced out Pontiff’s observation that “in cause “it is in the family that this regard, hundreds of our own day a new world war we come to see that the larger Cardinal Parolin families belong- is being fought piecemeal, as world is also our home, in writes, “the Holy ing to various reli- an ungodly thirst for power which we are called to live to- Father once more gious minorities. The and domination, whether eco- gether, to learn closeness, care asks the Knights and town was liberated two nomic, political or military, is and respect for others, and to their families to pray for years later. The K of C, leading to untold violence, in- value the God-given gifts that those in need, for the con- who recently gathered in St justice and suffering in our each of us has to offer for the version of hearts, and for an Louis for their annual Su- human family”. Hence his ap- good of all”. The strengthen- end to the spiral of violence, preme Convention, will also peal for the rejection of “this ing of these “sound family val- hatred and injustice in that re- help Christian families return mentality and to combat the ues”, the message continues, gion”. to their homes. number 32-33, Friday, 11-18 August 2017 L’OSSERVATORE ROMANO page 9

Manuscript of Saint Ignatius of Loyola (16th century)

Interview with the Superior General of the Society of Jesus The Jesuit mission

How do you regard the situation in GI O VA N N I MARIA VIAN Ve n e z u e l a ? For Fr Arturo Sosa, who nine In spite of everything I have an months ago became the first non- optimistic view, even if the future European Superior General of the ciety of Jesus and my companions What is the mission of the Jesuits? is unknown. Obviously there has in the mission. All this is at high Jesuits, it is his first time to exper- often been great concern ex- Today the Society must find a ience the Feast of Saint Ignatius speed, because the decisions can- way to put reconciliation into pressed regarding the succession not wait. at the helm of the Society and to of events in the news: by the bish- practice each day. On three levels: celebrate in the Roman Church of ops and Jesuits of my country, the with God, with human beings, the Gesù, where the Founder’s Pope, the Cardinal Secretary of What would Ignatius of Loyola do with the environment. We are col- body is venerated. This celebra- State and the Holy See in many today? laborators in the mission of tion of the Saint, who died on 31 other ways. But I would like to This is the question I ask myself Christ, the raison d’ê t re of the July 1556, prompted an interview emphasize one fact: the 16 July every day, along with all Jesuits. Church we belong to. It is pre- by L’Osservatore Romano on the referendum was the most import- First of all, along with 13 general cisely the experience of God that beginning of Fr Sosa’s term as ant civil manifestation in the en- advisors that I regularly meet with restores interior freedom to us General. Shortly after midday on tire history of Venezuela because every week one by one, when we and leads us to turn our gaze to 28 July, a hot midsummer’s day, seven and a half million people are not hindered by our respective those who are crucified in this the meeting with the Superior participated. That is half the elect- travels, while on Tuesdays and world, to better understand the orate. The course of polit- Thursdays the entire council causes of injustice and contribute ical debate would be the meets. And three times a year, in to developing alternative models only way to stop the viol- January, June and September, for a to the system that today produces ence and to make policies whole week we have an extended poverty, inequality, exclusion and Like Saint Ignatius of Loyola, that serve the tremendous meeting with the presidents of the needs of the people. six provincial conferences and the let us be won over by the Lord Jesus four secretaries, 24 people in all. and, led by Him, place ourselves More than nine months at the service of others have passed since your elec- What is the aim of this very complex tion. How have you spent and demanding method of gov- (@Pontifex) them? ernance, which I imagine is nonethe- less very useful for decisions that the With great peace, with General Father has to make. a lot of work, and with General took place just steps away the need to learn many new things The intent is indeed that of un- from Saint Peter’s Square: on the quickly. First of all with spiritual derstanding the choices to make, fourth floor of the Society’s Gen- peace because I am filling a role because for the Society of Jesus, eral Curia, in the room where he that I did not seek and that I did and thus for all Jesuits, it is fun- works when in Rome, at a round not even imagine could fall to me: damental and necessary to be cre- table empty as the walls are bare, I received it from my brothers in atively faithful to its vocation and and which is evidently used for the General Congregation, but I mission. Looking to Saint Igna- frequent meetings. It is thanks to understand it and experience it as tius, we must constantly make the places at risk life on the planet. these meetings and to his many something that comes from the journey of returning to our origin- Thus we must reestablish a bal- travels that the successor of the al sources. This is what the anced relationship with nature. Saint of Loyola is able to govern called for Contributing to this reconciliation the Society of Jesus, which is di- and this decision was the salvation also means developing the capa- vided into 85 provinces within six for religious life, which in the city to dialogue among cultures provincial conferences. In nine Catholic view is an inspiration of and among religions. I have just months the Venezuelan General, the Holy Spirit. returned from a trip to Asia: in elected last 14 October, has Indonesia, the most populated Is- already participated in four of lamic country in the world, I con- Are there criteria for understanding versed at length with a group of these meetings, but the number of how to achieve this faithfulness? countries he has visited is much Muslim intellectuals, and in Cam- higher: India, Peru, Spain, Ger- We look to the experience of bodia I met with Buddhist many, Rwanda, Burundi, the the first 10 Jesuits, when Ignatius monks, to attest to the possibilit- Democratic Republic of Congo, and his companions were in ies for cooperation among the re- Kenya, Indonesia, Cambodia and, Venice for a journey to the Holy ligions as factors that favour un- soon, Belgium. His days fly by, Land. The project became im- derstanding and peaceful coexist- packed with meetings and com- possible and, decisively for the So- ence and as means for spiritual mitments, rigorously scheduled ciety, it evolved into the journey exploration. and opened each morning with at to Rome, as the sources say and as least two hours of prayer before recalled last autumn by our 36th How is this reconciliation possible? Mass, which he celebrates at 7:00 General Congregation which Conversion is fundamental: per- — “but if you want to kill a reli- Fr Sosa during the interview gathered to elect the Father Gen- sonal, communitary “by disper- gious, just postpone his lunch and eral. This is the Venice model: the sion” — ad dispersionem, a term rest period”, he quips, as he ac- union of mind and heart, the which signifies the apostolic need companies his guest to the elevat- Lord Jesus, whom I chose as my practice of an austere life, affective for mission — and institutional, in or after nearly an hour of conver- companion over half a century and effective closeness to the order to reorganize our structures sation — extended and peaceful, ago. There is truly a great deal of poor, common discernment and of work and governance directed but inevitably opened by a ques- work and it is not easy to get to being available to the needs of the exactly at the mission, which is tion on the current dramatic state know, from my new position, a whole Church identified and ex- proper to those who feel called to of his country. body as rich and varied as the So- pressed by the Pope. be companions of Jesus. page 10 L’OSSERVATORE ROMANO Friday, 11-18 August 2017, number 32-33

Attack on Saint Philip’s Church in Ozubulu Slaughter of Christians in Nigeria

Gunmen attacked a Catholic all those affected by this Church in the town of Ozubulu tragedy”. Pope Francis also in- in southeastern Nigeria, during voked “the divine blessings of Mass on Sunday, 6 August, consolation and strength” up on killing at least 11 and injuring all those in the Diocese. nearly 20. A telegram signed by In the aftermath of the attack Secretary of State Cardinal Nigerian police have reported Pietro Parolin was dispatched to that the Sunday morning shoot- Bishop Hilary Paul Odili Okeke ings may have been related to of Nnewi on behalf of the Holy drug trafficking and a feud Father, expressing his condol- between local rivals. Investiga- ences and spiritual closeness to tions have been launched to the families of the victims. “Deeply saddened to learn of bring the perpetrators to justice. the loss of life and injury fol- While Islamist militants have lowing the violent attack in been known to carry out attacks Saint Philip’s , on churches in other parts of O zubulu”, the telegram reads, the country, such violence in the “His Holiness Pope Francis ex- predominantly Christian south- tends heartfelt condolences to east is rare. Nigeria’s president you and to all the faithful of the condemned “an appalling crime Diocese of Nnewi, in particular against humanity and unspeak- the families of the deceased and able sacrilege”. Saint Philip’s Church in Ozubulu, Anambra State, Nigeria (Reuters)

A law against social boycotting in Maharashtra A step in the right direction

The Global Council of caste, community, reli- ing immodestly; others Indian Christians (GCIC) gion, rituals or customs have been branded as has welcomed a new law and political orienta- “witches” and sentenced banning “social boy- tion. In villages, tribal to a punishment of rape cotts” aimed at ostraciz- Christians and Dalits, or killing. ing people over their and particularly women, Social boycotts, Dr perceived difference are often harassed on George said, also “have from others within a account of their caste or serious economic implic- community. After receiv- their faith in Jesus ations, since our fellow ing presidential approv- Christ. In the past, vil- Christians make up the al on norms passed in lage councils have ban- majority of poor and 2016, Maharashtra has ished individuals and day labourers who are become the first state in entire families from denied jobs, food ra- Pope Francis’ greetings for Asian Youth Day India to adopt a law communities or denied tions and access to vil- that seeks to enforce them access to shrines lage wells”. This law, he strict rules of coexist- and market places. added, “will give great Respond with courage to ence between castes. The move is significant Some people have been dignity to Dalit and tri- Go d’s call because it prohibits ab- punished by the coun- bal Christians who are cils for so-called “mis- often ... forced to live a In a message signed by Cardinal Pietro Parolin, Secretary uses by informal village councils known as Khap deeds” such as marrying migrant life on the mar- of State, the Pope’s best wishes were conveyed to panchayats, unelected between castes or dress- gins of society”. participants in Asian Youth Day which took place in village councils com- Yogyakarta, Indonesia, from 2-6 August. The following is prised of men of a par- the English text of the message. ticular clan or caste. His Holiness Pope Fran- er, and to trust always in Observers say that al- cis sends warm greetings her loving intercession. though their power has and prayerful best wishes In this way, as they seek diminished since 1992, to all gathered in to follow Christ Jesus when elected village Yogyakarta for the sev- more closely, they too, councils were made enth Asian Youth Day. like the young woman of mandatory, they remain powerful in socially con- He prays that young Nazareth, can truly “im- servative states. people from across Asia prove the world and The new legislation is will listen ever more at- leave an imprint that “a step in the right dir- tentively to God’s call makes a mark on history” ection”, said GCIC P re s - and respond with faith (Message to Young People, ident Sajan K. George, and courage to their vo- 21 March 2017). Entrust- “to stop the oppression cation. As they prepare ing all the youth and of some categories of for the next World Youth their families to the ma- people like Dalit Chris- Day, His Holiness invites ternal intercession of Our tians”. them to look to the Lady, Pope Francis The law makes social Mother of the Lord as a gladly imparts his boycotting an offence model of missionary dis- Apostolic Blessing as a punishable by imprison- cipleship, to speak to her pledge of peace and joy ment, and bans discrim- as they would to a moth- in the Lord. ination on the basis of number 32-33, Friday, 11-18 August 2017 L’OSSERVATORE ROMANO page 11

From the Big Bang to infinite expansion Explosive beginning and silent end

CARLO MARIA PO LVA N I by physicist Aleksandr Michajlovič Ljapunov (1857- In the 1977 Pulitzer Prize Winner 1917), the entire solar system for General Non-Fiction, Th e becomes chaotic within only Dragons of Eden: Speculations on 50 million years. A physical the Evolution of Human Intelligence, system is said to be chaotic Cornell University astronomer when a small variation in its Carl E. Sagan (1934-1996) pro- initial state leads to an posed an intriguing pedagogical enormous alteration in its tool: the cosmic calendar. If the dynamic development; a 13.8 million years that comprise characteristic example of a the history of the universe were re- chaotic system is the well- duced to a scale of a single year of known “Butterfly Effect”, 365 days, it would produce the fol- pioneered by meteorologist lowing points of reference: the Big Edward Norton Lorenz Bang would have occurred at mid- (1917-2008) to explain the night on 1 January; the Milky Way difficulty of meteorological would have begun to form on 16 predictions, since the flap- March (11 billion years ago); the ping of the wings of a but- solar system on 2 September (4.6 terfly in the Pacific can give billion years ago); until 9 Novem- rise to a cascade of events ber the only forms of life on earth that lead to the formation of a Christian A. Doppler (1803-1853) sachusetts Institute of Technology, would have been very simple, with hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico. — which everyone knows: when the engineer from the city of fish appearing on 17 December Thus, there would be relatively you hear an ambulance pass, you Charleroi published this hypothes- (500 million years ago), dinosaurs little time remaining for terrestrial note that the siren’s frequency in- is in the journal “N a t u re ” in 1931, on 25 December (250 million years life forms to emigrate to a so- creases as the emergency vehicle entitled Hypothesis of the Primeval ago) and hominids on 31 Decem- called exoplanet with the charac- approaches and decreases as it At o m . ber (12 million years ago) at teristics to sustain life in its known moves away. Since light in space Being sarcastically labeled the around 2:30 in the afternoon. forms. Until now, fewer than 10 behaves like a wave and therefore Big Bang Theory by atheist British Although a provocative approx- extrasolar planets or natural satel- like the sound produced by an astrophysicist Sir Fred Hoyle imation, the cosmic calendar lites with an index of sufficient ambulance, the movement toward (1915-2001) increased the reputa- deftly illustrates the idea of time tion of its originator, who would in the transformation of the uni- adaptability have been identified, red, known as ‘re d s h i f t ’ — the fre- but many more could orbit one of quency of red light is lower than become first a member (1936) and verse. In the thought-provoking later President (1960) of the Ponti- work, Solo un miliardo di anni? the at least 200 billion stars of the that of violet, which represents the Milky Way. Nevertheless, as the other extreme of the visible spec- fical Academy of Sciences. The Viaggio al termine dell’u n i v e rs o [Just life and work of the professor of a Billion Years? Voyage to the End Lincei scholar de Bernardis would trum — observed in the light arriv- point out, even if terrestrial life is ing from stars, implies that the the Catholic University of Leuven of the Universe] (Bologna, il — who confided in 1933 to “New not extinguished during a journey universe, after originating from the Mulino, 2016), Prof. Paolo De York Times Magazine” that he Bernardis proposes, in a certain explosion of an extremely dense, incredibly hot nucle- had found two ways to the truth sense, an even bolder approach: to (faith and science) and followed imagine a cosmic calendar of the us, is constantly expanding, becoming profoundly emp- both — were proof of the sound- future. His vivid description of the ness of the 1893 P ro v i d - times and ways in which life on tier and glacially colder in an irreversible process entissimus Deus:“Nulla quidem Earth will end and through which theologum inter et physicum vera dis- the universe itself will dissolve which, over billions and sensio intercesserit” [“There can gives rise in the reader to the dis- billions of years, will lead never, indeed, be any real discrep- concerting impression that the gi- to its extinction in a plaus- ancy between the theologian and gantic cosmic transformations pre- ible thermal death. the physicist”]. dicted for the far-off future, woe- Thus it would be the tri- Maria Rosati Buffetti — in La fully, are relatively imminent. umph of the second prin- Specola Vaticana. Racconto foto- The winner of the 2006 Balzan ciple of thermal dynamics grafico d’una straordinaria avven- Prize begins with an inescapable which provides that the en- tura scientifica The ‘Specola Vatic- observation: with respect to the tropy (the degree of dis- [ total mass of the universe, our order) of a system inevit- ana’: A Photographic Account of an planet represents less than the tini- ably increases when it is Extraordinary Scientific Adventure] est grain of sand on which the transformed. It should not (Rome, Gangemi Editore, 2016) — replication of life forms is ulti- be too shocking that one recalls that it was Leo XIII who re- of the mythical fathers of mately subordinate to the stability launched the work of the well thermodynamics, Ludwig of the temperature, derived from known observatory, following the E. Boltzmann (1844-1906), an energetic balance between the Msgr Georges Lemaître, father of the Big Bang Theory recommendations of Francesco conscious, perhaps more solar radiation that the Earth ab- Denza (1834-1894), the Barnabite than anyone, of the inevit- sorbs and the energy that it re- priest whose Jesuit mentor, the that could last decades, if not ability of the victory of chaos, flects. This balance is suspected to brilliant astrophysicist Angelo Sec- hundreds of millions of years at committed suicide by hanging be somewhat unstable given the chi (1818-1878), had the harbinger fact that even the smallest quantit- the speed permitted by current while on holiday in the pictur- idea of classifying stars according ies of gas that allow heat to enter technology, our galaxy, being in a esque town of Duino near Trieste, to the spectral analysis of their the atmosphere but prevent reflec- rotational motion itself, in approx- Italy, and that the tombstone at light, thereby opening the door to ted heat from leaving — such as imately six billion years, could col- his grave in Vienna’s Central observation of the so-called red- carbon dioxide, methane, and the lide with its gigantic cousin An- Cemetery bears only the inscrip- shift. All these priests, enthusiasts other gases at the heart of the 1997 dromeda, in a clash with unfore- tion of the laconically merciless of the observation of celestial bod- Kyoto Protocols — could notice- seeable consequences. formula he discovered: S=kb log Ω ies, perfectly embody the words of ably and quickly alter thermal sta- Hoping against the occurrence (entropy, S, is the product of the Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881- bility. But what is given less con- of such a cataclysm, Hubble’s law logarithm of a system’s possible 1955) in the fifth chapter on the sideration is the fact that, even if would not in any case, allow an configurations, log Ω, multiplied Christian perfection of human the greenhouse effect were escape. The American astrophysi- by the Boltzmann constant kb. strength in the first part dedicated thwarted, the earth’s temperature cist Edwin P. Hubble (1889-1953), But it should be rather surpris- to the divination of human activit- is destined to rise inexorably who lent his name to the largest ing that the man who formulated ies, in Le Milieu Divin. Essai de when, in roughly a billion years, telescope ever put in orbit, ob- the theory of an explosive begin- spiritualité [The Divine Milieu: Es- the sun produces ten percent more served that the farther galaxies ning of the universe which thrust says on Spirituality]: “By virtue of than its current output of heat and were from our vantage point, the it into an irreversible expansion creation and, even more so, of the this transforms our planet into a more rapidly they were moving was a priest from the Wallonian incarnation, nothing is profane, boiling sauna. away. His investigation was based region of Belgium: Georges H.J.E. here on the Earth, to those who This scenario could occur a on the Doppler Effect — first de- Lemaître (1894-1966). After com- know how to see”. The stars, one great deal earlier if, as predicted scribed by Austrian physicist pleting his studies at the Mas- would be tempted to add. page 12 L’OSSERVATORE ROMANO Friday, 11-18 August 2017, number 32-33

The Santa Marta complex in an engraving by Giuseppe Vasi (1759) Left to right: the Vatican Seminary, the convent and the church

A few steps from Pope Francis’ re s i d e n c e Casa Santa Marta: a name and a place that from the first day of Pope Francis’ Pontificate have become known throughout the world. Few, however, know that this place name, together with the square on which the build- ing stands, is linked to a corner The church that once stood in the Vatican of the Vatican which has since disapp eared. In fact, just a few metres from the Pope’s current residence be- So where was Santa Marta? hind Saint Peter’s Basilica, where the Palazzo of the ILARIA DELSERE then as the Palazzo of the Tribunals Since the Saint Stephen structure Tribunals now stands, the and now also as the headquarters of still appears in its 18th century facies Church of Santa Marta (Saint In 1930 the Church of Santa Marta, the Pontifical Gendarmerie — w e re — that is, dimensionally reduced to Martha) was built in the first like much of the area behind the completely decontextualized by vir- just one part of the central nave, half of the 16th century. Michelangelesque Tribunal, was in- tue of the imposed “isolation”. Com- with the exclusion of the transept — A hospital and cemetery were cluded in the vast remodeling project paring Momo’s project to the current perhaps the very choice of restoring annexed to the church for use undertaken by Pius XI (1922-39) fol- building, it is evident that the struc- the sacred building to the larger pro- by the officials and personnel of lowing the foundation of Vatican ture originally intended as a confra- portions of the early medieaval ba- the apostolic palaces. These be- City State (1929). From the drawings ternity hospital and then used as the silica — with the reinstitution of the longed to the Confraternity of of engineer Giuseppe Momo, the de- convent of Santa Marta — located to apse and the transept (and a portion the Serventi, those servants who, signer of various buildings and of the south of the cantilevered stair of the lateral aisles) — prompted the just as Saint Martha — sister of the urban replanning of the area, we (later transformed into a sort of decision to demolish the Church of Mary and of Lazarus — served crenellated tower) — still Santa Marta in order to make way Jesus, were at the service of remains. In fact, although for the road. Pope Paul III. extended at the rear, it is Santa Marta, the work of one of The church, which went still characterized today — the principle Roman architects of the through various restorations, as represented in Mas- late 16th century, was thus significant was completed in the 18th cen- carino’s designs and in not only as an example of the typo- tury and contained exquisite Va s i ’s engraving — by a logy of sacred buildings but also of decorations. With the dissolu- triple arrangement of the works of art contained within windows overlooking the tion of the Confraternity, the them, generated by the major artists main façade, alongside Santa Marta complex was en- active in the pontifical court of the the seminary, to which it trusted to the Congregation of time, and, last but not least, for its was functionally adjoined connection to the original hospital the Discalced Trinitarians in by the restoration under structure from which — as seen — it 1726, and the hospital became Leo XIII. was coldheartedly excised, losing all the new site of the Vatican Sem- If the demolition of the traces of itself and of the complex to i n a r y. adjacent 18th century which it once belonged. Under Pius IX, after various cir- complex of Santo Stefano The name ‘Santa Marta’ — which cumstances affecting the Con- dei Mori — of which only today still indicates the same square gregation, the seminary assumed the basilica remains today and which was reclaimed by Leo XII exclusive use of the church. The first representation of the Church of Santa Marta — represents the loss of a for the building of the Pontificium The building was also restored (circle) behind Saint Peter’s Basilica, significant part of the Hospitium Sanctae Marthae (1891) at the end of the 19th century, Antonio Tempest, “Map of Rome”, (1593, detail) 18th century urban fabric that overlooks it (today the heart of but that was the culminating — as the result of the the present Domus Sanctae Marthae, glory for the Church of Santa single project of the ar- rebuilt in the 1990s by John Paul II) Marta which, at the beginning know the pre-demolition state of the chitect Valeri during the pontificate — is thus deeply rooted in the cen- of the following century, was Seminary building and of the of Albani (1703-18) — then the de- turies-old history of a charitable demolished during a phase of Church of Santa Marta. molition of the Church of Santa structure and of a valuable bygone new urban planning of the area. Besides the Church of Saint Marta appears, if possible, even architectural episode. The story is told in detail by ar- Stephen of the Abyssinians, only the more serious and surprising: chitect Ilaria Delsere in her Seminary building, adjoined since not only for the loss of a test- book La chiesa e l’ospedale di the end of the 19th century to the ament of great historical and Santa Marta al Vaticano (The former convent of Santa Marta, was artistic importance, but also Church and Hospital of Santa spared. Incredibly though, contrary in terms of appreciating the Marta in the Vatican) — Va t i c a n to what was planned in one of decision which, today, ap- City, Edizioni Capitolo Vat- Momo’s projects, the exquisite 16th pears to have been inevitable icano, 2016). The book also fea- century church annexed to it was not since the structure was in fact tures an anastatic reprint of a preserved; its surviving artwork was sacrificed for purposes of 19th century monograph dedic- transferred in part to the Vatican traffic flow. Indeed, in its ated to the topic and is illus- Pinacoteca, and in part to the chapel place today runs a road con- trated with period images and of the new Governorate building, necting the Palazzo of the recent photographs recording which was given the same name as Tribunals and the Church of the transformation that took the church that no longer stands. Saint Stephen of the Abyssin- place in 1930. That was a decis- The surviving buildings of the Ba- ians, a road that, in Momo’s ive year, as recounted in the ex- silica of Saint Stephen, restored by original project, had been Current view of Santa Marta with the street cerpt of the book published on Gustavo Giovannoni (1931-33) and planned to flank the 16th cen- between the Palazzo of the Tribunals and this page. the Vatican seminary — used since tury church. the Church of Saint Stephen of the Abyssinians