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r OF CENTRAL I BULl.ETL'{ A~lER. :'I [lis. i\-AT. HIST. VOL. 103, PLATE 13

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BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA

! :- ~ • ~; j:" , " RESULTS OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF \" L .., , ! 'i; NATURAL HISTORY EXPEDITIONS TO " ,. NEW GUINEA IN 1950 AND 1952

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ERNST MAYR AND E. THOMAS GILLIARD f I r I

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1 i j BULLETIN OF THE 1 AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 103 : ARTICLE 4 NEW YORK : 1954 BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 103, article 4, pages 311-374, text figure 1, plates 13-34, tables 1-8

Issued April1Z, 1954

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! CONTENTS I,

INTRODUCTION • . . . 317 Summary of Results 318 I Itinerary ..... 320 I 321 f Ecological, Geographical, and Anthropological Notes Conservation and Paradise Plume Collecting Today 324 I Types of and Birds Typical of Each 326 I Effect of Man Upon the Altitudinal Distribution of Some New Guinea Birds 327 Zoogeographical Affinities of Wahgi Region Birds ...... 328 I ANNOTATED OF THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS 331 f REFERENCEs ...... 373 I . . .

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315

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CONTINUING THE ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPLORA- Guinea Expedition, was under the leadership I, I TION of New Guinea in which this institution of Armand Denis, noted film producer. It was has been actively engaged for two decades, managed by the junior author. This venture' the Department of Birds sent parties to the was greatly aided by the National Geographic I, interior of that island in 1950 and 1952. Society, which provided much of the photo- Dr. Leonard C. Sanford sponsored the 1950 graphic equipment. The mission of 1952 was expedition, which was the first to make a similar to that of 1950, and the area covered I, was much the same. However, primary em- I thorough survey of the birds in the recently ,I discovered Wahgi region of the Mandated phasis was placed on observing, photograph. Territory. ing, and sound-recording highland birds, par- I I This heavily populated region was dis- ticularly birds of paradise and bower birds. , ' I covered by Michael Leahy in 1933 (see Of first importance to the leader was the I, r Leahy, 1936). Owing to various incidents in making of a color film showing primitive man subsequent years, the area was closed in 1935 in his native surroundings. This operation was i and remained closed until World War II centered in the Kubor Mountains (between I I when it was needed for emergency aircraft 5000 and 9300 feet), but Mt. Hagen was also I surveyed by the 1952 party. On that occasion ( landings. Thus it was not until after World i War IIthat the colonizer, the prospector, the it was approached by way of the northern i missionary, and the naturalist got their first watershed, while in 1950 the ascent had been I ~ solid foothold. from the south. , The first to collect birds was Capt. N. B. In addition to the leader and the manager, I Blood,veteran patrol officer, who sent his col- the 1952 party consisted of Michaela Denis, actress and photographer; Margaret Gilliard, ( lection to Tom Iredale in . From it Iredale described (1948, p. 162) two valid new artist; Robert Carmet, film photographer; Henry Kaltenthaler, collector; and, once I races of birds ( lawesi exhibita and Cnemophilus macgregorii sanguineus). Earlier, again, Robert Doyle. f~thers of the spectacular Ribbon-tailed -New Guinea authorities, among Bird of Paradise had been collected by Fred them the then Administrator, Mr. J. K. Shaw Mayer and described and named in his Murray, and the present Administrator, Mr. honor ( mayeri) by C. R. Stonor D. M. Cleland, graciously permitted the I (1939). Despite this pioneering, it remained American Museum parties to work in the f for the junior author to make the first com- newly accessible terrain. Sir Edward J. L. prehensiea ornithological survey of the Hallstrom, Australian naturalist and phi- i region. lanthropist, and his son, Mr. John Hallstrom, The 1950 expedition consisted of the junior were most generous in their support. author, as leader; Robert Doyle, a planter of Our warm thanks go to Captain and Mrs. Bougainville Island; William Lamont, a resi- N. B. Blood, not only for the valuable infor- r dent of Lae; and several trained natives. mation and bird specimens with which they Doyle joined the party after it had been in favored us, but for their hospitality. Also, we I the field for about a month. Lamont joined are much indebted to Mr. Fred Shaw Mayer for advice, assistance, and gifts of valuable for the M t, Hagen phase of, the operation. The area covered comprised the mountains specimens. 1 We are indebted to Mr. W. T. Lake for i (5000 to 14,000 feet) of the Wahgi Divide, Mt. Wilhelm in the Bismarck Mountains, valuable gifts of bird eggs and a study skin Mt. Hagen, and Mt. Kubcr, also lowland coltected by him on Mt. Hagen in 1952. We also express our thanks to Mr. James Green- a~eas in the vicinity of N ondugl, Kup, Hagen way for the loan of comparative material. A,rfi.eld,and along the borders of the central We wish to thank Father Michael Bodnar; PortIOns of the Wahgi River. our gracious benefactor at Kup, Father John. The 1952 expedition, known officially as Nilles, Father William Trapper, Mr. William the American Museum-Armand Denis New 317 318 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ¥OL. IOJ MacGregor, Mr. James Patterson, and preparation of this paper. especially OUf hosts in Port Moresby, Mr. and Finally. the junior author would like to Mrs. William Berlin, for their generous help. acknowledge his deep debt to the Australian We are much indebted to Dr. Dean Ama- members of the expeditions, Messrs. William don for valuable suggestions during the Lamont and Robert Doyle.

SUMMARY OF RESULTS

A total of 182 and subspecies of LIST OF BIRD SPECIMENS PRESERVEDIN birds, including 23 which are new to science SPIRITS, INCLUDING SPBCIIlBNS FROll (see list following), were coUected, comprising THE WARGI, JIM! RIVER, ANDLAE some 1500 scientific study skins. Of these, REGIONS, TAKEN AJ.>RILTO many are geographical and/or altitudinal ex- AUGUST, 1950, AND APRIL tensions of range, and some have proved of TO AUGUST, 19521 importance in clarifying the relationship of Anas supet'ooosa pelewensis X birds to the east and west. Saivadorina waigiuensis Aviceda suberistata megala X Hieraaatus morphnoides weiskei X NEW BIRDS OBTAINED IN THE WAUGI REGION Ieracidea berigora novaeguineae X BY THE 1950 AND 1952 EXPEDITIONS AND Ae.pypodius arfakianus X DESCRIBED BY MAYR AND GILLIARD SynDicus ypsilophorus lamonti Elanus caeruleus wahgiensis (this paper) Excalfacloria chinensis notlaeguineae Synoicus YPsilophoruslamonti (1951) Rallus pectoralis captus RaUus pectoralis captus (1951) Rallus philippensis wahgiensis Rallus philippensis wahgiensis (1951) Porllana tabuensis ta,buensis Psif!acella piela excelsa (1951) Rallicula forbesi steini Pnt~acella modesta haYstromi (1951) Porphyrio porphyria melanopterus X Sancala caprata wahgiensis (1951) Ptilinopus superbus superbus Ttlf'dus POliocePhalus erebus (1951, 1952b) Ptilinopus iozonus finschi X Megaluf'US #moriensis montanus (1951) Ducula pinon jobiensis X Megalurus timoriensis wahgiensis (1951) Gymnophaps aJbertisii albertisii Tregellada leucops wahgienns (1952b) Ma&ropygia. ambDinensis cinereiceps sigiUatus hagenensis (1952b) Macropygia nigril'ostris nigrirostris meyeri bloodi (1951) Geopelia striata pa,pua X rudclphi margaritae (1951) Gallicolumba beecarii beecat'" PteridoPlwra alberli hallstromi (1951) Gallicolumba jobiensis jobiensis Cnemophilus macgregorii kuboriensis (this paper) Otidiphaps nobilis cerrneaUs . Arc1sboldia papuensis sanfordi (1950) kaematodus intermed~us Daphoenositta miranda kuborienns (1952b) goldiei Melidectes Princeps (1951) hypoinockrous devittatus X Zosterops nOt/(Jeguineaewahgiensis (1951) papa" goliatkina Zosterops nOflaeguineae sha'iNnayeri (1951) OreopsiUacus arfaki grandis Lotu;hura sPet;tabilis wahgiensis (1952b) Neopsitta&us pullicauda pullicauda Oreoslruthusjuliginosus hagenensis (this paper) NeopsiUacus musschenbroekii major Opopsitta diopkthaJma, diopkthalma NEW GUINEA Bums DESCRIBED BY MAYR Geoffroyus geolfroyi minot' AND GILUARD FROM OUTSIDE THE WABGI Geolfroyus simplex burgersi X REGION, FROH STUDIES OF SKINS OB- PsittaceUa piela excelsa TAINED BY THE 1950 AND 1952 Cacomantis fJY"ophanus excitus EXPEDITIONS Cemropus pkasianinus jJt'opinquus X RaUIU P~ilipPensis randi (1951) Tyto alba meeki X Melampitta .lugubris longkauda (1952b) Tyto tenebricosa arfaki Melf1nochans striatitlentris albicauda (1952b) Podargus papuensis Epim(Jcht~ mey~ megarhynchus (1951) P4t'amythla monnum brefficauda (this paper) 1The species marked with an X are not represented by study skins. 1954 MAYR AND GILLIARD: BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA 319

Aegolheles cUbertis" salva¢orii Oreornis subjf'enatus salf1adorii Aegolheles insignis insigni$ Ptiloprora guisei umbrosa Cha~:uranovaeguineae bilrgersl X Ptiloprora perslnato, lorentz;' CoUocaliaesculenla esculenta Dicaeum geelflinkianum rubrocoronalum Collocalia hirundinacea hirundinacea Melanocharis wasteri virago CoUocaliawhiteheadi papuensis M elanocharis striatillenlris striatiflentris HemiproC1U1mystacea mystacea X Oreocharis arfaki Ha~yon megarhyncha megarhyncha Paramylhia montium montium Clylocey: rex rex Zoslaops nOfiaeguineae wahgiensls MeTal's ornatus Ef'ythrura lrickroa sigiUifera Coracina longkauda longica,uda Lonchura. grand;'s ernest;' Antbus australis exiguus Lonckura speetabilis wahgiensis Sa:cicola caprata wahgiensis Crajeroscelis robusta robusta Some 900 mammals (500 represented by Ifrita, kowajdi kowaldi skulIs alone) were obtained. So far as is now Malurus alboscapulatus mafmu known, the rarest mammal collected was Mega~urustimoriensis waltgiensis Crossomys moncktoni, then the second known Serkornis noukuysi stresemanni record of the (Tate, 1951). Many rep- Sericornis (rufescens) perspicillatus tiles (including 17 death adders) and amphib- Gerygone ruficolUs insperata Rhipidura brach'}rhyncha devisi ians were preserved in spirits. ! Rhipidura alTa alra A large collection of Lepidoptera and a Rhipidura aJboUmbata small series of fishes were prepared. One of i Rhipidura lemophrys melaleuca the latter (Gobius brunnoides) proved to be a Machaerirhynchus nigripectus saturatus new species (Nichols. 1951, p. 6). Monachella mulleriana mulleriana About 500 herbarium specimensof flower- leucops wahgiensis ing plants (the highest from 13,000feet on Peneothello sigillatus hagenensis Mt. Wilhelm) were collected by the 1950 i Peneothello cyanus subcyanus expedition and have been presented to the Pacnyeephala schlegeUi obscurior I Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Massa- Pachycephala modesta kypoleuea i, Packycephala f'ufirrentris dorsalis chusetts. t; Padyeephala rufinudlG nirreifrons The discovery of the display perches of :: Myiolestes megar'kynchus tappenbeeW Paradisaea apoda, Pteridophora alberti. Loria ,~, Pitoh"i dichrous lariae. Astrapia mayeri, DiphyUodes magni- Lanius sehach $tresemanni ficus, and superba and the bowers I Epimachus meyeri bloocU and/or dance stages of lauter- r Astrapia mayeri baeM, macgregoriae, and Arch- I Astrapia slephaniae ducalis boldia papuensis was a "highlight" of the two Lophorina superba feminina expeditions. DiPhylJodes magnifieus hunsteini The perishable colors of about 100 species Paradisaea apoda sallladorii of highland birds were recorded in detail on Pteridophora alberti hallstromi cards. Direct comparisons were made with L6naloriaea~~ysnno, f Cnemophilus macgregorU so,nguineus Ridgway's "Color standards and color no- papmnsis sanford;' menclature,"' and names of colors thus ob- I Amblyornis mrugregoriae tained are capitalized. Because the publica- Chlamydera lauterbo,chi lauterbo,chi tion of these notes would involve much space Timeliopm fulvigula (subspecies?) X and duplication, we merely call attention to 1 MJZMnela adolphinae the file which is available at the American Myzomela f'osenbergii rosenbagii Museum. Toxorho,mphus poIiopterus septentrionalis Tape recordings of calls and songs were Melipoles fumigatus made of Pteridophora alberti, Diphyllodes Melidectes Juscus fuseus magnijicus, Lophorina superba, Chlamydera MeliUetes princeps lauterbachi, Amblyornis macgregoriae, Pam .. Melidectes beljordi Melidectes lorqualus polyphonus disaea apoda salrodorii, and of many other Xantholis chrysolis giulianeUii birds, includingtwo lowland birds of paradise 320 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OE NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 103

(Cioinnurus regius and Paradisaea apoda Archboldia papuensis sanfordi, on Mt. Hagen augustaevictoriae) . (Mayr and Gilliard, 1950). This remarkable Geographic work involved the climbing bird in its immature and female and filming of Mt. Wilhelm (14,200 feet), in- bears a close resemblance to Archboldia papu- cluding the three crater lakes near its summit, ensis papuensis, discovered by the American and of Mt. Kubor (to 9000 feet), climbing a Museum Richard Archbold Snow Mountains subsidiary peak of Mt. Hagen (12,075 feet), Expedition in 1938. However, the adult male and surveying for 22 days the alpine forests of sanfordi has an immense golden crown. and grasslands crowning these mountains. The adult male of A. p. papuensis An important result of these surveys was is unfortunately still unknown. the clarification of hybridization between During the course of our 1950 and 1952 Astrapia mayeri and Astrapia stephaniae trips, visits were made by the junior author (Mayr and Gilliard, 1952a). Another inter- to the tropical forests bordering the Mark- esting result was the discovery and analysis ham River near Lae for the purpose of col- of the complicated altitudinal hybridization lecting small numbers of birds and making occurring in Melidectes belfordi (Mayr and sound recordings of their songs. Gilliard, 1952c). Many points of geographical and anthro- The most spectacular discovery was that pological interest, as well as descriptions .of of the Golden-crested Black Bower Bird, bird courtship and an account of the dally

ITINERARY APRIL 10 TO AUGUST 10, 1950, IN NEW GUINEA (PORT MORESBY, CENTRALHIGHLANDS,LAE, AND MADANG) April 17- June 4 Nondugl, Wahgi Valley, Camp 1 5,200 feet May 2-May 11 Wahgi Divide, Bismarck Mountains Camp 2 6,500 May 16-May 17 Kup, Kubar Mountains 5,000 May 17-May 31 Qmong River, Kubor Mountains, Camp 3 6,000 May 22-May 24 Mt. O'cmer, Kubar Mountains, Camp 4 8,500 june 5-June 6 Kegalsugl, Bismarck Mountains, Camp 5 8,300 june e-june 14 Lake Embia, M t. Wilhelm, Camp 6 11 ,200 June 12 Climbed to summit, Mt. Wilhelm 14,200 june 14-June 18 Forest Camp, Mt. Wilhelm, Camp 7 9,500 June 18-june 20 Kegalsngl (and Dengalagu), Camp 5 8,300 June 29-June 30 Mt. Hagen airfield, Camp 8 July I-July 28 5,600 Mt. Hagen base camp, Camp 9 july 16-July 26 8,400 Mt. Hagen summit camp, Camp 10 July 25 11,200 July 30 A summit peak of M t, Hagen climbed 12,075 Pi-you-gena near Mt. Hagen, Camp 11 August 8-August 9 6,000 Markham Valley near Lae 400

MARCH 10 TO AUGUST 14, 1952, IN NEW GUINEA (PORT MORESBY, LAE, ANDCENTRAL HIGHLANDS) March 22 March 26-August 4 Air reconnaissance, Bismarck and Kubor Mountains April 19-May 2 Kup, foot of Kubor Mountains Camp 1 5,000 April 25-May 1 among River, Kubar Mountai~s, Camp 2 6,000 May 8-11, 18-22 Mt. G'-mar, Kubor Mountains, Camp 3 7,500 May I1-May 18 En route to and from Mt. Hagen via Baiyer River Mt. Hagen, Camp 4 May 31-June 12 7,300 June 6-June 14 Katumbag, Kubor Mountains, Camp 5 5,600 Saxony Camp, Camp 6 June 19-June 22 7,400 june 26-July 3 Blue Bird Camp, Camp 7 6,300 July IS-July 18 Katumbag, Kubor Mountains, Camp 5 5,600 August 11-August 12 Nondugl, Wahgi Valley, Camp 8 5,200 forests near Lae 300 •

1954 MAYR AND GILLIARD: BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA 321

actrvities of the two expeditions, can be zine (1953b). These reports were accompanied I garnered from the junior author's popular re- by maps and numerous photographs, many ports of the two expeditions which have ap- of which show the geographical and eco- I' peared in the National Geographic Magazine logical features of the terrain in the little- ,I (1951, 1953a) and in Natural History Maga- known Central Highlands. I

ECOLOGICAL, GEOGRAPHICAL, AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES I

The mid-mountain grassland comprises 80 sheds) the forests have been destroyed be- t , per cent of the Wahgi region above 5000 feet. low 7500 feet. It is composed of abandoned native gardens Removal of forests by man has brought r on depleted soil, overgrown with grass rang- about an unusual set of circumstances at the i i' I ing up to 10 feet in height. This inflammable westernmost end of the Wahgi Valley. Prob- i grass is burned about once every year by the ably nowhere else along the 1500 miles of , mountains comprising the backbone of New j. natives to clear the ground and drive pigs. ;: . Soon thereafter new grass springs forth, but Guinea, except at that point, is there a grass- , woody plants and trees have no chance of land link between the mid-mountain grass- ! lands of the north and south watersheds. reestablishing themselves. To appreciate the 'I destructiveness of this situation, one must This link or gap in the mountain forest is realize that the mid-mountain grassland was about 12 miles wide (see fig. 1, location 3). " covered with luxuriant mid-mountain forest Its lowest point is 5500 feet above sea level. (nomenclature from classification of New It connects the upper Wahgi Valley (Purari j Guinea forest; Brass, 1941, pp. 338-340) River drainage) at 5400 feet with the Baiyer until cleared by the primitive farmer. Valley ( River drainage). A small patch 1 This once vast woodland is now restricted of forest crowns a peak some 6500 feet high, I to narrow strips of riverine forest bordering situated in the midst of the 12-mile gap. the Wahgi River and its tributaries-areas . This gap, which we have called Hybrid not readily reached by fire. Unfortunately, Gap, forms an important zoogeographical , under existing conditions there is no chance link as well as a barrier: (1) Astrapia mayeri I for the forest to replace itself. and A. stephaniae come together there (a Some 100,000 natives live in the Wahgi- hybrid population exists on the eastern end of Chimbu region (5000-8000 feet), which is Mt. Hagen; see Mayr and Gilliard, 1952a, p, I roughly 1200 square miles in size. Population 9); (2) according to an oral communication I, pressure is such that firewood, so important from Capt. N. B. Blood, there is a large ( to. the naked people, is often scarce or non- hybrid zone in the Baiyer Valley (east side) existent below 7000 feet. Huge areas that where P. apoda hybridizes with P. minor Went successively from forest to farm have jinschi; and (3) it is here that certain species I been abandoned to grass simply because they terminate their ranges or divide into different r Were left too far behind by the ever-receding races. For example, Archboldia occurs only to forest. the west, and Peneothello sigillatus is repre- )1 In the Chimbu Valley, where population sented by a distinct race on each side of the pressure is greatest, the pioneer fringe (the gap. . In the eastern Baiyer region the forest edge of the forest being constantly cut back l comes down solidly to 3900 feet on the east I and burned for new garden areas and for fuel) has climbed the Bismarck Mountains like a side of the valley. At this low elevation it giant contour .line to 8300 feet. On the south probably links with the upper rain forest. , flank of the Wahgi (Kubor Mountains) the However, all flat valley floors are cove~~ forest has been pushed to about 7000 feet, solely with grass. On a flight ~cross the Jn~lI River from the middle Wahgi to Madang In and on the north flank {the Wahgi Divide 1950 (see fig. 1) Gilliard noted th~t, in con- range) to about 6500 feet. In the Hagen \ trast to conditions on the south Side of the Mountains (both north and south water- 322 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 103

\ CAMPS \ MAROHES ••••••• \ BRIDGES ,Jooo(" FLIGHTS - - -= _ • MT. RANGES .~ \ MT.PEAKS ... \

f Ne"" Guinea Territory I~I_I_I-I- ,- 1-1-1-1-1-1- papua Seal. 1:600,000 J{tlugfJ Ill- o •, 10, , 20, " "CAMBIA" MILES

FIG. 1. Map of the Central Highlands of New Guinea. 1. , 1000-2000 feet. 2•.1952, ~;ir~~ River Valley, 3900 feet. 3. Hybrid Gap, 5500 feet. 4. 1952, Camp 4, 7300 feet, 5. 195~, Camp 1°60 i t. feet; 1950, a summit peak, Mt. Hagen, 12,075feet. 6. Minyip, 5600 feet. 7. Mt. Giluwe, 13,6 .ee 8.1950, Camp 11, 6000 feet. 9. 1950, Camp 9, 8400 feet. 10. Hagen Airfield. 5600 feet. 11. Normuga ~ver. 12. Wahgi River. 13. Banz, 14. 1950, Wahgi Divide, Camp 2, 6500 feet. 15. 1950, 1952, Nondugl ~rnp I, Camp 8, 5200 feet. 16. 1950, 1952, Kup, Camp 1 (1952), 5000 feet. 11. 1950, 1952, Omong ~v~ Camp 3, Camp 2, 6000 feet. 18. 1952, Katumbag, Camp 5, 5600 feet. 19. 1952, Blue Bird Camp, amt. 7, 6300 feet. 20. 1950, Mt. O'-mar Camp, Camp 4, 8500 feet. 21. 1952, Saxony Camp, Camp 6, 13g0tz: 22. Mt. Oreta. 23. Mt. O'-mar. 24. Cambia. 25. 1950, summit,Mt. Wilhelm, 14,200 feet. 26. 195 , Embia, Mt. Wilhelm, Camp 6, 11,200 feet. 27. Bundi. 28. Yandara, 6000 feet. 29. 1950, Forest Camp, Mt. Wilhelm, Camp 7, 9500 feet. 30. Kegalaugl, 31. Dengalagu. 32. Chimbu Gorge. 33. Kerowag!. 34. Kundiawa.

divide (the Wahgi region), the entire north. this region and to the related fact that the na- ern watershed of the Wahgi Divide and ]imi valleys was heavily forested. Very few clear- tive population is very sp~. r the de- The most spectacular eVIdence 0 th ings existed, and the forest continued unbro- ken until the coastal lowlands Were reached. structiveness of man was r~vealedthbYntl: This condi~ion is doubtless due largely to the forest distribution on either Side of e lUcY Baiyer River which flows through a va fact that virtually no valley flats exist in the er- about 6 miles wide On the east the forest P mid-mountain zone of the north watershed in ersts. to the valley .floor (3900 feet) , while on i ...:: ~'" :"; I

\ [954 MAYR AND GILLIARD, BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA 323 I the west side it does not descend below 7000 are narrowly capped with grass. Several, such feet. the hills being stripped bare below that as Mt. Leahy (see panorama, ibid., p, 670, altitude. On one side the secondary peaks and left center), probably have less than a square rounded mountain heads are luxuriantly mile of it, while others, such as M t. Spinks, •, cloaked in forest; on the west they are nude lithe spike" (loc. cit., right of center), have and heavily cut up into gardens. grass cap areas of perhaps 3 to 5 square miles. This condition appears to have nothing No alpine grass was noted on the Wahgi whatever to do with soil conditions, prevail- Divide west of M t, Wilhelm. ing winds, or rainfall, and there is no rain Lobes of alpine grass in rounded valleys I shadow involved. Gilliard was informed by sometimes extend down to 10,000 feet (below ,, Mr. William MacGregor (authority on the twin lakes on Mt. Wilhelm, for example). Baiyerarea) that two very different tribes, They may be due to cold air streams, which speaking different languages, live on either not infrequently caused us much discomfort I, side of the gap, which forms an inviolate when we camped in such areas. boundary, and that the people of the west are The alpine grass extends up to 13,500 feet I much more numerous. in patches on Mt. Wilhelm before it gives way Thus Hybrid Gap is peculiar in that it > to bare rock. Curiously, on Mt. Wilhelm, separates tribes, languages, and forests, as Gilliard came on two smaIl, solid, native I well as birds. In view of the geographical fea- houses built on the rim of the central divide I tures of New Guinea, the growing importance in a low point just east of Mt. Wilhelm at ~:' of the Central Highlands, and the imminent 12,800 feet. One was probably several years need for surface links between the political old; the other was new. The "boys" informed I I and military sectors of the island, the Gap Gilliard that the natives built them to live in •, I has far-reaching significance. Since 1950 it during their overnight hunts for alpine grass- j f has been possible to drive a "jeep" through land "kapuls" (a terrestrial marsupial which ,i i the gap from Hagen Airfield in the upper we found to be fairly common). Wood for . Wahgi Valley to MacGregor's station in the house construction and fuel was carried up 1 i Baiyer Valley. from rhododendron clumps 500 feet below. , Beginning at the upper edge of the mid- There has been much argument concerning ,i mountain grasslands (7500± feet), a luxuri- snow on these mountains. As a result of Gil- ant beech forest extends upward to about liard's personal observation, from Kup using I, . 10,000 feet, where it changes to a subalpine a 40·power "scope," while camped near the I "cloud" or "moss" forest. The former is high summit of M t. Wilhelm, and through discus- crowned (averaging 90 feet, with a few sion with Father Michael Bodnar, who has IIBulolo pines" -Arau&aria Cunninghamii- watched the summit of Mt. Wilhelm (14,200 up to 160 feet) and open; the latter is stunted feet) for four years, there is no doubt that (a~raging 35 feet) and gnarled. This sub- snow caps this peak above 13,000 feet at in- ,I alpine forest is comprised in large part of frequent intervals. Gilliard several times ex- rhododendrons at its upper edge (11,500± amined it when it was sheathed either with feet), which comprises tree line in this Iati- ice, due to freezing ra.in, or with snow. How- lude (6' S.) . ever, the snowy covenng always melted away .The alpine grasslands are areas covered by midmorning. .. \Vlth. coarse short grass (up to 2 feet tall) There is no permanent Ice m even the most cappmg about six of the Wahgi region peaks. shaded of the summit niches of M t. Wilhelm. Only two are of any size, namely, the grassy However, Gilliard came upon several mo- ~s of Mts. Wilhelm and Hagen, each of raines composed of huge boulders at the w~lch COVers at least 15 square miles. M t. lower edge of glacier-fluted. valleys. These in- Gduwe, just south of the Wahgi region (see dicate plainly that the peaks were formerly ~norama, Gilliard, 1951, p. 682), which was capped. with permanent ice. VIewed but not visited, has an alpine grass Frost is uncommon below 10,000 feet but ~p which is probably larger than that of occasionally descends to 7000 feet with dev- either M t. Wilhelm or M t. Hagen. In the astating results. At Tomba (8000 feet) in 1950 KUbor Range there are several peaks which the natives were just recovering from a period . 324 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. IOJ of famine caused by frost which killed their the region it provides the only substantial sweet potato plantings, on which they depend source of game, fuel, and building materials for 90 per cent of their food. and is economically invaluable. Nevertheless, It is probable that the upper limit of the the "bush kanaka," particularly now that he man-made mid-mountain grasslands is to has the steel ax, is hacking it to pieces for some extent predicated on the distribution of lumber, bark, bush rope, and pandanus frost. The only plantings we saw above 8300 gardens. He is a master axman and thinks feet were oily pandanus groves in deep cloud nothing of cutting a dozen trees per day just forest to 9500 feet. However, the native to retrieve arrows, or of felling the most im- makes good use of the mountain slopes, he posing forest giant in to catch a tree they forested or grass covered. His flocks of marsupial weighing a few pounds. pigs work the forest floor to at least 9000 feet, All of this has an immediate bearing on the and he hunts the "kaput" (as mentioned pre- bird population. Some species, such as the viously) to the upper edge of grass line Blue Bird of Paradise, have been virtually (13,000 feet), using his peculiar little mongrel extirpated from the Wahgi region along with dogs. a multitude of species. both and plant, Thus, though situated high above the hab- which lived in the mid-mountain oak forests. itable zone (from which practically every Conservation measures are sorely needed vestige of the original mid-mountain oak to protect the beech forest and, in tum, the forest has been removed), the beech forest is wonderful birds that live in it. subject to much destruction. Over much of

CONSERVATION AND PARADISE PLUME COLLECTING TODAY

Concerning the hunting and use of para- most numerous plumes, and the most cov- dise plumes by the New Guinea native of to- eted, were the flank plumes of the Grea~er day, it was found that the plumed birds of Bird of Paradise (Paradisaea apoda) which the highlands are under continuous pressure are the color of fire in this region. Thirty- from native hunters. Great numbers of male seven pairs were worn. There were two wings birds are killed each year. At Kup in 1952 in a of Tyto alba, 12 of Charmosyna pap~,. a:bout period of two months, June and July, the 18 men wore the secondaries and primaries of junior author knew of 17 displaying Greater the White Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita).~hree Birds of Paradise which were killed from their men wore the skins of Diphyllodes magniftcu.~ display perches. This number comprised on their heads: one, a male with the talt practically all of the display trees (which are plumes intact and two, the barred ches well known to the native) in an area of about patch of the female. One man had the plurn~ 40 square miles. Plumes are valued highly and of the King (Larius roratus) on bls are much coveted as money and as articles of head 20 wore remnants of the cassow~ wealth and adornment. (Cas~arius bennetti?) or moruk: eight had. e A~ Katumbag above Kup on June 28,1952, primaries or secondaries of the VUltu~n~ the junior author made the following census Parrot (Psittrichas fulgidus); an.d three ~f of paradise plumes worn by 54 men partici- the large wing feathers and tad plumes { ~ting in a .small sing-sing dance: "Twenty- Harpyopsis nOfJaeguineae,the great eagl~r~. SIX wore twm tail feathers of the adult male New Guinea. Two wore the plumes of f Step~anie Bird of Paradise (Astrapia ste- choglossus haematodus; 19 had plumes 0 phanwe). One man had four sets. There were Paradisaea minor. Of the latter s~mefad:; 11 me~ with paired sets of occipital plumes of yellow and fresh and some were qUite b hly the Kmg of ~axony Bird of Paradise (Pterido- Two, which were pure white, were p~o a d phora alberh) stuck on their heads. One man the result of hybridization between ~1n~a~e had five. Fourteen wore males of the Superb apoda. There was one complete skin .) Bird of Paradise (Lophorina superba) across King Bird of Paradise ( ~e~:r~ th.e forehead, the black cape being spread out, The long slender central tail plumes t n in With the gl~m~ng metalIicshield superim- mosyna papou were worn by. severa d ~: the posed upon It like a medallion. By far the the nose, where they were lnserte ~~----~- " \ 1954 MAYR AND GILLIARD, BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA 325

holes usually meant for King of Saxony OC~ long, encompassing the eastern portion of cipital plumes. A frigate bird (Fregata ariel) Mt. Hagen, the western ends of the Wahgi wing from a living bird brought to my camp Divide and Kubor Mountains between low at Kup several days before again astonished mountain rivers (Baiyer River, 3800 feet; me. The Black Cockatoo (Probosciger ater- Jimi River, 1500 feet; lower Wahgi River, rimus) was popular. Fourteen men wore its 5000 feet; and Kaugel River, 2000 feet), and feathers. One wore the wings of a rifle bird tree line (11,000 feet), would include within (Craspedophora magnifica). There were one its bounds virtually every important species large pigeon (Ducula chalconota) with irides- (some represented by two or more races) of cent plumage; one goatsucker, unidentified: birds of paradise and bower birds of non- one male Sickle-billed Bird of Paradise (Epi- peninsular New Guinea, as follows: machus meyerzl; one hawk, unidentified: Birds of paradise three sets of small parrot wings with bright yellow streaks through the primaries and Manucodia jobiemis brilliant red under wing coverts (probably Phonygammus keraudrenii Neopsittacus); one gray wing from a large ? Macgregoria pulchra carunculata hawk (probably Accipiter novaehollandiae): albertisii three wings from a very large barn owl Epimachus fastosus (probably Tyto longimembris) i and one Epimachus meyeri brown wing of Macropygia nigrirostris. One Astrapia mayer;' man wore the blue secondary plumes of a Astrapia stephaniae Goura Pigeon (Goura scheepmakeri?), and to Parotia caroltu my surprise one 'boy' had two complete flat Parotia lawesi skins of PeUops. One 'boy' wore the yellow Lophorina s"perba f crest plumes of the Gardner Bower Bird Craspedophora magnifica (Amblyornis macgregoriae), and one wore a Diphyllodes magnificus Paradisaea apoda ! patch of golden orange feathers from the back I Paradisaea minor of Cnemophilus macgregorii." Paradisaea rudolphi In the northeastern lowlands in the vicinity Pteridophora alberti ofLae the junior author was informed by Mr. Loria Zonae Adolph Batze, a former plume collector, that Loboparadisea sericea the natives no longer have much regard for Cnemophilus nuu;gregorii paradise adornment. In 1938 in the Port Moresby region of Papua the same was true. Bower birds In conclusion, judging from the above, and Archboldia papuensis from many other observations of the great A mblyornis macgregoriae number of paradise plumes in the possession Chlamydera cerrnni'llentris of the highland natives, as well as from the Cldamydera lauterbachi numbers of male Greater Birds of Paradise crassiroslris which we know to have been killed by natives Ailuroedus bua:oides In 1952, it is clear that the paradise birds of In short, excluding the peninsular isolates the mid-mountain regions need protection. of the Huon Peninsula and Vog~lkop, all ~ut These facts, coupled with the even more dev- five species of mainland New Guinea paradise astating rapid removal of the mid-mountain birds would be included. These five are: forests by the primitive farmer, who uses the ne'IY-foundsteel ax with a vengeance, pose a AstTapia splendidissima, Orenle, Nassau, and serious challenge for the conservationist. Weyland Mountains .A solution might be the establishment of a Seleucides ignolus, tropical sago swamps every- Bird of Paradise National Park in which man where ~nd the wild life surrounding him could be Cicinnurus regillS, lowland flood plain forests induced to live in harmony, as they do, for everywhere DrepalJQrnis bruijnii, northern lowlands of example, in the Krueger National Park in . Dutch New Guinea Manucodia aler, lowland forests everywhere A triangular reservation with sides 60 miles 326 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 100 TYPES OF HABITAT AND BIRDS TYPICAL OF EACH

Rivers and lakes Native gardens, citrus, fig, and casuarina groves Anas superciliosus Excaljacjoria chinensis novaeguineae Sa!fJadorina waigiuensis (up to 11,300 feet) PtiUnopus superbus superbus Cacomantis variolosus oreopkilus Stream and river borders (5000-6000 feet) Halcyon sanaa sancta Ponana tabuenS'is tabuensis Ptuhycephala rufiventris dorsalis (up to 5500 Porphyrio porphyria melanopterus feet) Pomart:opsis bruijni Monuhella miJllmana miiUerianlJ Beech forest (7500-9500 ± feet) Mid-mountain oak and mixed riverine forest Harpyopsis novaeguineae (5000-7000 feet) Ralliculajorbesi steins (up to 9500 feet at least) Epimachus Jastosus stresemanni Ducula chalconola smaragdina Gymnophaps albertisii alber#sii (up to 11,000 Loplwrina superbafeminina (to 7300 feet) feet) Diphyllodus magnificus hunsmni (to 5100 feet) Macropygia nigrirostris nigrirostris Paradisaea rudolphi margaritae (to 6300 feet) Charmosyna papou goliathina Edge of mid-mountain and mixed riverine forest NeopsiUacus puUicauda pulUcauda (5000-7500 feet) Tyro tenebricosa arfaki Macropygia amboinensis einereiceps Coracina longicauda longicauda (up to 9500 Trichoglossus haematoclus intermedius (to 5800 feet) feet) Melampitta lugubris longicauda Podargus papuensis (to 6000 feet) Crateroscelis robusia robusla Aegotheles insignis insignis Eupetes leucostictus loriae Tregellasia leucops wahgiensis Ifrila kawaUi kowaldi Myiolestes megarhynchus tappenbecki Sericornis nouhuysi slresemanni Pitonu;' dichrous Sericornis rufescens perspiciUatus Artamus maximus (to 8500 feet) Rhipidura albolimbata Apkmis cantoroides (to 5400 feet) Eugerygone rubra saturatior Paradisaea apoda saluadorii (to 5600 feet) papuana Myzomela adolphinae (to 6000 feet) PemolheUo cyanus subcyanus Myzomela rosenbergi rosenbergi (to 6300 feet) Pachycephala schlegelii obscurior MeUdectes rorquatus polyphonus (to 5800 feet) Pachycephala modesta hypoleuca Dkaeum geelrnnkia.num rubrocoronaJum (to 5500 Pachycephala soror klossi t feet) Machaerirkynchus nigripectus saluratus (up 0 Zosterops novaeguineae wahgiensis (to 6500 feet) 6300 feet) Epimackus meyeri bloodi (up to 9000 fee~ f t) Mid-mountain grassland, bushes, and occasional Astrapia mayeri (Mt.' Hage?,; up ;0 950 :d trees (400-7500 feet) ASlrapia stephaniae ducaltS (Blsmarc k Milvus migrans aifinis (to 6000 feet) Kubor Mountains; up to 9500 feet) et) Synoicus 'YPsilophorus lamonti (to 8000 feet) Pterirlophora alberti hallstromi (7000-8300 fe Rallus phiUppenm wahgiensis Loria loriae amethystina (up to 8500 feet) ) Centropus phasianinus propinguus (up to 4200 Cnemophilus mtugregorU (up ~ 11,000 feet feet) Archboldia papuensis sanfordl f t) TylO longimembris papuensis Amblyornis macgregoriae (uP. to ~9(008~OOfeet) Merops ornalus Daphoenositta miranda kubonenStS to Anthus australis e;r;iguus (to 8300 feet) Melidedes belfordi (7000 ± 12,000 feet)) Saxico~ caprala wahgiensis (to 6000 feet) Melipotes fumigatus (7000-9500+ feet t) Malurus alboscapulatus majuJu (to 5800 feet) Pliloprora guisei umbrosa (up to 8500 ree Megalurus limoriensis wahgiensis (to 8000 feet) Melanocharis versteri IJirago . (up to Rhipidura leucophrys melaleuC4 (to 6000 feet) Oreostruthus fuliginosus hagenensJs Lanius schack slresemanni (to 7500 feet) 10,000 ± feet) Chlamydera lauterbqchi lauterbachl (to 7000 feet) Subalpine forest (10,OOO±l1,500 feet) Lanebura speetabiJis wahgiensis PsiUtuella brehmi pallida , , 1954 MAYR AND GILLIARD, BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA 327 , Psittaulla pkla excelsa PeneotheUo sigillaJus EurosJopodus archboldi MelideCles belfordi Acanthila muTina Melidsctes juscus fuscus eerygone rujicoUis insperata MdidecJes princeps RAipidura brtuhyrhyncha dmsi Paramylhia montium montium (once seen down Rhipidura, alTa aIm to 9500 feet) Ptiloprora perstriata Iorentsi (down to 8500 Ieet] Melidectes belfordi Alpine grassland amid rocks Antbus gutturalis rlwdodtndri (up to 13,000 feet) Upper edge of subalpine forest and in spaced-out Turdu$ poliocepha/us erebus (up to 13,500 feet) bushes Megalurus timoriensis monkJnus

EFFECT OF MAN UPON THE ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOME NEW GUINEA BIRDS

Seventeen species of birds were found living ests amid grasslands. Turnix maculosa was in the Wahgi region at higher altitudes than resident in tall grasslands. Porphyria porphy- are usual for these species. All were species of rio lived in the cane grass (15 feet tall) bor- the forest edge, islands of forest, bushes, farm, dering rivers, swamps, and streams. Centro- and grasslands. All apparently had been able pus phasianinus. although apparently absent to colonizethe highlands as a consequence of from the Wahgi grasslands, was found on the the drastic man-made changes in the land- floor of medium tall grasslands of the Sepik c· scape.The mid-mountain forest has been re- headwaters (Baiyer Valley, 4000 feet). Tyto placedby an open plant association of savan- alba probably lived in the forest edge and in nas,native villages and gardens, and second- the open forest clumps (many with tall dead growth and isolated tree groves which ap- trees) which occur abundantly among the pears very attractive to many species nor- grass and farmlands. Birds lured by grassland mallyliving at much lower altitudes: bushes and low undergrowth of the forest H, t: Halianur indus girrenera edge are Lanius schack, Malurus alboscapu- I ' Mul1Us migrans aifinis latus, and Londuaa spectabilis. Birds of k- Elanus caeruleus wahgiensis spaced-out trees, native plantings, open r Turm::cmaculosa (subspecies?) gardens, and firewood (casuarina) groves are ", Porphyrio Porphyrio melanopterus Rkipidura kucophrys, Pachycephala rufi- I Centropus phasianinus propinquus flentris, Pitohui dichrous, Aplrmis cantoroides, i Tyto alba meeki l' : Paradisaea apoda, and Melidectes torquatus, L" Hiruntlo tahitica Jrontalis Paradisaea apoda, which was found to be li - Malurus alboscapulatus maJmu common up to 5600 feet, thrived in the casu- RMpUjuraleucoPhrys melaleuca Pachycephalarufiventris dorsalis arina clumps planted for firewood and in Pitohui dichrous islands of trees (usually an acre or two in Lanius schach stresemanni size) growing over "mat-mat" (graveyard) APlonis cantoroicks plots. Virtually every such island was visited Paradisaea apoda saWadoni daily by Greater Birds of Paradise, and, in Melidectes torqualus polyphonus many, males danced. The marked liking Lonchura speclabilis wahgiensis which these birds had for such artificial casu- Baliastur indus and Milvus migrans were arina plantings (the casuarina itself- having uncommonand common, respectively, over been conveyed to abnormally high altitudes thefarmlands and sheep pastures of Kup and by primitive man) doubtless is a factor con- ~ond~gl. Elanus eaeruleus preferred perches tributing to the abnormally high distribution 19bIn sentinel trees and in partition for- of this lowland species. -328 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 103 ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL AFFINITIES OF WAHGI REGION BIRDS'

BIRDS WITH EASTERN AFFINITIES Clytomyias insignis oo1'ti (west to Mt. Goliath) Southeastern New Guinea to Mt. Hagen Rhagologus IfJUCostigma obscurus (west to Mt. '"Psiltacella modesta hallstromi Goliath and Idenburg River) Tyto longimembris papuensis Pycnopygius cinueus mormonuus (west to TrIo alba meeki Nassau Mountains) Halcyon megarhymha megarkyncha 'Southeast New Guinea. Hagen, west to Dutch Anthus australis exiguus (east to Waul New Guinea Malurus alboscapulatus mafulu MegaluNLt timoriensis mania,nUs Eurostopodu$ archboldi (west to Lake Habbem~) Edolisoma montanum minus (west to OranJe • Megalurus timoriensis wahg/ends Tregellasia leucops wahgiensis Mountains) . Acantkha murina (west to Oranle Mountams) Peneothello sigillatus sigillatus Monareba axiUaris faUax (west to Nassau AstrapilL stephaniae ducalis Mountains) • Parotia lawen subspecies? Melidectes fuseus subspecies? (west to Orenle •Paradisaea rudolphi margaritae *Cnemophilus macgregorii sanguineus Mountains) . *Cnemophilus macgregorii kuboriensis *Oreostrutkus Juliginosus hagenenm (west to Oranje Mountains) IIIDaphoenosU14 miranda kuboriensis Melidectes torqualus polypkonus Hagen and Saruwaged Mountains Melanocharis slriaJiventris nriativentris Rhamphocharis crassirostris piperat4 A nthus gutturalis rhododendri . . To%orhampus poliopterus septentrlo~u Zosterops nOllacguineae cmsaUs Zosterops novaeguineae shaw-mayen Southeastern New Guinea to Hagen and Seru- waged. Mountains Hagen, Sepik, and Saruwaged Mountains em-acina longicauda longicauda Paehycephala modesta kypokuca • Guygone ruficollis insperaltJ, Myiolestes mega1'hynchus tapj¥nbeeki (mid Seplk $Turaus polioeepkaJus uebus to upper rivers) Peneothello cyanus subcyaneus Lonchura spectabilis wahgiensis Lanius schack strcsemanni BIRDS WITH NORTHERN AFFINITIES Diphyllodes magnijUus hunsteini Oreornis sub/renatus'salvadorii Hagen and Sepik Mountains Paramytllia montium montium Psittacella brehmii bilrge1'si Southeast New Guinea, Hagen, Saruwaged, and Sericornis nouhuysi stressmanni Sepik Mountains . Pitohui nigrcscens bUrgersi . rd Phonygammus keraudrenii neumanm (and Lo M Otiaipkaps nobilis ceruicalis Oreopsittacus ar/aki granais be",) . Neoprittaeus mUlSchenbroekii major Epimachus Jastosus stres.ema.nm. db Parotia carolae ek1'ysema (mcludIDg Lor erg Crale1'oseelis robusta robusta Phylloseopus triwrgatus giulianettii and Hunsteinspitze) '*Pteridophora albuti hallstromi Southeast New Guinea, Hagen and Sepik MounM Loria loriae amethystina tains Ptiloprora guisei umbrosa Neopsittactu pullicauda p"Uicauaa. Melanocharis f1ersteri fJirago (also CyclopS GtoJfroyus simplex bUrgersi Mountains) EUj¥tes leucosticttU loriae Dicaeum geelvinkianum rubrocoronalum BIRDS WITH WESTERN AFFINITmS Southeast New Guinea, Hagen, Saruwaged. and Hagen and Dutch New Guinea mountains Snow Mountains • Peneothello sigillatus kagenesis • o( • Melampitta lugubris longicatula (west to Oranje Eulaeestoma nigroj¥ctus clara (extension Mountains) range (rom Mt. Goliath) • Emao. IIrita kawaUi kowaldi Astrapia mayeri (west at least to VIctor uel Mouotains)1 1Endemics or the Mt. Hagen area are marked with an asterisk. , Observation by Max Meinehan, Lac. ) 1954 MAYR AND GILLIARD: BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA 329

Lophorina superba feminina (west to Weyland Eastern limit Mountains) EpitnfUhus fastosus *Archboldia papwmsis sanfordl Parotia caroIae *Melidectes princeps PemothsUo sigiUatus hagenensis r Melanocnaris longicauda umbrosa Astrapia mayeN •Zosterops nof1aeguineae wahgiensis LophoNna superba feminina Hagen, Sepik, and Dutch New Guineamountains Archboldia papuensis Melidectes princeps Charmosyna papo# goliathinG Paradigalla (carunculala) brevicauda Corilcina caeruleogrisea strenua (extension of range from Sepik Mountains) MIGRANT VISITORS OF THE WAUG! REmON Sericornis papuensis bilrgers;' From the south MlJfhrurirhynchus nigripectus stUuratus albonotata grise1fJenms Chalcites lucidus plagosU$, May 31 Hetet'omyias albispecularis cenJraUs Eurostopodus mystacalis mystacaUs, May 15 Halcyon sancta saneta, April-July Pachycephala SOTor klossi Pachycephala rufinucha nifJeijrons From the north Parad/galla (carunculata) brerncauda I Plurialis clominica fulr;a, April 21 TROPICAL NORTH NEW GUINEA AFFINITIES Actitis hypoleucos, April" 27 Merops ornatus, April-July r Wahgi, Jimi and/or Baiyer Valleys, and northern tropical lowlands LIST OF SPECIMENS OBTAINED IN THE MARKHAJI PsiUtuulirostris edwardsi RIVER DELTA 5 TO 10 MILES SoUTH OF LAB OpopSitta diophthalma diophthalma Ariceda subcristrzi4 megala Geoffroyus geoffroyi minor Hisraaltus morphnoides wsiskei Centropus phasiiminus propinquus Ieracidea berigora nOfltuguineas Clytoceyx 1'SX rex Ptilinopus im:onus finscki , < i PiUa srytMogastsr (habsnichti?) Ducula pinon jobiensis: Large numbers are ( Sa~cola caprata wahgisnsU killed for food throughout the year by native. Ptiradisaea minor finschi Australian, and Malay huntsmen. The Malays \ Chlamytkra laulsf'bachi lauterbachi often use automatic shotguns. The Australian favors "pea" rilles, and the natives use single- TROPICAL SOUTH NEW GUINEA AFFINmES barreled, 12-gauge "trade" shotguns. Wahgi region to southern lowlands Geopelia smata papua: This is either an extension t Paradisasa apoda salvadoNi of mnge or an introduction from the south r coast of New Guinea. It is evident that the primary" relationship Chastura nOflaeguinsae bilrgersi of the Hagen area is with eastern New Gui- Hemiprocne mystacea myslac6(J, , , nea. In 36 species there is either 8ubspecific Lonebura grandis STnU" identity or close relationship with ~pecies of southeastern New Guinea; in 16 species the LIST OF NEW GUINEA BIRDS PHOTOGRAPHED IN I relationship is with Weyland and Snow COLOR DURING THE 1950 AND 1952 ExPEDITIONS1 ( Mountains, while the situation is ambiguous Pregala ariel ariel y with a few other species. Casuarius bennetti (shawmayeri?) d', y The following species or conspicuous sub- Anas su/Jerciliosa pelewensis a species have their eastern or western limit in Milrnu migrans affinis a, y r this area: Accipiter melanochlamys schistadnus a Elanus caeruleus wahgiensis a I Western limit Ha1'pyopsis nooaegmneae a. ( M~urus alboscaJulatus mafulu Synoicus ypsiJophorus lamonti a Tregellasia lsucops wa:hgiensis RaUus philippen.ris wahgiensis a PeneotheUo ngillatus ngillatus Rallicula forbesi stef.ni n Astrapia stsphani'ae Porphyrio porphyrio melanopterus a r Parotia lawen GOU1'Gflictoria beccarii a Paradisaea rudolphi 1 Cnemophuus macgregoNi 1Symbols: a, adult: ri'. mate; If? , female; y, roungi Paramythia montium montium n, nest; E, eggs; B, bower; D, dance tree or 11mbor Otidiphaps nobilis cervicaUs ground arena.

I "'Ii II i 41 Ii

330 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 103

Plilinopus superbus superbus fi' Pachycephala rufinucha ni"eifrons a, n, E Gymnophaps albertisii albertisii y Myiolestes megarhynchus tappenbecki a, n MacroJrygia amboinensis cinerticeps a Pitohui dichrous a Gallicolumba becconi beccorU fi', '" Pomareopsis bruijni a, n Neopsittacus pullicauda pulUcauda a Phonygammus keraudrenU neumanni a PsiUaculirostris edwardsii a Paradigalla (carunculata) breuicauda 9 OpopsiUa diophthalma diophthalma a Epimachus meyeri bloodi d', a, n, E Cacalua galerila mum a Astrapia mayeri cJl Alisterus chloroPlerus wilhelminae Q As/rapia. stephaniae ducalis d', '" PsiUacella brehmii paIlida 9, y Parotia carolae ckrysenia f!' P sitlacella picla excelsa 9 Parotia lawen d'~ Q Tyto alba meeki a Lopkorina superbajeminina 0', 9, D Tyto longimembris papuensis a Diphyllodes magnijicus hunsteini ri', Q, D Tyto lenebricosa arfaki a, y Paradisaea apoda salrodorii 0', Q, y, D NinD:Clheomacha theomacha a Paradisaea rudolphi margarittre . ri', 9, 0 Podargus paPUer"isis a, y Parad4saea minor finschi 0' Aegotkeles albertisii salvadorii a Pteridophora alberti hallstromi 0', Q, D Aegolheks insignis insignis a, y Loria loriaeamelhystina 0', ",,-D Halcyon sancia sancla a CfUmophilus macgregorii sanguineus fi', 9 Merops ornatus a Archholdia. papuensis sanfordi a, D Rbyticeros plicalusjungei cJl, 9 Amblyornis macgregoriae 0'. B Sa:cicola "caprata wahgiensis y Chlamydera lauterbachi lauJerb~hi a, B, E, n, y, Craleroscilis robusta robusta a if' Malurus tUboscapulatus majulu y Mysomela adolphinae a Megalurus timoriensis wahgienw a Toxorhamphus polt"opJerus seplinlrionalis y, n Sericomis nouhuysi slresemanni a M dipoles fumigatus a Eugerygone rubra saturatior a Melidectes belfordi a, n Gerygone ruJicoUis insperata a Melidectel torguatus polypJwnul y, n, a Phylloscopus trivirgalus giulianeuii a, n Meliphaga. montana subspecies? a Rbipidura albolimbata a Ptiloprora pilei umbrosa a Rbipidura leucophrys melaleuca y, n Dicaeum geelDinkianum rubrocortmatum a Machaerirhynchus nigripectus saturalus a Melanocharis longicauda. umbrosa 0- Monachella malleriana m6Ueriana a Paramythia montium monlium a Tregellasia leucops wahgiensis a Zosterops nOfJaeguineae wahgiensis a Peneo/hello cyanus subcyaneus a, y, n Erythrura lNchroa sigillifera a Pcu:hycepJrala soror klossi a Lonchura spectabilis wahgiensil .a Pachycephala modesla hypokuca a ... n , pc : :: ;;;-*~;::"dfG -;jijj,;;;j;:;:m; t ; i;';; "~ l i !i! . r" ,,,!'

I ANNOTATED LIST OF BIRDS OF THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS ,. I -[ Casuarlus bennetti (shawmayeri?) Rothschild ages to prove his miraculous recovery. :1 Even after these birds demonstrate their WE. HAVE NEVER SEEN a wild cassowary in ;: ,r the Wahgi region and therefore cannot be dangerous propensities, native owners are apt sure of the species that the natives say in- to be casual in their associations with .them. I habits the mountain forests of the Bismarck, Above Katumbag in the Kubor Mountains Kubor, and Hagen ranges. Identifications about the year 1950:,the bird that is illus- based on. native-collected specimens would trated in the National Geographic Magazine I probablybe inaccurate because of the exten- (Gilliard, 1953a, p. 485) killed an old man I sive trading in these birds. For example, in with its knife-like hind claws. And, sad to re, April,1950,on the trail leading from Nondugl late, Gilliard was a witness when this bird, on r, to the Jimi River on the north side of the mas- June 14. 1952, attacked and nearly killed a sivecentral divide, the junior author met two middle-aged women at Kup. native travelers who were transporting two A history of the attack with details leading I, youngcassowaries from the northern tropics up to it are pertinent, because there are few [jimi River) to the Wahgi Valley in order to records of birds injuring and killing humans. I sellthem. Incidentally, the young birds were In the first place, Gilliard did not know that being alternately carried and driven like supposedly tame adult cassowaries were I swine. generally dangerous, nor that the bird in On Mt. O'-mar in june, 1952, a native question had already been responsible for one r pointedout a large Elaeocarpus tree growing death and for two severe assaults. Being lD deep forest at 7300feet on which were dark anxious to make photographs of the splendid blue fruits the size and shape of very large nude neck and cheek coloration, as well as to [, marbles. These he said were "Ki Ki [food] have a 16-mm.film of the bird in a natural belong Moruk." Moruk is the native name setting, he requested the native owner to re- ( throughout the Wahgi region for the casso- lease the huge bird from its 8-foot high cage wary which, in the native economy, consti- of stakes. I tutes a valuable and often dangerous com- When first he had visited the kanaka home- modity. stead to see the bird; he had found that this Young birds are purchased or captured in bird had been let out to feed in a near-by the woodlands, sometimes far away. After a woodland. On another occasion Gilliard t variable period of confinement they become noted three old men with 8-foot, slender I quite tame and thereafter, until they become sticks which they held across the path of a dangerous, they' are permitted to wander large cassowary they were driving home. The I around home and garden. At night they are slowly walking bird obeyed the signals per, \ placedin stake pens located next to the wom- fectly, never crossing a stick barrier when it en's house. At about the age of two years was held close in front of the lower neck. I the chick stands 3 feet high, and its brown "Thus," Gilliard recorded in his notes, "I ( plumage begins to be replaced by the black felt no qualms the day I arrived with still hair-likefeathers of adulthood. Although long cameras accompanied by film photographer tt:eated as a pe~ and child's plaything, 'the Robert Carmet to make the necessary shots. bird becomes more and more aggressive as it Nor was there any suggestion of imminent ~ws. Often it continues to enjoy compare- danger as the big, black, orange and cobalt [ tIVefreedom until an unfortunate incident blue-necked ratite was let out of its enclosure. OCCUrs. Such took placeat Motumotu on the I did note that it was emitting from deep 1 lowerBrown River, Papua, in 1946;A seven- within its body a series of hollow sounding year old boy was playing with the village pet. groans and windy sighs. The bird moved de- r a two-year old cassowary, when suddenly it liberately, placing each foot carefully before I lashed out with its powerful nails and ripped picking the other up, like a stalking heron, as a one·foot opening in the boy's abdomen. A it headed for a banana grove through medium I, year later the unattended victim had a great deep grass. I made several color shots, and tattered scar complete with bulbous append- Carmet stood close to and virtualIy in front 331 332 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. [03 of it making the film. All of a sudden, the "In early August, 1952, I was present at great bird turned and ran through the dear- Nondugl when Captain Blood placed young ing towards a 3!.foot fence. On the far side cassowaries of different species together. One of the fence a woman was carrying a bag of was a C. benneui, the other a freshly acquired sweet potatoes. The bird seemed to head C. unappendiculatus, probably from the up- purposely for the portion of the fence nearest per Baiyer River. Both birds, which stood to her. It leaped with its great feet extended about 3! feet taU each and were hair brown forward and struck the woman resoundingly in color, emitted Quaint little peeps reminis- with both of its weapon-like feet, then con- cent of chicken nestlings. The wattled bird tinued running without so much as a momen- was the more aggressive." tary halt. Lower lateral neck wattles orange, nude "The native went down as though shot, throat, and neck cobalt blue; cheeks baby then began screaming. I found that her ab- pink tinted with blue on anterior edges; eyes domen had been punctured to a depth of chestnut brown. about an inch by the left foot and that her right upper arm had been cut to the bone by Salvadorina waigiuensis Rothschild and Hartert the stilleto-like inner nail of the right foot. About six pairs were observed in the twin Through application of tourniquet, four lakes at 11,200 feet on Mt. Wilhelm. Said to stitches, penicillin ointment and injections, be common along the Wahgi River at 5000 and daily care for three weeks, we were able feet, where they occur in flocks in ponds bor- to save her life. dering the river near Kup. "Needleee to say, we were incredulous Natives state that these birds are when, after the attack on the woman and "switched" out of the air as they below after exposing ourselves, the natives began bush rope bridges crossing the Wahgi. expounding on the bloody history of this A live bird was brought into the Kup base bird. Later, three men with long broomstick- camp May 6, 1952, by a native who had had sized poles ushered the wayward bird back to it in captivity for several months. Adult male: the house with usual deliberation." 324 grams; no sign of molt, plumage worn; Cassowaries are valuable in the native wing, 185 mm.: tail, 77. economy because of their plumes, which are has superclUosapeIewenBis worn commonly in a kind of hat-like head- Hartlaub and Finsch dress. Also, the strong black wing quills are According to Capt. N. B. Blood, not un- frequently worn in the nose. Men and women common on the Wahgi River. perforate the nasal septum so as to be able to Our only specimen was collected August 3, insert straight sticks, slivers of gold lip shell, 1950, at Nondugl at 5300 feet. It was found or cassowary quills. In actual worth a full- swimming at dawn in a small irrigation pon.d grown cassowary is about equal in value to in company with several white domes?c one wife or eight large pigs or 10 large gold ducks which probably had decoyed the wild lip shells. At Kup in 1952 a large shell was bird. worth £2.10 (or $5.60). In the same area, The only conclusive morphological c~ar. labor was considered well paid at a shilling a day. Thus, a full-grown cassowary was worth acter differentiating the two New GUInea. the equivalent of 500 days' work. races rogersi and pelewensis is wing length Gilliard's notes continue: "During the (Amadon, 1943, p. 3). Our specimen (sex~) with a wing of 230 mm. agrees with Amadon 5 1950 and 1952 expeditions, I came on about eight penned cassowaries, which would in- measurements of pelewensis. This form has the wing averaging 20 mm. shorter than that dicate that they are by no means common. This may be partly owing to the fact that of rogersi. shortly before 1950, a large number were Elanus caeruleus wahgiensis, new subspecies purchased from the natives and shipped by TYPE: A.M. N.H. No. 704566: adult. f~ Capt. N. B. Blood at Sir Edward Hallstrom's male; Nondugl, Wahgi VaHey, Central ~l~: request to the Taronga Zoological Park at lands Mandated Territory of New GUID , Sydney. April'20, 1950; 5200 feet; E. T. Gilliard. - "-~------_.' -,---~-~---,-,-----~~.'-., -"".-- :/ .. , . ,;,

1954 MAYR AND GILLIARD: BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA 333

DIAGNOSIS: Nearest to hypoleucos, but sented the specimen to the Museum field darker above, more slate gray, less ash gray; party. Wing, 400 mm.: tail, 314; bill from I below,sides of upper chest darker, washed cere, 22.5; tarsus, 55. Iris golden yellow; bill I with steel gray, not nearly pure white; under pale horn, becoming dark on ridge and black , ,r wing coverts with some black tipping, not on tip; feet pale bluish white. Stomach con- I purewhite. tents, remains of grubs. ! REMARKS: In order to diagnose the char- The legend "with one young in nest" ap- l: acters of wahgiensis correctly, it was neces- pears on the field label. I sary to study the variation displayed by a Judging from the number of tail and wing series (19 'specimens: Philippines, Malaya, feathers of this species worn in the head- I Celebes)of kypoleucos. Two distinct color dresses of the Wahgi Valley men, the species phases,not correlated with sex, age, or geog- appears to be common.Above 5000feet, how- I raphy,were found. These we have named the ever, Gilliard saw the bird only once. In " "black-wing" and the "white-wing" phases. April, 1950, in the Kubor Mountains near In the formerthe inner vanes of the primaries midday, he observed a Henuopernis flying i and secondariesare largely black; in the lat- slowlythrough a steep-walled canyon at 5800 ter they are largely white. Of the 19 speci- feet. It resembled a large marsh hawk as it I mens at hand, five are of the black-winged maneuvered to within 2 or 3 feet of the ( type. steeply graded sweet potato beds and sailed The New Guinea race (wahgiensis) has the between the spaced-out trunks of dead casu- primaries and secondaries colored as in the anna trees still standing among the gardens. r black-wingedphase of kypoleucos. Milvus migrans affinis Gould Both Elanus notatus and E. scriptus of i Australia differ greatly from E. c. wahgiensis Common in the Wahgi Valley up to alti- by having black under wing coverts and tudes of at least 5300 feet. Frequently ob- I muchpaler upper parts. In addition, scriptus served sailing low over the sheep fields of i has different measurements. Nondugl and over sweet potato beds near Kup. Particularly active hunting in the vi- I No sexualdimorphism in size was found in" E. c. kypokucos, and no size differences cor- cinity of grass fires. related with the black- or white-winged color A large fledgling about six weeks old and phaseswere noted. just able to fly was collected in the lower [, In size wahgiensis is similar to kypoleucos. Chimbu gorge (5000± feet), on May 22, The type is in fresh plumage, except for a 1952. This bird was kept in captivity and r worn tail. The wings are in molt. It had the photographed periodically in color until it I ovariesenlarged to 7 mm. was three months old. At time of capture: This is the first record of the genus from sex?; 429 grams; wing, 268. New Guinea. We found it a not uncommon Heretofore in New Guinea not known to resident of the Wahgi Valley. The type, and occur above the tropical lowlands. I only specimen collected, was shot when it Ha1iastur indus girreneraVieillot ( flew from a perch 80 feet up in bulolo pine (Araucaria Cunningkamii) which stood in a Male, Nondugl, 5200 feet, testes enlarged, largegrove of casuarinas growing amid farm- April 24, 1950. r landsnear Nondugl. Accipiter faseiatuspolycryptus . In 1952 during May, June, and July, a lone Rothschildand Hartert kite of this species was seen (and photo- I Adult male: Nondugl, 5500 feet, May 3, ( graphed) as it perched many times in the dead top of a tall tree growing in partition 1950:wing, 236 mm.; tail, 185;bill from cere, forest at Kup amid extensive grasslands. 17; tarsus, 61; plumage fresh; wings in molt, I Not common in the Wahgi Valley. I HenicopemislongicaudalongicaudaGarnot Accipitermelanochlamys schistacinus I ~dult male: Yandara, north slope of Mt. Rothschildand Hartert • Wilhelm, Bismarck Mountains, 5000 feet: collected by Mr. F. Shaw Mayer who pre- Two juveniles, male and female, were ;; i tiM;;;:; .,.

334 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 103 purchased from natives near base camp biggest trees of the 7000-foot cloud forest. Its (7500 feet), Mt. Hagen, in 1950. contents could not be examined because of Compared with an immature from near the inaccessibility of the structure, but the Yule Island, the Mt. Hagen specimens have adults were said to be in attendance. the upper parts decidedly blacker ,less rufous, Feathers of Harpyopsis are probably as particularly the head, which is very dark, and highly treasured by local natives as those of the upper back and neck, which are colored .the male Greater Bird of Paradise (Para- like the head but with traces of tawny rufous disaea apoda). Men of chief rank usually wear instead of being strongly washed with rufous. one or more tailor primary feathers when Measurements of the Mt. Hagen speci- participating in tribal ceremonies. At other mens: male and female, wing, 221 mm., 244; times the feathers are placed in dried banana tail, 163, 194; bill from cere, 16, 19; tarsus, leaf and woven pandanus containers and 63,71. stored among the rafters of the men's houses, A subadult male was collected near Ka- along with stone axes, drums, shells, spears, tumbag (5000-6000 feet), Kubor Mountains, bows, arrows, gourds of pig grease, packets of June 20, 1952: weight, 172 grams: wing, 219.5 colored paints, strings of trophy skulls, and mm.; tail, 170. This specimen was in fresh sundry other treasures. plumage without sign of molt. Iris Pale Lemon Yellow; cere near Apricot Circus spilonotus spllothoru Yellow; skin around eye deep yellow: skin at Salvadori and D'Albertis base of mandible yellow; legs and feet Light April, 1950, an adult male was twice seen Cadmium; bill and talons black. slowly flying and hovering over the farm- Harpyopsis novaeguineae Salvadori lands of Nondugl. Adult male with testes enlarged (11 mm.); AepypodiuB arfakianus Salvadori Mt. O'-mar, Kubor Mountains, 8600 feet; Trapped at the upper Jimi River by natives May 27, 1950: wing, 442 mm.; tail, 393; who brought it to Nondugl. Gift of Capt. N. culmen from cere, 45 (culmen from base as B. Blood. measured on skull purchased from a M t. Hagen native, 43.5). Bill sooty black, with a Synoicus ypsilophorus Iamonti bone-colored tip. Feet brownish gray. Mayr and Gillard The 0'-mar specimen was shot as it sat 60 This quail (Mayr and Gillard, 1951, p~. feet up in the middle limbs of a huge tree 1-2) is common throughout the Wabgi, growing on a sharp ridge. It had fresh blood Chimbu, Melgavais, and Tomba valleys and "kaput" (marsupial) fur on its talons. (5000-7000 feet), where it occurs in coveys of Local natives told the junior author that this up to 20 birds in the rolling grasslan~s. . bird, the "doo" in Kubor "place talk," kills A female with fully developed egg (in OVI- small pigs in open farming areas. duct) was collected. July 1 at Tomba, and a This bird is apparently rather common but set of six eggs was brought in to the ~t. thinly distributed in the high forests (6000 to Hagen base camp (8500 feet), July 11, 19,:,0. 10,000 feet) of the Central Highlands where The eggs measured, respectively: 31 by 24.5 the junior author has seen it at M t. Wilhelm mm.: 31 by 24.5; 31.5 by 24.5; 31.5 by 24; (~500 feet), Mt. Hage.n (8500 feet), Mt. 30.5 by 24. A nest and four eggs (not saved) o -mar (8600 feet), and 10 the mountains be- were brought in to the Kup base camp on hind Kup. April 24, 1952. The last-mentioned record was of a pair The native name on M t. Hagen near :rami which w~e often seen during April and May, ba is "ke-wi" j at Banz in the mountauw 0 1952, flymg over a forested ridge at the '1000- the Wahgi Divide "ke-sip": on the Omong foot level. These birds were reported to be a River above Kup, , Kubor M'nuntams, "ke- breeding pair. One of Gilliard's camp "boys" ke-slp." accompanied a native huntsman to a huge Data from specimens obtained near K~P nest whic~ was said to have been built by during the period April 24--May 4, 1952:. e- Harpyops'lS. It was located high in one of the males: 90 grams, 99; molt (April 24), no Sign. , ,~'

I 1954 MAYR AND GILLIARD: BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA 335 ) plumage worn; (May 4), back, rump, tail, chick was brought to Kup by a native child. wings, and flanks-a heavy molt. Male: 81 , Rallus philippensis wahgiensis MaYT and Gilliard , ';1 grams; molt (May 4), heavy. uiI. Iris (male and females) Mikado Orange; For description, see Mayr and Gilliard bill slaty black; skin around eye slate colored; (1951, pp. 3-4). The type locality is Nondugl legsand feet dull bone yellow. Total length (5600 feet). in life, 191 mm. Common in damp grass swamps of the "pit pit" variety. Ercalfactorla chinensis novaeguineae Rand Data obtained by the 1952 party: one Series from the southern slopes of Mt. male; May 1; Kup, 5000 feet; testes much ,s. I Hagen and M t. Wilhelm are intermediate enlarged; 129 grams; molt, head, breast, and :: between nO'Daeguineae from the Balim Valley, tail. Dutch New Guinea (type compared), and Iris reddish brown; bill smoke gray with papuensis, eastern New Guinea. wine-pinksides; legs purplish gray . . In common with the western representa- porzana tabuensis tabuensis Gmetin I, tive, our. Wahgi region specimens have the chestnut abdomen somewhat less extensive, Wahgi Valley birds differ from richardsoni I the scapular and wing coverts less blue, of Lake Habbema by having the upper parts ( and the abdomen less chestnut, more pallid. darker, deep chocolate, Jess reddish brown, However, in the blue coloration of the under and by having a longer bill. They agree fairly parts in females, our series is indistinguish- closely with tabuensis from but average slightly darker. ., r able from papuensis. " Apparently not uncommon in the mid Measurements, in millimeters, are: f mountains in the vicinity of farmed areas. EXPOSED CULMEN P. tabuensis richardsoni r, Turnix maculosa subspecies? Lake Habbema 16,17,17,17,18,18 ( A subadult female purchased from a trap- P. labuensis tabuensis per at Nondugl (5200 feet) on June 23, Wahgi Valley 18.5, 19,20,20 1950, is the only highland record of this but- 18,19,20 Balim Valley 18 ton quail. Below, it differs from adult females o! horsbrughi from both the Aroa and Fly Common throughout the Wahgi Valley. nvere. The chest and abdomen are more Rallicu1a forbes! steini Rothschild i pale chestnut, less rich rufous. Also it is ( buffy around the eyes and on the hind neck, Compared with forbes;' of southeastern not rufous. New Guinea, a series from Mt. Hagen, Mt. From furva (Parkes, 1949), a very dark Kubor, Mt. Wilhelm, and the mountains of race, it differs greatly in color. the Wahgi Divide have the tail averaging Probably an undescribed race. Additional shorter and the back blacker, less reddish f specimens are badly needed. brown. R. f. dryas of the Huon Peninsula also ( has the short tail but differs from all by its RaIlus pectoralis captus Mayr and Gilliard much more brownish, less blackish, back. r For a description of this bird, see' Mayr No conclusive distinctions were found be- :md.Gilliard (1951, pp. 2-3). The type local- tween the Wahgi region specimens and steini of the Weyland Mountains, of which we have tty IS Mt. Hagen (7800 feet). I Common; all our 1950 records are of speci- for comparison the unique type, as well as a ; mens trapped by natives. male from the Habbema region which Rand Data collected in 1952: one male (?), one (1942, p. 438) took to be the missing male of I female; May 7, 22; 78 grams, 58; molt (both), steini. Since the unique type of steini is some- back, tail, and wing. what more brownish, Jess blackish, above, I Iris Sayal Brown; legs and feet pale gray than typical Wahgi region birds, a final ver- touched with pink; bill grayish flesh, black- diet as to the identification of our birds must I Ish on ridge. await the collection of additional specimens from the Weyland Mountains. ",( On April 16 a small (29 grams) downy black I

/ 'TTl!""'·,,' 7l -Ij'.--- ,

336 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL, 103 Pronounced variation is displayed by our Porphyria porphyrio melanopterus Bonaparte series. This seems to bear no relation to local geography. For example, the coloration of Although this species, the "tilii," is well the abdomen feather tips ranges from white known to the local Kup native, only a single to brown, the white barring of the axillaries record (a spirit specimen) was obtained: one, varies greatly in width, the wing bars vary sex?, May 15; Kup, 5000 feet; about 650 grams; 240 mm., tail, 98; molt, neck, back, from bars to spots, and the round dorsal spot- flanks, ting in the female, while generally amber and coarse, becomes small and white in several Iris a little brighter than Brazil Red: of our specimens. The last condition is like casque more wine colored than Nepal Red; that of the lone example of steini at hand. legs Onion-Skin Pink; bilI like casque but The black dorsal plumage varies from nearly more grayish on cutting edges: toes grayish pure black to blackish, strongly edged with slate; nails dark gray. reddish brown-a condition also present in This is a remarkably high altitude for this the steini specimen. bird, which is chiefly resident in swampy Measurements, in millimeters, of the tail: areas near sea level. In the Wahgi region it apparently stays close to rivers in tall, MALES FEMALES wet, bamboo-like grass (vpit pit") swamps. Southeastern It is doubtful that it occurs above 5500 feet New Guinea 70, 72, 72, 76, 58, 62, 67, 71, 77, 78, 79 72 PIuvialis dominica fu1va GmeIin Huon Peninsula 63 62 Wahgi region 62, 62,62, 64, 61, 62, 62, 62, Small flocks of up to six were observed in 66,66,66 62, 62, 63, Nondugl fields during March and April. 65 Snow Mountains 67 Actitis hypoleucos Linnaeus Weyland Moun- One male, April 27, 1950, Nondugl, 5200 tains 62 feet. Common throughout the highland forests Scolopu: saturata rosenbergii Schlegel (6000-9500 ± feet) where natives regularly trap this rail for food. Our only record is an adult male, south On Mt. Wilhelm at 9500 feet a roosting nest watershed, Mt. Wilhelm, 9700 feet, June 16, of this species was found on a ridge in deep 1950, , " cIoud forest. It was located 9 feet up in the This "bug-lee" was shot by a native as 1 heart of a low pandanus tree the evening walked on a muddy trail in deep forest nehr of June 18. A male was shot from the nest a small stream. with a three-pronged arrow, after which the Iris dark brown. dishevelled nest (a football-sized collection PtiJinopus rivoli bellos Sclater of skeletonized leaves and "Spanish" moss) was put back in the tree. Before dawn the Common up to at least 8500 feet. following morning the junior author visited PtU:lnoPU&superbus superbus Temminclc the nest and held a light on it as the native One skin and one spirit specimen from Kup, again fired an arrow at point blank range. The shot killed three sleeping rails-two adult AprilS, May 22, 1952; male, 103 ~:' males and an adult female. testes enlarged, white: sex?, 125 grams; mo , traces on wing otherwise fresh plumage. b The native name on Mt. Wilhelm is "cu- nack." A series of' excellent color photogra! l~ was obtained, including shots of an a1~) An adult female was obtained on Mt. O'-mar, Kubor Mountains, April 26, 1952, on its nest with a single white egg (M~~ feet The nest was located 10 feet up and. . a and was preserved in spirits; weight, 95 grams; molt, wing, flanks, and tail. from the trunk in a thick tree growing In Iris Bister; bill and legs black; skin around field of bananas. . eye gray: inside of mouth whitish' ovaries Very common in the open and sernl-open whitish. ' mid-mountain agricultural areas. Not seen above 6000 feet. I 1954 MAYR AND GILLIARD, BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA 337 I Ducula.chalconota smuagdina Mayr I Red; eye ring Carmine; skin around eye Thirty-three specimens from the Vogelkop, gray; legssalmonpink; nails black. Weyland, Snow, Goliath, Hagen, Saruwaged, A male taken July, 1950, had the testes I and Owen Stanley Mountains were exam- partially enlarged. • ined. The nominate form from the Vogelkop I differs from all by a shorter wing and more Gymnophaps alberlisii albertisii Satvadori copper-colored upper parts. Weyland, Snow, Common in flocks in the upper half of the Goliath, and Hagen Mountain birds have the high mountain forest between 7000 and I wing averaging shorter than Huon Peninsula 10.000 feet. and eastern New Guinea birds. Also, there is A nestling just out of the nest was collected I a slight size increase from west to east in at 9000 feet from a limb in a heavily moss- r length of bill and tail. covered tree 60 feet above ground on the Below,the eastern population (including south flank of Mt. Wilhelm. This bird could seven nearly topotypical birds) is somewhat hardly fly and must have been reared in a more grayish cinnamon, less brownish on the high nest near by. An adult male (testes r throat, neck, and chest, and the flanks appear 7 mm., white) with the nestling was collected. I slightly more pallid than in birds from the Wahgi region and Dutch New Guinea. These :Macropygla amboinllnsis einereiceps Tristram r differences,however,are too slight for sub- Common in pairs in patches of grassland I specific recognition. trees near water, up to 5500or 6000 feet. Not uncommon in the high forests of Mt. Two spirit specimens; April 5, May 16. ! Hagenabove 8000 feet, where it is known as 1952:male (testes much enlarged), 120grams; the "kay-ray-im": not observed elsewhere. female, 94 grams; molt. general in one, the ~, Two specimens (one female, one ?) were tail in the other. , , examinedMay 16, 17, 1952: 494 grams, 509; I Macropygia nigrirostris nigrirostris Salvadori 1. ' both were in general molt. ! Iris of female deep wine, near Ox-Blood Rather common in the cloud forests of

TABLE I ~ MEASUREMENTS (IN MILLIMETERS) OF Ducula dlalctmOla I, i. I. Tail Bill i: I Wing I chalconOla Arfak Mountains 2" 201, 215 141, 150 16.16 1~ 195 146 IS .smaragtlina I Weyland Mountains r 1" 207 144 16 I 3~ 206-208 145-146 1~17 Snow Mountains 3" 212-215 149-156 15.5-18 Mt. Goliath 2" 213,218 147.148 16.5.18 I 1~ 208 143 17 f Hagen Mountains I" 212 146 18 Saruwaged Mountains f 16-18 6" 216-227 148-160 I~ 213 151 18 Eastern New Guinea Mountains I 150-162 17-18.5 7" 213-234 18-18 -f 3~ 212 213 140-160 I• i -wv,etm' ttttHT--- --unfClT" -jmn t nura P7 tiifF

338 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 103

Mts. Wilhelm, Kubor, and Hagen between alive to the Nondugl aviaries; gift of Capt. 7000 and 8500 feet. N. B. Blood. Data, two male spirit specimens, Mt. Hagen, 790(}-8000 feet: May 15: 94 grams, Trichoglossus haematodus intermedius Rothschild and Hartert 103; no sign of molt; testes much enlarged in one, slightly in the other. Very common up to 6000 feet in large flocks Skin around eye a little darker than Car- which move noisily through the crowns of mine; bill black: legs and feet a little more casuarina and other tall trees of the garden yelIowish than Carmine: iris near Jasper Red. and forest edge. Three specimens (male, April 9; female, Reinwardtoena reinwardtsi griseotincta Hartert May 22; male, May 30) were examined at Not uncommon in the top of high moun- Kup (5000 feet): 71 grams, 87, 81; no sign tain forest between 8000 feet and tree line of molt was found in any; both males had the (11,100 feet). testes somewhat enlarged. Although heretofore thought to be re- Psitteuteles goldiei Sharpe stricted to the lowland and lower mountain forest up to 1800 meters (Mayr, 1941, p. Not very common in the Wahgi region. 47), the junior author collected a skin at where on Mt. Hagen it is caIled "tigel-me," 11,100 feet on Mt. Hagen in mid July, 1950. and on Mt. Kubor, "min-too-kupeta." The bird was shot from a branch 18 feet up One (sex ?) examined at Mt. Hagen, May in thick, moss-covered rhododendron forest 17, 1952: 8000± feet: 54 grams: molt, wings, (30 feet high). flanks, and under tail coverts. Iris, inner rim pale yelIow, outer rim deep Iris leather brown, with a grayish rim; scarlet: skin around eye, soft parts of biIl, bill black; legs pale gray tinted with lemon and lares deep wine red: bill sooty brown' yellow. feet vinaceous scarlet near strawberry. ' Lorius hypoinochrous devittatus Hartert A male collected in July, 8200 feet, had testes enlarged to 14 mm. A live bird belonging to a native was photo- graphed and studied at Kup in May, 1952: GaWcolumbarufigula septentrionalis Rand 137 grams: no sign of molt. A Nondugl cage bird (female) probably BilI Orange Chrome: cere and base of from the Jimi River; gift of Capt. N. B. maxilla blackish; cutting edges of bill gray: Blood. legs and talons black: iris Light Orange YelIow. GaWcolumbabeccarli beccarii Salvadorl Said to have been captured in "Cambia," Fo~r specimens (three males: one?) were south of the Kubor Mountains. examined by the 1952 party on April 26 and Charmosyna papou goliathina June 2: 68 grams, 69, 48, 68.5; molt two Rothschild and Hartert were in general molt on Apri126 and J~ne 2 and two showed no sign of molt. ' Very common in pairs and small flocks in Iris Bister; bill and cere blackish' legs the forest canopy above 6500 feet. and feet near Vinaceous Purple. ' The black color phase of this elsewhere pre- All the males had enlarged testes (up to dominantly red species is in the Bismarck and IS mm.). Hagen ranges three or more times more nu- merous than the normally colored bird. The GaWcolumbajobiensis jobiensis Meyer species seemed much less abundant in the Kubor Mountains. A specimen was trapped by a native near Four specimens (two males, two ?), Mt. Kup (probably above 4000 feet), June, 1952. Hagen, 830(}-8700 feet; May 14-17, 1952: 105 grams, 102, 95, 84: molt, two were chang- Otidiphaps nobilis cervicalis Ramsay ing part of the body and tail. Two of the 1950 . O.nespecimen collected by a native in the series {july 8, 21) had the testes enlarged· j imi Valley at about 2000 feet and brought There is no difference in coloration in the '. t! , .1 I )I 1954 MAYR AND GILLIARD, BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA 339 " .1 I )H , soft parts of the two phases. Iris amber; bill cutting edges and tip grayish; cere dark .t " near Carmine; legs Peach Red; skin around brownish gray; mandible dull yellow, be- ~i eye gray. coming English Red at base j legs and feet The Nondugl native nan;te is "wa-lep." ,I slate. Oreopsittacus arfaki grandis Ogilvie-Grant Common in flocks in the crown of cloud forest up to 9000+ feet. The native name in I Common: observed in flocks in the canopy the Kubor Mountains is "mary-yeap," of cloud forest at 9000 feet. Three specimens (one male, one male?, PsittacuIirostrisedwardsiiOustalet one female), from Mt. Kubor, April 7-29, In 1951 Sir Edward Hallstrom presented i 1952: 20 grams, 17, 18i molt, one, no sign; to the American Museum a male and a female i one, the tail i one, the rump and tail coverts. I' collected by Capt. N. B. Blood on the Jimi Kuhar Mountain native names are "nit- River, Bismarck Mountains (north water- sing-ru," KUPi "dop-kon-dable," Mt. O'-mar. shed), in August, 1949. In addition we have Neopsittacus musschenbroekii major Neumann an aviary specimen (male) from Nondugt. Compared with topotypical medius, Hagen Opopsittadiophthalmadiophthalma I and Bismarck Mountain birds have the chest Hombron and Jacquinot r' more broadly edged with scarlet. They thus Not uncommon up to 5000 feet in the river- I agree with major, which Neumann described ine forests near Kup. from near-by Schraderberg • Four specimens (three males, one?), March Data from two unsexed specimens collected 30 to May 26, 1950: 44.5 grams, 46, 48.5, . ~ by the 1952 expedition near Kup, Kubor 49.5; molt, three were molting body plum- Mountains: April 3D, 6500 feet, 41.5 grams; age; one (May 26) showed no sign of molt. ( June 2, 7600 feet, 55 grams; molt general. One had enlarged testes (10 mm.), Iris orange; bill and cere bright yellow; :Micropsittabruijnii bruijnii SaIvadori legs and feet light slate. r Common in the crown of the 7000 to Our only record: adult male, Mt. Orata, 10,ODO-footforest in pairs and small flocks. Kubor Mountains, 7500± feet, March 25, 1950. Neopsittacuspullicauda pulllcauda Hartert The native name is "cn-de-sing-em-ki," r Mt. Hagen, Kubor, and Wahgi Divide Cacatua galerita triton Temminck ( birds agree well with one another and with a single specimen from Schraderberg, also This tropical species was a favorite pet of Wahgi region natives. A live bird photo- with a series from the Owen Stanley Moun- graphed at Kup, May, 1952: 700± grams; tains. All have the extensive crimson chest of !. the nominate form. crown, back, wings, and flanks in molt- One female collected by a native from Mt Geoflroyus geoffroyi minor Neumann ,r Wilhelm (9000 feet) on June 11, 1950, has One, from the NondugI aviaries, probably an apparently aberrant tail 262 mm. long, from the]imi River region; gift of Capt. N. B. or nearly three times as long as any in the Blood. extensive American Museum series, of which I' the measurements of some are 86, 90, 92, Geoffroyussimplex-bUrgersiNeumann 95, and 95. It is dull yellowish brown on the One spirit specimen obtained from the I outer third and green elsewhere, with a dusky Nondugl aviaries, probably from the Jimi f shaft streak, and, in shape, it is like that of River region; gift to the 1950 expedition-of Charmosyna papou. It would be interesting Capt. N. B. Blood, i to know what physiological or genetic condi- , tion was responsible for this excessive growth. Alisteros chloropteruswilhe1minaeOgilvie- Grant Data of an adult preserved in spirits at I I{up, May 27,-1952: 26.5 grams; molt gener- A male from the Nondugl aviaries, said al; iris Cadmium Yellow; maxilla near to have come from the Jimi River; gift of r English Red, becoming yellow near tip, Capt. N. B. Blood. f, m' 7 '

340 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 103 TABLE 2 MEASUREMENTS (IN MILLDIETBRS) OF Psiteacella brehmii

Wing Tail pallida Southeastern New Guinea mountains d' 115,115,117,118,119,121 78,78,80,83,84,88 o 116,117,117,119,119,121 74,80, 81, 81, 86,87 d' 120, 125, 126 83,83,83 Wahgi region d' 120,122.5,123 82,82,88 o 123.5,124 ;nlermwa 80,85 Mt. Goliath d' 118,123, 125, 127 91,92,94,98 o 120,123,124,128 83,89,91,96 Weyland Mountains d' 130 95 o 119, 126, 127, 129.5 91,96,96,98, 100, 109 131, 131.5, 135 I Psittacel1a brehmiI paUida Meyer PsittaceUa modesta hallstroml Wahgi region specimens (Mt. Hagen, Mt. Mayr and Gilliard I Kubor, Bismarck Mountains, three males, For description, see Mayr and Gilliard I two females) appear inseparable from south- (1951, pp. 5-6). The type locality is Yandara, east New Guinea birds (pallida) although north slope of M t. Wilhelm, Bismarck Moun- there is a tendency towards a longer wing. tains, 6000 feet. ~ A series from Mt. Goliath (imermixta) dif- Data on a skin collected May 15, 1952, fers greatly from the Wahgi region birds by at Mt. Hagen: male subadult; 7000± feet; having the yellow of the back more wide- 43 grams; wing, 98 mm.; tail, 67.5: molt, body spread and brighter, as well as by generally (wing and tail fresh). larger proportions. The Schraderberg race Compared with the type of hallstromi (the (bitrgerst) we have not seen. The Huon Penin- only other male known) from the Blemarcke, sula bird (kartert'fo)is very distinct. (See ta- this Mt. Hagen male has the wing and tall ble 2.) decidedly longer.. Additional specimens are PsfttaceUa picta e:z:celsa Mayr and. Gilliard needed to establish the significance of this. Iris Sepia; bill Mustard Yellow, with large This relatively common, well-marked race dark grayish areas on basal two-thirds; cere , was discovered by the 1950 expedition in the dark gray. becoming lemon yellow around I high forests of. the Kubor, Bismarck, and Hagen Mountams. (See Mayr and Gilliard, nostrils; skin around eye dark greenish gray; 1951, pp. tH.) legs gray. Data pertaining to two skins collected in Cuculus saturatus hors1ie1diHorsfield the Kubor Mountains by the 1952 expedition: and Moore sex 1; ~pril 27; 800~ feet; 68 grams; wing. , Adult male, NondugJ, 5200 feet, May 10, 1~2; tad, 76; no Sign of molt, plumage 1950. shghtly worn. Iris Orange Citrine: nostrils pale apricot yellow; bill bone white with dark Cacomantis variolosus oreophilus Hartert } grayish sides; legs dark gray; pad~ pale buff. Pending a study of this group we includ~ Sex?; June 3; 8000 feet; 64 grams' wing 112. tail, 71; molt general. '" for geographical reasons the 1950 ~ahgt I The native name in the Kubor Mountains series with oreophilus of eastern New Gume~ is "bog-gag-namp." Data on an adult male collected in 195 in the Kuhar Mountains, 5000 feet; May 24: , I....ii" 1954 MAYR AND GILLIARD: BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA 341 I I 29 grams; molt, back, wing, tail, and flanks., Tyro longimembrls papuensis Hartert t A common species of the forest edge and Two live specimens were examined and bushy fields. photographed at Kup by the 1952 party I (pl. 17, fig. 2): sex 1: May 27, June 2: 445 Cacomantis pyrrhophanus excitus Rothschild grams, 395; wing, 291 mm., 333; tail, 116, ~.-. I and Hartert I i I 103; no sign of molt in one, the June 2 speci- , Kubor Mountains, 5300 feet: June 1; sex?: men had the lower back and rump in molt. " • 45.5 grams; molt. crown, neck, back, tail, During April to July an adult was seen and wing. Iris dark brown; bill vinaceous many times flying low over agricultural i black: eye ring canary yellow; legs dull areas and grasslands at 5000 feet, about half yellowish brown. an hour before dark. I In the Kubor Mountains, June 5, a live Common; used extensively for adornment I fledgling was found, estimated to be several by native dancers. ~ days out of the nest. Very common in second-growth edge and Tyto tenebrlcosa arfaki Schlegel I high open forest, usually solitary or in pairs. Common in the deep forests. A downy One specimen was shot at 9500 feet on young was collected on Mt. O'-mar, May 22, I i Mt. Wilhelm slightly above the range 1952, at about 7000 feet. credited to this species (Mayr, 1941, p. 72). One adult from the Bismarck Mountains I was presented to the 1950expedition by Capt. ,I Chalcites lucidus piagoBus Latham N. B. Blood. I Adult female, Nondugl, 5200 feet, May 31, NinoX' theomacha theomacha Bonaparte r 1950. Two live specimens were examined at Kup t The 1952 expedition secured an adult male in the Kubor Mountains in April, 1952, at in 1952. Both were said to have been cap- 5000+ feet, with no sign of molt. tured in the immediate neighborhood at about 5000 feet: sex ?j May 4, May 12; 125 grams; wing, 180 mm., 190; tail, 100, 97. The Chalcltes ruficoWs Salvadori May 12 bird was found to be replacing the Uncommon, solitary. One specimen of back, tail, and under wing coverts; the other unknown sex was taken from a perch 4 feet specimen was not examined for molt. I up in a sapling growing in high original forest, Iris bright Lemon Yellow; cere greenish r, 7000feet, Kubor Mountains. The native name • . " black; legs dull brown; bill whitish. I, IS mont-to-quln." One adult male, Mt. Wilhelm, 8500 feet. Podargus papuensis Quoy and Gaimard Three specimens were examined in the 'r Chalcites meyeri Salvadorl Hagen and Kubor Mountains: two males, Adult male, Kup, April, 1952. one ?; 317 grams, 356, 391; wing, 301 mm., f 285, 285j molt, May IS, 16, 29. general. Centropus phasianinus proplnquus Mayr Iris dark cherry red. ! When cornered this species emits an im- r, A single specimen was obtained by the pressive series of growls, croaks, and grunts 1952 expedition in the Baiyer River Valley, accompanied by threat posturing and bill I 4000feet, May 16: 230 grams; wing, 199 mm.j clapping. r molt general; testis large and white; iris near A fledgling about a month old was brought Carmine. in to Kup by a native in late June. This species does not occur in the Wahgi, Not uncommon up to 6500 feet. By day it t, ~elgavais, or Chimbu valleys, which are , rests in thick trees of the forest edge or in Situated above its altitudinal range. isolated trees in grasslands. It perches on I large mossy limbs like an owl. When dis- Tyto alba meeki Rothschild and Hartert turbed by day this species without diffi- r Two live birds of this species were seen at culty but usually seeks a landing spot within L Kup but not saved. 50 yards. 342 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 103

A skull of a bird which had been shot and of the worn condition of the western series, eaten by natives at Mt. Hagen was collected we agree that it is advisable to await the col. by the 1950 party. lection of material in comparable plumages Aegotheles albertisii salvadorii Hartert before reaching any definite conclusion. A single specimen obtained by the 1950 expedi- Wahgi region birds (Mts. Hagen, Kubor, tion on Mt. Hagen, July 20, also is worn. Wilhelm) are nearest to salvadorii (Weyland This specimen agrees closely with the western Mountains to mountains of southeastern series and differs from the Mt. Tafa birds New Guinea), but with the under parts some- as diagnosed by Rand. _ what mere coarsely marked. They differ from A very secretive bird of the high mountain the M t. Wilhelmina bird (archbold'tJ by hav- forests. Our specimen was killed by a native ing the upper parts somewhat darker in the with a stick as it sat dozing in the late after- dark phase; the dorsal barring finer, with noon on a broad moss-covered limb in the fewer white spots (particularly on rump); and stunted cloud forest at an elevation of about the body plumage generally less rufous and 10,000 feet. with a different pattern. Iris deep brown j bill black; feet vinaceoue Range of wing measurements of the Wahgi brown; total length in flesh, 273 mm. The Mt. region series: eight males, 114-126.5 mm.: Hagen native name is "kom-bu-gang." two females, 115-122.5. Spirit specimen, May 14, 1952: adult male; Colloca1ia escuIenta escuIenta Linnaeus Mt. Hagen, 7000± feet; 36 grams; molt, Abundant between 5000 and 12,000 feet tail and tail Coverts. Iris Prout's Brown; in the Wahgi region in flocks of up to IS, fly- legs pinkish white. ing low or high over all sorts of open and Aegotheles insignia insignis Salvadori forested terrain. Total length in life: males, 97 mm., 100, Wing: Males, 156 mm., 158, 162, 163, 164, 164: females, 159, 161, 169, 173, 174, 175. 100, 103, 104, lOS, 107; females, 94, 94, 98, 99, 100, 102, I Our series from M ts. Kubor, Hagen, and The Nondugl name is "kin-si-ba": the 1 Wilhelm agrees with the highland popula- tions which vary only slightly (in size), and Kubar name, "ton-de-be." which Rand (1942, p. 456) would regard as Collocalia hlrundinacea hirundinacea a single fonn (insignis), with pulcher as a Stresemann synonym. Abundant in medium and large flocks Spirit specimens, Mts. Kubor and Hagen: chiefly over mid-mountain and summit gra;;s- two m~es; April 24, May 16: 59 grams, 71.5; lands to 13,000 feet. Often, in company WIth I body m general molt, wings worn; three females; April 14, 16, May 15: 67 grams, 83, C. esculenta esculenta. seen coursing ov~ 1 rocky ridges near the summit of Mts. Wd- 84; molt, tw~ showed general molt, the last helm and Hagen or over the agricultural showed no SIgn of molt. Two males (April lands of Nondugl. 24, ~ay 16) had. the. testes partially enlarged. Total length in life: males, 105, 113, 113, 1 Ins Russet; bill vmaceoua bone, tip smoke colored; legs pale gray, with a vinaceous cast. 114, lIS, lIS, 119, 121. 121: females, 105, I 110, 112, 113, 116. Eurostopodus mystacalis mysfacaIis Temminck ~ Collocalia whiteheadi papuensis Rand This migrant from Australia was collected 1 near Kup, Wahgi Valley, 5000 feet May 15 Apparently very uncommon in the Kubor 1952; wing, 251 mm. " region and rare or absent in the Hagen and Bismarck regions. Eurostopodus archboldi Mayr and Rand The 1950 and 1952 parties each secured w.o specimens in the foothills of M 1. 0' -mar and The differences noted by Rand (1942, p. 457) between three Mt. Tafa skins (type Mt. Orata, Kubor Mountains (5000-6000 feet). All were reported to have been trapped Included) and three from the Habbema region as they slept under overhanging rocks in the seem to be of racial rank. However, in view bed of a mountain stream. 1954 MAYR AND GILLIARD: BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA 343 i The native name is "tont-to-bar." :Meropsomatus Latham 1 Two skins, one male. one female: total The 1950 and 1952 parties found this Aue- length in life, 131 rnrn., 130. Two spirit tralian migrant -common in the central specimens (Apri123): one in general molt, the Wahgi Valley during the period April to july. I other in fresh plumage with no sign of molt. A solitary bird was observed and photo- Iris Carob Brown. graphed in July as it hunted day after day Halcyon megarhyncha megarhyncha like a kingbird from the same perch in bushes , 5200 , Salvadori on the side of a little canyon at Kup, feet. During the summer of 1945 this specimen, An adult (sex ?) preserved in spirits, May I an adult male, was collected near Nondugl 26, 1952, weighed 30 grams and was in general (5200feel) by Capl. N. B. Blood, who kindly molt. presented it to the 1950 expedition. I In coloration it agrees with a series of males RhyticerospUcatusjungei Mayr ~ from southeastern New Guinea, but it has A captive male with a reddish neck from the wing exceptionally long. the Jimi River region was examined and Wing measurements of Halcyon megar- photographed by the 1952 party. I hyncha are: Weight, 1190 grams. Bill bone white, with ( megarhyncha vinaceous brown posterior edges; base of Eastern New Guinea, 86, 86, 86, 88, 88.5 casque chalk white; naked throat and sides b Wahgi Valley, 96 of neck white, faintly tinted with pale blue; skin around eye pale cobalt blue, becoming I welld deep violet blue in front of eyes j iris, outer I Snow Mountains, 81, 92 rim buffy brown, middle ring dark coffee Weyland Mountains, 85, 88 brown, inner rim (a thin edge) pale buffy i' Males of sellamontis of the Huon Peninsula brown. (, were not measured. A single female (wing, 83) Hornbills make delightful pets and are agrees with a female (wing, 84) from the frequently kept by highland natives. The Hydrographer Mountains. species is absent from the Wahgi region, Additional material is needed to evaluate being restricted to lower elevations, although this apparent size difference. in 1948 on Mt. Maguli, Papua, the junior author collected a specimen at 4500 feet. 1, Clytoceyx rex rex Sharpe r etythrogaster subspecies? , See Rand (1942, p. 461) for a discussion of septentrionalis, which he believes to be A gift to the 1950 expedition by Capt. N. B. I invalid. Our single example from the jimi Blood who collected it on the lower Jimi r River in the Sepik River drainage is indis- River (Sepik watershed). tinguishable from rex of southeastern New Probably an adult female. The nape is I Guinea. paler, more pinkish, less brownish, than that r Captain N. B. Blood presented this skin of any in the series of habenichti at hand. to the expedition, also two examples pre- Based on geographical grounds only, it ( served in spirits. All were obtained during should be that subspecies. ~ the course of a reconnaissance made by Blood Pitta sordida novae--guineaeMullerand and Mr. John Hallstrom to the Jimi River Schlegel region during the summer of 1949. I Collected on the jimi River, Sepik water- r, Halcyon sancta sancta Vigors and Horsfield shed, by Capt. N. B. Blood, who presented This migrant from eastern and southern it to the 1950 expedition. j., Australia and Tasmania is common in the HitUndotahitica frontalis Quoyand Gaimard Wahgi Valley, at least during April and May. I Specimens examined April 11 and 14 were in A specimen collected at Nondugl, 5200 general molt. Weight in grams: males, 31, feet, is from near the altitudinal ceiling of 31.5; females 34, 32. this bird. 344 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 103

Edo1isoma montanwn minus Rothschild olive above, and the under parts are generally and Hartert darker. Several collected in mountain forest, 7500- In wing measurements the Saruwaged, 8500 feet. Bismarck-Hagen series has the wing some-- what .smaller than do eastern New Guinea Coracina longicauda longicauda De Vis birds. Common in isolated pairs in the pine forests Wing measurements, in millimeters, of of the Wahgi region above 7000 feet. A female Anthus gutturalis are: was taken on its nest and egg,lune 17, south gutturalis slope of M t. Wilhelm, 9500 feet. The nest Southeast New Guinea, "a' If, 1OG-l03" was 65 feet up in a pine tree in a crotch. (Mayr, 1931, p, 693) It consisted of a bulky foundation of stringy, Southeast New Guinea, 4, a', 99, 99, ion, 102 living, green "Spanish" moss, a cup of fine rhododendri rootlets decorated near the outside top with green, gray, and white lichens, and on the Saruwaged Mountains, "4 a' a',93, 93, 94, 96" inner surface with a few small greenish (Mayr, 1931, p. 692) Mt. Wilhelm,7 a', 93, ,95, 96, 97, 98, 98, 98 leaves. The cup measured 80 mm. by 35 deep. Mi:. Hagen, 1 a', 99 The nest over all measured 180 by 210 by " ' 120 mm, woUastoni The egg (a large fragment was collected) Mi. Wilhelmina, 6 a', 95, 96, 96, 97, 99, 101 was like that of a crow I with a pale bluish Common in the summit grasslands on Mt. base mottled with brown flecks and spots. Wilhelm between tree line (11,000 feet) and Two spirit specimens, April 23, May 14, 12,500 feet. Very uncommon in the grass- 1952: 109 grams, 100; one with the tail in molt. lands capping Mt. Hagen. The Kubor Mountain name is "began- Anthus australis exiguus Greenway ana." Somewhat larger than tapa typical exiguus Coraclna caeruleogrisea strenua Schlegel from Wau, Herzog Mountains.

One adult male from above Nondugl, WING CLAW nooo feet: wing, 174.5 mm. j bill from n054 Nondugl, 7 a' 79, 82, 83, 84, 11, 11, 11.5, 12, triIs, 24.5; bill width at nostrils, 15.5. 84, 84, 85 12,12. 13 Compared with a series, including the type Wau,la' 81 9 of acromsoni, our specimen has the paler ocher under wing coverts and axillaries, the Very common in cut-over areas, particu- shorter, less bulky bill, and the somewhat larly on grass airfields at Nondugl (5200 darker grayish body plumage of strenua. feet), Kup (5000 feet), and Kegalsugl (8300 This record constitutes an extension of feet). range southeastward from the Sepik Moun- tains. Smcola caprata wahgiensis Mayr and Gilliard Anthus gutturaIis rhododendri Mayr For description, see Mayr and Gilliard (1951, p. 8). C!n th.e basis of the description, Wahgi A series from Nondugl and Mt. Hagen. One regron birds agree with rhododendri, hereto- (May 1) has the tail in molt. Another (Ma~ f~e known only from the Saruwaged Moun- 2) has fresh plumage, except for two pairs 0 tams (see Mayr, 1931, p. 962), but no speci- secondaries. Two (April 19 and July 9) are mens. were compared. They differ from gut4 in fresh plumage. A female (May 1) has the tura11s of southeastern New Guinea by having plumage worn. the upper. parts somewhat more greenish, less brownish, the chest darker, more oliva- Turdus poliocephalus erebus Mayr cecus, Jess butTy olive, and the abdomen some- and Gilliard what darker. more ochraceous, less buffy. For description, see Mayr and Gil1i~ In comparison to wollastoni they are more (1951, pp. 7-8; 1952b, p. 7). The type locabty 1954 MAYR AND GILLIARD, BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA 345 is Mt. Wilhelm, Bismarck Mountains, 11,500 by having the chest dark, not light gray, and feet. from sanfordi they differ by being grayer, less Rather common on M t. Wilhelm between rufous, throughout. 11,000 feet and grass line at 13,500 feet. A Eupetes leucostictus loriae Salvadori "thrush-like" nest found. in a chimney of rocks at 13,500 feet probably belonged to Our series differs somewhat from loriae this species. Two nestlings were found by by having the upper chest and flanks less natives in early Jnne near the lower of the heavily and less extensively washed with 'two Mt. Wilhelm lakes (11,200 feet). When green. Several nearly topotypical loriae in disturbed, this species shows its preference the American Museum collection match indi- for dark, wet rocks by flying to perches on viduals from the Kubor Mountains and. Mt or near such situations. In so doing they Hagen. Thus, although an average difference quickly merged with the background. is perceptible, it is considered too slight for Only a single specimen was obtained on recognition. Mt. Hagen despite concerted hunting by Not uncommon in the high forests, but one or more men for 10 days. very elusive. In December, 1952, Mr. W. T. Lake pre- Melampitta lugubris longicauda Mayr sented to the American Museum a set of and Gilliard two eggs of this species which he collected For description, see Mayr and Gilliard near Tomba (8000 feet) on the south slopes (1952b, pp. 1-2). Tbe type locality is Mt. of Mt. Hagen, October 16, 1952. The eggs Tafa, 2400 meters. (31 by 22, 28 by 21 mm.) are pale cinnamon, This form occurs from southeastern New slightly darker, more brown in a restricted Guinea westward through the Saruwaged, area at the larger end. The larger egg is Bismarck, Kubor, Hagen, and Snow Moun. several shades darker cinnamon brown and taine. is sprinkled with very pale gray spots which Wahgi rel;ion specimens (May) are re- are just visible through the brown color. placing the wing, tail, and body plumage. All Ifrlta kowa1di kowa1di De Vis have the gonads minute. Three May birds from Mt. Tafa are in similar condition, while See Rand (1937, p. 113; 1942, p. 469). We one, the type, taken September 10, is in find no significant size difference between fresh plumage. kowaldi of the east and bruenea of the west Iris Nopal Red. Wing measurements of geographically inter- The Kubor Mountain native name is mediate Wahgi region birds are: males, 86, "go-de-verge. " 87,88,89, 90.5; females, 77, 81, 82, 83, 86. In color of upper parts the fresh Wahgi Crateroscelis robusta robusta De Vis specimens are similar to a fairly recent collec- Very common. An inquisitive inhabitant tion from southeastern New Guinea (1933), of the floor and lower growth of deep forest. but they are generally more greenish, less Of four specimens taken May 9, 11, and 24 brownish, than brunnea. of the Weyland and June 16, three were molting the tail, one (1931) and Snow Mountains (1939). A single the wing and tail, and one the belly. Six col- Schraderberg (1913) male is as brown above Iected between May 24 and July 24 show no as brunnea. This may be due to foxing. The SIgn of molt. The gonads were minute in all Wahgi series is somewhat intermediate, but but one male auly 8). closer to kowaldi. in that it has slightly more . Bismarck, Kubor, and Hagen Mountain ochraceous, less buffy, under parts than true birds vary in coloration of the under parts. kowaldi. The Schraderberg skin has under- Although they tange from dark gray to oliva- parts which match those of kowaldi of the ceoue brown, no correlation between color east. and. sex is evident. In general color, as well Gonads minute. Six specimens collected as .ID variation of color, the Wahgi region during May, June, and July are replacing the sertes agrees with specimens from southeast- wing and tail, and two are molting the back ern New Guinea. From deficiens, they differ and upper tail coverts. 346 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 103

Common in the middle tier of mountain grassland of Mt. Hagen, 12,000 feet. Found forest above 6000 feet. also above tree line on Mt. Wilhelm. The native name in the Kubor Mountains Common but quite difficult to collect is "de-lip.' because of its habit of plunging into tall grass and often refusing to be flushed. Malurus alboscapulatus mafulu Mayr and Rand Megalurus timoriensis wahgiensis Since a Nondugl series agrees with tapa- Mayr and Gilliard typical mafulu, the range of this mid-moun- For description, see Mayr and Gilliard tain form is extended westward from the (1951, pp. 9-10). The type locality is the mid. upper . mountain grasslands, Mt. Hagen, 1800 feet. Western birds show a tendency towards Not uncommon, but quite elusive through- a larger wing: out the grasslands of the Tomba, Melgavais, Wahgi region, r:1, 49.5 mm., 49.5. 51, 51. 51.5, Wahgi, and Chimbu valleys between 5000 52. and 8000 feet. Mafulu, r:JI, 48.5, 49, 49. 49. 49, 49.5. 50. One specimen; Kup; 5000 feet, April 12, In this connection it should be 'pointed 1952; adult female: 25 grams; molt, general out that the western series was collected except wings. slightly above 5000 feet and the eastern series Serlcomis nouhuysi stresemanni Mayr slightly below 4000 feet. , Abundant in brush and forest edge situa- A series from Mt. Kubor, Mt. Hagen, and tions. Not seen above 6000 feet. The native the agrees with Streee- Kubor Mountain name is "di-laga." Usually mann's description (1921, p. 33) of streseman· found in pairs of small groups. Very inquisi- ni, formerly rUfescens, in the color of the tive and responsive to squeaking. upper parts and in size. However. compared I Four specimens, 1952: molt general, wings with examples of oorti (with which Streee- and tail worn, with no sign of molt; molt in mann made his diagnosis), our birds below female (I), tail and wing; female (I), tail are somewhat darker, more brownish, less j and back. yellowish. No mention of this character. is made by Stresemann. Actually, little im- CIytom.yias insignia oorti Rothschild and portance can be attached to this difference in H",tert view of the pronounced color variability Common on Mt. Hagen where this species existing among closely situated populations is known as the "too-lo-wan-boo." Unob- of nouJzuysi (Rand, 1942, p. 473). served in the Kubor, Wahgi Divide, and The Wahgi specimens were collected b: I Bismarck Mountains. All but two of our se- tween May 24 and July 10. In most, there 15 i ries (four males, six females, collected dur- no trace of molt, and the plumage appeared ing the period July 5-16) show signs of molt. unworn or slightly worn. Two (july 8, 9) I Six are replacing the wing, three the tail, had the wing decidedly worn. Four (july 2, 5. and four the body plumage. In all, the gonads 6, 6) were renewing the secondaries, one Guly 1 were small, although in one male collected 5) the tail, and two (july 4, 10) the back. July 5, they were beginning to enlarge. The gonads were very small (1 mm. or I Measurements, in millimeters, of the Mt. less in diameter) in all but four mates; three 1 Hagen material: (july 2, 6, 8) had the testes about 3 mm., I WING TAn. and nne (May 24) had them enlarged to 7 Mal", 56,56,58,58 66,67.5,68 mm. '1 Females 56,51.5,59,59, 65,69,69.5, One of a pair of fledglings (wing and.tal 59,60 71.5,72 still partially ensheathed), apparently ,:t out of the nest, was captured by hand on e Megalurus timorlensis montanus Mayr and Gilliard ground in deep forest on June 17 (Mt. Wil- helm, 9600 feet). A slightly older bird was For description, see Mayr and Gilliard taken on May 24 (M t. Orata, Kubor Moun- (1951, p. 9). The type locality is the summit tains, 6000 feet). , i

1954 MAYR AND GILLIARD: BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA 347 An aberrant immature male in which the more olive, less yellow; and the crown darker mandibleis white, not black, and the throat with less yellow on the midline. In addition I white, not brown, was taken May 11 above the Mt; Hagen specimen has the throat NondugI. somewhat paler, more grayish, less yellow- Iris reddish brown. ish. In this respect, as well as in the crown The Kubor Mountain native names are markings; the Mt. Hagen bird differs very "tarem-pa" (Kup) and "pser-coi" (Qmong much from the Weyland Mountain race River). (albigularis). I Junge's paniaiae (1952, p. 248) from the ,! Serlcornis (rufescens) perspici11atus Salvadori ir- Wisselmeren region (Arabve, Bivak) has not ,, ' Common in the substage of high forest. been compared. This form is apparently very I' On Mt. Kubar this bird is known as the closeto giulianettii. which iswhat Rand (1942, , "tir-quoy." p. 476) called his Oranje Mountain birds, but Two spirit specimens from Mt. Kubor, is said to differ by having more golden April 3, 5: molt general in both. Iris dark brownish upper parts. brown. Pe1tops mODtanus Stresemann Sericomis papuensis biirgersi Stresemann Our only record is of a specimen collected A single specimen from M t. Hagen (8200 by Capt. N. B. Blood and presented by him feet) is as brown above and below as many to the expedition. It was taken approximately in Rand's series from the Habbema region. 40 mileswest of Mt. Hagen during the course of explorationswhich Bloodconducted shortly Acanthiza murina De Vis after World War II. He reports that the Four examples of this mcncrypic species bird was taken at an altitude of about 8000 were obtained on Mt. Kubor (8500+ feet) feet. The wing measures 109 mm, and Mt. Hagen (11,000-11,300 feet). Rhipidura. brachyrhyncha. devisi North Gerygone cinerea Salvadori Common but thinly distributed in the An adult female from Mt. Wilhelm, 8500 thick substage of high cloud forest between feet. 8000 and 11,500 feet. Very inquisitive and fearless. Gerygone ruilcollis insperata. DeVis One was shot on Mt. Hagen at 11,200feet, Common in second-growth forest about 2 feet from the ground and a few feet from Nondugl. the grass at tree line.

Phylloscopus trivirgatus giuIianettii Salvadori Rhipidura atta. atra Salvadori One specimen (1950) and an excellent This friendly flycatcher of the dripping photograph in color (1952) of a female moss forest, known as the "de-gam-be-gang" perched beside its nest and egg, where it was on Mt. Kubor, is common in the high moun- trapped by a native. Data on the latter bird: tains of the Wahgi region. April 24, 1952, Kubor Mountains, 5640 feet; Data on a male from Mt. Hagen, 9000± tail in molt. Iris dark grayish brown; bill feet; May 16, 1952: no sign of molt; testes black, with a dark brown ventral base; legs much enlarged. In a specimen taken May 11, dark slate. The egg measured 18 by 13 mm., 1950, the testes were also enlarged. and was pure white. Rhipidura a1bolimba:ta Salvadori In December, 1952, Mr. W. T. Loke pre. aented to the American Museum one adult Our series, obtained from natives in the male from Tomba, Mt. Hagen, 8000 feet, Kubor, Bismarck, and Hagen Mountains, which he had collected October 18, 1952. was taken between 5200 and 10,000 feet This specimen agrees with a series from south- Those from above 7000 feet appear insepa- eastern New Guinea (giulianetti$) and differs rable from lorenm of the highlands of the from the Cyclops Mountain bird (cydopum) Oranje Mountains; those from the 5000 to by having the back and' flanks much darker, 6500-footzone are smaller and lighter above 348 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 103 and, therefore, appear more like auricularis native gardens and in the forest. The highest of the lowlands. record was of a male taken behind Kup on Rand (1942, pp. 479, 480) examined this Mt. Orata (6000 feet). species thoroughly and concluded (on the The native name at both Nondugl and Kup basis of the material then available): U ••• is "denga-Iap" or "deng-Iap." In the Tomba except in the Snow Mountains [Oranje region of Mt. Hagen, this "Willie " Mountains] above 2,200 meters, the geograph- is called "teark." In this latter area a nest ical variation is too slight to define sub- was reported at more than 7000 feet, but no species." On the basis of the material now birds were seen. available, it is evident that the range of Four nests were brought in by natives, who lorentzi, the high altitude representative of reported them to have been placed 15 to 40 albolimbata (which differs by reason of greater feet up in trees of the forest edge and in lone wing length and darker plumage), extends trees growing in agricultural areas. A nest eastward (in clearly recognizable form) at brought in May 24, 1950, had two creamy least to the highlands of M t; Hagen and prob- white eggs in it. These were wreathed broadly ably to the highlands of the Kubor and the about their medial portions with spots of Bismarck Mountains. Confirmation is de- pale gray, pale olive, and pale cinnamon. rived from both color and size. Concerning They measured 19.8 by 16 mm. and 21 by the latter, two of theMt. Hagen specimens 16. The nest is asolidlywoven, glued structure have the wing larger (see measurements of grass, lined with fine grasses and rootlets, below) than that of any of the Oranje males and tightly sheathed with silvery plant down of lorentzi recorded by Rand. and webbing. Sometimes the outside Wing measurements, in millimeters, of is decorated with fine moss or lichens and a Rhipidura albolimbata are: few feathers. It is usually placed in a slender, lorenni nearly horizontal fork or on a single narrow Mt. Hagen, 8000-10,000 feet limb. The nest is firmly anchored by wrap- d' 79.5,82.5,84, pings of spider webbing and "glue." Measure- 86.5,86.5 ments of the four nests are: depth, 87 mm., 9 77,80 65,76,67; diameter, 85, 85, 83, 80; depth of Mt. Wilhelm, 9000±feet cup, 28, 27, 3D, 27; diameter of cup. 61, 63, 91 77,80.5 60, 57. ? Mt. Kubor, 7000±feet In April the 1952 party found an occupied 9 80.5 nest 10 feet above and 20 feet to one side of auricularis a frequently used bower of Chlamydera lauler- Behind Nondugl bachi lauteroochi. Both were in a "pit pit" d' 78 grass swamp 30 feet from a trickling stream 9 77 at Kup at 5000 feet. The native name in the Kubor Mountains Monarcha axillaris fallax Ramsay is "we-nang"; in the Hagen Mountains, "eve-en-em," Our only record is of an adult male brought to the 8200-foot Mt. Hagen camp, July 20, Rhipidura leucophrys mela1euca Quoy and by a native. Gaimard Machaerirhynchus nigripectus saturatus Mayr (1941, p. 131) gives the altitudinal Rothschild and Hartert range of this bird as II ••• rarely more than Excluding the Adak population, the on!y 100 m, above sea level, but occasionally fol- geographically variable character we find In lowing the rivers inland up to 1000 m." this species is the coloration of the upper Rand (1942, p. 480) found that this species parts in the female. Size has been shown by reached an altitude of 1500 meters. Mayr (1931, p. 382) and Rand (1942,. p. ~831 We found the species common at Nondugl to be subject to a great deal of altitudma (5200 feet) and not uncommon in the vicin- variation. ity of Kup (5000 feet). It occurred about Our studies are based on series from the $"'tC:tCM'u • ''.'M .. !.... ,. " , II' .. ~".."7_ w __

1954 MAYR AND GILLIARD: BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA 349 Weyland, Goliath, Hagen, Kubor, Bismarck, belief that Eugerygone must be shifted from Saruwaged, and southeast New Guinea moun- the warblers to the flycatchers because of tains. They indicate that females fall into the color of the juvenile plumage (which is two groups: (1) those from southeast New brown as in Mtaoeca, not yellow as in Gery- Guinea and the Saruwageds in which the gone). This shift is confirmed by the fly- back is grayish brown washed with olive; catcher-like postures of the birds photo- and (2) those from the Sepik, Bismarck, graphed by the 1952 party (see pI. 22, figs. Kubor, Hagen, Oranje, and Weyland Moun- 1,2). tains in which the female is much darker, Microeca papuana Meyer more blackish, above. This warbler-like flycatcher is common in It is somewhat surprising that the Saru- the mid-mountain cloud forest, where it waged population (group 1) matches that of usually occurs in pairs or small flocks. One southeast New Guinea (hartert~), rather than was seen feeding flycatcher-like in the forest that of the adjacent Sepik and east central crown 80 feet up, and another was observed ranges. This break is accentuated by the in a short tree of the forest substage 12 feet fact that in group 2 (the dark-backed group) up. a pronounced east-west cline from dark to The Kubor Mountain native name is light exists with the darkest (nearly jet "pa-baar-bor.' black) examples occurring in the east central Several May and july skins have the wing ranges nearest to the Saruwaged Mountains. or the wing and tail in molt. Others taken in The difference in dorsal coloration in the May, june, and july show no sign of molt. dark-backed group is vivid. In a comparison Invariably the black gonads were minute. between series from the Weyland and Hagen- Kubor-Bismarck Mountains, it seems ob- Monachella. miiUeriana miilleriana Schlegel vious at first that two races are involved: the Heretofore this wide-ranging _ river fly- I very black eastern bird and a paler-backed I western form. However, because the type 10- catcher had not been recorded from above I· I ~ality of the dark-backed group (saturatus) 1000 meters (Mayr, 1941, p. 140). During 1950 1952, IS Mt. Goliath, which is situated about mid- the surveys of and it has turned wayan the color cline, the two cannot be up in two widely separated regions of the separated. Furthermore, certain specimens in central highlands at altitudes- of 5600 feet the variable series from the Weyland Moun- or more, namely, in the Kubar Mountains, ta~s agree quite well with the topotypical where six were collected on the Qmong River senee. above Kup (5600-6000 feet), and on the On June 21 a nestling about 15 days old northern slopes of the Bismarck Mountains was seen. at Vandara (6000 feet). This last specimen The Kubor Mountain native name is was collected by Mr. Fred Shaw Mayer and presented by him to the expedition. "koner-peramp," . Common in bushes and low trees of open Common in the Kubor Mountains patrol- agricultural areas and the forest edge be- ling in loose pairs 10 to 40 feet above rush- ing mountain streams in semi-forested areas tween 5000 and 7000 feet. . or sitting kingfisher-like on exposed perches Eugerygone rubra saturatior Mayr over water. No trace of this species was found Two, from Mt. O'-mar and Kubor Moun- elsewhere in the Wahgi Valley. Shaw Mayer noted that at Vandara the bird often perched tains, April 27, 3D, 1952, 7500 and 7800 feet: no sign of molt. on fence posts around native gardens. The native name in the Kubor Mountains Iris dark brownish black; maxilla black; gape and mandible Brick Red; legs and feet is "no-guat": at Banz, "no-guas"; at Nondugl Dragons-blood Red; the feet are strongly "no-guat-te." washed ~th gray. - Two nests belonging to this species were The Kubor Mountain native name is "tu- collected by natives along the Omong River. mi-kon." These are constructed of mud, thin rootlets. Photographs confirmed the senior author's and lichens. The rootlets and mud (in each 350 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 103 case enveloping a slender limb) form a hard, PeneotheUo sigiIlatus sigillatus De Vis adobe-like foundation on the top of which is a wide, shallow cup of neatly arranged black- Extensive series from M t. Wilhelm and the ish rootlets. Measurements: depth of nests, Bismarck and Kubor Mountains are insepa- 65 mm., 70; diameter of structures, 90, 95; rable from topotypical birds from southeastern depth of cup, 25, 25; diameter of cup, 63, New Guinea. 68. The native name in the Bismarck Moun- Data and photographs collected by the tains behind Nondugl is "go-sip"; in the 1952 party are as follows: three unsexed Kubcr Mountains, "goi-de-berg." specimens; 18 grams, 19.5, 20: molt in all Of 11 specimens (May to-June 17) only (April 24 through June 10), general through- one (male, above Nondugl, May 10) showed out body, including wing and tail. Many no indication of molt. Eight were replacing color photographs were made of this species. the wing, seven the tail, and four the back. None had enlarged gonads, although the Tregellasia leucops wahgiensis Mayr testes varied in diameter from 2 mrn. (May and Gilliard 10) to 1 mm. (june 11). See Mayr and Gilliard (1952b, pp. 2-4) for All of the material from the Kubor and a discussion of this species in central and east- Bismarck ranges was obtained from native ern New Guinea. The type locality is Mt. collectors. Orata, Kubor Mountains, 6000 feet. Two specimens from the Kuhar Moun- One female, Mt. Orate, April 21, 1952, tains, Apri1t7-27, 1952: no sign of molt. 5640 feet; no sign of molt. Iris dark brown; base of bill pale yellowish bone; tips of bill Peneothello cyanus subcyaneus De VlS black; legs and feet dull brownish yellow. The native name at Nondugl is "darn-bar, This species divides into well-defined popu- ta-bal"; in the Kubor Mountains, "dog-en- lations in the Saruwaged (crown blue), the dap." Cylope (crown blackish), and the Arfak (crown pale blue) mountain "islands," Popu- PoecUodtyas albonotata griseiventris lations inhabiting the main ranges (such as Rothschild and Hartert those which we have seen from southeastern Our fresh series from Mt. Hagen and the New Guinea, the Bismarck, Kubor, Hagen, Bismarck Mountains agrees substantially Oranje, and Weyland Mountains), while with birds from the Snow Mountains, as well varying in minor degree, tend to intergrade as with topotypical specimens from Mt, one into the other. The head becomes less Goliath, allowing for the fact that the latter bluish, more blackish, from east to west. are considerably foxed. Birds from the Oranje Mountains westward The Kubor Mountain native name is are dark crowned, but not so dark as the "dib-na," Cyclops population. Those from M t. Hagen eastward are blue headed but not so light in Peneothello sigiUatus hagenensis Mayr and Gilliard color as the Saruwaged population. In size ~e blue-headed group (subcyaneus) of the mam For description of this form, see Mayr and range (type locality, mountains of southeast Gilliard, (1952b, pp. 4--5). The type locality is New Guinea) shows a slight increase in tall Summit Camp, Mt. Hagen. length and a slight decrease in bill length Relatively common in bushes and at the from east to west. edge of the rhododendron forest at and near Measurements (in millimeters) of Peneo- tree line (11,000 feet). thello cyanus subcyaneus are:

WING TAIL BILL Mountains of southeast New Guinea, 90" 91-96 60-<;5.6 [69J 16.5-18.5 Saruwaged Mountains, 60" 89-94 Wahgi region,S 0" 60.6-65 16.5-18 93-97 69-71 15-11 351 1954 MAYR AND GILLIARD, BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA A series of 10 (five males, four females, one somewhat darker, more greenish, less yellow- , female ?) from the Kubor, Bismarck, and ish, and the tail generally lighter, less black- Hagen Mountains are for the most part in ish, due to more extensive greenish edgings. fresh plumage. In three (May 6, 8, 20) the From bartoni of the east, the Wahgi-Saru- wingis being replaced; in one (May 6), the waged males differ decisively by having the tail; and in two (May 8,23), the body plum- tail darker, more blackish, not strongly age. No evidence of molt was found in five washed with green. Saruwaged females above are slightly more .\ specimens (May 6, 8, 20, July 7, 10). No gonadal development was seen, except in one olivaceous, less yellowish, than western ex- male with enlarged testes collected May 6. amples (including topotypical specimens) of The native name in the Kubor Mountains klossi. is "tok-um-bar." The bird is common. The species exhibits a decided east-west Molt: April 7, flanks; April 20, tail, other- cline, as follows: (1) tail in males from green- wise fresh; May 17, back, rump, under tail ish olive in the east (bartum; to blackish in . coverts; June 10, general excepting wings. the Weyland Mountains (klosSf,;, with the only clear break occurring between the albispecu1arls centralis Rand Herzog-Wharton and the Biemarck-Saru- r Birds from Mt. Hagen and the Bismarck waged Mountains; (2) upper parts in males less yellowish, more olivaceous, and upper ( Mountains agree with the type of centralis ( from the Snow Mountains (Idenburg River). parts in females less yellowish green, more brownish green, from east to west, without, I Rand (1940, p. 4) based this race on a speci- men which had gone unsexed in the field but in either case, any pronounced break. r which in his original description he identified From this study, it is evident that the Saruwaged population, while rightfully be- I as "l= t:Jl ad.]," with a wing of 96 mm, A male adult (A.M.N.H. No. 341450) from the longing with klossi of the west, may be said to represent a somewhat intermediate stage Bele River, 18 kilometers north of Lake of development between the western bird and I. Habbema, has the wing 102 mm. long. In view of the long wing of this specimen and bartcmi of the east. , Extensive measurements show that no size the dimensions recorded below for our Hagen- differences exist between various populations. Bismarck series, it seems likely that the type From the Kubar Mountains, 1952: one of centraUs is actually an adult female. mate, one, sex ?; 24 grams, 24; no sign of I Measurements of the wing of the Hagen- Bismarck series: males, 101-105 mrn.; fe- molt. Apparently uncommon. males, 92-98. IPachycepha1a schlege1ii obscurior Hartert Our series averages somewhat more pallid Compared with topotypical series of both ( on the flanks, abdomen, and under tail co- fJiridipectus and obscurior, Wahgi males (Mts. verts than do the two examples of centralis Hagen, Wilhelm, and Kubor) appear to be I available. almost exactly intermediate in the coloration Heteromyias albispecularis atricapilla of the abdomen, which is the only clearly r (Mayr, 1931, p. 681) has the wing shorter. diagnostic character. In series the inter- f Rhagologus leucostigma obseurus Rand mediate population stands out from both, but, when individuals are compared, the dif- t A subadult female from Mt. Hagen (native ferences disappear. It would be confusing to r collector) seems to be obscurus. name such an intermediate stage in the east- Pachycephala soror klossi Ogilvie-Grant west cline of this species. Common 20 to 50 feet up in the forest edge The 1950 party obtained a male at Non- and low crown of stunted. highly adorned dugl (5200 feet) and a young male in female ridge forest (7500-9000 feet). Solitary speci- plumage in the Kubor Mountains (? 6500 mens were collected in May and June. feet). The native name in the Bismarck Moun- The adult male agrees with Saruwaged tains is "we-en"; in the Kubor Mountains, Mountain males in being nearest to klossi of the west but with the upper parts averaging "yiba."

• •.._,DA ..._ ...... ",. ; ,owan; as aa "."I11'III""'

352 BULLETIN AMERiCAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 103

From the Kubor Mountains, April 22, Two other males (Rouna, A.M.N.H. No. 1952, one male in general molt. Iris near Mars 420828; Port Moresby, A.M.N.H. No. Brown. 295636), while obviously intermediate in coloration of the throat, are closer to r. leu- Pachycepha1amodesta hypoleucaReichenow cogaster, Birds from Mt. Hagen, Mt. Kubor, and In southeastern New Guinea it appears, the Bismarck Mountains may be considered therefore; that the lowland form (leucogaster) nearly topotypical hypoleuca. They differ comes in contact with the inland form (Mr- from the Saruwaged population by having salis) along the foothills of the Owen Stanley the chest darker gray and the abdomen more Mountains and forms there an intermediate dull grayish, less white. However, these dif- population. The fact that Rand's series from ferences are too slight, as pointed out earlier Rouna Falls is quite variable indicates the by Mayr (1931, p. 674), to justify the naming probability of a secondary contact with re- of the Saruwaged birds. sulting hybridization. Five males at hand The Kubor Mountain native name is "co- from the mouth of the Area River, one from ra-mung." Common, although difficult to see Lolorua (near Galley Reach), and one from in its favored habitat, the canopy of cloud Baroka are pure examples ofleucogaster. In forest about 8000 feet. all the throat is pure white, the black chest Two 1952 Kubor records: adult female, band is relatively narrow, and the back is sex ?: 18.5 grams, 16; one (April 24) in com- gray. . plete molt except for the tail. Iris dark ma- The conepecificity of monacha and rujiven- hogany; bill black; legs dark gray. trisis further substantiated by the Aru Island form (monacha monacha) which in its grayer Pachycephalarufiventris dorsalis Ogilvie-Grant back also shows a trend towards the Austra- lian rufi:oenlris. No comparative material of adult males of Infrequent in the forest edge and on iso- dorsalis is available, but the Nondugl males lated trees of the mid-mountain grasslands. agree perfectly with Ogilvie-Grant's original Two specimens; May 27, 3D, 19?2: 17 description of dorsalis from the Mimika grams, 20; molt, general in both. Ins neat River. Hessian Brown. Stresemann (1924) suggested considering rufi:oentris and monacha as conepecific. Mayr Pachycephala ruflnucha niveifrons Hartert (1941) kept monacha as a separate species Differing somewhat from niveijrons by since the Rothschild Collection contained a having the upper parts averaging darker, specimen of monacka from southeast New more greenish, less yellowish, and the lower Guinea, hence, presumably, from the range parts, particularly flanks and abdomen, more of rufisentris. A new examination of this bird, grayish olive, less yellowish olive, and also by collected by Goldie behind the Astrolabe having the white chest less frequently and Range, actually confirms the conspecificity of less strongly washed with yellow.. . the two species. The specimen is clearly a Since certain individuals in the American hybrid, being precisely intermediate between- Museum series from the Weyland Mountains dorsalis and rujiventris. It has the back gray agree with Habbema and Wahgi region speci- as in rujiventris leucogaster, not black, and the mens, it apppears inadvisable to name the throat black as in r, dorsalis. Additional cor- latter population. . roborative material was obtained by Zimmer A definite cline exists within niveifrons WI~ and Rand who collected three males in the the Weylands at one extreme and the W~gl Rouna-Port Moresby region, all of which region at the other. Birds from Mt. ,?ohath are clearly intermediate. One male and the Habbema region are interme

• ..

1954 MAYR AND GILLIARD, BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA 353

The native name in the Bismarck Moun- generally more grayish, although one speci- tains is "pin-oil"; in the Kubor Mountains, men (A.M.N.H. No. 657123) equals Wahgi "om-bi-ruuck," specimens in richness of coloration. I From the Kubor Mountains, April 29 and From the Kubor Mountains, April 4 and I June 10, 1952, two females: 31 grams, 32; June 5, 1952, two males: 42 grams, 43j molt, molt, none in one; upper back, wings, flanks none in the former, the crown and tail in the i in the other. The latter specimen had been latter which also had the testes enlarged to 7 I trapped at its nest, which contained two eggs. mm. Also one female, 30.5 grams. I From Mt. Hagen, one male, one female: 39 A breeding female trapped on its nest was grams, 42; molt, upper tail coverts, tail, and brought into the Katumbag camp (5500 feet) I back. Iris pale vinaceous cinnamon. on May 29. Common in the high mountain forest. Pitohui dichrous Bonaparte In December, 1952, Mr. W. T. Lake pre- I, sented to the American Museum a set of two Two examples from Nondugl are paler cln- eggs of this species which he collected at namon below than any in the extensive series Tomba (8000 feet) on the south slope of Mt. at hand. However. as pointed out by Rand I Hagen on October 17, 1952. The eggs measure (1942, p. 491), this species (for which two 28 by 19.5 and 28 by 20 mm., are white, geographical names are available: dichrous for ! thinly sprinkled with tiny black and a few the dark Arfak birds and monticola for the gray spots; incubation advanced. pale eastern birds) is composed of isolated populations which vary in a most irregular M:yio1estesmegarhynchuB tappenbecki manner, and therefore it is inadvisable to use Reichenow subspecific designations. Rand advised han- r Compared with topotypical material dling the problem in the manner adopted by r (Madang, male, two males), the Wahgi popu- the senior author (1937, pp. 6--9) for such ir- Iation averages darker below, particularly on regularly variable species as Potlargus papu- t the throat which is less whitish, more tawny ensis, Cacatua galerita, and Psittrichas ful- brown, and the chest which is more strongly gidus. suffused with brown, less cinnamon. On the A partial albino with a white spot on the whole, however, these differences are of minor abdomen was taken at Nondugl on May I, importance in this variable species. 1950 at 5200 feet. The Maeanderberg race (maeandrinus) is Our specimens were collected in the upper TABLE 3 " i: MBASUREM~NTS (IN MILLIMETERS) OF Pitonui nigrescen3 j'

[' Wing Tail I nigrescens 104.5-113.5 r Arfak Mountains, 4 9 12'H29 tDandamensis 130 104 i rne~~ndammen Mountains (type), 1 Q ( 99.5-108 Weyland Mountains 2 9 1 9 ? 121-128 100 125 I b Oranje Mountains (type): 1 I} wrgersi 112 Hagen Mountains 1 9 133.5 Schrader Mountai'ns, 19" 124 125 L_ Sch~der Mountains, 1r:1 juv." nurtert£ 100.5 , 120 ~aruwaged Mountains, 1Q schutaceus 100-104 119-127 r _Southeast New Guinea mountains, 6!j! Measurements from Stresemann. I ."...,."..''''''..1 s " .." 0; , •

354 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 103 middle tier of an "island" of casuarina forest coupled with a slight increase in brightness of surrounded by native farm lands. the plumage of the throat and upper chest. From Kup at 5200 feet on May 22, 1952, On the whole, however, the races are hardly adult female: 63 grams, no sign of molt distinguishable. The Wahgi birds are placed with the western Pitohui nigrescens bUrgersiStresemann form on the basis of their slightly smallerbill. Because subspeciatlon is usually visible Iris dark reddish brown; bill black; feet only in the female, which is generally brown- dark gray; gape wattles blood red to vina- ish, rather than in the male, which is gener- ceous rose, becoming more pallid, fleshyellow ally blackish, 18 females, including the types in three small areas near the center of each of wandamensis and meeki, were used for wattle. One, sex ? : 19 grams. study. Generally speaking, the peninsular birds, Artamus maximus Meyer namely, those of the Arfak Mountains (ni- Thinly distributed in the 5000 to 8500·foot grescens), Saruwaged Mountains (harterti), zone. Usually solitary on exposed perches of and mountains of southeastern New Guinea the forest edge 20 to 40 feet up, or soaring (schislaceus), differ from females of the vari- over grasslands. Once a small flock was ob- ous races inhabiting the trunk of the island served soaring over the top of a forested ridge by being decidedly more grayish, less brown- at 8500 feet in the Kubor Range. ish, particularly on the abdomen. The brownish grQUPhas been divided into Aplonis cantoro1desGray three races, the westernmost of which (wan- It was a surprise to discover this specie~ damensis) is dark walnut brown and very die- living at an altitude of 5200 feet in the Wahgl stinct, while meeki is brighter, more reddish Valley. Heretofore it had been known only chestnut brown, particularly nn the throat from the extreme lowlands. and chest. Our lone specimen (Mt. Hagen, Flocks numbering in the thousands were 8200 feet), while definitely different on under observed at Nondugl in April and May, and upper parts, belongs with the brown roosting in the canopy of a large patch of group (nearest to meeh'). It is duller below forest surrounded by grasslands. . and decidedly mere grayish olive above, thus There is nn size difference correlated WIth approaching the fonn from southeastern New altitude. Guinea. None had enlarged gonads. All of the 1950 Since the Mt. Hagen specimen was col- series (April and May) were changing the lected some 35 miles from the type locality of wing and tail. barger-si, it is considered nearly topotypical of From Kup, June 5, 1952, one specimen,.55 that race. It is a peculiarly IQng-wingedbird grams, in fresh plumage. Iris bright yellowish as the measurements in table 3 show. ' orange. .. a Lanius sehaeh streSemanni Mertens The native name in Kup is "kukurang . Common among tall grasses and bushes of Pomareopsis bruijni Salvadori the mid-mountain grasslands between 5000 Uncommon but widely distributed. It is a and 7500 feet. Nestlings were seen in May shy bird, which the junior author saw only at Kup. along the courses of fast-Hewing ~treams~ From Kup, 5000 feet, May 22, 1952, one, where it runs about with the agIlIty of sex ?: 54 grams; molt of tail only. dipper en both dry and wet rocks . . "d " Eulacestomanigropectusclara Stresemann The Nondugl native name IS a-res. and Paludan An adult was captured on July 16, 19~2, on its nest of mud and roQtlets in the BlS· • This uncommon forest bird was collected marck Mountains behind Nondugl. 10 the Hagen and KubQr Mountains. In the latter, the native name is "yii-vaa." Phonygammus keraudrenii neumanni . There is a slight increase in robustness of Reichenow bill from west (clara) to east (nigropectus), One adult female (wing, 147 mm.) was ob~ I" .l~'. ,I' i 355 I 1954 MAYR AND GILLIARD, BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA ..I, d I I ; and Gilliard (1951, pp. 10-11). The type , i' tained from the Nondugl aviaries. It agrees . " , I locality is Mt. Hagen, 8300 feet. I ;! I with distinctively colored neumann';' and dif- " I fers appreciably in coloration [rom purpureo~ Abundant in the tall forest of the 8000 to ,r wolaceus and mayri (Greenway, 1942, p. 51). 9500-foot zone. The call is a staccato rattling I From jamesii and keraudrenii it differs also like short "bursts" from a machine gun. This call reverberates through the forest for long in size. distances each morning and afternoon (at Patadigalla (caruncuIata) brevicauda least during May to August). It is delivered , Rothschild and Hartert I by the male as it perches 40 to 80 feet up in Three specimens (one male, two females) the thick central portion of huge trees, and from the Hagen and Bismarck Mountains each rattle is punctuated by flexing of the agreewith series from Mt. Goliath, the Snow wings, which are opened and shut against the Mountains, and the Weyland Mountains. body with considerable violence, as though I From Mt. Hagen, 5600 feet and 7250 feet, the snapping had some bearing on the noise. . May 15. 1952, one male and one female: 184 (Crandall, 1932, p. 82, gives a good descrip- grams, 155; wing, ?160 mm., 145; molt, in the tion of a cage bird in the act of rattling and male, no sign; in the female, general, with the shaking.) • [ wings and tail mostly replaced. Males with enlarged testes were examined The wattle coloration in the adult male and April 30. July 8. 15. femaleis similar, but the wattles are more ex- A nest with an egg in an advanced state of f tensive in the male; maxillary wattles Citron incubation was collected at an elevation of ( Yellow;mandibular wattles a little paler than about 8000 feet (behind Kup) on Mt. Num- Dull Violet Blue (in one, Spectrum Blue), we Kubor Mountains, April 21, 1952. Itwas ventral portion of latter a little more brown- ~ught in by Komoma, the junior auth~r's l ish; inside of mouth Dull Opaline Green in most trusted native assistant. Following both sexes; tongue dark gray, with a blackish Gilliard's instructions he brought in the en- tip; external maxillary hard parts black; legs tire nest tree but failed in his efforts to trap I sooty brown, becoming blackish on toes; iris the female at the nest. The nest was 12 feet f Mars Brown. up in a thickly leafed slender "kisan" tre: in The Mt. Hagen native name is "war-curt- the forest substage on the top of a flat ridge da-goona.' beneath tall open trees. The female was.seen r Common in the forest crown between 6500 by Komoma to land at the nest three times. and 8000 feet but difficult to collect. This structure was described in Gilliard's One female is a bird that died in the field notes as follows: "A cup of living moss Nondugl aviaries, and is a gift of Capt. N. B. in a fork of pencil-sized limbs near a slender Blood. trunk. Lined with fine brownish rootlets, the ,. bottom of cup with many frag~ents of ?ea~ Epimachus fastosus stresemanni Hartert leaves some of which appear skeletonized I From the northern flank of Mt. Hagen with ;ge. Dimensions: outside, 150 by 175 above the Baiyer River, 7500±feet, May 17, mm., inside, 95 by 63." • " [ 1952, one male: 318 grams; wing, 201: tail, The egg (40 by 27.5 mm.), ~hich IS egg- i 738:no sign of molt shaped," is cinnamon brown Withlarge, da;rk, Iris Jasper Red; skin around eye dark reddish brown, longitudinal streaks exten.dmg r gray: legs dark gray: feet blackish; nails dark from the large end to just beyond the middle r gray: bill black' inside of mouth Light Cad- where they disappear. Elsewhere the surface i' mium; tongue biackish. is sprinkled with small irregular brown and The native Mt. Hagen name is "karae- lavender spots. . \ turnbo." nestling I One nest with a three~weekold was • This specimen, our only record, was shot collected by a native on Mt. !lagen (ab?ut i within sight of Schraderberg, 30 miles to the 8500 feet), July 14, 1950. ThlS .nest, which I north, the type locality of stresemanni. was fastened to a simple crotch, 15 composed Epimachus meyeri blood! Mayr and Gilliard of much stringy furry moss, leaves, a;nd grasses. It is lined with slender rootlets, dried For the description of this bird, see Mayr

I f :ail;;!!.!'! iF Ii i2e Ui'Ji,.I:::!:g E_::=:::=:~

356 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 103 fern tips, and some small leaves. Outside stepkaniae Xma~er! dimensions: 150 mm. by 100; cup dimensions, Mt, Hagen(Baiyer River region) 80 by 45. <3' 141, 148. 152, 155.5, 159, 160 The nestling (which was partially decem- lj! 121 posed) has the reddish brown crown, the mayeri brown back, and the barred breast of the fe- male. Its wings are just emerging from wax Mt. Hagen(BaiyerRiver region) sheaths. <3' 164 (/) 154 Specimens in spirits (two males, one male. eubadult), Mt. Q'-mar, Kubor Mountains, These few figures suggest that A. mayeri is April 30: 182 grams, 207, 208. Iris pale sky somewhat heavier than A. stephaniae, which blue (male), brown (female); bill black: side is in line with the general measurements of of mouth egg yellow washed with green the two speeies (Mayr and Gilliard, 1952a, (male), dull greenish yellow internally near p. 12). gape (female); feet black. One male coUected and one observed on The native name is "tomba" on Mt. Hagen Mt. Kubor (April 27-30) had the base of the for the mate i "ti-tumba" for the male on Mt. central tail white for a distance of at least 75 Kubor: "pan-da-biam" for the female; and rnm, Three pairs of 31 'pairs of Stephanie tail "ken-ri-co" for the female on Mt. Wilhelm. plumes examined on heads of natives in the Astrapia stephaniae ducalis Mayr Kubor Mountains above Kup were deeply marked with white (45 mm., 50, 85 deep). See Mayr and Gilliard (1952a, pp. 11-12). The presence of white in the tail of the Seventeen adult females from the Owen Stephanie has been noted before (Mayr and Stanley, Herzog, Schraderberg, and Bismarck Gilliard, 1952a, p. 12), but it comes as a sur- Mountains were examined. prise to find that the Kubor population The eastern race (stephaniae) differs from (above Kup) has such a high incidence of it. all by having the upper parts more olivaceous Male: iris dark coffeebrown i bill black; in- brown, less blackish, and the wing averaging side of bill and mouth Chrysolite Green, be- longer. Topotypical Herzog Mountain du~ coming Kildare Green near midline i legs calis is somewhat intermediate between the gray; feet black; inside of mouth pale yellow- Bismarck and Owen Stanley populations but ish buff tinted with green and becoming pale closer to the former in having the back more yellow at gape; tongue black in male and blackish, not so brownish, and the wing female. shorter. The Schraderberg topotypical jemi- The native name in the Kubor Mountains nina (one female examined) has the short -forthe male is "meg"; for the female, "to-go- wing of ducalis but differs strikingly by Iee": in Nondugl for the male, "meek." having the abdomen much more reddish, more bright rust colored, not buff occasion.. One male, April 27, 1952, Kubor Moun- tains, has the long tail plumes partially sev- ally washed with pale rust; also by having ered as though cut with scissors. Gilliard's subobsolete white streaks at the base of the central tail feathers. Males of ducalis and native assistants explained that a "blnatang" stephaniae are indistinguishable. (insect) was responsible. "Binatang," a Malay word, is the ancestral name for insect Six. males, two females, two, sex ?, were examined on Mt. Kubor by the 1952 party in central New Guinea and is not a recent introduction. (April 27-30). Of eight examined for molt, three were not molting and two were in gen- Eight Astrapia birds were collected by the eral molt. 1952 party 75 miles west of the Mt. Kubor Weights (in grams) of Astraj>ia stephaniae base camp in the Hagen Mountains (above and mayeri are as foUows: Baiyer River at 7500-8500 feet), May 13-17 stephaniae (five male adults, one male immature, one female, one nestling). These resembled the Mt. Kubor Stephanie Bird of Paradise, though most of e 146,ISO, 156 9 122.5,138 the adult males show pronounced signs of (1) 139. 139, 148 hybrldity with A. mayeri. Ii One adult male had the back and tail ccv- . f1

J11 •

357 1954 MAYR AND GILLIARD: BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA I i erts in molt, with the wings and tail fresh. the wrists were held in a touching position • Most of the others were in new plumage. Two over the back. The head was pulled down in a ( of the males had no white in the tail, two had crook. This position was held with little mo- small amounts, and one, with a tail of 839 tion for at least three seconds. The bird then r rom. in length, was broadly streaked with flew off. white over the entire length. This exceptional This wing position is very similar to the I specimen (May 16,1952) is a perfect example most spectacular display of Paradisaea apoda. of hybridization. It was known as the "koo- Astrapia mayeri Stoner I lup" on the northeast flank of Mt. Hagen , where the Stephanie male is called "ton-gay" See Mayr and Gilliard (1952a, pp. 1-13) and the male Ribbon-tail the "toik." for a discussion of the Ribbon-tailed Bird of On May 14, 1952, a nestling was brought Paradise and its allies, which is concerned in to the 7300-£00t base camp. It was said to with the history, synonymy, abundance, dis- have been taken from the nest of a "ton-gay" tribution, taxonomic position, and habitat of I" high in a forest tree at about 8500 feet. It "this species. weighed 50 grams; inside of mouth greenish On May 14, 1952 (8900 feet), on the north- i,' buff: bill black; legs blue green. eastern flank of Mt. Hagen (above the Balyer Adult male: iris dark, near Seal Brown' River) the junior author collected a subadult inside of mouth Malachite Green to Deep male in the so-called hybrid zone which ap- Malachite Green: bill black; legs pale blue pears to be a nearly pure Ribbon-tailed Bird I of Paradise. In addition two adult males with gray; feet blackish. ( The following observations of feeding and long pure white tails were seen in this same display were made on May 13, 1952, at 8000 area (8800-9100 feet). These were the only pure or nearly pure I'I feet (4 P.M.) on Mt. Hagen (above the Baiyer , River): examples of A.mayeri seen during a week of A male with a long black tail was seen continuous hunting by one to three men be- f moving about in the crown limbs of a rain tween 7000 and 9500 feet on the northern side forest tree heavily decorated with arboreal of Mt. Hagen. However A. stephaniae (or plants and moss. The junior author .watched hybrids close to pure stephaniae) was common f in the 7000 to 8000-foot zone, and many spec- this bird for 20 minutes from a position imens were seen and collected. The only I o! equal height on a neighboring ridge. The bud hopped agilely about, flew twice to hybrid recognizable at a distance was taken at 8000 feet. It is the specimen with the white- ( tre;s 40 to SO yards away only to return quickly. It seemed to prefer large horizontal streaked black tail (see above). Subadult male: inside of mouth pate green- ?r gently pitched limbs. On these it worked ish gray; bill black; legs gray; feet black; way along the mossy tops, dragging the It,s molt, rump and wing; weight (see measure- giant taillike a train. Often it bent down and worked its head as though excavating in the ments on p, 356). On M t. Hagen the astrapiae are the most moss. It nudged the green covering forward abundant of the birds of paradise and, indeed, or pulled it back with the bill. Several times one of the most abundant of birds. In the as It dug it backed up, causing the outer foot Tomba region on the southern side of M t. of the two long tail feathers to drop like a Hagen we found pure A. mayeri between 7800 pendulum from the side of the limb. Once it and 10000 feet. For a description of the die- ~e~ to a near-by tree and ate small green play, nest, and young, see Mayr and Gilliard .rUlts growing in the canopy. To get to these (1952a). . lh crawled almost cat-like on the tiny outer On March 8 1952, at the Taronga Zoologi- Imba bearing the fruit. cal Park, syd~ey, a mate was heard as it Ii At length it flew to a perfectly horizontal emitted a rauCOUS"qrrrrow, grrr, grr, "fla - imb on which there was very little moss and lowed by hoarse cawing. This bird was sat across it, the tail hanging in a wide in- perched 2 feet from an adult fe.male (~ith tail :ted V. The bird then displayed by lifting and neck in molt). It stood high on Its legs, r" the wings in a most peculiar manner, as tipping its head sidewise as tho?gh lookin~ at \ hJd'gh stretching, so that the primaries "were the ground with one eye, letting the wmga , , up and at right angles to the body and , ...- i: , ! t r 358 BULLETIN AMERiCAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 103 droop, then holding them high over the back. deeply shaded. Mr. Batze reported that the Obviously excited, the male then flew very King Bird of Paradise is fairly common inthe forcefully from perch to perch (6 feet), Lae region. thumping the cross bars heavily with its feet, then pausing to flick the white tail from side Lophorina superba feminina Ogilvie-Grant to side in the manner of an angry cat. This In a comparison of females, a series from took place in hot sun at 3:30 P.M. Mt. Hagen and the southern Blemarcks dif- ,I On an average, males in July had the testes fere from the Sepik Mountain race (pseudo- enlarged to 8 mm. parolia) by having the back darker olive, less brown; from the Herzog bird (connectens) by Parotia carolae chrysenia Stresemann . having the outer wing edges darker, more The Lordberg race (chrysenia) differs from deep rufous, less light chestnut. all others in its larger size. A single female, Three adult males from theWahgi region brought by the natives to Nondugl as a cage agree with a series from the Habbema-Iden- bird, belongs presumably to this race, for it is burg region (nearly topotypical jeminina.) in quite large despite its worn dress and agrees size and coloration. The range of jeminina is in the essential color pattern. However, it has thus extended eastward to include the Wahgi the forehead with a somewhat wider white region. , band than in the single topotypical female of Our topotypical males (Mt. Hagen) and chrysenia at hand. Also it has the crown and two nearly topotypical males (Mt. Kubor) of back darker brown; the occiput is faintly Iredale's addenda (1948, p. 162) have been washed with white. examined. critically for characters of diag- This species apparently does not occur Dostie value. None could be found. south of the dividing range, not even in the Two male adults, one male (?) eubadult, vicinity of Hybrid Gap (see Introduction) one female, and one [female ?] were examined near Mt. Hagen. Our specimen came from by the 1952 party in the Kubor Mountains, the Nondugl aviaries (as a gift to the expedi- April 26-May 5: 79 grams, 79, 81, 54, 59; lion by Capt. N. B. Blood). It probably was molt, one male was in completely fresh plum- collected in the jimi River region. age. In 1950 (April 20) a spirit specimen from the Nondugl aviaries had the crest cape half Parotia lawesi subspecies? replaced, and a july 30 male was in fresh One female or subadult male seen and pho- plumage. tographed in color at Nondugl, july, 1952. It Iris dark brown' skin around eye dark slate was most notable for its china blue eye. gray; inside of mouth yellowish green; bill and feet black. • Cicinnurus regius gymnorhynchus Stresemann The Kubor Mountain native name IS Early on August 12, 1952, Mr. Adolph "kongeral." • Batze of Lae, formerly a plume collector, Common' in the riverine forests bordenng guided the junior author to the dance tree of the Wahgi (5000 feet) and in tbe Knbor foot- a King Bird of Paradise. It was situated in hills up to 7300 feet, which is apparently the the midst of high original forest 10 miles ceiling for the species. Near Mt Hagen southeast of Lae in the Markham Valley. Uuly 30, 1950) a male was shot from a perch Tape recordings of the dance songs were (6 feet up) in the forest edge facing a garden. made at about 7:45 A.M. They sounded sur- Three dance trees (SOOO, 5600, and 7250 feet) prisingly like the repertoire of the Greater were found in the Kup region by the 1952 Bird of Paradise (Paradisaea apoda sal- party. vadori,,1 but were much higher pitched and less powerful. The male (the only bird seen) Diphyllodesmagnificus hunstelni Meyer was observed, not as it sang but moments Common in high riverine forests along ~e later, on its dance perch 40 feet up in a thickly Wahgi River to an altitude of 5000 feet. Five leafed tree. The floor of the forest, which was display grounds were found. and photo- about 50 feet above sea level, was soggy and graphs of displaying birds were made. 1954 MAYR AND GILLIARD, BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA 359

, The 1952 party obtained two skins and two where on a slightly pitched limb 70 feet above , native prepared specimens from Cambia, the ground the Paradisaea apoda danced r south slope of Kubor Mountains, and two every day. males, April 16, June 17. from Kup: 82 grams; "At 8:03 A.M., after having heard birds in testes much enlarged (10 mm., April 16) and the general vicinity for some time, a highly slightly enlarged (june 17). All plumage fresh adorned male with plumes thrown upward in the former except the spiral tail plumes like shimmering golden fans leaped to the which were four-fifths replaced; no sign of dance limb. Often the plumes hid the head. molt in the latter which was in completely Soon, about 10 females and young males, all fresh plumage. highly excited and cawing strongly, darted Iris dark brown, the pupil with a cello- about the immediate vicinity of the resplend- phane gray sheen; inside of mouth Night ent male. This bird seemed to 'defend' the Green; bill Columbia Blue; naked postocular dance limb against all comers as a veritable stripe Light Columbia Blue: legs and feet 'drone' of activity surrounded him. Females Deep Dull Vinaceous Blue. and probably young males landed on either ~ I, Our series, which is virtually topotypical end of the perch or in neighboring limbs. I of Iredale's D. m. extra (1950, p- 111), was Each such advance would seem to infuriate i compared with a series of topotypical hun- the owner of the dance stage and there would steini. No differences could be found, and follow immediately a postured mock attack :: therefore we cannot recognize lredale's race, with the golden plumage in gorgeous disarray for which, incidentally, no type was desig- -almost a ball-like mass of plumes. nated. "As soon as this male had driven off a ( The native name in the Kubor Mountains transgressor it would spin about and dash in is "kombok," which is the same as that for the other direction to attack real or imagi- I Amblyornis macgregoriae. nary intruders coming from that direction. I Much sharp 'ki-ing,' cawing, and guttural I, Paradisaea apoda salvadorli Mayr and Rand growling rose like a crescendo, as though from i, The 1950 party secured a series of females the throats of maddened crows and jays. and young males. Those proved inseparable "Flying through the tempestuous scene r f~om a nearly topotypical series and from were birds which darted from above and birds from the middle and lower . from below, sometimes to pause and be

" The range of salvadorii was therefore pro- chased. The whole thing reminded me of a fox I visionally extended to include the Wahgi at bay before a pack of dogs. region. "Once an excited male had hung upside In 1952 several adult males without plumes down in one of its postures. This pattern. of were collected and two native prepared skins behavior had heretofore been known only for were obtained from a local district officer. the Emperor of Germany and Blue Birds of " The officer, at our request, took the skins Paradise. from a native hunter who shot the birds in "When it had. assumed an inverted poai- display trees in the Kubor Mountains tlon, it hung with head pointed t~ the ground (Katumbag) where we had long observed for a second or two, as though trymg to gauge [' them in life. These matched a series from the its flight if it fell. At that moment a female Port Moresby region and thus doubly con- dove down, landed on the limb directly above ' ]" firmed our earlier analysis. the suspended male so that the feet of the two Six display trees of the "bounde" were birds appeared to touch. This brought on an ,J found in the Kup region between 5000 and immediate fencing match with the male 5600 feet. Extensive observations involving pecking ferociously at the female from be- tape recordings and color film photography low. Weremade. "Such antics often brought other plumed t- On June 28, 1952, the junior author made males into the vicinity to land near or on the ! ~he following observations above Katumbag display limb, only to be driven off with a , in the Kubor Mountains at 5600 feet, in an superlative display of bravado. As many as "island" of tall, mixed, second-growth forest, three adult males have been seen simultane- 360 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 103

ausly in a display tree hut nevertheless each This species may be regarded as abundant dance arena or limb is the property of a single in the Markham forest. male. The dance revolves around him; when he is killed, the dance limb is deserted." Paradisaea minor finschi Meyer The junior author knew that three males One male, July 15, 1952, collected on or had been killed while on their display perches, just west of Schraderberg in the Schrader and in each instance the dance ceremonies Mountains by "shoot boy" Mal, who recon- ceased completely at those trees, at least for noitered that area very briefly for the expedi- a period of several months. tion. Before having learned that one of these males had been killed, Gilliard spent a num- Paradisaea rudolpbJ margaritae Mayr ber of mornings unsuccessfully awaiting its and Gilliard dance. The only pictures he obtained were For description, see Mayr and Gilliard made four days after the death of the adult. (1951, pp. 11-12). The type locality is the They were of a young male which, after Kimil River near Nondugl, 5800 feet. hopping about quizzically for some time, Very uncommon and locally distributed up finally "got up nerve" enough to sit on the to 6300 feet in dense forest. Vast areas for- dance limb. which the junior author noted merly covered with forest, in which this shone from long use by the now-dead owner. species was doubtless abundant, have been This young bird, still in female plumage, reduced to grassland by the relentless activi- then proceeded to elevate the wings charac- ties of the native farmer. Once "farmed out" teristically and thump them at the wrists and allowed to become grassland, the forest is over the back, then to posture with the wings unable to replace itself because of man-set stretched back-to-back above and well in fires. Thus the Blue Bird population is threat- front of the head. It performed this dance in ened with extirpation in the Wahgi region. absolute silence, interrupted only by the In the Kubor region, several small colonies whirring of the 16-mm. motion picture numbering from 10 to perhaps 50 birds still camera. exist at the top fringe of precipitous valleys An adult female examined May 221 1952: not yet farmed. 135 grams; Iris Olive Lake; bill Sky Gray; skin One female at M t. Hagen, 5000 ± feet, May around eye dark slate; legs vinaceous brown. 17: 124 grams; no sign of molt. . A nestling was brought into Kup, May 30, Iris dark brownish (?); bill pale grayish 1952. It was in a flimsy nest of rootlets which white; inside of mouth pale Viridine Green; the native collector said had been found legs and feet dark gray, with blackish scutes. about 35 feet up in a casuarina tree growing Paradisaea bloodi Iredale (1948, pp. 161- in a small "island" of trees in grasslands near 162) from Minyip, Mt. Hagen, is a hybrid Kerowagi (5000 feet). between Paradisoea aporIa salvadorii and P. Paradisaea apoda augustaevictoriae Cabanis rwlolphi margaritae. The ranges of these two birds overlap inside and along the forest edge On August 12,1952, Mr. Adolph Batze (see in the Wahgi region. p. 358) guided Gilliard to the dance tree of The native names for the Blue Bird in the this bird. Tape recordings of its dance calls Kubor region are "goy" for the male and ,,:,er: made at about 9 A.M. They were closely "manga" for the female. similar to those of the Wahgi population (salvadorisJ. A male and several females were Pteridophora albert! ha11stromi Mayr observed playing about in a huge tree which and Gilliard protruded slightly above the 100-foot crown For description, see Mayr and Gilliard of. the luxuriant Markham River forest (10 (1951, pp, 12-13). The type locality.is aboye md~ southwest of Lae). The male, which re- Tomba, Mt. Hagen, 8200 feet. Thinly dIS- mamed close to a particular limb which was tributed in a band between 7000 and 8000 nearly horizontal and about 2 inches in dlam- feet on Mt. Hagen (south watershed), Mt. eter, displayed with the wings held aloft and Kubor, and the southern watershed of the tapped at the wrists, as discribed for salvadorii. Bismarcks. Not observed on the northern • I, i, I :c' 361 e 1954 MAYR AND GILLIARD: BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA ,f the Bismarcks where it was not encountered r watershed of Mt. Hagen above the Baiyer i- River. below 7300 feet. " About a dozen dance trees were examined A displaying male was observed nearly by the junior author during 1950 and 1952, every afternoon on Mt. Hagen during July, t' and photographs were made in still and mo- 1950. At about 4 P.M.it would perch on a 6- l', tion pictures (color) of the dance perform- inch horizontal section of a heavily leafed ance; also tape recordings of the many- limb 90 feet up in the canopy of original I syllabled hissing call were made. forest. The branch was more a singing than The 1952 party critically examined five a display perch, although the bird often i moved about as though in excitement. The males and two females taken on Mt. Kubor I April 25, 26, 29: males, 83.5 grams. 84, 84, call, a ventriloquistic ringing bulge or tolling, 84, 86; females, 67.7, 68.5. Molt: one male was was very penetrating and melancholy, Tele- just completing the replacement of occipital photo photographs were made of this bird as it stretched its neck in song. I plumes; otherwise both were in fresh plum- I age. A male observed April 2S had new Males with enlarged testes were collected plumes (3 inches long) just emerging. In 1950 July 13 and 27, 1950.A male and two females, in April and early May in the Bismarcks, April 29-May 17,1952: 86 grams, 69, 70; no 1 i three males were in process of changing the sign of molt. head plumes, while several July specimens Adult male: iris dark brown; gape wattle were in completely fresh plumage. pure white; bitt bleck: inside of mouth white Males with enlarged testes (up to 18 mm.) except hard inner surfaces which are black. were examined May 27, June 11, July 2, Adult female: legs dusky olive; inside of July 14. mouth whitish tinted with yellow at gape. On July 7, 1950, a male nestling was CnemopbUus:macgregorii kuboriensls, brought into the Mt. Hagen base camp (8200 newsubspecies feet). It is mouse brown above, gray with TYPE: A.M.N.H. No. 748584; adult male; mouse brown scalloping below..and has huffy Mt. Grata, above Kup, Kubor Mountains, chestnut under tail coverts. Hidden on the crown are two wax sheaths 4 mm. long, en- Mandated Territory of New Guinea; May 2, casing the occipital plumes. Incidentally all 1952; 9000±leet; E. T. Gilliard, DIAGNOSIS:Similar to but up- females have a pair of noticeably elnngated, sanguineus' per parts paler, particularly back, rump, and "spike-like' occipital plumes. upper tail coverts which are duller, more cin- The native name for the male is "kis-ba" namon brown, less orange. Dark under parts in the Bismarck Mountains behind Nondugl more blackish, less brownish black in sun- and "kis-a-ba" in the Kubor Mountains be- light. hind Kup; for the female, "am-bum" in the RANGE: Known only from the Kubor Kubor Mountains. Mountains above Kup. Adult male: iris Carob Brown: inside of REMARKS:Type: weight, 93.5 grams: molt, mouth pale aqua green (between Cendre none; perishable colors, iris brown, bill and Green and Emerald Green}: bill black; skin legs black; testes enlarged to 10 mm. Total around eye sooty black: legs and feet length in life (of two males), 255, 255. blackish. Both the 1950and 1952expeditions carried Loria lorlae amethystina Stresemenn out extensive searches for this uncommon species, with particular emphasis on learning CQmpared with series from southeastern something of its habits. Literally hundreds of New Guinea and Mt. Goliath, Wahgi region natives were enlisted in the search. Many males have the iridescent coloration of the were well versed in local natural history. All se:ondaries darker t more dull purplish, less insisted that the "wougle-bogamp" (Kubor bright greenish blue. This is the character on Mountain name) did not build a bower and which Stresemann (1934, p. 144) based his did not display in a preselected spot either on Schraderberg race (amethystina). the ground or in trees. Itwas just a perfectly Commonly but thinly distributed in the high forests on Mt. Hagen, Mt. Kubor, and normal bird, they said. 362 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 103 TABLE 4 MEASUREMENTS (IN MlLLIMETERS) OF MALES OF CnemofJhilus matgregorU

Wing Tail macgregorii Mountains of southeast New Guinea 110, 110, 112, 112, 112, 115, 88.5,89.5.90,92,93, 114.5, 116.5 94,97 kuboriensis Mt. Kubar 110, 112, 114 86,87,87 sanguineus Mt. Hagen 109.5.111.5,113,113,114, 85.5,85.5,88,88,88, 114,114.5,115,117.5 88.5,87,94

This raises the Question as to the family On Mt. Hagen this species appeared rather allocation of this bird. It had been placed in common at the 8200 to 8700-foot level where the bower birds owing to its reputed similar- many females and a few males were seen. ity to Ambl'Yornis. Actually the crest of Several were shot in our base camp area from Cnemopkilus is totally different from that of the canopy of 100-foot forest, and one was Amblyornis, and the coloration of the female shot from a similar situation within 20 yards suggests relationship to Loria, one of the of the bower of Archboldia papuensis san- birds of paradise. On the other hand the ab- fOTdi minutes before we discovered the latter. sence of a bower is in itself not conclusive, The Mt. Hagen name is "wo-gUa-bora." since Scenopoeaes, a generally acknowledged Specimens collected at M t. Hagen July 11, bower bird, does not build bowers, nor does 18, 21 and on Mt Kubor on May 2 had en- A iluroedus. There is finally the possibility that larged testes. the bower birds and birds of paradise are more closely related than admitted by Stoner, Archboldia papuensis sanford! Mayr and that Loria, CnemophiJ.us, and perhaps and Gilliard A iluToedus and Scenopoeetes belong near the For description, see Mayr and Gilliard stem of these families where the separation is (1950, pp. 1-3). The type locality is the not yet well defined. Only further anatomical southwestern slope of Mt. Hagen, 8500 fe~t. investigations can shed light on this problem.' This remarkable new race was named 1D honor of the late Dr. Leonard C. Sanford, the Cnmn~hilus~egmUs~~Iredwe 1950 expedition sponsor, who was long in .the For description, see Iredale (1948, p. 162). forefront of Pacific ornithological exploration. The type locality is the Mt. Hagen district. Dr. Sanford examined the bird at Old Lyme, On July 23, 1950, William Lamont shot an Connecticut, with great pleasure shortly be- adult male near the summit of Mt. Hagen fore his final sickness. (11,000 feet). Gilliard was within earshot and A series of 11 (seven male adults, one male examined the perch from which it fell. It was subadult, two females, one female [?]) was ob-- a dripping wet, nearly horizontal, moss- tained at the southern foot of Mt. Hagen just covered limb about an inch in diameter, 20 west of Tomba. All were trapped in runways feet up in thick, gnarled rhododendron forest leading into a single rudimentary bower growing in a Darrow ravine amid the summit clearing (see pl. 13). This dance arena was grasslands. This mate had some aberrant composed of a mat of dried fern fronds, markings. Its left face and left side of crown sticks, and grasses. It was situated 0D; the and neck were streaked with blackish brown floor of deep wet mountain forest thickly in areas which should be rich orange red. overgrown with ferns, which lent a "lawn-

1 Dissections made since the present paper was writ- like" look to the ground. Amid this, the ten have shown that Cnemophilm is a typical bird of brown dance arena stood out noticeably. paradise, and Ailurotdm a typical bower bird (Ma- MS). ,., About the edges of the dance ground little many snail shells and, in two spots, lit e 1954 MAYR AND GILLIARD, BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA 363 heaps of black wings, also several small length varies considerably from population blue berries (from a tree called "yombie") to population, with the longest occurring in some of which were later found in the stom- the Mt. Hagen-Mt. Kubcr-Habbema region , ,;! ach of one bird. Five feet from the bower it- (see measurements). Also, this latter group ~: self, a slanting, slender trunk rose 4 feet into differs by having the lower parts generally the air. This appeared well worn. A trail led lighter, more buffy, than those of the east from its base to the snail shells and bower. A (macgregoriae), and close to but lighter than blue berry was found on the rotted top of those of the west (mayn). , this dead trunk. The wing measurements (in millimeters) All of the birds were snared during the pe- are as follows: i riod July 12-27 at this dance arena-the only macgregoriae " one that we found. In view of the sexes and Mountains of southeast New Guinea the short period of time involved, it seems Sa' 129.5,130,131,133,134 probable that the dance arena of this species 1 Q 131 . Is in the nature of a community gathering aedifiC41U place and is not the property of a single male, HerzogMountains ~ 1 d' (Mayr) 130 I as is the case with the two other bower birds 1 Q 130 I found in the central highlands (Chlamydera germanus and Amblyornis). Huon Mountains At least a month after the departure of the 5d' 123, 125, 129,131, 132 i junior author from New Guinea in 1950, 3Q 124, 128, 128 Capt. N. B. Blood, to whom Gilliard had Subspecies? shown a specimen in Sydney, sent Kaiber BismarckMountains (aboveNondugl) (who had been with Gilliard at Mt. Hagen) 3 a' 137,136,136 to trap live specimens of Archboldia. He suc- 1 ~ 126.5 • ceeded, Captain Blood informed Gilliard in Mt. Kubor 2d' 139, 143 1952, in obtaining an adult male alive at the Mt. Hagen same bower where the 11 specimens had pre- 8d' 135, 135, 135, 135, 136, 136, • viously been trapped. The live bird was for- 137 .5,142 warded to the Taronga Zoological Park at H 132 Sydney where it died. Mr. John Hallstrom Habbema region had the great kindness to send us kodachromes 3d' 131,131,141 of the living bird, which were most helpful to 6Q 131, 133, 133, 134.5, 135, Dr. George M.Sutton when painting this spe- 135 cies (pl. 13). ... yri Weyland Mountains Adult male and female: iris Carob Brown; 5 a' 132, 134, 135, 135, 137 bill black; feet gray to blue gray. The diame- 3 Q 128, 129, 132 ters of the testes were 3 mm., 6, 7, 7, 10, and 15. All were white except in the smallest Crest measurements (in millimeters; aver- specimen which had one testis yellow and one ages in parentheses) of Amhlyornis mac- black. gregoritu are as follows: Bodies of two specimens (one male and one macgregori

Wing Bill poliopterus Southeast New Guinea,S dl 65.5,68,68,68.5,69.5 septentrionalis 33,33 Huon Peninsula, 4a' 69.71,71, 72 30 Wahgi region, 4 a' 67,71,71,72.5 maximus 29,30,30 Weyland Mountains, 2 a' 73,78 35,36

not dark sooty brown, and from toxopeusi Myzometa rosenbergii rosenbergii Schlegel by having the hind crown (from point be- tween eyes) uniformly whitish gray, not Abundant in flowering trees of the forest coarsely streaked with black. It differs from edge and in gardens and probably in the all by having the auriculars paler, more gray- crown of the cloud forest. One specimen was ish. not sooty brown as in albijrons, not shot on Mt. Hagen at 10,800 feet in a stunted blackish with whitish edges as in toxopeusi. flowering rhododendron tree. Below. the throat streaking is intermediate Molt general in five specimens examined between boldly streaked albiJrons and weak. (April 3-22), one (April 3) was in fresb Iy streaked toxopeusi. The primaries virtually plumage. A male (April 16) bad enlarged lack white spotting of the inner vanes, al- testes (4 mm.}. though this marking is plainly distinguishable The native Kubor Mountain name is on other New Guinea races. We have not seen "ged-up"; the Nondugl name is "dringe." the intermedia of Junge (1952, p. 249) from Tozorhamphus po1iopterus septentrionalis the Wisselmeren region. Mayr and Rand Apparently rare. No differences in size were found between albifrons, toxopeusi, and In size, Central Highlands (Wahgi region) our single specimen. specimens match those of the Saruwaged The measurements are: wing, 82.5 mm.j Mountain "island," rather than the "main- tail, 37.5; bill from nostril, 9.5. land" races to the east (poliopterus) or west Eye ring pale lemon yellow; bill and feet (maxim us). pale lemon yellow, the former with a black From Kup one male taken March 3D, 19?2, tip. and one female taken April 3, 1952: no Sign of molt. Timeliopsis fulvJguIa subspecies? Common in spaced-out trees and at the One spirit specimen from the Wahgi region. forest edge. An adult was observed incubat- ing a single white egg in early May at Kup, MyzomeIa adoIphinae Salvadori The nest, which was composed of fine green Common in flowering trees of the forest vegetation, was in a crotch in a shaded glen 6 feet above a rippling brook at 5000 feet. edge and gardens up to 6000 feet. Four birds from the Kubor Mountains In late June a nest with one fledgling was were examined by the 1952 party: molt, brought to base camp by a native. (April 7-17) body and tail, (April 9) no sign Me1ipotes fumigatus Meyer of molt, wings and tail fresh. One male (May 5) bad huge testes (6 mm.). Two distinct populations occur in the 'Yah- The native Kubor Mountain name is gi region: a large-sized (see table 6), light- "din-donk." Excellent color pictures were bellied population from M t, Hagen, and a obtained. small-sized, low-mountain one from the Wahgi Divide behind Nondugl. Another ::=:"hi)fJ!!!!_!n!!::g!!!9Ii.1TrP_Z7];rr- WWFTimrWni7wr r5SJfJ7J ~ to, :i 1954 MAYR AND GILLIARD: BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA 367 I TABLE 6 'I, MBASURBMENTS (IN MILLIHBTERS) OF Melipoks fumigatus 'I 1.

Wing Tail

Mt. Goliath,S dl 108-118 95.5-102 Mt. Hagen, 4 a' 120-126.5 109--114 Mt. Kubor, 2 d" 108-118.5 108 Wahgi Divide, 6 d' 113.5-119 98-104 Mt. Wilhelm, 4 a' 112-117 100-110 Mt. Tara, 4 a' 105-116 95-104

populationdifference, though of minor im- ping excitedly from side to side on a thin port, is that birds of the high forests of Mt. horizontal perch 80 feet up in the crown of Wilhelmhave somewhat darker chests than open mountain forest. Its activity was such those 'of the Wahgi Divide, although the lat- that it was mistaken for a bird of paradise. ter were taken only 30 miles to the west in Bill black; legs and feet dark gray; skin the same range (and 3000 feet lower down). around eye usually orange yellow but some- The following weights, in grams, taken by times dull reddish yellow, brown, or even the 1952 party demonstrate the magnitude deep blood red: iris dark brown near Argus of these population differences: Mt. Kubor, Brown. female (?), 35, 42.5; male (?), 52j Mt. Hagen, In late May above Katumbag, Kubor female, 57j male, 70, 71, 71. Mountains, 6300 feet, Gilliard observed a A careful analysis indicates that these bird of this species as it hung head down in a differences, while very interesting, are prob- flowering tree for several seconds. When it ably not broadly geographical but are due to had righted itself, its yellow face had turned local altitudinal variation. to brownish red. A photograph was made Abundant. Usually solitary during May, soon after, as it perched in a casuarina near- June, and July. A female taken June 17 on by. As it was being watched, the red faded Mt. Wilhelm (9500 feet) was observed hop- and gradually became yellow again. The color

TABLE 7 MEASUREMENTS (IN MILLU4KTERS) OF Me1idectes fuscus

Culmen Tarsus Wing Tail

occidentalit Orange and Nassau Mts, 23 29 1<1'- 105 105 28-30 97-100 20-22 5.' 92--96 26 31 1~ (Bele River) 94 102 tlCCidentalisXfuscus CentralHighlands 31.5-35 113-118 29-31.5 7 <1'.2 [<1'1) 107-114 26-30 30.5-32.5 7. 95.5-101.5 101-105 fuscus Eastern New Guinea 4

•

I, , "' , --. '~-"_._"--'--

370 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 103 east by being somewhat darker below, par- The native name in Nondugl is "co-la-me- ticularly on the throat and chest. However, ga" i in Kup, "jewel." since this population appears more like loremzi and since the two existing races are at Pycnopygius cinereus marm.oratus Sharpe best very finely differentiated, we have in- From Kup, 5000± feet, May 7. 1952, one cluded the Wahgi bird with the western form. male (skin) and one, sex ?: 43 grams, 41; Two females from Mt. Hagen and one, sex. molt, one the back and one the tail. ?, from Mt. Kubor, 800D-9000 feet, April 27- Apparently very uncommon and local in May 15: 25 grams, 29, 26: molt, wing and tail the lowest portion of the Wahgi Valley. (April 27). Iris Courage Green: bill black; legs and feet Dicaeum geelvinkian.umrubrocoronatum near Pallid Violet Blue. Sharpe One male was collected in 1950 from a Three specimens (two males, one female) mixed party of small birds feeding in the were obtained from natives in 1950 (probably canopy of thick, high rain forest at 8400 feet. from 5000 to 8000 feet). The males compare The native Kubar Mountain name is "du- fairly well with those of rubrocoronatum from lish"; on Mt. Hagen, "oro-pwee." southeastern New Guinea, although that race A nest with a single egg, which probably is composed of a number of populations which belonged to this species, was collected by a vary in dorsal coloration and bill size. Our native on Mt. Ot-mar, probably at about Wahgi examples represent a somewhat less 8000 feet, on April 26, 1952. The nest meae- brightly colored population. They differ from ured on the outside, 110 by 130 mm.; the cup centrale of the west by having the bill con- 48 by 46 mm. It was lined with feathers and siderably more slender and by being some- straw-like strands of light brownish grass; what more bluish above, less ollvaceoue. the foundation was coarse grass, leaves, and From rubrigulare they differ by having the twigs. It was decorated with green "strings" chest patch smaller, the throat more grayish, of "Spanish" moss. The egg measured 22 by and the upper parts more bluish, less violet. 17 mm. and was pinkish brownish buff, with No comparisons have been made with ob- fine cinnamon flecking around the larger end. scurifrons (junge, 1952, p, 249). A nest with a single young in wax sheathing was collected on Mt. Hagen above Tomba at Melanocharls versteri virago Stresemann 8300 feet, July 4, 1950, by the junior author. In a comparison of females, a series from the The female parent was shot at the nest, which Wahgi region and a single topotypical female was 18 feet up on a limb against the trunk of of virago (Schraderberg) have the central ab- a slender tree of the lower half of high rain domen somewhat more grayish buff, less forest. The nest measured on the outside, 95 yellowish. than it is in either the Cyclops by 125 mm.r the cup, 55 by 35 mm. This nest (virago) or southeast New Guinea (maculi~ is similar to the one described above except ceps) populations. Like the latter they have that the bottom of the cup is padded with fine the throat dusky grayish olive, not light gray- black hairs. ish olive with buff streaking as in the Cyclops Ptnoprora guisei umbrosa Mayr series. Males (Mts. Hagen, Kubor, and Wilhelm) have the under parts distinctly Our series from the Wahgi region agrees in lighter gray than those of meeki, almost as coloration with a single topotypical male of light as in 'IrUWUliceps. . umbrosa from Schraderberg, as well as with Since Rand (1942, p, 512) has described the measurements given by Streeemann much altitudinal variation of size in this epe- (1923, p. 62) for 26 Schraderberg specimens. cies, we unite the studied population with Common. From the Kubar Mountains virago with which it agrees in coloration, al- 5600 feet. April 22, 1952, one male: hea~ though the measurements of tJirago are smaIl- body molt. One with enlarged testes May 30. ' er. The population from the Cyclops Moun- Iris Kildare Green; bill black; legs pale blue gray. tains was placed by Hartert (1930. p, ~2) with versteri, by Mayr (1941, p. 215) with 371 1954 MAYR AND GILLIARD: BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA virago. Actually it differs from both and may in the only specimens seen (one male adult, have to be separated after more topotypical one male immature). material of virago becomes available. The native name in the Kubor Mountains Common. April 8 and May 7 birds were is "co-ga-rnong"; in the Bismarck Mountains molting. A May 17 male showed no sign of behind Nondugl, uko_dau_munga." molt, and July specimens were in fresh plum- The measurements of males are: wing, 71, age. 72; tail, 49, 51; bill, 19.5, 20; tarsus, 20, 20. MeJanocharis longicauda umbrosa Rand Oreocharis atfald Meyer ; Males are needed for critical identification. Common in the upper tier of the Hagen. I Uncommon.An adult male (Nondugl) is in- Kubor, and Bismarck forests between the distinguishable in color and size from both a altitudes of 6500 and 8500 feet. I series of females from the Idenburg River Paramytbia. montium montium De Vis \ (umbrosa-)and a series from Papua (orientalis). Our only other specimen is a male in female With the exception of the cave swiftlets, - plumage. this curious mountain species was the most i TABLE 8 MEASUREMENTS (IN MILLIMETERS) OF PrJramythic. montium , , Wing Tail r montium I Southeast New Guinea mountains 96 -109 140' 99 -108 Central Highlands 96.5-107 \ 190' 98.5-112.5 brmcauda ~ Saruwaged Mountains 101 -106 89 - 96 50' 91,92,96 I 3. 103 -105

abundant bird of the highlands (9500--11,500 M:elanocharls striativentris strlativentris feet) of Mts. Wilhelm, Kubor, and Ha~n. It Salvadori was found in flocks of from three to 10 10 the l!Of. a discussion of the species and a de- upper half of moderately tell trees at the , ecnption of a new race (albicauda) from the 9500-foot level, and in isolated clumps of northern watershed of the Owen Stanley stunted rhododendrons near tree line (11,500 I Mountains (Bihagi), see Mayr and Gilliard feet). At the latter location it sometimes (1952b, pp. 6-7). perched within 2 feet of the grass. Uncommon. Two males from the south From the Kuhar Mountains, April 27. 29. slope of the central divide above Nondugl 1952, two males: 46 grams, 44; molt, one the r (6500± feet) appear inseparable from three back and wing, the other the back; testes nearly topotypical males from south central minute and white. From Mt. Hagen, May 15, r Papua. I two males: 36 grams, 41; no sign of molt. One male (May 6) has the wing in molt. An f esh plumage' both with enlarged testes (7 adult (May 31) showed body molt, while ~m., 5). Iris dark slate brown; bill and legs , another (May 26) showed no sign of molt. , black. dl . t The species is known from two tsnnc Rhamphocharls crassIrostris piperata De Vis races, one (montium) from southeaste:n New Similar in size and coloration to males from Guinea and the Saruwaged Mountams~ the ,. SOutheastern New Guinea . other (olimceum) from Dutch New Gumea. Apparently uncommon. Natives brought i 372 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY YOLo 103 Central Highland populations are similar to Zosterops Dovaeguineae crissalis Sharpe each other and nearest to the eastern bird. They differ slightly by having the crissum For reference, see Mayr and Gilliard (1951, p.15). and under tail coverts lighter, more lemon yellow, less dull golden yellow, and the wing Two nestlings, of this or of the preceding somewhat longer (see table 8). race, were brought in to Kup on April 24, 1952. Above, freshly collected specimens appear darker green, less yellowish, than compara- The native name at Kup is "we-gak." tive examples collected in 1933. This may be due to foxing. Zosterops Dovaeguineae shaw-mayeri Mayr and Gilliard During a study of this collection it was found that the population from the Saru- For description, see Mayr and Gilliard waged Mountains is sufficiently distinct to (1951, pp- 14-15). The type locality is require naming. Yandara, north slope of Mt. Wilhelm, Bis- marck Mountains, 6000 feet.

Paramythia montium brevicauda, EIythrura trichroa sigillifera De Vis new subspecies A small green and red bird observed twice TYPE: A.M.N.H. No. 699236; adult maIej in short rhododendrons growing in sparse Saruwaged Mountains, Huon Peninsula, grass near the summit of Mt. Hagen (12,087 Mandated Territory of New Guinea; August, feet) may have been this species. Other speci- 1914; 12,000 feet; Keysser collector. mens were secured in the mid-mountain DIAGNOSIS: Indistinguishable from P. m. forests of Mt. Kubor, Mt. Wilhelm, and Mt. montium in coloration, but tail conspicuous- Hagen. ly shorter (see table 8). Relative tail length: One female, one, sex ?, May 17, 26: 14 southeast New Guinea, 96-101 per cent of grams, 15i molt, one in full molt including wing length; Hagen area, 92-98 per cent; tail and wings, the other showed no sign of Saruwaged, 86--93per cent. Of the same wing molt. length as typical montium, but with shorter wing than Hagen birds. The native name in the Kubor Mountains RANGE: Saruwaged Mountains. is "tum-bi-na." We are greatly obliged to Dr. E. Strese- mann for supplying the tail measurements of Lonchura spectabDis wahgiensis Mayr and Gilliard specimens collected by E. Mayr (1931, p. 652). For description, see Mayr and Gilliard I (1952b, p. 7). The type locality is Kegalsugl, Mt. Wilhelm, 8000 feet. i Zosterops Dovaeguineae wahgiensis Mayr I ~' and Gilliard No sign of molt was found in birds. ex- I , amined April 5 (two specimens) and AP:il14 For description, see Mayr and GilIiard (two specimens). Birds examined Apnl 16 (1951, p. 14). The type locality is Nondugl, and 21 had the wings, tail, back, throat, and Wahgi Valley, 5200 feet. flanks in molt. April and May skins are in fresh plumage. On April 3 at Kup a nest with two n~tlings A male (April 26) shows wing molt. None had about ready to take wing was brought 1O by a enlarged testes. native trapper. Common in flocks in wild fig trees in gar- Very common in tight flocks of up to 30 dens and in trees of the forest edge between 5000 and 6000 feet. birds in the mid-mountain grasslands. Some April and May birds were in fresh Oreostruthus fullginosus hagenensis, new plumage. However, five males (April 4 7 8 subspecies 26) were in advanced stages of molt.' Tw~ (April 4, 8) had the testes greatly enlarged. TyPE: A.M.N.H. No. 704650; subadolt male; south slope, Mt. Hagen, Central 1954 MAYR AND GILLIARD: BIRDS OF CENTRAL NEW GUINEA 373 Highlands. Mandated Territory of New juliginosus by having hack thinly suffused Guinea; July 28,1950; lO,OOO± feet; William with blood red, not solid brown. Lamont. REMARKS: Only two specimens were en- DIAGNOSIS: Nearest to juUginosus but countered by the 1950 and 1952 Mt. Hagen generally lighter, more rufous brown, less expeditions (one male subadult [type], one drab brown, particularly on back, flanks, and female adult). Oreostruthus is apparently un- abdomen. Differing from paUidus by more common to rare in the substage of high open rufous brown, less tan, under parts and forest. It seems to prefer low bushes of semi- richer, more reddish brown, less dull brown, open ridges and forest amphitheaters be- upper parts. Differing from both pallidus and tween 8500 and 10,000 feet.

REFERENCES

AUADON, DEAN II, Passeres. Nova Guinea, new ser., vol. 1943. Birds collected during the Whitney 3, pp. 1-94. South Sea Expedition. 52. Notes on 1952. New subspecies of birds from New some non- genera, 3. Amer. Guinea. Zoot. Meded., vol. 31, no. 22, Mus. Novitates, no. 1237, pp. 1-22. pp. 247-250. BRASS, L.]. LEARY, M. 1941. The 1938-39 expedition to the Snow 1936. The Central Highlands of New Guinea. Mountains. Netherlands New Guinea. Geogr. jour., vol. 87, pp. 242-245. Jour. Arnold Arboretum, vol. 22, pp. MAYR, E. 271-342. 1931. Die Vogel des Saruwaged- und Herzog- gebirges (N. O. Neu-Guinea). Mitt. CRANDALL, L. S. 1932. Notes on certain birds of paradise. Zool. Mus. Berlin, vel. 17, pp, 639-723. Zoologica, vel. 11, no. 7, pp. 77-81. 1932. A tenderfoot explorer in New Guinea. Nat. Hlet., vol. 32, pp- 83-97. GILLIARD, E. T. 1951. New Guinea's paradise of birds. Natl. 1931. Birds collected during the Whitney Geogr. Mag., vol. lOa, November, pp. South Expedition. XXXVI. Notes on New Guinea birds. III. Amer. Mus. 661-688. 1953a. New Guinea's rare birds and Stone Age Novitates. no. 947, pp, 1-11. 1941. List of New Guinea birds. New York, men. Ibid., vol. 103, April, pp.421-488. the American Museum of Natural 1953b. Exploring New Guinea for birds of para- dise. Nat. Hist., vol. 62, pp. 248-255, 281. History, 260 pp. 1945. Birds of paradise. Nat. Hlet., vol. 54, 1954. In quest of birds of paradise. Ibid., vol. 63, pp. 104-111, 140-142. pp, 264-276. MAYR, E., AND E. T. Gn.LIARD GREENWAY, J. C. 1950. A new bower bird (Archboldia) from 1935. Birds from the coastal range between Mount Hagen, New Guinea. Amer. the Markham and the Waria rivers, Mus. Novitates, no. 1473, pp- 1-3. northeastern New Guinea. Proc. New 1951. New species and subspecies or ~irds England Zo51.Club, vol. 14, pp. 15-106. from the highlands of New GUInea. 1942. A new bird of paradise. Ibid., Ibid., no. 1524,pp. 1-1~. . vol. 19, pp. 51-52. 1952a. The Ribbon-tailed Blr.d of. Parad.lse HARTERT, E. (Astrapia. tnayerf) and Its allies. Ibul., 1930. List of the birds collected by Emst no. 1551, pp. 1-13. Mayr. Novitates Zool., vol. 36, pp. 1952b. Six new subspecies of .birds fr?m the 27-128. highlands of New GUlDea. Ibid., no. IRSDALE, T. 1577, pp- 1-8. . . 1948. A checklist of the birds of paradise and 1952c. Altitudinal hybridization 10 New GUI- bower birds. Australian Zool., vol. 2, pt. nea honeyeaters. Condor, vol. 54, no. 6, 3, pp. 163-189. pp, 325-337. 1950. Birds of paradise and bower birds. MAYR, E., ANDA. L. RAND .• Melbourne, Georgian House, pp- 1-239. 1931 Results of the Archbold Expeditions. JONGB, G. C. A. . No. 14. The birds of the 1933-1934 1939. The birds of south New Guinea. Part 374 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY YOLo IOJ

Papuan Expedition. Bull. Amer. Mus. STONOR, C. R. Nat. Hist., vol. 73, pp. 1-248. 1939. A new species of paradise bird of the NICHOLS, J. T. genus Astrapia. Bull. Brit. Ornith. 1951. Four new gobles (rom New Guinea. Club, vel. 59, pp. 57-61. Amer. Mus. Novitates, no. 1539, pp, STRE:SBMANN, E. 1-8. 1921. Neue Formen aus Neugulaea. Anz. PARKES, K. C. Ornith. Gesell. Bayern, no. 5, pp, 33-42. 1949. A new button quail from New Guinea. 1924. Der Formenkreis Pachycephala TUft- Auk, vol. 66, pp. 84-86. fJentris. Jour. f. Ornith., vel. 72, pp. RAND, A. L. 540-542. 1940. Results of the Archbold Expeditions. 1934. Vier neue Unterarten von Paradies- No. 27. Ten new birds from New vegeln. Ornith. Monatsb., vol. 42, pp, Guinea. Amer. Mus. Novitates, DO. 144--147. 1074, pp. 1-5. TATE, G. H. H. 1942. Results of the Archbold Expedition. No. 1951. A second specimen of the Papuan ear- 43. Birds or the 1938-1939 New Guinea less water rat, Crossom'Ys moncklont. expedition. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Amer. Mus. Novitatee. no. 1523, pp. Hist., vel. 79, pp. 425-515. 1-4. VOL. 103, PLATE 14 BULLETIN N,lER. Mus. NAT. HIST.

2 c~i\:nd""pe at 14,000 feet, Mt. Wilh.lm. Rock fi,ld' ben

BULLETIN Anae. Mus. NAT. H1ST, VOL. 103, PLATE 15

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2 ss valley 1. Landscape at 10,000 feet, Mt. Wilhelm, looking north to centra 1d·IVI'd·C from a gra near the head of the heast towards 2. Beech forest at 8000 feet. Northeastern flank of Mt. Hagen looking sout (left) Hybrid Gap

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2 1. Native farmlands, near Kup, Wabgi Valley, 5000 feet 2. Grass Owls (Tyio tongirnembris papuensis) from Kup VOL. 103, PLATE 18 BULLETIN AMER. Mus. NAT. HrST.

1. Nino:r theomadw 2. Aegotheles insignis VOL. 103, PLATE 19 BULLETIN IDlER. Mus. NAT. HIST.

Podargus pa.puensis VOL. 103, PLATE 20 BULLETINAMER. Mus. NAT. HIST.

2 Adult female hopping on ground. 2. Young male Rhyticeros plicatus. 1. BULLETIN AMER. Mus. NAT. HIST. VOL. 103, PLAtE 21

3 1. Craleroscelis robusta 2. Gerygone ruficollis 3. Psiilacella brehmi, f1-.leogI'lllg and nestling from same nest, Mt. O'-mar, June 7, 1952 BULLETIN AMER. Mus. NAT. RIST. VOL, 103, PLATE 22

2

4 1 1, 2, Eugerygone rubra, showing its relationship to the flycatchers (Microeca, Petroita) 3. Machaerirhynchus nigriPectus 4. Sericornis nouhuysi BULLETIN AMER. Mus. NAT. HIST. VOL. 103, PLATE 23

3

1. P-i~hui dichrOlts 2. Monachella mulleriana 3. Pomareopsis bruijni, adult on nest, July 15, 1952, Nondugl VOL. 103, PLATE 24

2

1. M·ytolestes me arh 2. Pachycephal g ,.;ynchus on nest a rUJonucha at nest and eggs BULLETIN fu.1ER. Mus, NAT. HIST. VOL. 103, PLATE 25

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Dipn)'fllHks magnih~us. 1 '1 :LI'laledisplaying ~... • 1\ ale with chest shield expanded. 2. Female. 3. BULLETIN AMER. Mus. NAT. HI5T. VOL. 103, PLATE 26

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BULLETIN fu.IER. Mus. NAT. HIST. VOL. 103, PLATE 27

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seeds and blue __sortment of round red , blue, and green Bower of Chlamydera lculerbac h'$ WI.th usua I <=>v' clay or stone pebbles, Kup, 5000 feet c

BULLETIN AMER. Mus. NAT. HIST. VOL. 103, PLATE 31

Chfam)'dera lauterbachi. Female at nest with young. The egg is shown in the inset a

VOL. 103, PLATE 32 BULLETIN AMER. Mus. NAT. Hrsr.

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~. Paramytkia montium. Mt. O'-mar, Kubor Mountains with Dan" arena of Archboldia papu,",;, ,"aj"di, Mt. Hagen. Joly, 19;0. No" sprung snare trap at center tall feathers of Archbotdia 4

BULLETIN l~MER. Mus. NAT. HIST. VOL. 103, PLATE 33

2 1. Zosterops novaeguineae. Kup, 5000 feet. Abundant 2. Nest of Toxorhall1phus poliopterus, with one nestling, July, 1952, KUPt 5000 feet VOL. 103, PLATE 34 , BULLETIN AMER. Mus. NAT. HIST.

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.Me~ideetes princeps Mayr and Gilliard (right row, with long bill), compared w;th its nearest known relative, Melidecles nouhuysi Van Ooort (left row,

With short bill)