THEY RUN AMERICA All of the Members of the Council on Ments of U.S

Illustration by Don Eckelkamp Gary Allen, a graduate of Stanford, isauthor of None Dare Call It Conspiracy, The Rockefeller File, Kissinger: Secret Side Of The Secretary Of State, and Jimmy Carter/Jimmy Carter. Mr. Allen is an AMERICAN OPINION Contributing Editor.

• SPECULATION about Who's Who in omists, and political scientists now the American Establishment is at actively debate whether America is a tracting more and more attention as "pluralist society" or an "elitist" one political journalists, scholars, and - speculation which roughly com academics are drawn into the study of pares to the debate among Conserva who runs the United States and how. tives between the accidentalists and Talk of conspiracy is almost fashion conspiratorialists. While academic able as commentators set out to redis proponents of the elitist theories do cover the wheels within wheels that we not yet go so far as to charge in public call the Insiders. Sociologists, econ- that we are the victims of a master

MAY,l978 1 Our Constitution says it is to be we the people of the United States who run this coun try, but powerful elitists now do so by con trolling government through key institutions including the Council on Foreign Relations, the Trilateral Commission, and a handful of multi national corporations and international banks. conspiracy, many do now see that the Another academic who has done elitists of big government, big fi considerable research in the area of nance, and big business work together elitist control of our country is Pro behind the scenes in major interna fessor Thomas Dye of Florida State tional projects that threaten our liber University, who summarized his ties. Professor William Domhoff, analysis in his 1976 book, Who's Run possibly the nation's foremost exposi ning America?: Institutional Leader tor on the Left of the elitist theory, ship In The United States.* Dye pre sees the conflict as one between the sents the arguments of both the plur classes, rejecting the Americanist alist and elitist theories. While he view that a tight group of Insiders avoids expressing his own opinion, the manipulates the power pyramid from evidence he presents makes it clear the very top. Domhoff writes: that he is aware of how the game is "If it is true, as I believe, that the played. Like the late Professor Car power elite consists of many thou roll Quigley of Georgetown, however, sands of people rather than several Dye is apparently an admirer of the dozen; that they do not meet as a com elite who he claims manipulate pow mittee of the whole; that there are er for the good of the country. Pro differences of opinion between fessor Dye writes: them; that their motives are not well "The 'elitist' model of the policy known to us beyond such obvious in process would portray policy as the ferences as stability and power; that preferences and values of the dom they are not nearly so clever or power inant elite. Public policy does not re ful as the ultra-conservatives think flect demands of 'the people' but it is nonetheless also true, I believe, rather the interests, sentiments, and that the power elite are more unified, values of the very few who partici more conscious, and more manipula pate in the policy -making process. tive than the pluralists would have us Changes or innovations in public pol believe, and certainly more so than icy come about when elites redefine any social group with the potential to their own interests or modify their contradict them. If pluralists ask just own values. Of course, elite policy how unified , how conscious, and how need not be oppressive or exploitative manipulative, I reply that they have of the masses. Elites may be very asked a tough empirical question to which they have contributed virtually "Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New J ersey, no data." $8.95 hardbound and $5.95 in paper.

2 AMERICAN OPINION I I I. 'public-regarding,' and the welfare of thirds of all government spending. the masses may be an important con More importantly, concentration of sideration in elite decision-making. resources in the nation's largest insti But the important point of the model tutions is increasing over time." is that elites make policy, not masses. Both Dye and Domhoff agree that The elite model views the masses as there is an institutional elite com largely passive, apathetic, and ill posed of the heads of major corpora informed about policy . Mass views tions, international banks, civic orga are easily manipulated by the elite nizations, comm unications media, dominated mass media. Communica the foundations, and the prestigious tion between elites and masses flows universities. They realize that the downward. The 'proximate policy closest thing America has ever had to a makers' knowingly or unknowingly king is David Rockefeller, who coordi respond primarily to the opinions of nates the leaders of the above institu the elites." tions. Professor Dye identifies Rocke The power of the major Establish feller as "the only man for whom the ment institutions, whose leaders com presidency of the United States prise the elite, is becoming more and would be a step down." more concentrated. As Professor Because so much of the Rockefel Thomas Dye observes: ler family's vast wealth is now outside "The nation's resources are con the United States, David Rockefeller centrated in a relatively small number is fanatically interested in our coun of large institutions. Half of the na try's foreign policy . Dye reports ad tion's industrial assets are concentra miringly: "Above all, Rockefeller is ted in 100 manufacturing corpora an internationalist. His active inter t ions; half of the nation's ba nking vention in American foreign policy assets are concentrated in the 50 larg has produced remarkable results. As est banks; half of the nation's assets has been mentioned, he was personal in transportation, communications, ly involved in Nixon's arrangement of and utilities are concentrate d in 33 detente with the USSR, the Strategic corporations; two-thirds of the na Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), and tion's insurance assets are concentra Nixon's spectacular trip to China. He ted in just 18 companies; 12 founda is the key sponsor of the Council on tions control nea rly 40 percent of all Foreign Relations." foundation ass ets; 12 univer sities It is through the Council, widely control 54 percent of all private en known as the C.F .R., that the Rocke dowmen t funds in higher education; 3 fellers manipulate American foreign network broad castin g companies con policy. Professor Dye describes the trol 90 percent of the television news, Council's accomplishments as " daz and 10 newspaper cha ins account for zling," and while he refrains from one-third of the daily newspaper cir using Dan Smoot' s description of it as culation. It is highly probable that 30 America's invis ible government, he Wall Street and Washington law does observe: "T he CFR is designed to firms exercise comparable domi build consensus among elites on for nance in the legal field, and that a eign policy ques tions. Its commissions dozen cultural and civic organizations make investigation s concerning for dominate music, drama, the arts, and eign policy, and set maj or direc tions civic affairs. Federal government of official U.S. policy. This council alone now accounts for 21 percent of largely determines when reassess- the gross national product and two- (Continued on page seventy -one. )

4 AMERICAN OPINION ,From page four The C.F.R. List It should be kept in mind that not THEY RUN AMERICA all of the members of the Council on ments of U.S. foreign or military pol Foreign Relations are Insiders. Cer icy are desired . . . . CFR publishes tainly all are considered potential In the journal Foreign Affairs, considered siders when they are invited to join, throughout the world the unofficial but occasionally the membership mouthpiece of U.S . foreign policy. committee guesses wrong and admits Few important initiatives in U.S. pol a patriot who refuses to compromise icy are not first outlined in articles in his country for the advancement of this publication ...." his career. Those who sit on the The C.F .R. is a conduit where cor C.F.R.'s board of trustees are some porate and government policy are thing else. They are committed to the merged. Thomas Dye reports: "Recog conspiracy or they wouldn't be in this nizing that U.S. corporations make key position. Here is who they are: foreign policy, as well as the U.S. gov David Rockefeller serves as chair ernment, the CFR provides 'corpora man of the board of trustees of the tion services' for large fees; these C.F .R. He holds the same position sources include consultation, infor with the elitist Trilateral Commission mation, and the right to nominate which will be discussed next. Mr. 'promising' young executives to at Rockefeller is also chairman of the tend its semi-annual seminars. Its cor board of Chase Manhattan, the porate members include Chase Man world's most politically powerful hattan, General Motors, Ford Motors, bank. It is he who heads the Rockefel Continental Can, Gulf Oil, General ler family empire which controls Electric, and other giant corporations ' Exxon, the nation's largest corpora - particularly those with overseas in tion. Through trusts and foundations terests. The CFR limits itself to 700 the family also controls the Mobil, individual resident members (New Standard of Indiana, Standard of York and Washington) and 700 non California, Chevron, Sohio, Phillips resident members. There are few in 66, and Marathon oil companies. The dividuals in top positions in American Rockefeller family has controlling institutions with an interest in for interest in the vast Citicorp (First Na eign affairs who are not CFR mem tional City Bank) and holds ten mil bers ...." lion dollars or more of stock in East Dye quotes Theodore White, chron man Kodak, General Electric, Texas icler of Presidential campaigns, on Instruments, and Three M. David the fact that both Democrat and Re serves as trustee of the $185 million publican Administrations rely on the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, the C.F .R. to staff all key positions. "Its Rockefeller Family Fund, and the roster of members," says White, "has University of Chicago. for a generation under Republican Robert O. Anderson is chairman and Democratic administrations of Atlantic Richfield Oil Company alike, been the chief recruiting and is a member of the board of Chase ground for cabinet level officials in Manhattan Bank and many other Washington . ..." The C.F.R. is powerful institutions. He recently led openly said to be the command post or a failed attempt to take control of the the nerve center of what Dye identi National Rifle Association. fies as the American " Liberal" Estab Robert Bates serves on the staff lishment. of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund and

MAY, 1978 71 has been treasurer of the Association he is a member of the elitist Pilgrim of American Rhodes Scholars. Society and president of the Insti David E. Bell taught at Harvard, tute For World Order. his alma mater, and has served as vice J. Richardson Dilworth is an in president of the Ford Foundation. vestment banker whose chief job is Michael Blumenthal is Secretary managing the vast assets of the of the U.S. Treasury. Coming to the Rockefeller family. He served Kuhn, United States via Shanghai after Loeb & Company, an Insider invest World War II, he rose dramatically to ment banking firm which reportedly become president of the giant played a key role in financing the Bol Bendix Corporation, a trustee of shevik Revolution and the first Five Princeton, a director of the Atlantic Year Plan. Dilworth is a director of Council, and a member of the Trilat RH. Macy & Company, International eral Commission. Basic Economy Corporation, Chase Zbigniew Brzezinski is the Henry Manhattan Bank, Chrysler Corpora Kissinger of the Carter Administra tion, and is a trustee of Yale. tion, playing C.F.R policy-control Hedley Donovan is a Rhodes agent as the President's National Scholar who is Editor-in-Chief of Security Advisor. Brzezinski has long Time, Incorporated, a trustee of the been a David Rockefeller intimate, Insiders' Carnegie Endowment for did time with the Rand Corporation International Peace, and a member of think tank, and was the founding di the Trilateral Commission. rector of the Trilateral Commission. George Franklin is a Harvard McGeorge Bundy taught and was graduate with a law degree from Yale dean at Harvard, was a political anal who serves as an assistant to Nelson yst for the C.F.R, and was moved Rockefeller. Franklin worked for the into what became the Kissinger C.F.R from 1945 to 1971, served the Brzezinski post as special assistant national council of the radical For for national security affairs to Pres eign Policy Association, and is an of idents Kennedy and Johnson. Bundy ficer of the Atlantic Council, which is now presides as president of the Ford considering a merger with the Trilat Foundation. eral Commission. He is related to the C. Douglas Dillon is the Number Rockefellers by marriage. Two man in the C.F.R A 1931 gradu Gabriel Hauge is president of ate of Harvard, he is certainly one of Manufacturers Hanover Bank, one the five top Insiders in the country. of New York's big six. A former stat Dillon has been chairman of the istician for the Federal Reserve, board of the powerful investment Hauge serves with the Carnegie En banking firm of Dillon, Read & Com dowment for International Peace and pany. He served as Undersecretary of is a member of the Pilgrim Society. State for Economic Affairs in the Theodore Hesburgh is the manic Eisenhower Administration and was progressive priest who is president of Secretary of the Treasury under Notre Dame. He has been a director Kennedy-Johnson. He is a member of of the Woodrow Wilson National Fel the Trilateral Commission and was lowship, chairman of the federal chairman of the Rockefeller Founda Civil Rights Commission, the Carne tion. Mr. Dillon has served on the gie Commission on the Future of board of the Brookings Institution, Higher Education, and the Adlai the leading Democrat think tank. An Stevenson Institute. Father Hesburgh open ad vocate of World Government, is a trustee of the Rockefeller Foun-

72 AMERICAN OPINION dation and the Carnegie Foundation of Bell & Howell, and a director of for Advancement of Teaching. the First National Bank of Chicago, Nicholas Katzenbach, a graduate Ill inois Be ll Telephone, and the of Princeton and the Yale Law Brookings Institution. School, is a Rhodes Scholar who Lucian Pye holds a Yale doctorate, taught at Yale and the University of was a Rhodes Scholar, and is professor Chicago Law School, served as U.S. of internationa l studies at M.LT. He Attorney General and Undersecretary has been a member of the advisory of State, has been a Ford Foundation council administe ring America's for fellow, and is a director of LB .M . eign aid and is a trustee of the elitist John J. McCloy is a director emer Asia Society. itus of the Council. During his long Robert Roosa has taught econom career of service to the international ics at the University of Michigan, conspiracy, this Harvard-trained law Harvard, an d M J .T. For fifteen yer served as head of the World Bank, years he served with the Federal Re U.S. Military Governor and High serve Bank of New York. He was Un Commissioner in postwar Germany, dersecretary for Monetary Affairs at and chairman of the Ford Founda the Treasury Department under Pres tion. He was chairman of the board ident Kennedy. Robert Roosa is a of the Chase Manhattan Bank before partner in the Insider investment Prince David ascended the throne; banking firm of Brown Brothers, head of the U.S. Disarmament Com Harriman & Company. He is a direc mission, whose stated goal was to turn tor of the American Express Com over all U.S. weapons to a U.N . military pany, American Express Internation force; and, chairman of the board of al Banking Corporation, Owens-Corn the Insiders ' Atlantic Institute. ing Fiberglass Corporation, Anacon Lane Kirkland is secretary-treasur da, and Texaco. And, he is a trustee of er of the A:F.L.-C.LO., representing the Rockefeller Foundation. the workers of America in the inter Marshall Shuman has taught at national bankers club . Or is it the the Russian Research Center at Har other way around? Kirkland is also a vard and served as a director of the member of the elitist Trilateral Com Russian Institute at Columbia. He has mission. won the Rockefeller Public Service Harry McPherson is not yet fifty Award and is author of Stalin's For and the youngest of the C.F.R. trust eign Policy Reappraised. ees. He was special assistant and Cyrus Vance is J immy Carter's counsel to President Johnson. Secretary of State. This Yale-trained James Perkins has spent many lawyer helped negotiate the disastrous years as an executive with the Insid Vietnam peace treaty at the Paris ers' Carnegie Corporation. From 1950 Peace Conference, has been a director to 1963 he was president of Cornell of Aetna Life & Casualty, LB.M ., and has been a trustee of the Rand and Pan American World Airways . He Corporation and a director of Chase served as a trustee of Yale, the Urban Manhattan. Perkins has served on the Institute, and the Rockefeller Foun Carnegie Commission on Higher Edu dation, and is a member of the Tri cation and as secretary of the Carne lateral Commission. gie Foundation. Paul Volcker is well known as the Peter Peterson was Secretary of world's ace goldphobe. He used to say Commerce under President Johnson, that if the United States quit sup and has been chairman of the board porting the price of gold at thirty-five

MAY, 1978 73 dollars an ounce it would go to five Foreign Relations as some Establish dollars. With degrees from Princeton, me nt publications implied when Harvard, and the London School of Jimmy Carter loaded up his Adminis Economics, he served as an economist tration with its members. Dual mem for the New York Federa l Reserve bership in the two organizations is Bank and then for the Chase Man common. The Trilateral Commission ha ttan Bank before becoming a high was in fact the brainchild of C.F.R. official in the Treasury Depa rtment. pa njandrum David Rockefeller, who Ha lfway through the Nixon Adminis now serves as cha irman of its board. tration he returned to the womb at T he name Trilateral Comm ission Chase Manhattan an d was subse was chosen because its members come quently ap pointed to head the key fro m North America, Japan, and New York Federal Reserve Ban k. Western Europe. It is an international Paul Warnke is an anti-sover ext ension of the C.F.R. and makes no eignty man who has been a partner in attempt to disguise the fact that, like a powerful international law firm, the Council, its primary reason for served on the advisory commission to existence is to bring about a New the U.S. Commission on Civil Righ ts, World Order under the policy control and now heads the U.S . Arms Control of the Insiders. The need for World and Disarmament Agency. Govern ment is openly discussed in its Franklin Williams played interna many publications. The Rockefellers tionalist games at the top level of the and the C.F.R. had hoped to use the Defense Departmen t under President United Nations as the vehicle for this Eisenhower, taught at the Fletcher purpose. But the Amer ican public re School at T ufts, and is president of sist ed, and as ti me passed the U.N . t he Asia Fou ndation. becam e the world's largest indoor zoo Carroll Wilson is an M .LT. grad wit h the Insiders having problems uate who has served with the State manipulatin g its wild men. Ac Department as an advi sor on the in cording to the Trilateral Commission, ternational control of atomic energy it will now be necessary to federate and was general manager of the U.S. the advanced nations of the world Atomic Energy Commission. He also first and then bring in the Less Devel served on the Rockefeller Brothers oped Countries and the Communists Fund panel on international security. - on terms to be set by advanced na Now his field seems to be ecology. He tions dominated by the multinational was a director of the Study on Critical corporations. American members of Global En vironmental Problems and the Trilateral Commission are: serves the anti-technology Club of I.W. Abel is former president of Rome , as well as being a senior advi sor the United Steelworkers of Amer to the U.N . Conference on Human ica. His policies on foreign imports Environment. Wilson was a member and federal regulation have done of Nelson Rockefeller's Committee much to undermine the U.S. steel in on Critical Choices , is a member of dustry in favor of those Trilateral the Trilateral Commission, and has partners Japan and Western Europe. been chairman of the C.F.R. mem David Abshire has been director bership committee. of research for the Republican Policy Committee, is chairman of the Center The Trilateral List for Strategic and Internati onal In no way is the Trilateral Commis Studies at Georgetown, and is a mem sion a competitor of the Council on ber of t he C.F.R.

74 AMERICAN OPINION Graham Allison is a Harvard pro time at the Brookings Institution and fessor and a member of the C.F.R. is a member of the C.F.R. John Anderson is a very "Liberal" William Brock is the forme r Sen Republican Congressman from Illi ator from Tennessee who as chairman nois . He is a member of the C.F .R. of the Republican National Commit Ernest Arbuckle is cha irman of tee refused to commit the Repu bli the Wells Fargo banking chain, a can Party against the Panama Canal director of Owens Illinois, Safeway treaties. Anybody who is surprised Stores, and Hewlitt-Packard. A for doesn't understand. mer dea n of the Graduate School of Harold Brown is our Secretary of Business at Stanford, his career was Defense and a member of the C.F.R. launched with Standard Oil. He was president of Cal Tech, a dele J . Paul Austin is the Harvard Law gate to the SALT surrender talks, and School graduate who is chairman of a director of Schroders Ltd., I.B.M., the worldwide Coca-Cola Compa ny. and the Times -Mirror Company. He is also a director of Continental Zbigniew Brzezinski is discussed Oil, Morgan Guaranty Bank, General under the C.F.R. In his book Between Electric, and Dow Jo nes. Two Ages he stated that "Marxism George Ball, long a C.F.R. wheel represents a further vit al and crea horse, is a senior partner of the Leh tive stage in the maturing of ma n's man Brot hers investment banking universal vision .. .." firm which recently merged with the Jimmy Carter gave up a fine job equa lly powerful Kuhn, Loeb & Com with the family peanut company to pany . He has been U.S. Representa become David Rockefeller's personal tive to the U.N . and was Undersecre representative in Washington, D.C. tary of State from 1961 to 1966; Warren Christopher is a Depu ty Lucy Benson was presiden t of the Secretary of State and a C.F .R. collectivist Lea gue of Women Voters. member. She was a director of the Dreyfus Third Alden Clausen is president of the Century Fund and a member of the world 's largest bank, the Bank of council of the National Municipal America, and a leading proponent of League. Ms . Benson is now Undersec aid and trade with the Communists. retary of State for Security Assis He is a director of the Federal Reserve tance . Bank of San Francisco, a member of Robert Bowie is a Harvard pro the powerful Business Council, and fessor, has held numerous positions a member of the C.F.R. with the State Department, and is a William Coleman, another Har member of the C.F.R. vard-trained lawyer, is the former John Brademas was a Rhode s Secretary of Transportation. He is a Scholar and a member of the Harvard director of Pan American World Air board of overseers. A very "Liberal" ways, Penn Mutual Life Insuran ce, Democrat Congressman from north First Pennsylvani a Banking & Trust ern Indiana, he sits on the central Company, and sits on the board of committee of t he febrile World govern ors of the Ameri can Stock Ex Council of Churches and is a member change. He has been counsel to the of the C.F.R. U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Andrew Brimmer is a Fulbright Agency, a trustee of the Rand Cor Fellow with a Ph.D. from Harvard poration and the Brookings Institu who was the first black to serve on the tion, and is a member of the C.F.R. Federal Reserve Board. He also did Barber Conable is a "Liberal" Re-

MA Y, 1978 75 publican Congressman from upstate positions in the StateDepartmentand New York. been a delegate to the U.N. He is an Richard Cooper is a graduate of outspoken advocate of World Govern the Fabian Socialists' London School ment, is presently U.S. Ambassador of Economics. Cooper is an Undersec to Communist-plagued Italy, and is a retary of State, has been senior staff member of the C.F .R. economist of the Council of Econom William Hewitt heads John Deere ic Advisors, and is on the board of & Company, is a director of Conti directors of the Atlantic Council. nental Illinois, AmericanTelephone & This outspoken C.F.R. member has Telegraph, Continental Oil, and the written bluntly of his desire for Chase Manhattan Bank. He is a mem World Government in his book Eco ber of the Insiders' Business Council, a nomics Of Interdependence and in ar trustee of the Carnegie Endowment ticles in the C.F .R. journal. for International Peace, and a direc John Culver is a Harvard graduate tor of the U.N. Association. Hewitt is and former Harvard Summer School a member of the C.F.R. dean who, after being legislative as Richard Holbrooke has been sistant to Senator Edward Kennedy managing editor of the Leftist For and serving in the House, was elected eign Policy magazine, is a member of Democratic Senator from Iowa. He is the C.F.R., and is now serving the a C.F.R. member. Carter State Department. Gerald Curtis is a professor at Thomas Hughes, another Rhodes Columbia and a C.F .R. member. Scholar, is president of the enormous Lloyd Cutler is a director of ly influential Carnegie Endowment. Kaiser Industries and the N.&W. He is a member of the Foreign Policy Railway. He has served with the State Association and of the C.F .R. Department and was secretary of the Robert Ingersoll has been U.S. Lawyers Civil Rights Commission. Ambassador to Japan. He is a director Cutler was also with the O.E.O. and of the Business Council and member was executive director of the National of the C.F.R. Commission on the Causes and Pre J.K. Jamieson is the former vention of Violence. A C.F.R. mem chairman of the board of Exxon. He ber, he has been a lecturer at the is a director of the Chase Manhattan Brookings Institution. Bank, Equitable Life Assurance So Emmett Dedmon has been a vice ciety, U.S. International Nickel, and a president and editorial director of the member of the C.F.R. Chicago Sun-Times and Chicago Edgar Kaiser is president of Daily News. Kaiser Industries and its vast subsidi Hedley Donovan. See C.F.R. aries. He is vice chairman of the Daniel Evans, a "Liberal" Repub Stanford Research Institute, and a lican formerly governor of Washing member of the Business Council and ton, is a longtime Nelson Rockefeller the C.F.R. supporter. He was with the Urban Lane Kirkland. See C.F.R. Coalition and was awarded the Order Sol Linowitz is most famous for of the Silver Beaver. Honest. negotiating the giveaway of our Pan Donald Fraser is a wildly radical ama Canal, but that is far from the Democratic Congressman from extent of his activities. He has been Minnesota now running for the Sen chairman of the board of Xerox and ate and a member of the C.F.R. chairman of the National Urban Co Richard Gardner has held many alition. Sol is a director of Time, In-

76 AMERICAN OPINION corporated, and of the Marine Mid tary of the Department of Health, land Bank and Pan American Air Education and Welfare; Secretary of ways. A Leftwing activist, he is a di Defense; U.S. Attorney General; and, rector of the National Planning Asso Undersecretary of State. He is U.S. ciation and the American Assembly. Ambassador to the U.N.'s Law of the He is a member of the C.F.R. Seas Conference and (surprise!) be Bruce MacLaury is president of longs to the C.F.R. of the Brookings Institution and a David Rockefeller. See C.F.R. member of the C.F .R. Robert Roosa. See C.F.R. Paul McCracken earned his doc William M. Roth, scion of the torate at Harvard, served as director Matson shipping lines, has been an of research for the Federal Reserve active "Liberal" Democrat. He is a Bank of Minneapolis, was a member director of the Crocker National Bank of the Council of Economic Advisors chain and a trustee of the Institute under Eisenhower, and was chief eco for Advanced IStudies at Princeton nomic adv isor to President Nixon. and the Insiders' Carnegie Institution. Walter Mondale, our Vice Presi He is also a member of the C.F.R. dent, has dual membership in the William V. Roth, a Harvard Council on Foreign Relations and the trained lawyer, is U.S. Senator from Trilateral Commission. He was ap Delaware and the only one of the six pointed to the U.S. Senate. teen C.F.R. members in the Senate to Lee Morgan is president of the vote against the Panama Canal trea Caterpillar Tractor Company. ties. Did someone on those member Kenneth Naden is president of ship committees confuse him with the National Council of Farmer William M. Roth? Cooperatives. Henry Schacht holds degrees from Henry Owen, director of the For both Harvard and Yale. He is presi eign Policy Studies Program at the dent of the Rockefeller-controlled Brookings Institution, is another Cummins Engine Company and a member of the C.F.R. member of the C.F .R. David Packard is chairman of the William Scranton is remembered Hewlitt-Packard electronics company as the former Pennsylvania governor and was Nixon's first Deputy Secre who acted as Nelson Rockefeller's tary of Defense. He is a director of chief hatchet man at the 1964 G.O.P. the Caterpillar Tractor Company, Convention. He is a director of Standard Oil of California, and I.B .M ., Scott Paper Company, Mu Trans World Airlines. He was a sup tual of New York, and Sun Oil Com porter of Nelson Rockefeller in his pany. Scranton is on the executive attempts at the Presidency and is an committee of the Trilateral Commis advocate of aid and trade with the sion, and a member of the C.F.R. Communists. Gerard Smith was American John Perkins is president of the chairman of the Trilateral Commis increasingly influential Continental sion, has held numerous positions in Illinois Bank. the State Department, and was direc Peter Peterson. See C.F.R. tor of the U.S. Arms Control and Dis Edwin Reischauer is a professor armament Agency and the chief U.S. of Oriental history at Harvard, a lead delegate to the SALT talks. He is a ing Leftwing theoretician, and served trustee of the Brookings Institution as J.F.K.'s Ambassador to Japan. and a member of the C.F.R. Elliot Richardson has been Secre- Anthony Solomon is Undersecre-

MAY, 1978 77 tary of the Treasury and assuredly a team is still recruiting. William P . C.F.R. man. Hoar brought us up to date with the Robert Taft Jr. is a "Liberal" latest additions in a recent issue of former Senator from Ohio and disap The Review Of The News . Here, with pointing son of the late patriot. asterisks added to denote members of Arthur Taylor, president of the C.F.R., is the Hoar update: C.B.S., is a member of the U.N . Asso "Among the 25 new North Ameri ciation and the C.F.R. can members appointed is former Philip Trezise has held a plethora Secretary of State Henry Kissin of posts within the State Department ger,* who has become a member of and is a C.F.R. member. the Executive Committee. Following Cyrus Vance. See C.F .R. are the other new members: Gardner Paul Warnke. See C.F.R. Ackley, professor of economics, Marina Whitman served as senior University of Michigan, former staff economist on Nixon's Counc il Chairman of Counci l of Economic of Economic Advisors. She is a direc Advisors; Anne L. Armstrong,* tor of Manufacturers Hanover Bank former United States Ambassador to and Westinghouse Electric Corpora the United Kingdom; George Bush,* tion. Also a C.F.R. member, Ms . former Director of Central Intelli Whitman endeared herself to the gence and Chief of the U.S . Liaison multinational corporations with her Office in Peiping; Sol Chaikin, pres book Government Risk-Sharing In ident, International Ladies Garment Foreign Investment. Workers Union; Congressman Wil Caspar Weinberger, another liam Cohen (R.-Maine), now running Harvard lawyer, was a leading G.O.P. for the Senate; Senator Alan Cran activist fighting Conservative Re ston (De-California): Senator John publicans in Cal ifornia politics. He C. Danforth (R.-Missouri); Claude served as chairman of the F.T.C. and A. Edwards, member, Public Service Secretary of H .E .W. under Richard Staff Relations Board and former Nixon. president, Public Service Alliance of Carroll Wilson. See C.F .R. Canada; Congressman Thomas F oley Arthur Wood, with degrees from (D.-Washington); George S. Frank both Princeton and Harvard, is chair lin,* Coordinator of the Trilateral man of the board of Sears Roebuck. Commission and former Executive Leonard Woodcock succeeded Director of the Council on Foreign Walter ("Yours for a Soviet Ameri Relations; and, Hendrick Houthak ca") Reuther as president of the ker, professor of econom ics, Harvard United Auto Workers. A member of University, and a former member of the C.F .R., he is now Mr. Carter's rep the Council of Economic Advisors. resentative to Peiping. "Also: Arjay Miller, Dean of the Andrew Young, the former Con Stanford University Graduate School gressman who was Martin Luther of Business and former president of King's Lefthand man, is of course Ford Motor Company; Gerald Park U.N . Ambassador to the U.S.A . A sy, former Assistant Secretary of the David Rockefeller protege, Young is Treasury for International Affairs ; also a member of the C.F .R. William Pearce, vice president of Cargill Incorporated and former U.S. Trilateral List Grows Deputy Trade Representative; John Would this were the whole Trilat D . Rockefeller IV, Governor of West eral crew, but David Rockefeller's Virginia; John C. Sawhill,* presi-

MAY, 1978 79 dent of New York University and U.S. Government to provide the Pan former Administrator of the Federal ama Canal as hostage with billions to Energy Administration; MarkShep boot. The Panama Canal treaties herd, * chairman of Texas Instru should be known as the Bankers' Bail ments and former co-chairman of the Out Acts. Advisory Council on U.S.-Japan Eco And when the big bankers move nomic Relations; Edson W. Spen they move together. The New York cer, * president and chief executive megabanks are essentially one im officer, Honeywell Incorporated; mense bank. A recent Report by the James R. Thompson, Governor of Senate Subcommittee on Reports, Ac Illinois; Russell E. Train, * former counting and Management tells us: Administrator, Environmental Pro "Morgan Guaranty is stock-voter tection Agency; Paul A. Volcker, * Number One in four of its New York president of the Federal Reserve sister banks - Citicorp, Manufac Bank of New York and former Under turers Hanover Corp., Chemical New Secretary of the Treasury for Mone York Corp ., and Bankers Trust New tary Affairs; Martin J. Ward, pres York Corp . - as well as Bankamerica ident, United Association of Journey Corp." And that Report, released men and Apprentices of the Plumb January 19, 1978, reveals that twenty ing and Pipe Fitting Industry of the one megabanks have voting control United States and Canada; Glenn over 122 of the nation's largest cor E. Watts, president, Communica porations. Morgan Guaranty is the tions Workers of America; and, major stock-voter in twenty-seven George Weyerhauser, president and large corporations and is among the chief executive officer of the Weyer top five voters in fifty-six leading hauser Company." corporations.* Professor Thomas Dye provides us The Big Banks with a synopsis of the power of the Many conspiratorialists believe megabanks over the American econ that the megabanks are the most pow omy. "The Rockefeller banks [and erful institutions in the nation and the other megabanks]," he says, " in that the Council on Foreign Relations fluence corporate decision-making in and the Trilateral Commission are several ways - by giving or withhold used by them to coordinate foreign ing loans to corporations, by placing and domestic policies favorable to the representatives on corporate boards international banking establishment. of directors, and by owning or con The megabanks have a huge stake trolling blocks of common stock of in government policies, both foreign corporations. The Federal Reserve and domestic. Today about seventy Board estimates that 90 percent of five percent of their profits come the lending of large banks is made to from overseas loans. When foreign large corporations. These corporations loans are in jeopardy, the banks use are dependent upon bank loans for the government to save their green capital expansion. Often the banks bacon. No better example could be dictate specific aspects of corporate found than the Panama Canal trea policy as a condition of granting a ties. The total bank loans outstanding loan (in the same fashion that federal to Panama stand at $2.7 billion. The agencies often dictate policies of debt service now costs Panama thirty nine percent of its annual income, ' See "The Bankers, Part I and II," in Am erican and the only way it can pay is for the Opinion for February and March, 1978.

MAY,1978 81 state and local governments as a con member of the elitist Pilgrim Society dition of receiving federal grants-in and the C.F.R. aid). Frequently, banks will also re J. Richardson Dilworth. See quire that corporations that borrow Council on Foreign Relations. money must appoint bank officers or Coy Eklund is president of the directors to the boards of the corpora Equitable Life Assurance Society. tion. This gives the bank continuous James Ferguson, head of General oversight of the activities of the Foods, is a director of Union Carbide. debtor corporation. Finally, the trust He belongs to the C.F.R. departments of major banks hold Richard Furlaud runs Squibb and large blocks of common stock of in is a director of Mutual Benefit Life dustrial corporations on behalf of in and American Express. He is a mem dividuals, pension funds, and invest ber of the C.F.R. ment companies. Generally the banks Theodore Hesburgh, See Coun vote the shares held in trust in cor cil on Foreign Relations. porate elections . . . ." William Hewitt. See Trilateral Big banking and big government Commission. are not rivals or enemies, they are Howard Kauffman is president of partners. Banks are in the business of Exxon. lending money and politicians and bu Ralph Lazarus, head of the Fed reaucrats are in the business of erated Department Stores, is a direc spending it. The relationship suits a tor of Scott Paper and General Elec mutual interest in power. Consider tric. Lazarus belongs to the Business the key people in the megabanks. Council and is a member of the Na tional Commission on U.S.-China Re Chase Manhattan Bank lations. He is a C.F.R. member. Chairman of Chase Manhattan, John Macomber is president of David Rockefeller, is covered in the the Celanese Corporation and a mem C.F.R. section. Willard Butcher, its ber of the C.F.R. president, has been with the bank James Olson is vice president of since 1947. Naturally he belongs to the A.T.&T. C.F.R. Chase Manhattan's board of Edmund Pratt is the head of directors includes: Pfizer, Incorporated. Charles Barber, a Harvard law Richard Shinn is president of yer, is chairman of ASARCO Mexi Metropolitan Life. cana and is a member of the C.F.R. Bruce Smart is operating officer James Binger, a Yale-educated of Continental Group, the container lawyer, is chairman of Honeywell and companies. a director of Northwest Airlines, Stanford Smith is president of the Northwestern Bell, Northwest Can International Paper Company. corp, and Three M. He served on Nix Elvis Stahr describes himself as a on's Commission on International conservationist and head of the Au Trade and Investment and is a mem dubon Society, but he is a Rhodes ber of the C.F.R. Scholar and lawyer who was Secretary William Coleman. See C.F.R. of the Army and a delegate to the John Connor, a former Secretary United Nations. of Commerce, is a Harvard-trained John Swearingen is head of Stan lawyer who is president of Allied dard Oil of Indiana. Chemical. He is also a director of William Verity runs Armco General Motors, General Foods, and a Steel and is a director of Business In-

MA Y, 1978 83 ternational, which is devoted to pro economic advisor to Richard Nixon moting aid and trade with the Soviets. and Gerald Ford. Howard Johnson, chairman of Morgan Guaranty Trust M.LT., is a director of the Federal Chairman of the board is Ellmore Reserve Bank of Boston, John Han Patterson, a director of International cock Life, Champion International Nickel, A.T.&S.F. Railway, and Corporation, Du Pont, and the Put Standard Brands. He is a member of nam Fund. He is a trustee for the the C.F.R. Walter Page, president of Aspen Institute for Humanistic Morgan Guaranty, is a director of Studies and a member of the C.F.R. Merck & Company and Kennecott James Ketelsen is president of Copper. He is a member of the Urban Tenneco. Coalition, the Foreign Policy Associa Ralph F. Leach, chairman of the tion, and the C.F .R. The board of board of Morgan Guaranty, is a direc directors of Morgan Guaranty Trust tor of many corporations including Company includes: the Southern Railroad and the Private J. Paul Austin. See Trilateral Export Funding Corporation. He is a Commission. trustee of the Committee for Eco Manning Brown is head of New nomic Development. York Life . He is a director of the Howard J. Morgens, head man at A&P, Louisiana Land & Exploration, Proctor & Gamble, is a director of Avon Products, J.P. Stevens & Com Owens-Corning Fiberglass and Gen pany, and Union Carbide. eral Motors. He is a member of the Carter Burgess is chairman of the Insiders' Business Council. Foreign Policy Association and a di Donald E. Procknow, president rector of American Machine & Foun of Western Electric, is a director of dry, American Hotels, American Air Teletype Corporation, Bell Telephone lines, Ford Motor Company, and Laboratories, and Ingersoll-Rand. S.K.F. A former Assistant Secretary John P. Schroeder has been with of Defense, Burgess is a member of Morgan Guaranty since 1945 and is a the C.F.R. director of Phelps Dodge, Johns Frank Cary is head ofLB.M. and a Manville, and Lone Star Industries. C.F.R. member. Warren M. Shapleigh is president Emilio Collado is the former ex of Ralston Purina and a director of ecutive vice president of Exxon. He First National Bank of St. Louis and has been an economist with the Fed numerous other corporations. He is eral Reserve and served with the State also a director of Brookings. Department and the Export-Import George P. Shultz took a degree at Bank. Collado is a member of the At Princeton before earning his Ph.D. at lantic Council and the C.F.R. M.LT. A specialist in East-West trade Charles Dickey is president of the policy, he has served as a director for Scott Paper Company. the International Monetary Fund, In John Dorrance runs Campbell ternational Bank for Reconstruction Soup. and Development, Inter-American Walter Fallon is chairman of the Development Bank, the Asian Devel board of Eastman Kodak. opment Bank, and was senior staff Lewis Foy is head of Bethlehem economist for Eisenhower's Council Steel. of Economic Advisors. Shultz, you Hanna Gray is provost of Yale. will hardly be surprised to learn, is a Alan Greenspan is the former top member of the C.F.R.

MAY, 1978 85 Manufacturers HanoverTrust bisco, he is a member and past direc Chairman of the board is Gabriel tor of the United Nations Association Hauge, discussed under the C.F .R. of the United States. John McGillicuddy is president of Howard Blauvelt, chairman of Manufacturers Hanover. The board the board of Continental Oil, holds includes: the same position with the Consolida William Beer, head of Kraft, is a tion Coal Company. director of Sears Roebuck and First John Brooks is chairman of the National Bank of Chicago. He is a Celanese Corporation and a member member of the Business Council and of the C.F.R. the C.F .R. Joseph Cullman, a Yale man, William Beincke, another Yale married into the Lehman family. He man, is president of Sperry & Hutch is chairman of Phillip Morris and a inson and a member of the C.F.R. director of I.B.M., World Trade Cor William Cashel is a vice president poration, Ford Motor Company, Levi of A.T.&T. Strauss, and Braniff Airlines. Cull James Finley, out of Georgia Tech man is also president of the Whitney and Harvard, is head of J.P. Stevens, M. Young Jr. Memorial Foundation. and was forced off his board in William Ellinghaus is president March by radical pressure. and a director of A.T.&T. and a di Barron Hilton is of course presi rector of J.C. Penney, Bristol Myers, dent of Hilton Hotels. He is a director and the Call Corporation. of Eversharp and M.G.M. Richard Gelb, with degrees from Jerome Holland, a life member both Yale and Harvard, is the head of of the N .A.A.C.P., is a member of the Bristol Myers. He is a director of the C.F.R. Charter Corporation, a member of Paul Lyet is chairman of Sperry the New York Urban Coalition, and a Rand. member of the Insiders' C.F.R George Munroe is a Harvard Paul Gorman is a director and trained lawyer and Rhodes Scholar former chairman of the board of In who is a director of New York Life, ternational Paper and at one time Johns-Manville, and the Southern headed the Penn Central Company. Pacific. He is a C.F.R. member. He is a director of Campbell Soup and Charles Pilliod is head of Good Prudential Insurance Company. Gor year Tire & Rubber Company and a man holds membership in the C.F.R. member of the C.F.R. Vernon Jordan is executive direc Marina Whitman. See Trilateral tor of the National Urban League and Commission. has worked for the N.A.A.C.P. He is a director of the John Hay Whitney Bankers Trust Company Foundation, the Rockefeller Founda Chairman of the board is Alfred tion, and the Twentieth Century Brittain, a trustee of the Insiders' Fund. Carnegie Endowment for Peace and a William May heads American member of the C.F.R. The board of Can, is a director of Johns-Manville, directors include: the New York Times Company, and Lee Bickmore is a director of has been chairman of the National Western Electric, Carrier Corpora Conference of Christians and Jews. tion, Mutual of New York; and, of He served on the Advisory Committee Hart, Schaffner & Marx. Chairman of the Peace Corps and the Civil of the executive committee of Na- Rights Commission.

86 AMERICAN OPINION Calvin H. Plimpton is president Magnavox, and Deering Milliken. of the Down State Medical Center at Grace is a member of the C.F.R. State University of New York, a Harry Gray, president of United trustee of the World Peace Founda Technology Corporation, is a director tion, and a member of the Council on of United Aircraft and Aetna Life & Foreign Relations. Casualty. William Tavoulareas, head of John Hanley is president of Mon Mobil Oil, is a director of General santo. He is a director of Armco Steel Foods and a member of the C.F.R and of the shameful National Coun Walter Thayer, a Yale lawyer, is a cil for U.S.-China Trade. partner in the Whitcom Investment H.J. Haynes is chairman of the Company and president of the Whit board of Standard Oil of California. ney Corporation. He was formerly Amory Houghton, a former di president of the New York Herald rector of New York Life and U.S. Tribune and is a director of Dun & Steel who has served on the board of Bradstreet. Thayer served on the governors of the Federal Reserve Sys President's advisory council under tem, is a member of the C.F.R. J .F.K. and was a special consultant to George Jenkins heads the Metro Richard Nixon. politan Life Insurance Company. He is a director of the St. Regis Paper Citibank Company, the American Broadcast Longtime chairman here has been ing Company, and Bethlehem Steel. Walter Wriston, who made this New Peter McColough, naturalized in York's largest bank. Prior to going to 1956, is head of Xerox and has been a work for First National City Bank treasurer of the Democratic National (now Citibank), Wriston was with the Committee. He is on the board of the State Department. Director of num U.S.-U.S.S.R. Trade & Economic erous corporations including J .C. Council. He is a member of the Busi Penney and G.E., he was a trustee of ness Council and the C.F.R. the Rand Corporation and served on Roger Milliken is president of the advisory committee on reform of Deering Milliken, and a director of the International Monetary System. Westinghouse and W.R. Grace & Memberships include the Business Company, among others. Council and the C.F.R. Robert Oelman is chairman of the John de Butts, chairman of the board of National Cash Register and board of A.T .&T., is a director of a director of Proctor & Gamble, Ohio Sears Roebuck and Kraftco. He is a Bell, Koppers, and the Ford Motor member of the Business Council. Company. Lawrence Fouraker is dean of the Edward Palmer, chairman of the faculty of business administration at executive committee of Citicorp, is a the Harvard Business School. director of the Del Monte Corpora Clifton Garvin, chairman of the tion, Phelps Dodge, Potlatch, Mon board of Exxon, is a director of the santo, Borg Warner, and Corning Economic Development Council, the Glass Works. He is a trustee of the New York Urban Coalition, and Sloan Committee for Economic Develop Kettering Institute. He is a C.F.R. ment. member. Charles Pigott is president of Peter Grace, chairman of W.R. PACCAR and a director of Safeco, Grace & Company, is a director of Boeing, Seattle First National Bank, Kennecott Copper, Ingersoll Rand, and Standard Oil of California.

MAY, 1978 87 Donald Siebert is head of the J.C. chairman of LB.M. and a director of Penney Company. the Carborundum Company, Exxon, Irving Shapiro, chairman of the and Caterpillar Tractor. board of E.L Du Pont, is a member of Keith Funston served for many the Urban Coalition and the C.F.R. years as president of the New York Eleanor Sheldon, president of the Stock Exchange. He was chairman of Social Science Research Council, is a the board of Owen Mathieson Chemi member of the C.F.R. cal Corporation and is a director of Darwin Smith is head of Kimber LB.M., Metropolitan Life, Republic ly Clark. Steel, Avco, Winn-Dixie, and numer Albert Williams, chairman of the ous others. Funston is a member of finance committee of LB.M., is a di the Business Council. rector of Mobil Oil and Eli Lilly & James Button is senior vice pres Company. He is a trustee of the Al ident for merchandising of Sears fred E. Sloan Foundation. Roebuck. Richard LeBlond, a Princeton Chemical Bank man, has been with the Chemical The board chairman is Donald Bank since 1946. He is a member or' Platten, a director of numerous cor the C.F.R. porations including Otis Elevator and John Place is chairman and pres Thomson Newspapers. He is treasurer identof Anaconda and a member of of the Business Council for Interna the C.F.R. tional Understanding and, as might Wilbert Walder was president of be expected ofa Rockefeller-domi U.S. Steel. nated institution, is a member of the Richard Wood, chairman of the C.F.R. President of the Chemical board of Eli Lilly & Company, is a Bank is Norborne Berkeley. He is a director of Standard Oil of Indiana. director of Freeport Minerals, Micro He is a member of the C.F.R. dot, and Hartz Mountain. The board Franklin Williams has been Am includes: bassador to Ghana and served on the Henry Hillman of the Hillman U.S. Civil Rights Commission. He is a Coal & Coke Company is a director member of the C.F.R. of Texas Gas Transmission, National Martha Wallace is executive di Steel, Global Marine, Pittsburgh Na rector of the Henry Luce Foundation tional Bank, Cummins Engine, and and a member of the C.F.R. General Electric, among others. Charles Brown, president of William Renchard, chairman of A.T.&T., is a director of General the executive committee at Chemical American Transportation, Harris Bank, is a director of Armstrong Trust & Savings Bank, Inland Steel; Rubber, New York Life, Borden, and and, Hart, Schaffner & Marx. Amerada Hess. He is a member of the *** U.N. Association and of the elitist NEXT MONTH we shall show how the Pilgrim Society. Council on Foreign Relations, the Tri George Vila is a former head of lateral Commission, and the Big Six Uniroyal. He is on the board of nu Banks in New York use their leverage merous corporations including Bendix. to run American government through Mr. Vila is a member of the Pil other institutions including the mul grim Society and the Foreign Policy tinational corporations, foundations, Association. communicatons media, and the Es Vincent Learson is the retired tablishment think tanks.••

88 AMERICAN OPINION