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SECTION ONE: 대한독립 선언서 the March 1, 1919 Declaration of Independence and Other Key Documents

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SECTION ONE: 대한독립 선언서 the March 1, 1919 Declaration of Independence and Other Key Documents SECTION ONE: 대한독립 선언서 The March 1, 1919 Declaration of Independence and Other Key Documents This section contains the Declaration of Independence that was released in Seoul on March 1, 1919 as well as earlier manifestos drafted by groups in Tokyo and in Vladivostok. Those which were already translated into English and published in the United States in 1919 are directly reprinted here to avoid creating more versions given an already confusing number of different translations and different organizations which released similar statements. The only Provisional Government referred to by Kim Young Wo is the one that was based in Shanghai. For more information on the different provisional governments that appeared at this time, see About the Organizations Devoted to Korean Independence, pages 6 to 8. Numbers in boldface indicates original page numbers for Kim Young Wo’s book. The ones in brackets are specific to this translation. Declaration of Independence and 1 [22] Three Items of Agreement Cabinet Members of Shanghai Provisional Government 4 [28] of the Republic of Korea The Provisional Constitution 4 [30] Oath of Declaration 5 (a pledge recited to support all independence efforts for Korea) Six Principles of Government 5 [32] Proclamation of the Korean Young Men’s League 6 [33] for National Independence, Japan (includes four resolutions) Manifesto of the Korean National Assembly, East Asia 10 [39] Korean Independence Anthem 13 [52] Prayer 14 [53] Korean Militia 14 [54] © Ka Noio ʻAʻe ʻAle Press, 2021 Page | 21 大韓獨立宣言書 대한독립선언서 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE While the March 1st Declaration of Independence may not have been the first written or promulgated by Korea Independence activists, it was the version that was carried by many foreign newspapers and thus became famous around the world. There are several different translations, some in publications with additional information or editorial opinion included.1 We have chosen to reproduce the version that appeared in the Los Angeles Times because it reflects Western biases about Korea that modern readers may find interesting. Signatories at the end of this transcription have been inserted per Kim Young Wo’s book. We have added religious affiliations based on an archival document uncovered at Columbia University; this information was apparently collected and disseminated to refute Japanese claims that this was a “Christian-led” uprising.2 For a larger discussion of missionaries and the “role” of Christians in the events of 1919, see “Tragic Korea: Missionary in Pyongyang to Make Known to the World Unreported Events in Korea,” pages 214 to 221, in Section Eight. For an artistic rendering of the group’s meeting and photos of all thirty-three signatories, we recommend the KBS website 3.1 운동 얼마나 아세요?; biographies from this online source note that these individuals were sentenced to two or three years in prison. All were released from incarceration and would continue their independence activities with the exception of Yang Han Mook (梁漢默; 양한믁), who died at Seodaemun Prison in Seoul just a few months after his arrest. For more information on how this document spurred subsequent activities in Seoul, see Section Three and the documents associated with the Korean National Council. Note that in the transcription below, headings that are in the English version are not featured in the original Korean text in Kim’s book. 1 Other versions of the March 1st Declaration include the Red Cross Pamphlet on the March 1st Movement (n.p., 1919), 1-7; and, Carlton Waldo Kendall’s translation in The Truth About Korea (San Francisco: Korea National Association, July 1919), 31-33. Kendall includes headers and footnotes that are not used in the original. For a comprehensive compilation of different declarations by the various independence groups of this time, readers are directed to Moses S. Ahn’s collection, The Nature and Spirit of Korea: The March First Movement Against Japanese Colonization (Seoul: Korean Publishing Co., 2001). 2 Korean Independence Outbreak: Beginning, March 1st., 1919 (n.p., 1920), 10, Columbia Universities Digital Collections, accessed February 21, 2021, http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_7703837_000/. © Ka Noio ʻAʻe ʻAle Press, 2021 Page | 22 The Los Angeles Times KOREA LIBERTY PROCLAMATION3 Full Text of Printed Announcement of Independence as Circulated in Seoul is Brought to America by Sacramento Publisher. _____ [BY A. P. NIGHT WIRE.] SAN FRANCISCO, April 2.—The full text of the Korean proclamation of independence, which resulted in rioting in Seoul, the capital of Korea, when it first was publicly distributed, March 1, was brought here today by V. S. McClatchy, director of the Associated Press, returning from the Orient on the steamer Shinyo Maru. The translation was forwarded by messenger to the Associated Press bureau at Tokio [Tokyo] and by it given to Mr. McClatchy to bring to the United States. The Japanese, according to information accompanying the proclamation, searched persons on the streets the night the proclamation first was distributed, including some Americans, in an effort to find and seize all copies of it. THIRTY-THREE LEADERS ARE ARRESTED. The proclamation is signed by thirty-three men, all of whom later were placed under arrest. The signers of the proclamation are all men of influence in Korea. They include Buddhist leaders, literary men of note and leaders in the three Christian denominations—Presbyterian, Methodist Episcopal, and Roman Catholic. Song Tyung Hi [Son Byung Hi], whose name heads the list, is the head of a new Korean sect knows as the “Chun-Do-Kyo,” or “nature cult.”4 His followers are reputed to number hundreds of thousands. His income is said to have been great, and until recently he appeared to flourish under Japanese protection and encouragement. TEXT OF THE PROCLAMATION. The text of the proclamation follows: 3 “Korea Liberty Proclamation,” The Los Angeles Times, April 3, 1919, 1. 4 “Nature cult” is a mischaracterization of the religion. Cheondogyo is actually considered an indigenous belief largely based on Confucianism; the movement grew out of the Donghak Movement, which protested the social decay and corruption rampant in the late Joseon era. For more information on this religion, see Kirsten Bell’s “Cheondogyo and the Donghak Revolution: the unmaking of a religion,” Korea Journal, 44(2): 233-148, https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/facultyresearchandpublications/52383/items/1.0221484. © Ka Noio ʻAʻe ʻAle Press, 2021 Page | 23 “We herewith proclaim the independence of Korea and the liberty of the Korean people. We tell it to the world in witness of the equality of all nations and we pass it on to our posterity as inherent right. “We make this proclamation, having [in] back of us 5,000 years of history and 20,000,000 of a united, loyal people. We take this step to insure to our children for all time to come, personal liberty in accord with the awakening consciousness of this new era. This is the clear leading of God, the moving principle of the present age, the whole human race’s just claim. It is something that cannot be stamped out, or stifled, or gagged, or suppressed by any means. “Victims of an older age, when brute force and the spirit of plunder ruled, we have come after these long thousands of years to experience the agony of ten years of foreign oppression, with every loss to the right to live, every restriction of the freedom of thought, every damage done to the dignity of life, every opportunity lost for a share in the intelligent advance of the age in which we live. RIGHT TO BE FREE. “Assuredly, if the defects of the past are to be rectified, if the agony of the present is to be unloosed, if the future oppression is to be avoided, if thought is to be set free, if right of action is to be given a place, if we are to attain to any way of progress, if we are to deliver our children from the painful, shameful heritage, if we are to leave blessing and happiness intact for those who succeed us, the first of all necessary things is the clear cut independence of our people. What cannot our 20,000,000 do, every man with sword in heart, in this day when human nature and conscience are making a stand for truth and right? What barrier can we not break, what purpose can we not accomplish? “We have no desire to accuse Japan of falsehood when she charged China with breaking her treatise of 1636, as an excuse to absorb, nor to single out specially the teachers in the schools or government officials who treat the heritage of our ancestors as a colony of their own and our people and their civilization as a nation of savages, finding delight only in beating us down and bringing us under their heel. NOT FINDING FAULT. “We have no wish to find special fault with Japan’s lack of fairness or her contempt of our civilization and the principles on which her state rests; we, who have greater cause to reprimand ourselves need not spend precious time in finding fault with others, neither need we, who require so urgently to build up for the future, spend useless hours over what is past and gone. Our urgent need today is the setting up of this house of ours, and not a discussion of what [who] has broken it down, or what has caused its ruin. Our work is to clear the future of defects in accord with the earnest dictates of conscience. Let us not be filled with bitterness or resentment over past agonies or past occasions for anger. © Ka Noio ʻAʻe ʻAle Press, 2021 Page | 24 “Our part is to influence the Japanese Government, dominated as it is by the old idea of brute force, which thinks to run counter to reason and universal law, so that it will change, act honestly and in accord with the principles of right and truth.
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