DOCSLIB.ORG

Emergence of a Neolithic in Highland New Guinea by 5000 to 4000 Years Ago

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Emergence of a Neolithic in Highland New Guinea by 5000 to 4000 Years Ago University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: Part B Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health 1-1-2020 Emergence of a Neolithic in highland New Guinea by 5000 to 4000 years ago Ben Shaw Judith Field Glenn Summerhayes Simon Coxe Adelle Coster See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers1 Publication Details Citation Shaw, B., Field, J., Summerhayes, G., Coxe, S., Coster, A., Ford, A., Haro, J., Arifeae, H., Hull, E., Jacobsen, G., Fullagar, R., Hayes, E. H., & Kealhofer, L. (2020). Emergence of a Neolithic in highland New Guinea by 5000 to 4000 years ago. Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: Part B. Retrieved from https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers1/1276 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Emergence of a Neolithic in highland New Guinea by 5000 to 4000 years ago Abstract Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved. The emergence of agriculture was one of the most notable behavioral transformations in human history, driving innovations in technologies and settlement globally, referred to as the Neolithic. Wetland agriculture originated in the New Guinea highlands during the mid-Holocene (8000 to 4000 years ago), yet it is unclear if there was associated behavioral change. Here, we report the earliest figurative stone carving and formally manufactured pestles in Oceania, dating to 5050 to 4200 years ago. These discoveries, at the highland site of Waim, occur with the earliest planilateral axe-adzes in New Guinea, the first evidence for fibercraft, and interisland obsidian transfer. The combination of symbolic social systems, complex technologies, and highland agricultural intensification supports an independent emergence of a Neolithic ~1000 years before the arrival of Neolithic migrants (Lapita) from Southeast Asia. Publication Details Shaw, B., Field, J., Summerhayes, G., Coxe, S., Coster, A., Ford, A., Haro, J., Arifeae, H., Hull, E., Jacobsen, G., Fullagar, R., Hayes, E. & Kealhofer, L. (2020). Emergence of a Neolithic in highland New Guinea by 5000 to 4000 years ago. Science Advances, 6 (13), Authors Ben Shaw, Judith Field, Glenn Summerhayes, Simon Coxe, Adelle Coster, Anne Ford, Jemina Haro, Henry Arifeae, Emily Hull, Geraldine Jacobsen, Richard Fullagar, Elspeth H. Hayes, and Lisa Kealhofer This journal article is available at Research Online: https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers1/1276 SCIENCE ADVANCES | RESEARCH ARTICLE ARCHAEOLOGY Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; Emergence of a Neolithic in highland New Guinea by exclusive licensee American Association 5000 to 4000 years ago for the Advancement Ben Shaw1*, Judith H. Field1, Glenn R. Summerhayes2,3, Simon Coxe4, Adelle C. F. Coster5, of Science. No claim to 2 6 6 1 7 8 original U.S. Government Anne Ford , Jemina Haro , Henry Arifeae , Emily Hull , Geraldine Jacobsen , Richard Fullagar , Works. Distributed 8 9 Elspeth Hayes , Lisa Kealhofer under a Creative Commons Attribution The emergence of agriculture was one of the most notable behavioral transformations in human history, driving NonCommercial innovations in technologies and settlement globally, referred to as the Neolithic. Wetland agriculture originated License 4.0 (CC BY-NC). in the New Guinea highlands during the mid-Holocene (8000 to 4000 years ago), yet it is unclear if there was asso- ciated behavioral change. Here, we report the earliest figurative stone carving and formally manufactured pestles in Oceania, dating to 5050 to 4200 years ago. These discoveries, at the highland site of Waim, occur with the earliest planilateral axe-adzes in New Guinea, the first evidence for fibercraft, and interisland obsidian transfer. The combination of symbolic social systems, complex technologies, and highland agricultural intensification supports an independent emergence of a Neolithic ~1000 years before the arrival of Neolithic migrants (Lapita) from Southeast Asia. Downloaded from INTRODUCTION Valley where the earliest evidence for agriculture has been identified Wetland agriculture originated in the New Guinea highlands during (Fig. 2 and table S1) (1). The Waim archaeological sequence dates the mid-Holocene [8 to 4 thousand years (ka) ago], but the lack of from 7350 to 4200 cal yr B.P. (calibrated years before the present). A http://advances.sciencemag.org/ evidence for corresponding social changes has placed this region clear shift in human behavior occurred from 5050 to 4200 cal yr B.P., on the periphery of global discussions concerning the emergence of which overlaps with the intensification and regional expansion of complex societies (Fig. 1) (1). Elsewhere in the world, the develop- wetland agriculture (1, 7). We report the antiquity of a formally ment of agriculture is viewed as one of the most notable behavioral manufactured figurative stone carved face and two stone pestles, innovations in human history, because it is linked to population previously only known from undated surface finds. In the same expansion, village settlement (sedentism), increased territoriality, and context, the earliest components of historically important planilateral pronounced symbolic cultural practices, referred to as the “Neolithic” axe-adze manufacture, a fibercraft tool with ochre possibly used for (fig. S1) (2, 3). The earliest Neolithic in the New Guinea region is coloring string fiber, a fire lighting tool (c.f. strike-a-light), and associated with agriculturists (Lapita culture) arriving from Southeast postholes were also identified. The new evidence from Waim fills a Asia in the Late Holocene by 3200 years ago. Our understanding of critical gap in our understanding of the social changes and techno- mid-Holocene New Guinea societies predominantly derives from logical innovations that have contributed to the developing cultural on April 7, 2020 linguistic, genetic, and paleoecological data, with limited temporal diversity in New Guinea. The changes documented here are con- and spatial resolution from existing archaeological records. Only sistent with social innovations associated with intensive plant food 12 mid-Holocene highland archaeological sites are known, 7 of which cultivation reported elsewhere in the world and defined as the are rockshelters with material records indicating use as transient Neolithic (2). hunting camps (Fig. 2 and table S1) (4–6). Here, we present multidisciplinary evidence from systematic Site setting, stratigraphy, and chronology investigations at the newly discovered highland archaeological site The Waim site is situated on the apex of a prominent steep sided of Waim that sheds light on the nature and timing of social and spur on the southern side of the Bismarck Range (Kalam language technological change in New Guinea (Fig. 1). Waim is located at a area, Jimi Valley, Jiwaka Province), within a modern village of high elevation in the Jimi valley [1980 m above sea level (asl)], and the same name (Fig. 3). The spur forms one of the few navigable 54 km north of Kuk swamp (1550 m asl) in the neighboring Wahgi pathways connecting the tropical lowlands to the subtropical high- lands, with the site close to the modern transition from open grasslands to montane rainforest (~2050 to 2100 m asl). Regional paleoclimatic 1School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South 2 data indicate that temperatures throughout the mid-Holocene were Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia. Department of Archaeology and similar to, or even warmer than, the modern day (8). Phytolith Anthropology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand. 3School of Social Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. 4Indigenous analyses of excavated sediment indicate that Waim was in an open Studies Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia. 5School of grassland setting but was likely to be near the forest margins (Sup- Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South plementary Materials). Archaeological investigations were initiated Wales 2052, Australia. 6National Museum and Art Gallery of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, National Capital District, Papua New Guinea. 7Australia’s Nuclear following reports of formally manufactured artefacts discovered Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, Sydney, by local residents during groundworks, comprising stone mortars, New South Wales 2234, Australia. 8School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, 9 pestles, carved faces, and club heads (fig. S2). Excepting stone University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia. Depart- mortars, these artefact forms had previously been attributed to ment of Anthropology, Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA. the mid-Holocene but have not been demonstrated archaeologically *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] through direct dating (9). Shaw et al., Sci. Adv. 2020; 6 : eaay4573 25 March 2020 1 of 10 SCIENCE ADVANCES | RESEARCH ARTICLE Downloaded from http://advances.sciencemag.org/ Fig. 1. New Guinea and the location of Waim relative to other mid-Holocene highland sites. (A) Sites mentioned in text and the mid-Holocene extent of the Sepik-Ramu inland sea. 1, Waim; 2, Wanelek; 3, Kuk; 4, Manton; 5, Nombe; 6, Kiowa; 7, Kafiavana; 8, Aibura; 9, NFB, NFX; 10,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Exploring Material Culture Distributions in the Upper Sepik and Central New Guinea
    Gender, mobility and population history: exploring material culture distributions in the Upper Sepik and Central New Guinea by Andrew Fyfe, BA (Hons) Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Discipline of Geographical and Environmental Studies The University of Adelaide November 2008 …..These practices, then, and others which I will speak of later, were borrowed by the Greeks from Egypt. This is not the case, however, with the Greek custom of making images of Hermes with the phallus erect; it was the Athenians who took this from the Pelasgians, and from the Athenians the custom spread to the rest of Greece. For just at the time when the Athenians were assuming Hellenic nationality, the Pelasgians joined them, and thus first came to be regarded as Greeks. Anyone will know what I mean if he is familiar with the mysteries of the Cabiri-rites which the men of Samothrace learned from the Pelasgians, who lived in that island before they moved to Attica, and communicated the mysteries to the Athenians. This will show that the Athenians were the first Greeks to make statues of Hermes with the erect phallus, and that they learned the practice from the Pelasgians…… Herodotus c.430 BC ii Table of contents Acknowledgements vii List of figures viii List of tables xi List of Appendices xii Abstract xiv Declaration xvi Section One 1. Introduction 2 1.1 The Upper Sepik-Central New Guinea Project 2 1.2 Lapita and the exploration of relationships between language and culture in Melanesia 3 1.3 The quantification of relationships between material culture and language on New Guinea’s north coast 6 1.4 Thesis objectives 9 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Papua New Guinea Highlands and Mt Wilhelm 1978 Part 1
    PAPUA NEW GUINEA HIGHLANDS AND MT WILHELM 1978 PART 1 The predawn forest became alive with the melodic calls of unseen thrushes, and the piercing calls of distant parrots. The skies revealed the warmth of the morning dawn revealing thunderheads over the distant mountains that seemed to reach the melting stars as the night sky disappeared. I was 30 meters above the ground in a tree blind climbed before dawn. Swirling mists enshrouded the steep jungle canopy amidst a great diversity of forest trees. I was waiting for male lesser birds of paradise Paradisaea minor to come in to a tree lek next to the blind, where males compete for prominent perches and defend them from rivals. From these perch’s males display by clapping their wings and shaking their head. At sunrise, two male Lesser Birds-of-Paradise arrived, scuffled for the highest perch and called with a series of loud far-carrying cries that increase in intensity. They then displayed and bobbed their yellow-and-iridescent-green heads for attention, spreading their feathers wide and hopped about madly, singing a one-note tune. The birds then lowered their heads, continuing to display their billowing golden white plumage rising above their rust-red wings. A less dazzling female flew in and moved around between the males critically choosing one, mated, then flew off. I was privileged to have used a researcher study blind and see one of the most unique group of birds in the world endemic to Papua New Guinea and its nearby islands. Lesser bird of paradise lek near Mt Kaindi near Wau Ecology Institute Birds of paradise are in the crow family, with intelligent crow behavior, and with amazingly complex sexual mate behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Full Article 492.5KB .Pdf File
    https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.1972.33.08 7 February 1972 AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES FROM SIMBAI, BISMARCK-SCHRADER RANGE, NEW GUINEA By David S. Woodruff The Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138 Abstract Frogs: Litoria angiana, L. arfakiana, L. micromembrana, Nyctimystes disrupter, N. foricula, N. kubori; skinks: Sphenomorphus flavipes, Emoia pallidiceps, Scincclla stanleyana, S. prehensicauda; and the snake Natrix montana are reported from Simbai (altitude 1770 m) in the Bismarck-Schrader mountains of New Guinea. Taxonomic problems associated with N. disrupta and the lygosomines are discussed but not resolved. N. disrupta is added to the list of montane, riparian anurans known to be host to endoparasitic leeches. Marked sexual dichromatism in S. prehensicauda is described and illustrated. The Simbai anuran fauna appears to be similar to that of the adjacent Kaironk Valley and to that of the Wahgi-Sepik Divide 40 km further S. Finally, Rappaport's study of the regulation of the consumption of small animals by natives, and Bulmer and Tyler's comparison of modern and native classifications of frogs in this area are discussed. Introduction 2540-3810 mm. Originally the bases of the ranges were covered with lowland rainforest, This contribution to the herpetology of New the flanks of the ranges up to about 1825 m Guinea concerns a small collection of six with lower montane rainforest, and the top of species of hylid frogs and five species of reptiles the ridge with montane or cloud forest. Today constituting the first collection reported from the valleys of the Simbai and Kaironk arc the Simbai Valley.
    [Show full text]
  • PNG Forest Authority National Forest Plan 1
    PNG Forest Authority National Forest Plan 1.0 INTRODUCTION A National Forest Plan (NFP) is a legislative requirement under the Forest Act 1991 (as amended) Section 47, Subsection 1 that reads, “The Authority shall cause to be drawn up a NFP to provide a detailed statement of how the National and Provincial Governments intend to manage and utilize the country’s forest resources” Furthermore Section 47, Subsections (2) to (5) states that; (2) The National Forest Plan shall (a) Be consistent with the National Forest Policy and relevant government policies; and (b) Be based on a certified National Forest inventory which shall include particulars as prescribed; and (c) Consist of; i) National Forest Development Guidelines prepared by the Minister in consultation with the Board and endorsed by the National Executive Council; and ii) National Forest Development Programme; and iii) A statement prepared annually by the Board of annual cut volumes, being the amount of allowable cut for each province for the next succeeding year which will ensure that the areas of forest resource set out in the Provincial Forest Plan, for present or future production, are harvested on a sustainable yield basis. iv) Provincial Forest Plans (3) For the purpose of Subsection (2) (c) (iii), ‘allowable cut’ means the amount of timber which can be cut annually. (4) The NFP shall be reviewed every five years from the date of coming into operation of the Forestry (Amendment) Act, 2005 and shall be submitted to the National Executive Council (NEC) for its approval. (5) Where the NFP is not approved by the NEC, it shall be referred to the Authority for review and recommendation for approval to the NEC which shall grant its approval.
    [Show full text]
  • Diastrophic Evolution of Western Papua and New Guinea
    DIASTROPHIC EVOLUTION OF WESTERN PAPUA AND NEW GUINEA by JAN G. WITH, B.S., M.S. (The Pennsylvania State University) A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA HOBART July 1964 This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university and to the best of my knowledge and belief contains no copy or paraphrase of material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text of the thesis. JAN G. SMITH University of Tasmania Hobart July 1964 CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS • • • xi ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION 3 Nature and purpose of study Location Method of study and presentation Previous work Acknowledgements 1 DIASTROPHIC FRAMEWORK OF WESTERN PAPUA AND NEW GUINEA 8 1.1 QUARTERNARY DIASTROPHISM 14 1.1.1 Morphology of Western Papua and New Guinea 14 Western cordilleran region Central cordilleran region Central foothills region Darai Hills Fly-Digoel shelf Oriomo Plateau Kukukuku lobe Sepik and Ramu-Markham depressions 1.1.2 Nature of Quaternary Sediments and Crustal Movements 20 Fly-Digoel shelf Delta embayment Western cordilleran region Central cordilleran region Central foothills Sepik and Ramu-Markham depressions 1.1.3 Volcanism.. *400000 26 1.2 PLIOCENE DIASTROPHISM 28 1.2.1 Pliocene Rocks 28 Digoel-Strickland basin Fly-Digoel shelf Purari basin CONTENTS Page 1 DIASTROPHIC FRAMEWORK OF WESTERN PAPUA AND NEW GUINEA (continued) 1.2.2 Framework of Pliocene Diastrophism. • •••••• 34 Digoel-Strickland basin Fly-Digoel platform Purari basin Continuity of the Pliocene exogeosyncline Darai swell 1.2.3 Chronology of Pliocene and Quaternary Movements 38 Central foothills and cordillera Western cordillera 1.3 UPPER MIOCENE DIASTROPHISM 43 1.3.1 Upper Miocene Rocks 43 Limestone facies Mudstone fades 1.3.2 Framework of Upper Miocene Diastrophism.
    [Show full text]
  • Table 2. Geographic Areas, and Biography
    Table 2. Geographic Areas, and Biography The following numbers are never used alone, but may be used as required (either directly when so noted or through the interposition of notation 09 from Table 1) with any number from the schedules, e.g., public libraries (027.4) in Japan (—52 in this table): 027.452; railroad transportation (385) in Brazil (—81 in this table): 385.0981. They may also be used when so noted with numbers from other tables, e.g., notation 025 from Table 1. When adding to a number from the schedules, always insert a decimal point between the third and fourth digits of the complete number SUMMARY —001–009 Standard subdivisions —1 Areas, regions, places in general; oceans and seas —2 Biography —3 Ancient world —4 Europe —5 Asia —6 Africa —7 North America —8 South America —9 Australasia, Pacific Ocean islands, Atlantic Ocean islands, Arctic islands, Antarctica, extraterrestrial worlds —001–008 Standard subdivisions —009 History If “history” or “historical” appears in the heading for the number to which notation 009 could be added, this notation is redundant and should not be used —[009 01–009 05] Historical periods Do not use; class in base number —[009 1–009 9] Geographic treatment and biography Do not use; class in —1–9 —1 Areas, regions, places in general; oceans and seas Not limited by continent, country, locality Class biography regardless of area, region, place in —2; class specific continents, countries, localities in —3–9 > —11–17 Zonal, physiographic, socioeconomic regions Unless other instructions are given, class
    [Show full text]
  • Summary Report of Assessments and Management Plans
    Assessment Summaries and Management Plans for Proposed New Development at Impu, Morobe, Papua New Guinea Impu the proposed new development area Page 1 Issued by the Sustainability Section 02/Sept/2016 New Britain Palm Oil Ltd Contents Assessment Summaries and Management Plans for Proposed New Development at Impu, Morobe, Papua New Guinea .................................................................................................................................. 1 1. Overview and background .............................................................................................................. 5 1.1 Description of location .................................................................................................................. 5 1.2 Topography and landform ............................................................................................................ 5 1.3 Property description ..................................................................................................................... 5 2. Assessment process and methods ...................................................................................................... 8 2.1 HCV Assessment process and methods ........................................................................................ 8 Dates HCV assessments were conducted ....................................................................................... 8 HCV Assessors and their credentials ..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Birds of New Guinea Field Guide (Beehler Et Al
    © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. Introduction The New Guinea Region Our region of coverage follows Mayr (1941: vi), who defined the natural region that encompasses the avifauna of New Guinea, naming it the “New Guinea Region.” It comprises the great tropical island of New Guinea as well as an array of islands lying on its continental shelf or immediately offshore. This region extends from the equator to latitude 12o south and from longitude 129o east to 155o east; it is 2,800 km long by 750 km wide and supports the largest remaining contiguous tract of old-growth humid tropical forest in the Asia-Pacific (Beehler 1993a). The Region includes the Northwestern Islands (Raja Ampat group) of the far west—Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati, Misool, Kofiau, Gam, Gebe, and Gag; the Aru Islands of the southwest—Wokam, Kobroor, Trangan, and others; the Bay Islands of Geelvink/Cenderawasih Bay—Biak-Supiori, Numfor, Mios Num, and Yapen; Dolak Island of south-central New Guinea (also known as Dolok, Kimaam, Kolepom, Yos Sudarso, or Frederik Hendrik); Daru and Kiwai Islands of eastern south-central New Guinea; islands of the north coast of Papua New Guinea (PNG)—Kairiru, Muschu, Manam, Bagabag, and Karkar; and the Southeastern (Milne Bay) Islands of the far southeast—Goodenough, Fergusson, Normanby, Kiriwina, Kaileuna, Wood- lark, Misima, Tagula/Sudest, and Rossel, plus many groups of smaller islands (see the endpapers for a graphic delimitation of the Region).
    [Show full text]
  • New and Noteworthy Bird Records from the Mt. Wilhelm Elevational Gradient, Papua New Guinea
    Petter Z. Marki et al. 263 Bull. B.O.C. 2016 136(4) New and noteworthy bird records from the Mt. Wilhelm elevational gradient, Papua New Guinea by Petter Z. Marki, Katerina Sam, Bonny Koane, Jan Bolding Kristensen, Jonathan D. Kennedy & Knud A. Jønsson Received 19 May 2016 Summary.—The elevational gradient of Mt. Wilhelm, the highest peak in Papua New Guinea, represents one of the best-surveyed elevational gradients in the Indo- Pacific region. Based on field work undertaken in 2013 and 2015, we report range extensions, new elevational records and add 24 species to the list of bird species recorded along this gradient. This includes information on poorly known species such as Long-billed Cuckoo Chrysococcyx megarhynchus, Leaden Honeyeater Ptiloprora plumbea, Yellow-breasted Satinbird Loboparadisaea sericea and Sooty Shrikethrush Colluricincla tenebrosa. New Guinea is the largest tropical island (>750,000 km2) and well known for its exceptional avian diversity, characterised by a large number of endemic lineages (Pratt & Beehler 2014, Beehler & Pratt 2016). During the last 200 years, the island has been the subject of a multitude of expeditions and surveys that have aimed to document the distribution and diversity of its avifauna (summarised in Pratt & Beehler 2014). New Guinea and neighbouring archipelagos have also served as a natural laboratory that has aided in the development of modern biological theories and syntheses pertaining to speciation, community assemblies, and the effects of climate change on biodiversity and biogeography, often using birds as model organisms (e.g. Diamond 1973, Deiner et al. 2011, Jønsson et al. 2011, Freeman & Class Freeman 2014a, Irestedt et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Library of Congress Subject Headings for the Pacific Islands
    Library of Congress Subject Headings for the Pacific Islands First compiled by Nancy Sack and Gwen Sinclair Updated by Nancy Sack Current to January 2020 Library of Congress Subject Headings for the Pacific Islands Background An inquiry from a librarian in Micronesia about how to identify subject headings for the Pacific islands highlighted the need for a list of authorized Library of Congress subject headings that are uniquely relevant to the Pacific islands or that are important to the social, economic, or cultural life of the islands. We reasoned that compiling all of the existing subject headings would reveal the extent to which additional subjects may need to be established or updated and we wish to encourage librarians in the Pacific area to contribute new and changed subject headings through the Hawai‘i/Pacific subject headings funnel, coordinated at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa.. We captured headings developed for the Pacific, including those for ethnic groups, World War II battles, languages, literatures, place names, traditional religions, etc. Headings for subjects important to the politics, economy, social life, and culture of the Pacific region, such as agricultural products and cultural sites, were also included. Scope Topics related to Australia, New Zealand, and Hawai‘i would predominate in our compilation had they been included. Accordingly, we focused on the Pacific islands in Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia (excluding Hawai‘i and New Zealand). Island groups in other parts of the Pacific were also excluded. References to broader or related terms having no connection with the Pacific were not included. Overview This compilation is modeled on similar publications such as Music Subject Headings: Compiled from Library of Congress Subject Headings and Library of Congress Subject Headings in Jewish Studies.
    [Show full text]
  • (Elapidae- Hydrophiinae), With
    1 The taxonomic history of the enigmatic Papuan snake genus Toxicocalamus 2 (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae), with the description of a new species from the 3 Managalas Plateau of Oro Province, Papua New Guinea, and a revised 4 dichotomous key 5 6 Mark O’Shea1, Allen Allison2, Hinrich Kaiser3 7 8 1 Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, 9 Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, United Kingdom; West Midland Safari Park, Bewdley, 10 Worcestershire DY12 1LF, United Kingdom. 11 2 Department of Natural Sciences, Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, 12 Hawaii 96817, U.S.A. 13 3 Department of Biology, Victor Valley College, 18422 Bear Valley Road, 14 Victorville, California 92395, U.S.A.; and Department of Vertebrate Zoology, 15 National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 16 20013, U.S.A. 17 [email protected] (corresponding author) 18 Article and Review 17,262 words 19 1 20 Abstract: We trace the taxonomic history of Toxicocalamus, a poorly known genus of 21 primarily vermivorous snakes found only in New Guinea and associated island 22 archipelagos. With only a relatively limited number of specimens to examine, and the 23 distribution of those specimens across many natural history collections, it has been a 24 difficult task to assemble a complete taxonomic assessment of this group. As a 25 consequence, research on these snakes has undergone a series of fits and starts, and we 26 here present the first comprehensive chronology of the genus, beginning with its 27 original description by George Albert Boulenger in 1896. We also describe a new 28 species from the northern versant of the Owen Stanley Range, Oro Province, Papua 29 New Guinea, and we present a series of comparisons that include heretofore underused 30 characteristics, including those of unusual scale patterns, skull details, and tail tip 31 morphology.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Law and the Nature of Customary Water Rights in Papua New Guinea
    University of Wollongong Thesis Collections University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Year 1998 Water law and the nature of customary water rights in Papua New Guinea Lawrence Kuna Kalinoe University of Wollongong Kalinoe, Lawrence Kuna, Water law and the nature of customary water rights in Papua New Guinea, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Faculty of Law, University of Wollongong, 1998. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/1862 This paper is posted at Research Online. Water Law And the Nature of Customary Water Rights in Papua New Guinea LAWRENCE KUNA KALINOE Faculty of Law University of WoUongong February 1998 A thesis submitted in fulfilment for the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of WoUongong. Certification I certify that the substance of this thesis has not been submitted for any degree and is not being submitted currently for any other degree. I certify that any help received in preparing this thesis, and all sources used have been acknowledged. Lawrence Kuna Kalinoe 11 Abstract Majority of the indigenous people in Papua New Guinea (about 87 per cent) live on their customary land by engaging in fishing, hunting, gathering and subsistence agriculture for their daily sustenance. Water is obtained directly from rivers, lakes, and other watercourses. At present, Papua New Guinea is undergoing rapid economic growth in forestry, agroforestry, mining, and petroleum development activities. Most (if not all) of these natural resources development activities are conducted on customary land and in and around the environment in which the majority of the indigenous peoples live and on which they rely for their subsistence way of life.
    [Show full text]