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Emergence of a Neolithic in Highland New Guinea by 5000 to 4000 Years Ago

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University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: Part B Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health 1-1-2020 Emergence of a Neolithic in highland New Guinea by 5000 to 4000 years ago Ben Shaw Judith Field Glenn Summerhayes Simon Coxe Adelle Coster See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers1 Publication Details Citation Shaw, B., Field, J., Summerhayes, G., Coxe, S., Coster, A., Ford, A., Haro, J., Arifeae, H., Hull, E., Jacobsen, G., Fullagar, R., Hayes, E. H., & Kealhofer, L. (2020). Emergence of a Neolithic in highland New Guinea by 5000 to 4000 years ago. Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: Part B. Retrieved from https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers1/1276 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Emergence of a Neolithic in highland New Guinea by 5000 to 4000 years ago Abstract Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved. The emergence of agriculture was one of the most notable behavioral transformations in human history, driving innovations in technologies and settlement globally, referred to as the Neolithic. Wetland agriculture originated in the New Guinea highlands during the mid-Holocene (8000 to 4000 years ago), yet it is unclear if there was associated behavioral change. Here, we report the earliest figurative stone carving and formally manufactured pestles in Oceania, dating to 5050 to 4200 years ago. These discoveries, at the highland site of Waim, occur with the earliest planilateral axe-adzes in New Guinea, the first evidence for fibercraft, and interisland obsidian transfer. The combination of symbolic social systems, complex technologies, and highland agricultural intensification supports an independent emergence of a Neolithic ~1000 years before the arrival of Neolithic migrants (Lapita) from Southeast Asia. Publication Details Shaw, B., Field, J., Summerhayes, G., Coxe, S., Coster, A., Ford, A., Haro, J., Arifeae, H., Hull, E., Jacobsen, G., Fullagar, R., Hayes, E. & Kealhofer, L. (2020). Emergence of a Neolithic in highland New Guinea by 5000 to 4000 years ago. Science Advances, 6 (13), Authors Ben Shaw, Judith Field, Glenn Summerhayes, Simon Coxe, Adelle Coster, Anne Ford, Jemina Haro, Henry Arifeae, Emily Hull, Geraldine Jacobsen, Richard Fullagar, Elspeth H. Hayes, and Lisa Kealhofer This journal article is available at Research Online: https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers1/1276 SCIENCE ADVANCES | RESEARCH ARTICLE ARCHAEOLOGY Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; Emergence of a Neolithic in highland New Guinea by exclusive licensee American Association 5000 to 4000 years ago for the Advancement Ben Shaw1*, Judith H. Field1, Glenn R. Summerhayes2,3, Simon Coxe4, Adelle C. F. Coster5, of Science. No claim to 2 6 6 1 7 8 original U.S. Government Anne Ford , Jemina Haro , Henry Arifeae , Emily Hull , Geraldine Jacobsen , Richard Fullagar , Works. Distributed 8 9 Elspeth Hayes , Lisa Kealhofer under a Creative Commons Attribution The emergence of agriculture was one of the most notable behavioral transformations in human history, driving NonCommercial innovations in technologies and settlement globally, referred to as the Neolithic. Wetland agriculture originated License 4.0 (CC BY-NC). in the New Guinea highlands during the mid-Holocene (8000 to 4000 years ago), yet it is unclear if there was asso- ciated behavioral change. Here, we report the earliest figurative stone carving and formally manufactured pestles in Oceania, dating to 5050 to 4200 years ago. These discoveries, at the highland site of Waim, occur with the earliest planilateral axe-adzes in New Guinea, the first evidence for fibercraft, and interisland obsidian transfer. The combination of symbolic social systems, complex technologies, and highland agricultural intensification supports an independent emergence of a Neolithic ~1000 years before the arrival of Neolithic migrants (Lapita) from Southeast Asia. Downloaded from INTRODUCTION Valley where the earliest evidence for agriculture has been identified Wetland agriculture originated in the New Guinea highlands during (Fig. 2 and table S1) (1). The Waim archaeological sequence dates the mid-Holocene [8 to 4 thousand years (ka) ago], but the lack of from 7350 to 4200 cal yr B.P. (calibrated years before the present). A http://advances.sciencemag.org/ evidence for corresponding social changes has placed this region clear shift in human behavior occurred from 5050 to 4200 cal yr B.P., on the periphery of global discussions concerning the emergence of which overlaps with the intensification and regional expansion of complex societies (Fig. 1) (1). Elsewhere in the world, the develop- wetland agriculture (1, 7). We report the antiquity of a formally ment of agriculture is viewed as one of the most notable behavioral manufactured figurative stone carved face and two stone pestles, innovations in human history, because it is linked to population previously only known from undated surface finds. In the same expansion, village settlement (sedentism), increased territoriality, and context, the earliest components of historically important planilateral pronounced symbolic cultural practices, referred to as the “Neolithic” axe-adze manufacture, a fibercraft tool with ochre possibly used for (fig. S1) (2, 3). The earliest Neolithic in the New Guinea region is coloring string fiber, a fire lighting tool (c.f. strike-a-light), and associated with agriculturists (Lapita culture) arriving from Southeast postholes were also identified. The new evidence from Waim fills a Asia in the Late Holocene by 3200 years ago. Our understanding of critical gap in our understanding of the social changes and techno- mid-Holocene New Guinea societies predominantly derives from logical innovations that have contributed to the developing cultural on April 7, 2020 linguistic, genetic, and paleoecological data, with limited temporal diversity in New Guinea. The changes documented here are con- and spatial resolution from existing archaeological records. Only sistent with social innovations associated with intensive plant food 12 mid-Holocene highland archaeological sites are known, 7 of which cultivation reported elsewhere in the world and defined as the are rockshelters with material records indicating use as transient Neolithic (2). hunting camps (Fig. 2 and table S1) (4–6). Here, we present multidisciplinary evidence from systematic Site setting, stratigraphy, and chronology investigations at the newly discovered highland archaeological site The Waim site is situated on the apex of a prominent steep sided of Waim that sheds light on the nature and timing of social and spur on the southern side of the Bismarck Range (Kalam language technological change in New Guinea (Fig. 1). Waim is located at a area, Jimi Valley, Jiwaka Province), within a modern village of high elevation in the Jimi valley [1980 m above sea level (asl)], and the same name (Fig. 3). The spur forms one of the few navigable 54 km north of Kuk swamp (1550 m asl) in the neighboring Wahgi pathways connecting the tropical lowlands to the subtropical high- lands, with the site close to the modern transition from open grasslands to montane rainforest (~2050 to 2100 m asl). Regional paleoclimatic 1School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South 2 data indicate that temperatures throughout the mid-Holocene were Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia. Department of Archaeology and similar to, or even warmer than, the modern day (8). Phytolith Anthropology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand. 3School of Social Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. 4Indigenous analyses of excavated sediment indicate that Waim was in an open Studies Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia. 5School of grassland setting but was likely to be near the forest margins (Sup- Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South plementary Materials). Archaeological investigations were initiated Wales 2052, Australia. 6National Museum and Art Gallery of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, National Capital District, Papua New Guinea. 7Australia’s Nuclear following reports of formally manufactured artefacts discovered Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, Sydney, by local residents during groundworks, comprising stone mortars, New South Wales 2234, Australia. 8School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, 9 pestles, carved faces, and club heads (fig. S2). Excepting stone University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia. Depart- mortars, these artefact forms had previously been attributed to ment of Anthropology, Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA. the mid-Holocene but have not been demonstrated archaeologically *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] through direct dating (9). Shaw et al., Sci. Adv. 2020; 6 : eaay4573 25 March 2020 1 of 10 SCIENCE ADVANCES | RESEARCH ARTICLE Downloaded from http://advances.sciencemag.org/ Fig. 1. New Guinea and the location of Waim relative to other mid-Holocene highland sites. (A) Sites mentioned in text and the mid-Holocene extent of the Sepik-Ramu inland sea. 1, Waim; 2, Wanelek; 3, Kuk; 4, Manton; 5, Nombe; 6, Kiowa; 7, Kafiavana; 8, Aibura; 9, NFB, NFX; 10,
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