Use of Remote Sensing in Detecting and Analyzing Natural Hazards and Disasters, 1972-1998: a Partially Annotated Bibliography

The Use of Remote Sensing in Detecting and Analyzing Natural Hazards and Disasters, 1972-1998: A Partially Annotated Bibliography

Compiled by Pamela S. Showalter1 and Matthew Ramspott2, with additional contributions by 3 4 Dave Morton , Linda Prosperie , and Louis Walter5

Published by The James and Marilyn Lovell Center for Environmental Geography and Hazards Research Department of Geography Southwest Texas State University (SWT) San Marcos, Texas 78666

Occasional Paper No. 1 June 1999

1- Assistant Professor, SWT; 2 - Masters student, SWT; 3 - Librarian, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, University of Colorado, Boulder; 4 - Doctoral student, SWT; 5 -Research Professor, Institute for Crisis, Disaster, and Risk Management, George Washington University

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The James and Marilyn Lovell Center for Environmental Geography and Hazards Research 601 University Drive Department of Geography Southwest Texas State University San Marcos, Texas 78666

Please note that we cannot accept credit card orders or fill orders without receiving payment in advance. THE JAMES AND MARILYN LOVELL CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL GEOGRAPHY AND HAZARDS RESEARCH

Geography has always been about exploration and the environment. The pinnacle of scientific exploration in the 20th Century was NASA's Apollo program. On Apollo 8, Astronauts Lovell, Borman, and Anders showed all of humanity how truly fragile and precious the earth's environment is with their photograph of the "Blue Marble in Space," which remains one of the most enduring images of the Apollo program. During the Apollo 13 mission, Captain Lovell and his crew captured the attention of the entire world as they brought their crippled spacecraft back to earth, illustrating the type of courage and daring needed to explore unknown environments. The James and Marilyn Lovell Center for Environmental Geography and Hazards Research recognizes Jim Lovell as an inspiration for global exploration and environmental science and Marilyn Lovell for her unwavering support of her husband and his extraordinary vision.

The Center for Environmental Geography and Hazards Research provides a focus for geographers with interests in Environmental Geography, and Natural and Technological Hazards. The Center provides a locus of scholarship and activity emphasizing the importance of understanding the Earth’s environment, analyzing and reducing the impacts of natural and technological hazards, and achieving sound policy formulation on these issues. Center activities include convening and sponsoring conferences on critical issues in the fields of environmental geography and hazards research; publishing plenary papers from such conferences in special issues of renowned international journals (the first such issue, the plenary papers of a Conference on Environmental Geography, will be published in the nationally recognized journal Physical Geography in 1999); serving as a clearing-house of information on environmental geography and hazards issues; offering research and office space, and an in-house library for the use of visiting scholars; and fostering the next generation of environmental geographers through the Department of Geography’s Ph.D. program in Environmental Geography. The Center also sponsors faculty and student luncheons within the department, providing opportunities for collegiality, talks by faculty or students, and discussion of issues that affect the Center.

For more information, contact the Center at: 601 University Drive Department of Geography Southwest Texas State University San Marcos, Texas 78666 FAX: (512) 245-9140 or visit our website at: http://www.geo.swt.edu/lovell/center_front.html

Lovell Center Scholars and Research Interests

R. Denise Blanchard-Boehm (Ph.D. Colorado-Boulder, 1992): mitigation and preparedness behavior, recovery planning and policy as it relates to future disasters, and environmental hazards in Texas and the borderlands.

David R. Butler (Ph.D. Kansas, 1982): landslides, snow avalanches as hazards, geomorphic hazards that have developed as a result of twentieth-century global warming, and the hazards produced by natural dam failures (e.g., landslide, avalanche, glacial, volcanic, and beaver).

Richard Dixon (Ph.D. Texas A&M, 1996): weather and climate related hazards, identification of threshold values at which warnings need to be provided to communities.

J. Ronald Eyton (Ph.D. University of Illinois-Urbana, 1974): environmental applications of remote sensing, digital terrain modeling, computer cartography, and quantitative methods.

Robert Larsen (Ph.D. University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1976): identification of waste sites and waste management, urban planning, application of GIS for mapping and delineating surface and subsurface hazard zones associated with waste sites in Texas.

Susan Macey (Ph.D. University of Illinois-Urbana, 1982): human impact of natural hazards, use of geographic information systems (GIS) for environmental applications, spatial patterns and correlates of elderly heat and cold related mortality.

Pamela S. Showalter (Ph.D. Colorado-Boulder, 1993): use of remote sensing in disaster research/analysis, ―na-tech‖ events, risk communication.

David Stea (Ph.D. Stanford, 1964): applications of environmental cognition to environmental geography and environmental epidemiology in the U.S./Mexico Border region.

John Tiefenbacher (Ph.D. Rutgers, 1992): spatial patterns of chemical contamination of the environment, air quality, and environmental problems along the U.S. - Mexico border.

F. Benjamin Zhan (Ph.D. SUNY-Buffalo, 1994): utilization of GIS in waste management decision-making.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

The James and Marilyn Lovell Center for Environmental Geography and Hazards Research i

Center Scholars and Research Interests ii

Introduction 1

Description of Material Found in the Bibliography 1

An Invitation to Authors 2

The Use of Remote Sensing in Detecting and Analyzing Natural Hazards and Disasters, 1972-1998: A Partially Annotated Bibliography 6

List of Tables

Table 1. Hazards and General Associated Utility of Remotely Sensed Data 3

Table 2. Hazards Addressed in this Bibliography 4

List of Figures

Figure 1. Frequency with which Topics Addressed in Bibliography, as a Percent 5

Figure 2. Yearly Count of Articles Found in Bibliography 5

Appendices

Appendix A. Publications Outlets Represented in Bibliography 97

Appendix B. Glossary of Acronyms 101

INTRODUCTION

This partially annotated bibliography was created to demonstrate the extent to which satellite remote sensing has been used in disaster analysis and management. Satellite images can help detect and monitor geophysical hazards, predict or warn of impact, manage emergencies, and improve planning to reduce human vulnerability (Alexander 1991). Contrary to what laypeople may presume regarding satellite images and their use in a disaster context, obtaining real-time or near real-time imagery is not necessarily the goal for hazards analysis. Rather, the technology can help define areas of potential exposure to hazards as well as ways to prevent or mitigate the effects of those hazards. Therefore, the use of remote sensing in disaster mitigation, analysis, and planning is often a question of identifying change on the surface of the earth. Fortunately, because of the length of time Landsat has been in orbit (the first Landsat satellite was launched as ERTS-1 in 1972), there is a large body of image data available that can provide the temporal perspective necessary to perform change detection (Organization of American States 1991). The information contained herein can be used by scholars pursuing various avenues of research as well as by environmental managers who wish to familiarize themselves with the technology. The latter group "should have a working knowledge of remote sensing techniques and the capability to assess the validity of an interpretation, as well as the ability to use the derived information‖ (Organization of American States 1991, p. 4-4), whether or not they plan to personally perform image analysis.

DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL FOUND IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY

Generally, four types of satellite orbit the earth: communication, meteorological, remote sensing, and geophysical (Walter, 1989). This bibliography focuses on articles using commercial, terrestrial satellite remote sensing systems such as Landsat because imagery from such systems are increasingly used for research and are commercially available at a reasonable price. While articles describing the use of images from meteorological satellites (whose scale of imagery is usually too small for land management applications), radar (whose images non-specialists can find difficult to comprehend), and conventional photography are sometimes included, they have purposefully been kept to a minimum. The bibliography contains 405 references, 209 of which are annotated. Nearly all the articles were originally published in English. A list of the publications from which these references have been obtained can be found in Appendix A. Whenever possible, publications were searched for material from 1972 to 1998. In some cases the year of publication is either unknown (these are indicated by ―ND‖ for ―no date‖), or the date is unclear, in which case the year is followed by a question mark. Additionally, because of the sometimes bewildering number of acronyms commonly used in remote sensing, Appendix B provides a glossary of acronyms found in some of the references and pertinent to the field.

To further assist scholars and environmental managers, Table 1 provides a general overview of different types of hazards addressed, sensors used to study them, types of data the sensors acquire, and the types of hazards analyses that have been performed. Table 2 displays the number of articles addressing specific hazard topics that can be found in this bibliography. (The heading ―general‖ in Table 2 refers to ―overview‖ papers on the topic and address a number of different types of hazard and hazard analyses.)

Figure 1 illustrates the frequency with which the hazards described in Table 2 are found in the bibliography (having been reduced into eight categories). Within these categories, mass movement includes references to: avalanches, landslides, mass movements, mountain hazards, and slope instability. Erosion incorporates references to: coastal erosion and erosion. Tropical storms includes: cyclones, hurricanes, tropical storms, and typhoons. Agricultural includes: agricultural hazards, crop hazards, drought, and locusts. Tectonic includes: earthquake, tsunami, and volcanic hazards. General includes: ―overview‖ papers that address a number of different types of hazard and hazard analyses. Other Storms includes: extreme rainfall, flood, tornado, river ice, and snow. Fire includes: fire, forest fire, wildfire, and smoke plumes. And, Flood includes: floods, flood plains, and inundation. Finally, Figure 2 illustrates the number of papers published per year that are found in this bibliography.

AN INVITATION TO AUTHORS

As stated earlier, every attempt was made to locate articles published between 1972 and 1998 from each of the publications found in Appendix A. However, constraints of time as well as the inaccessibility of some publications (especially in the case of symposia, conference, and workshop proceedings) ensures that this bibliography is not yet complete. Since the goal is to provide as much data as possible to those who will be acquiring this bibliography for the purpose of research and information, two favors are asked of our fellow scholars: if you have written an article or articles pertinent to the topic and do not find yourself represented in this bibliography, please send a copy (or copies) of your material to the Lovell Center, or e-mail your citation information (see below), and if you are listed here and locate an error or errors in your citation and/or annotation, please send your correction(s) to the Center. Information can be mailed to Dr. Showalter in care of the Lovell Center (address on title page), or e-mailed to her at [email protected]. Upon receipt of new information, addendum pages will initially be printed on loose sheets of paper to include with currently printed copies of the bibliography. Each subsequent reprinting of the bibliography will include all new references and corrections as part of the regular listings. By continually updating the listings in this manner, it is hoped that all scholars who used remote sensing in natural disaster analysis and published their results between 1972 and 1998 will eventually be found in this bibliography. Whether or not this goal can be met is now largely in the hands of those who read this invitation.

Table 1. Hazards and General Associated Utility of Remotely Sensed Data. (Adapted from Wadge, 1993, p. 10) Hazard Sensor Type of Data Purpose Storms Geostationary satellites Global, 5km resolution, every ½-hr; cloud, water vapor Weather forecasting

Polar-orbiting satellites Global, 1km resolution, every 6 hours; clouds, temps Storm tracking, weather forecasting

Ground-based VLF Global, time and position of lightning Storm tracking Floods Landsat, SPOT, NOAA NIR discrimination of land/water Flood extent mapping

Radar (e.g., ERS-1) Water content from backscatter for soil/snow Runoff/snowmelt models

Ground-based radar Rainfall intensity Weather forecasting/ runoff models Earthquakes Satellite/airborne radar Interferometric mapping of surface deformation Prediction*

Differential GPS Point monitoring of surface deformation Prediction*

Landsat, SPOT, Fuyo-1 Detection of topographic evidence for faults & offsets Estimate of earthquake recurrence Volcanic NOAA, TOMS Eruption plume height, motion, and gases Aircraft warning, eruption monitoring Eruptions Landsat TM Size and temperature of emitted radiation Eruption precursor/ monitoring

Satellite/airborne radar Deformation of volcano surface Eruption precursor/ monitoring Drought/ Meteosat, NOAA Cloud temperatures and vegetation indices African storm warnings, drought monitoring, Pests & pest migration prediction Fires NOAA Night-time thermal emissive anomalies provide Wildfire monitoring temperature and size of fires Landslides SPOT Topography from stereopairs Landslide inventory, susceptibility mapping

Landsat Spectral character of landslide surface expression Mapping

* An asterisk is placed next to ―prediction‖ for earthquakes because, using current techniques, is it not possible to reliably predict earthquakes. 4

Table 2. Hazards Addressed in this Bibliography HAZARD # ARTICLES HAZARD # ARTICLES ADDRESSING (Continued) ADDRESSING HAZARD HAZARD Agricultural Hazards 3 Landslide 12 Anthropogenic Hazards 1 Locusts 1 Avalanche 4 Mass Movement 1 Coastal Erosion 1 ―Mountain Hazards‖ 3 Cyclone 1 River Ice 1 Drought 5 Slope Instability 1 Earthquake 22 Smoke Plume 1 Erosion 8 Snow 1 Extreme Rainfall 3 Tornado 1 Flood 143 Tropical Storms 1 Fire 18 Tsunami 2 Forest Fire 2 Typhoon 1 General 75 Volcano 91 Hurricane 5 Wildfire 7

Figure 1. Frequency with which Topics Addressed in Bibliography, as a Percent

Figure 2. Yearly Count of Articles Found in Bibliography

The Use of Remote Sensing in Detecting and Analyzing Natural Hazards and Disasters, 1972-1998: A Partially Annotated Bibliography

Abrams, Michael, Elsa Abbott, and Anne Kahle 1991 ―Combined Use of Visible, Reflected Infrared, and Thermal Infrared Images for Mapping Hawaiian Lava Flows.‖ Journal of Geophysical Research. 96(B1): 475-484. The authors use remote sensing techniques to quantitatively map changes caused by weathering of Hawaiian basalts. Remote sensing is shown to be useful in the relative dating of similar basalts in an arid environment, using combined data from the reflectance and emittance parts of the spectrum. Flow age can be estimated from remotely sensed data, provided the progression of colors in the quantitative map has already been calibrated for the given region. The combined use of data in two electromagnetic wavelengths (e.g., visible/NIR, SWIR/TIR), provides more information towards depicting flow at different stages of development than when used separately.

Abrams, Michael, Remo Bianchi, and Dave Pieri 1996 ―Revised Mapping of Lava Flows on Mount Etna, Sicily.‖ Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 62(12):1353-1359. Remote sensing data, used jointly with field mapping and analysis of aerial photographs, represents a powerful tool for improving geologic mapping of volcanic rocks. Using supervised classification of multispectral image data, Etnean flows are separated into age groups based on their spectral properties. This classification of volcanic materials resolves some of the discrepancies between flow ages shown on published geologic maps and flow ages determined from paleomagnetic measurements.

Abrams, Michael, Lori Glaze, and Michael Sheridan 1991 ―Monitoring Colima Volcano, Mexico, Using Satellite Data.‖ Bulletin of Volcanology 53: 571-574. Remote sensing by satellite measurements provides an improved technique for volcano monitoring. Monitoring is important to understand the behavior of volcanoes and to more effectively predict eruptions and related hazards. SWIR sensors with spatial resolutions less than 100m can provide data regarding surface conditions and magmatic events. The Colima Volcanic Complex at the western end of the Mexican Volcanic Belt (MVB) is used to illustrate the correspondence between ground-based observations and measurements with satellite-derived temperature measurements of hot fumaroles on an active volcano. Landsat TM bands 5 (1.55-1.75 micrometers) and 7 (2.08-2.35 micrometers) were used to determine the temperature and fractional area of the hot component of radiant pixels on Fuego, an active cone, demonstrating the potential value

of satellite data for volcano monitoring. Subpixel thermal structure of features were extracted using a method devised by Dozier (1981) and Matson and Dozier (1981). References cited in article: Dozier, J., 1981, "A Method for Satellite Identification of Surface Temperature Fields of Subpixel Resolution." Remote Sensing of Environment 11:221-229. Matson, M. and J. Dozier, 1981, "Identification of Subresolution High Temperature Sources Using a Thermal IR Sensor." Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 47:1311-1318.

Adams, J. 1994 ―Wildfire Monitoring in New South Wales, Australia.‖ International Journal of Remote Sensing 15: 3641-42.

Alasingrachar, M.A. and M.B. Kumthekar. 1986 "Some Aspects of Flood Studies of Sahibi River Basin Using Remotely Sensed Data." In, Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Ann Arbor, Michigan, October 21-25, 1985. Volume 2, pp. 891-896. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan. The study illustrates the use of Landsat preflood and postflood coverages of Sahibi river basin in Rajasthan, India, during 1977, when there was unprecedented flooding in parts of Rajasthan, Haryana, and the territory of Delhi. Flood-boundary delineation was accomplished by adopting digital techniques to classify areas of deep water, shallow water, wetlands, and land with some moisture. Superimposing the preflood data on the postflood data, the flood areas were demarcated. Temporal composite techniques were also attempted, using an optronics colormation system to delineate the flood areas. The best result was obtained by band 7 of preflood coverage, projected with a red filter on band 7 of postflood coverage with a green filter. The land use in flooded areas was determined using the stretched and unstretched data to generate the color composites on the colormation system.

Alexander, D. 1991 "Information Technology in Real-Time for Monitoring and Managing Natural Disasters." Progress in Physical Geography 15(3): 238-260. This paper discusses not only methods of obtaining, manipulating, and displaying data but also the limitations of technology, the possibility that its use can exacerbate disasters, and difficulties encountered in using technology effectively. The role of information technology in disasters is followed by a discussion of efforts to monitor the physical impacts of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, floods, hurricanes, and landslides and rock avalanches in real-time. Management of social responses is discussed as being more than a simple function of access to information flow and telecommunications, since there have been notable cases where information about hazardous conditions was available but exposed populations remained ignorant for a variety of reasons.

Alfoldi, T.T. 1975 "Landslide Analysis and Susceptibility Mapping.‖ In, Proceedings of the 8

Symposium on Remote Sensing and Photo Interpretation, Banff, Alberta, Canada, October 7-11, 1974. Volume 1, pp. 379-388. Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Institute of Surveying. The eastern portion of Ontario is extensively covered by a glacio/lacustrian deposit, popularly called 'Leda' clay. This clay has the particular feature of being extremely sensitive to disturbance. A critical loss of strength results from remolding, a phenomenon which manifests itself throughout the region as landslides. Airphoto interpretation proves to be the only practical and economical means of identifying existing landslides over a large area. By examining the nature of such landslides in both theory and ground observation, and subsequently developing an airphoto recognition pattern, it has been possible to do an inventory of landslides over eastern Ontario using existing aerial photography. An attempt is also made to construct a list of those parameters which are recordable on remotely-sensed imagery and to indicate susceptibility to slope failure.

Alfoldi, Thomas T. and Julia M. Harvie 1981 Smoke Plume Definition by Satellite Remote Sensing. Canada Centre for Remote Sensing. Ottawa: Department of Energy, Mines and Resources. The authors describe a technique developed at the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) for monitoring the dispersion of visible smoke plumes through the use of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) digital data. MSS data are capable of providing the location, extent, composition, height, source and the diffusion characteristics of smoke plumes required for effective monitoring. Computer analyses of digital satellite images provide objective evaluations which are repeatable and for which the measurement error can be defined. Contrast-stretching, intensity slicing, and spatial filtering techniques are employed to evaluate the smoke plume in the image. The use of digitally analyzed Landsat MSS imagery is demonstrated as a very practical method available for monitoring smoke plumes.

Ali, A., D.A. Quadir, and O.K. Huh 1989 ―Study of Flood Hydrology in Bangladesh with NOAA Satellite AVHRR Data.‖ International Journal of Remote Sensing 10: 1873-1891.

Allord, G.J. and F.L Scarpace 1981 "Improving Stream Flow Estimates Through the Use of Landsat.‖ In, Satellite Hydrology: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual William T. Pecora Memorial Symposium on Remote Sensing, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, June 10-15, 1979, pp. 284-291. Minneapolis, Minnesota: American Water Resources Association. Traditionally, land use (a basin characteristic that influences stream flow) was measured from USGS topographic maps. Land cover analysis using Landsat MSS data improved estimates of low flow and flood frequency in several southwest Wisconsin basins. A land-use/land-cover classification system devised by Anderson et al. (1976) was used to define Level I land-use categories of: forest, grassland, water, wetland, mixed vegetation, bare soil, and cropland. Landsat and cartographic information were merged, and land-use data from the imagery used in a step forward regression analysis to develop relations for low flow and flood flows. Improvements in predicting stream flow

characteristics assist analyses of water resources and aid management decisions. Reference cited in annotation: Anderson, J.R., E.E. Hardy, J.T. Roach, and R.E. Witmer, 1976, "A Land Use and Land Cover System for Use with Remote Sensing Data." U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 964.

Ambrosia, Vincent G. 1990 ―High Altitude Aircraft Remote Sensing during the 1988 Yellowstone National Park Wildfires.‖ Geocarto International 5(3): 43-47. The author presents a detailed description of the high altitude ER-2 imagery obtained by NASA, and its use in operational planning for firefighters in the 1988 Yellowstone event. Imagery was produced using a Daedalus AADS1268 multispectral Thematic Mapper Simulator scanner, and data were sent by downlink to NASA Ames Research Center personnel at a receiving station set up in West Yellowstone, Montana. Maps produced from these data were immediately made available to fire crew and logistical planning personnel on a daily basis. Thermal IR imagery was found most useful in locating ―hot spots‖ because of the smoke plume obscuration in the visible channels.

Ambrosia, V.G., S.W. Buechel, J.A. Brass, J.R. Peterson, R.H.Davies, R.J. Kane, and S. Spain. 1998 ―An Integration of Remote Sensing, GIS, and Information Distribution for Wildfire Detection and Management.‖ Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 64(10): 977-985. This article reports on a demonstration which was staged to test the feasibility of real time processing and utilization of remote sensing data for use in managing wildfires. A prescribed burn in the Sierra Azul range of California was imaged using the Airborne Infrared Disaster Assessment System (AIRDAS) thermal scanner. Data were transmitted via telemetry to the NASA Ames Research Center on the ground, and then to a file transfer protocol site on the internet to be picked up by the command center in the field, using Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) antenna hardware. Acquired images, which were processed and ready for use in less than half an hour, contained valuable information about fire progression which can be used by fire managers in the field. By making use of GPS receivers and relayed radio communications, tracking of vehicles was also included in the output images.

Andrawis, A.S., K.D. Bhattarai, P.M. Joshi, M.D. Rajbhandari, N.N. Vaidya, and P.P. Shrestha. 1978 "An Evaluation of Landsat Technology for Operational Use by Nepal Resource Agencies." In, Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of

Environment, Manila, Philippines, April 20-26, Vol. 2, pp. 1503-1512. Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan. Landsat data was studied as a possible method of obtaining basic resource data for planning and development. Mosaics were prepared from twelve Landsat prints, ranging in scale from 1:1 million to 1:62,500, as individual bands and color composites; 10

diapositives for the entire country were analyzed using a Color Additive Viewer; Skylab photographs were compared to the Landsat imagery; and a computer compatible tape was analyzed. Throughout the analysis, simple visual interpretation was emphasized. Findings include: 1) visual interpretation of Landsat imagery could not resolve forested areas of less than 5 acres due to a lack of contrast with their background and shadows caused by hilly areas; 2) multitemporal coverage efficiently detected deforestation; 3) landslides and eroded areas were visible on color composites; 4) water courses of the second order, and many of the third order, were easily identified. The authors conclude that repeated seasonal Landsat coverage can assist in the updating of forest maps to enhance monitoring land use change, and alterations to the landscape caused by erosion, landslides, drought, or flood.

Andrawis, A.S., D.G. Moore, and A. Doka. 1980 ―Evaluation of Landsat Data for Disaster Assessment and Planning-Sudan Flood 1978." In, Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, San Jose, Costa Rica, April 23-30, Vol. 3, pp. 1443-1454. Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, U.S. Agency for International Development. The Gezira agricultural area encompasses about 1 million hectares composed of a flat, clay plain between two rivers. Annual precipitation averages 150mm. When the area is flooded, its entirety becomes inaccessible for weeks, restricting the ability to do ground-based damage assessments. In this study, post-flood Landsat MSS imagery was used in the form of photographic negatives and diapositives as well as computer compatible tapes (CCTs). An overlay at a scale of 1:250,000 and produced from a false color mosaic allowed classification of the area into three zones: highly, moderately, and slightly damaged (digital classification with the CCTs was not satisfactory for a variety of reasons. The authors concluded that Landsat MSS data provided useful damage assessment.

Andres, R.J. and W.I. Rose 1991 ―Detection of Thermal Anomalies Associated with Santiaguitao Dome.‖ EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union 72: 523.

Andres, R.J. and W.I. Rose 1993 Remote Sensing Spectroscopy of Volcanic Plumes and Clouds. In Monitoring Active Volcanoes: Strategies, Procedures and Techniques, W.J. McGuire, C.R.J. Kilburn, and J.B. Murray, editors. London: University College London Press.

Andres, R.J. and W.I. Rose 1995 ―Description of Thermal Anomalies on Two Active Guatemalan Volcanoes Using Landsat Thematic Mapper Imagery.‖ Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 61(6): 775-782. At least 150 volcanoes erupted from 1975 to 1985 and approximately 50 more exhibited unrest. Because the scientific community has limited economic and personnel resources, the authors explore the feasibility of using commercially available satellite imagery to supplement in-situ volcano monitoring efforts. The authors analyzed three Landsat TM subscenes of Santiaguito Dome, Guatemala. Despite some problems with cloud cover, the authors were able to detect location, size, shape, and temperature of a thermal anomaly that persisted over time from image to image; cloud eruption heights; the beginning of an erosional episode on the volcano's face; and approximate location, size, shape, and temperature of an active lava flow. Landsat TM imagery is regularly acquired by satellite and can provide a view of the activity of a volcano and its changes since the last on-site visit or date of imaging; the location, size, shape, and temperature of thermal anomalies (i.e., lava flows, fumaroles, fields); and data on the minimum intensity of eruptions. The authors conclude that periodic processing of Landsat TM images provides a valuable, supplemental monitoring tool for active volcanoes, particularly when on-site monitoring is limited by economic or personnel resources.

Ayoob, S.M. 1984? "Remote Sensing Technique for the Solution of Flood Problems in Punjab, Pakistan." In, Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) Workshop on Applications of Remote Sensing Data and Methods, pp. 17-25.

Bach, W.D., Jr. 1975? RANN Utilization Experience, Case Study No. 11: Natural Hazards. Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, and University of Colorado, Boulder. Information is provided on immediate policy alternatives and evaluations of existing research concerning such hazards as floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes. The research focused on analysis of: 1) existing data; 2) the quality of the data; 3) the effectiveness of methods for coping with hazards; 4) the probable effectiveness of alternative methods; and 5) the costs and benefits of the various methods.

Baker, Victor R. and R.K. Holz 1978 Remote Sensing of Flood Hazards in Central Texas. Austin, TX: Texas Natural Resources Information System. Report No. TNRIS-003, 19 pages. The spectacular rainstorms of central Texas produce some of the largest floods for a given drainage area that have been recorded anywhere in the U.S. Remote sensing imagery from orbital photographs were useful for the rapid generation of geomorphic flood hazard zone maps. An 'upstream' application of this approach is to determine the physiographic attributes that dictate flash flood potential in small drainage basins. A 'downstream' application is in the mapping of flood hazard zones along broad alluvial valleys. Remote sensing techniques do not replace the time-consuming and considerably more expensive engineering-hydraulic flood studies of local river segments, but they do 12

provide a relatively inexpensive means for the rapid regional assessment of flood hazards.

Barrett, E.C. 1979 ―Satellite Remote Sensing in Hazard Monitoring and Disaster Evaluation.‖ In, ESA Satellite Remote Sensing: Applications in Agroclimatology and Agrometeorology, pp. 157-163. The potential applicability of satellite remote sensing to short term disaster monitoring is discussed. Emphasis is on different types of agricultural disasters, such as drought, high-intensity short-period rainfall and subsequent flooding as well as hurricanes or monsoons. It is shown that remote sensing can also be of assistance in the assessment of the areas, and therefore, the volumes and values of the crops involved. Finally, the use of satellite data as a check against qualitative data from other sources, especially for countries with an inadequate conventional network for the observation and reporting of environmental conditions, is suggested.

Barrett, E.C. 1981 ―Satellite Monitoring of Extreme Rainfall Events--Application of Visible and Infrared Imagery.‖ In, ESA Satellite Remote Sensing Applied to Rural Disasters, pp. 97- 103. Extreme rainfall events are categorized in terms of the lengths of time taken for them to develop to severe hazard or disaster proportions. Examples are given of satellite methods for improved monitoring and assessment of slowly developing droughts, rainfall surpluses, and floods associated with sudden, high intensity rainfall events. Concluding references are made to satellite-improved monitoring of some key hydrological variables related to rainfall, e.g., stream hydrograph peaks and basin runoff changes.

Barrett, E.C., K.A. Brown, and A. Micallef 1991 Remote Sensing for Hazard Monitoring and Disaster Assessment: Marine and Coastal Applications in the Mediterranean Region. Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. Chapters discuss: concepts of hazards and disasters; basic remote sensing principles, sensors, platforms, and data; and natural and anthropogenic hazards monitoring. Chapter topics that are beyond the scope of this bibliography address: pollution, desertification, crop hazards (e.g., pests), meteorological monitoring, and sea state. The book's final chapter discusses the problems and potential of integrating GIS and RS in the context of hazard and disaster information management.

Barrett, E.C. and J. Michell 1991 "Satellite Remote Sensing of Natural Hazards and Disasters in the Mediterranean Region." In, Remote Sensing for Hazard Monitoring and Disaster Assessment: Marine

and Coastal Applications in the Mediterranean Region, E.C. Barrett, and J. Michell, eds., pp. 51-67. Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. After discussing environmental conditions in the region, the authors present case studies that explore the synergisms between conventional data and imagery in re identification of affected areas and ability to assess patterns and degrees of intensity. As an example, the authors examined data from flooding and severe storms that took place in Upper Egypt in 1979. They found that neither data obtained from the Global Telecommunications System nor from the European Meteorological Bulletins revealed that a significant storm event occurred. However, by applying a simple cumulonimbus counting technique to Meteosat data, they were able to identify a foci of heavy rainfall, demonstrating the potential of satellite imagery for monitoring and forecasting such an extreme event.

Barrick, Donald E. 1979 ―Coastal Radar System for Tsunami Warning.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 8: 353-358.

Barton, I.J., A.S. Prata, I.G. Watterson, and S.A. Young 1992 ―Identification of the Mount Hudson Volcanic Cloud Over SE Austrailia.‖ Geophysical Research Letters 19: 1211-1214.

Beaumont, M.J. 1991 "Hazard and Disaster Information Management: The Way Forward?" In, Remote Sensing for Hazard Monitoring and Disaster Assessment: Marine and Coastal Applications in the Mediterranean Region, pp. 217-229. Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.

Belward, A.S., P.J. Kennedy, and J.M. Grgoire 1994 ―The Limitation and Potential of AVHRR GAC Data for Continental Scale Fire Studies.‖ International Journal of Remote Sensing 15: 2215-2234.

Bensko, J. Jr. and S.H. Stow 1973? Use of Remote Sensing Techniques for Geological Hazard Surveys in Vegetated Urban Regions. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL. Alabama University, Tuscaloosa.

Berger, Z. and J.R. Jensen 1980 "Modeling Soil Loss and Flood Potential Due to Urbanization in Humid Subtropical Southeastern Environments." In, Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, San Jose, Costa Rica, April 23 30, 1980. Volume 2, pp. 1057-1067. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan. 14

Bergman, Howard et al. 1983 ―Progress Report on Rapid Damage Assessment Through Remote Sensing.‖ Denton, TX: U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Region 6, Office of the Regional Director (RDA Project), 162 pages. Widespread damage caused by Hurricane Alicia in August, 1983, generated interest at FEMA Region VI in rapid damage assessment through the use of aerial photography, satellite imagery, and multi-spectral scanners. Findings in this interim report suggest that: 1) conventional aerial photography and interpretation, when combined with valid statistical techniques, offer the most immediate means currently available for obtaining information about a disaster area, other than through direct observation; 2) several federal agencies, state agencies, universities, and private companies already have the necessary collecting, processing, and interpretation capabilities; 3) experience by North Texas State University researchers indicates that amateurs can learn quickly to recognize damage effects appearing on aerial photo products; and 4) the armed forces have legal and procedural complications that make them somewhat unsuitable as a data source for rapid disaster damage assessment.

Bernard, E. and R. Goulet. 1984? Tsunami Research Opportunities, an Assessment and Comprehensive Guide. Seattle: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Forecasting tsunami dangers and evaluating coastal tsunami hazards are outlined. The nature of tsunamis, their impact on United States coastal areas, and progress made in forecasting ability since 1960 is described. Tsunamigenic earthquakes and tsunami generation, propagation, terminal effects, instrumentation, warning systems, social response and risk are studied.

Bhattacharya, A., C.S.S. Reddy, and S.K. Srivastav 1993 ―Remote Sensing for Active Volcano Monitoring in Barren Island, India.‖ Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 59(8): 1293-1297. Studying volcanic events through remote sensing techniques provides an opportunity to study ongoing magmatism and other associated volcanologic features which adds to our understanding of the interior composition and structure of the Earth. The Barren Island Volcano is a suitable candidate for satellite remote sensing because it is remote from the mainland and inaccessible during the monsoon season and during eruptions. This study addresses: 1) remote sensing temporal monitoring of the volcanic activity; 2) location and mapping of lava, pyroclastic, and debris flows; 3) detection of hot lava and measurement of its pixel-integrated and sub-pixel temperatures; and 4) the importance of short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) bands for high temperature volcanic feature detection. Data from all seven bands of Landsat TM were analyzed and revealed thermally radiating pixels in bands 5, 6, and 7 showing clear evidence of the capability of SWIR bands (TM 5 and 7) in detecting and monitoring high temperature volcanic eruptions.

Bianchi, R., R. Casacchia, A. Coradini, A.M. Duncan, J.E. Guest, A. Kahle, P. Lanciano, D.C. Pieri, and M. Poscolieri 1990 "Remote Sensing of Italian Volcanoes." EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union 71(46): 1788-1792. Missions were carried out to provide thermal, lithologic, structural, and geomorphic information in a synoptic format for geological mapping and volcanic process studies, as well as to assess the utility of RS for civil protection, hazard prediction, and damage reduction. Multispectral, thermal infrared images acquired from TIMS and short-wavelength infrared data from NASA's Thematic Mapper Simulator were analyzed in conjunction with field instruments that measured emissivity of various targets, atmospheric effects, and acquired high spatial resolution data over areas of particular interest. The authors were able to clearly delineate differences between major flow units and ash and flow deposits. Aa and pahoehoe lava could be distinguished from each other, even after severe weathering. False color composites revealed different lithologic units. Thermal data from active features helped characterize heat loss rates and mechanisms; these data could assist both scientific and civil protection efforts because the thermal characteristics of fracture systems is an important component for assessing dynamic conditions during eruption crises. Mapping the distribution of surface thermal expression can provide a thermal base map against which to chart future crises.

Bielicki, D.E. and T.H. Vonderhaar 1978 Estimation of Big Thompson Flood Rainfall Using Infrared Satellite Imagery. Colorado State University, Fort Collins. Department of Atmospheric Science.

Blanchard, B.J. 1974? ―Measuring Watershed Runoff Capability with ERTS Data --- Washita River Basin, Oklahoma.‖ In, Proceedings of the NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center Third ERTS-1 Symposium, Volume 1, Section B, pp. 1089-1098. Parameters of most equations used to predict runoff from an ungaged area are based on characteristics of the watershed and subject to the biases of a hydrologist. Digital multispectral scanner (MSS) data from ERTS was reduced with the aid of computer programs and a Dicomed display. Multivariate analyses of the MSS data indicate that discrimination between watersheds with different runoff capabilities is possible using ERTS data. Differences between two visible bands of MSS data can be used to more accurately evaluate the parameters than present subjective methods, thus reducing construction cost due to overdesign of flood detention structures.

Blasco, Francois, Marie France Bellan, and M.U. Chaudhury 1992 ―Estimating the Extent of Floods in Bangledesh Using SPOT Data.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 39 (3): 167-178.

Blyth, K. 1994 ―The use of Satellite Radar for Monitoring Fluvial and Coastal Flooding.‖ In, Natural Hazards and Remote Sensing, Proceedings of Natural Hazard Assessment and Mitigation: the Unique Role of Remote Sensing, G. Wadge, editor, pp. 59-63. London: Royal Society, The Royal Academy of Engineering.

Bossard, M. and L. Guyot 1987 ―Using Landsat MSS Quick-Look Images to Monitor Changing Phenomena in Africa.‖ Photo Interpretation 26(July-Aug): 17, 20, 23. Landsat MSS quick-look images at a scale of about 1:1,800,000 are used to study the annual flooding of the Tele and Faguibine lakes in Mali and the brush fires in Guinea- Bissau. The water zone inventory, carried out by the direct monoscopic analysis of quick- look images, can be used to investigate anomalies, delays in the propagation of the flood wave at all points in the drainage pattern, and to determine which areas can be used for crops during the fall of the flood level. Brush fire monitoring, carried out by the stereoscopic analysis of quick-look images for the same scene at two different dates, can be useful in determining the shape and speed of the fire front line and the impact of fire- fighting methods.

Brown, A.G., K.J. Gregory, and E.J. Milton 1987 "The Use of Landsat Multi Spectral Scanner Data for the Analysis and Management of Flooding on the River Severn, England." Environmental Management 11(5): 695-701.

Brown, K.A. 1991 "The Contribution of Remote Sensing to the Identification and Monitoring of Anthropogenic Hazards and Disasters Affecting the Mediterranean Sea and its Coastlines." In, Remote Sensing for Hazard Monitoring and Disaster Assessment: Marine and Coastal Applications in the Mediterranean Region, pp. 69-88. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.

Bryan, M.L. 1975 ―Application of ERTS-1 and Multiplexed SLAR Imagery for the Study of Flooded Shorelines.‖ In, Remote Sensing of Earth Resources, Volume 4 - Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference on Earth Resources Observation and Information Analysis Systems, Tullahoma, Tennessee, March 24-26, 1975, pp. 601-619. Tullahoma, Tennessee: University of Tennessee. The major purpose of this study is to determine the accuracy of visual interpretations of data from two different sensors (ERTS-1; ERIM's multiplexed SLAR) for the study of flooded shorelines. Uncomplicated and primarily visual interpretation techniques are employed. These methods are considered most readily available to officials of local and small regional organizations who may need rapid reconnaissance mapping and information for the organization of disaster relief. Assumptions concerning the timely receipt of such remotely sensed data by those directing the relief have been made. Generally, it is determined that ERTS-1 and SLAR data are complementary, especially with respect to the interpretation of urban or built-up areas which are flooded,

and together they can provide the necessary information for guiding relief operations.

Bryan, M.L. 1976 ―Flooding of Monroe County, Michigan - A Comparison of Three Remote Sensor Data Sets.‖ Michigan Academician 8 (Spring): 425 440. During the spring of 1973, three techniques were used to obtain remotely sensed data pertaining to the flooded shoreline of Monroe County, Michigan. Although digitized data from the Earth Resources Technology Satellite were available on magnetic tapes, analysis was based on interpretation methods normally used for aerial photography, since the black and white IR photography and side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) data were available only as images. Using IR photography as the standard, it was found that ERTS 1 Band 7 imagery had a 93% accuracy in detecting areas in the combined category of open water and flooded fields. X(HH) data from SLAR detected that built-up and wet areas were built-up (89 to 100% accuracy), but not that they were wet. It is suggested that these two sensors used in concert from orbital heights could provide information useful to relief organizations in flooded areas. It is considered likely that SLAR data will improve as higher resolution becomes available.

Bryceson, Kim P. 1991 ―Likely Locust Infestation Areas in Western New South Wales, Australia, Located by Satellite.‖ Geocarto International 6(4): 21-37.

Burger, Greta J. and John M. Miller 1986 ―Quick-Look Landsat imagery of Alaska.‖ In, American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing and American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, Fall Convention, Anchorage, AK, Sept. 28-Oct. 3, 1986, Technical Papers, pp.348-355. Falls Church, VA: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Recent planned and unplanned applications of Quick-Look data are discussed in detail. Particular attention is given to ice observations, sediment, volcano monitoring, fire observations, river ice breakup and flooding hazards, and glacier-dammed lakes. It is concluded that the availability of custom enhanced near-real-time Landsat MSS imagery can greatly aid in the monitoring of dynamic geophysical events.

Burgess, L.C.N. 1970 The Application of Airphoto Interpretation to Watershed Planning and Development with Special Reference to Flood Susceptibility and Frequency Determination. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.

Butler, D.R., S.J. Walsh and D.G. Brown 1991 ―Three-Dimensional Displays for Natural Hazards Analysis, Using Classified Landsat Thematic Mapper Digital Data and Large-Scale Digital Elevation Models.‖ Geocarto International 6(4): 65-69. Three-dimensional display of topography clearly illustrates natural hazards that threaten some areas. This article describes a method for the display of mountainous natural hazard areas using Landsat TM data and digital elevation models, specifically for the landslide and avalanche-prone Glacier National Park area in northwestern Montana. TM channels 2 (green-visible), 3 (red-visible) and 4 (near IR) were combined into a color IR composite which was then draped over the 1:24,000, 30 meter resolution DEM data which was smoothed with a low-pass filter. Prior to draping, both data sets were geometrically referenced to the UTM projection. Using an ERDAS 3-D software module, a perspective landscape view was created which allows for easy interpretation of landscape features. The 3-D perspective allows quick interpretation of avalanche paths as well as predictions about which roads and structures might be most at risk. The study provided planners and tourists in the area not only with explicit images of the topography, but of hazardous locations in the area and their relationship to facilities such as roads and buildings.

Byrne, G.F., G.N. Goodrick, and K. Dabrowska-Zielinska 1981 ―Use of Visible and Thermal Satellite Data to Monitor an Intermittently Flooding Marshland.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 11:393-399. Selected thermal and visible data from the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission satellite for the Macquarie Marshes of Eastern Central Australia are examined in the light of a substantial volume of data from other sources, including Landsat, with a view to evaluating meteorological satellite data as ecological monitors for this landform. The results indicate that at least four important components of marshland can be mapped using HCMM data. The ecological status of marshlands is intimately connected to their water status and visible and thermal imagery appears to be an economical and effective method of monitoring such systems.

Cablk, M.E., B. Kjerfve, W.K. Michener, and J.R. Jensen 1994 ―Impacts of Hurricane Hugo on a Coastal Forest: Assessment Using Landsat TM Data.‖ Geocarto International 9(2): 15-24.

Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute 1977 Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture and Groundwater, Workshop Proceedings, November 8-10, 1976, Toronto, Canada. Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute. An introduction to hydrologic problems and the principles of remote sensing is presented, taking into account agriculture and soil moisture, groundwater projects in Saskatchewan and Alberta, and the application of remote sensing to watershed modeling and real-time flood forecasting. Surface and near-surface techniques are discussed along with airborne techniques and spaceborne methods with attention given to advances in surface geophysical techniques for groundwater and soil moisture, the surface electrical investigation of a sandy aquifer contaminated by fertilizer, the electromagnetic detection

of soil water content, and the electrical properties of water in rocks and soil. The integration of remote sensing techniques is applied to groundwater investigations, noting airborne thermal infrared sensing of soil moisture, methods of assessment of ground truth soil moisture, an evaluation of radar as a soil moisture sensor, microwave radiometry for soil moisture sensing, the identification of groundwater regimes in a Great Lakes basin, and the use of Landsat imagery in studies of spring icings and seasonally flooded Karst in permafrost areas.

Carapella, R. 1996 ―Flood Damage Assessment in the Pacific Northwest.‖ Earth Observation Magazine 5(5): 17-20.

Carey, R.M. 1992 ―Global Spread of Stratospheric Aerosols from the Mt. Pinatubo and Mt. Hudson Volcanic Eruptions.‖ Geocarto International 7(2): 59-60.

Carter, D., G.W. Heath, G. Hovmork, and H. Sax 1989 "Space Applications for Disaster Mitigation and Management." Acta Astronautica 19(3): 229-249.

Caselles, V. and J.A. Sobrino. 1991 "Monitoring of Vegetation and Crop Hazards from Thermal Infrared Imagery." In, Remote Sensing for Hazard Monitoring and Disaster Assessment: Marine and Coastal Applications in the Mediterranean Region, pp. 139-156. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.

Chakraborti, A.K. 1986 ―Digital Mapping of Floodplain Landuse.‖ In, Proceedings of the Sixth Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Hyderabad, India, November 21-26, 1985, pp. 442-447. Tokyo: University of Tokyo. An attempt is made in this study to map floodplain landuse by digital analysis of Landsat MSS data of a pre-flood scene using a maximum likelihood classifier. The landuse classification categories and their area estimates are then used to broadly identify the flood prone and flood free areas. A comparison with the published record, however, shows some disagreement with the remote sensing study.

Charley, William J. 1988 The Estimation of Rainfall for Flood Forecasting Using Radar and Rain Gauge Data. Davis, CA: Hydrologic Engineering Center. An inadequate knowledge of the magnitude and spatial distribution of precipitation is often a major limitation in developing accurate river-flow forecasts for use in reservoir operations. Digitized weather radar data can provide useful information regarding the spatial distribution of rainfall, although radar-based estimates of rainfall may be in error due to several factors. The use of radar-rainfall data in combination with rain gage measurements may improve rainfall estimates over those based on either form of measurement alone. This improvement is accomplished by adjusting, or calibrating, 20

radar-rainfall data with data from rain gages situated within the radar boundary. A set of rainfall analysis software that incorporates this methodology has been developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center to aid hydrologists in making real-time water control decisions. The rainfall-analysis software retrieves real- time radar-rainfall data from a National Weather Service RADAP II (Radar Data Processor), and rain gage measurements from data collection platforms via the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES). The radar data from the RADAP II is calibrated with the rain gage data using a simple Kriging technique. Sub- basin average rainfall is then computed from the calibrated data and stored in a data base file for subsequent use by a river-flow forecast model.

Chorowicz, J., B. Deffontaines, D. Huaman-Rodrigo, R. Gullande, F. Leguern, and J.C. Thouret 1992 ―Spot Satellite Monitoring of the Eruption of Nevada Sabancaya Volcano (Southern Peru).‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 42: 43-49.

Chorowicz, J., E. Lopez, F. Garcia, J. F. Parrot, J. P. Rudant, and R. Vinluan 1997 ―Keys to Analyze Active Lahars from Pinatubo on SAR ERS Imagery.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 62: 20-29. Two European Remote Sensing satellite (ERS-1) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) scenes acquired over Mount Pinatubo before and after the rainy season (9 July and 13 August 1993), are used to detect areas covered by recent and active lahars. Color compositions from the satellite imagery show differences between the two dates. The aim of this article is to understand how lahar ground characteristics are portrayed on ERS-1 SAR images. To do so, the authors examine two successive acquisitions over the Pinatubo area, at thirty-five day intervals, and establish keys to interpret the black-and- white images and their multitemporal color composition. Given that the Philippines are perennially covered by clouds, radar sensors with their capability to observe the ground through clouds, seem to be the best means for observation of volcanoes in tropical climates.

Chorowicz, J., P. Luxley, J.P. Rudart, N. Lyberis, T. Yurur, and N. Gundogdu 1995 ―Slip Motion Estimation Along the Ovacik Fault near Erzincan (Turkey) Using ERS-1 Radar Image: Evidence of Important Deformation Inside the Turkish Plate.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 52(1): 66-70.

Chuvieco, E. and M.P. Martin 1994 ―A Simple Method for Fire Growth Mapping Using AVHRR Channel 3 Data.‖ International Journal of Remote Sensing 16: 3141-3146.

Clark, R.A. 1981 "Satellite Applications in River and Flood Forecasting." In, Satellite Hydrology: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual William T. Pecora Memorial Symposium on Remote Sensing, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, June 10-15, 1979, pp. 6-8. Minneapolis, Minnesota: American Water Resources Association.

This article describes several means by which satellites can be used for river and flood forecasting. Areas in which satellites offer great potential for improved forecasts include areal estimates of snow cover, data relay, improved rainfall estimates in data sparse regions, and better definition of areal variation of soil moisture.

Clarke, K.C., J.A. Brass, and P.J. Riggan 1994 ―A Cellular Automaton Model of Wildfire Propagation and Extinction.‖ Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 60: 1355-67

Clement, W.V. 1986 "Airborne Video Thermal Infrared - Detection of Geothermal Areas on Mount St. Helens, Washington." In, Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Ann Arbor, Michigan, October 21-25, 1985, Volume 2, pp. 791 798. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan. A video output, uncalibrated video imaging system was utilized to map residual heat from the 1980 volcanic eruptions of Mount St. Helens in Washington State. Aerial vertical images were collected, rectified, mosaicked, and correlated with surface and subsurface temperatures measured on the debris avalanche. The imagery was subjected to a variety of image processing techniques such as a histogram stretch, spatial filtering, and level slicing. An isothermal map of a portion of the debris avalanche was generated for subsequent use in hydrologic analyses.

Cole, B.C. 1982 ―Instruments Watch for Impending Earthquakes.‖ High Technology 2: 43, 47, 50, 51. The current state of the art of earthquake prediction techniques is discussed. Signs of an imminent earthquake detected upon the analysis of seismic records preceding the Sylmar quake in 1971 are described which have led to the development of more sophisticated instruments and procedures for monitoring seismic velocities and other precursors, including seismometers and seismographs, tiltmeters, linear-strain meters, creep meters, dilatometers, magnetometers, gravimeters, ohmmeters, well monitors, radon monitors and radio telescopes and satellites. Problems with the establishment of a useful earthquake theory on which to base a prediction model are considered, and plans for improving data collection and analysis, particularly from California and the western states, are outlined. The mixed record of previous earthquake predictions in the United States, the Soviet Union and China is noted, and indications of greater confidence in predictions over the next decade as the understanding of earthquake processes grows are described.

Cooper, S. 1974? ―A Real Time Data Acquisition System by Satellite Relay--Hydrology and Flood Measurement in New England.‖ In, NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center Third ERTS-1 Symposium, Volume 1, Section B, pp. 1197-1212. The overall aim of this article was to evaluate the future usefulness of satellites in the performance of coordination and management functions related to the operation of 22

flood control and other multipurpose projects in New England. Results of the data collection portion of the work are presented. The principal task was to develop statistics that demonstrate the relationship between conventional means of acquiring hydrologic data and the contribution made by using the satellite and its data collection platforms. The main focus was in determining the availability, reliability and usability of the data. Significant results from the Data Collection System (DCS) indicate that that the Data Collection Platforms (DCPs) are reliable and useful and satellite data collection appears feasible on a nationwide basis.

Cooper, S. 1976 The Use of Landsat DCS and Imagery in Reservoir Management and Operation-- Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Canada. Progress Report, Period Ending 1 Sept., 1976. A graph that shows the snow water equivalent data during the 1975-76 winter season for the Ninemile and Michaud Farms snow pillows located in northern Maine is shown. The Bournes transducers used in the snow pillow interface were tested after field use under controlled laboratory conditions of temperature and pressure. It was found that the temperature calibration curve for the Bournes transducers became erratic below 0 C. On 8-10 August 1976, the remainder of Hurricane Belle traveled through Vermont, New Hampshire, northern Maine, and on into Canada's Maritime Provinces dumping three inches of rain in many areas. In Canada and Maine, local storms dropped up to two inches during the following week. The Saint John River reached near flood stages at Fort Kent, Maine. During this storm, DCP data were received from Fort Kent, Ninemile Bridge, and the Saint Francis River in New Brunswick. Resulting high runoff after these storms was studied in connection with the proposed Dickey-Lincoln School dams to be built in that area, and significantly, it was found that creditable flood hydrographs could be generated from LANDSAT DCP data in spite of the voids caused by the satellite being below the horizon.

Cooper, S., P. Bock, J. Horowitz, and D. Foran 1976? The Use of LANDSAT DCS and Imagery in Reservoir Management and Operation. NASA Earth Resources Survey Symposium, Volume 1-D, pp. 2443-2522. Experiments by the New England Division (NED) of the Army Corps of Engineers with LANDSAT 1 data collection and imaging systems are reported. Data cover the future usefulness of data products received from satellites such as LANDSAT in the day to day operation of NED water resources systems used to control floods.

Currey, D.T. 1977 ―Identifying Flood Water Movement--By Aerial Photography and Satellite Imagery.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 6(1): 51-61. Curry describes the region's geomorphology and historical floods, land and geomorphic surveys, and the role of remotely sensed images in litigation following flooding. The author concludes that remote sensing fosters effective floodplain management because the imagery is accessible, easily interpretable, and of uniform quality, improving public awareness of the extent of flooding problems. When remote sensing is combined with hydrologic and hydraulic analysis, it assists the development of alternative approaches to floodplain development and use.

Curry, D.T. 1978 ―Remote Sensing Floods and Flood Plains, Victoria, Australia.‖ In, Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Manila, Philippines, April 20-26. Vol. 1, pp. 463-479. Ann Arbor: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan. Ancient, abandoned drainage systems on the immense (100,000 km2) flat plains of Australia were only recognized once aerial reconnaissance was performed. Interpretation enhanced understanding of flood flow movement and flood water hazards, aiding in effective floodplain management. The author also asserts that information derived from remote sensing methods is readily understood, therefore impacts public understanding of flooding problems.

Davis, I.R. 1986 ―The Planning and Maintenance of Urban Settlements to Resist Extreme Climatic Forces.‖ In, WMO Proceedings of the Technical Conference on Urban Climatology and its Applications with Special Regard to Tropical Areas, pp. 277-312. Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization. City planning to reduce vulnerability to high winds, flooding, and drought is discussed. The aims and sectors of mitigation planning are examined. The study of risk includes hazard mapping, vulnerability analysis, and risk assessment. A balanced protective strategy involving the raising of public awareness, legislation, training and education, and physical measures is suggested. Warning systems are also discussed. The establishment of a panel on risk reduction in hazard prone areas is shown to be an encouraging step towards international cooperation in this field.

Davison, E.H. (editor) 1976 Disaster Warning Satellite Study Update. U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Report No. NASA TM X 73407, 37 pages. This paper reports on project planning and research and development of NOAA’s Satellite Network System for surveillance of natural disasters.

Dean, K., M. Servila, A. Roach, B. Foster, and K. Engle 1998 Satellite Monitoring of Remote Volcanoes Improves Study Efforts in Alaska. EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 79(35): 413, 422-423.

Delene, D.J. and W.I. Rose 1996 ―Remote Sensing of Volcanic Ash Clouds Using Special Sensor Microwave Imager Data.‖ Journal of Geophysical Research 101: 11579-11588.

Denniss, A.M., A.J.L Harris, D.A. Rothery, P.W. Francis, and R.W. Carlton. 1998 ―Satellite Observations of the April 1993 Eruption of Lascar Volcano.‖ International Journal of Remote Sensing 19(5): 801-821.

D’Errico, M., A. Moccia, and S. Vetrella 1995 ―High Frequency Observation of Natural Disasters by SAR Interferometry.‖ Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 61(7): 891-898.

Deutsch, M., F.H. Ruggles, P. Guss, and E. Yost 1973 ―Mapping of the 1973 Mississippi River Floods from the Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS).‖ In, Remote Sensing and Water Resources Management; Proceedings of the Symposium, Burlington, Ontario, Canada, June 11-14, 1973, pp. 39- 55. Urbana, IL: American Water Resources Association. On March 31, and May 4 and 5, 1973, the first Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS-1) obtained multispectral scanner imagery over the Mississippi River below St. Louis, Missouri. The river was in flood, and the ERTS data provided the first opportunity for regional synoptic mapping of the extent of flooding along a 1200 river- mile reach and some of the river’s tributaries. The flood data were compared with imagery collected by ERTS on October 1 and 2, 1972, when the rivers were confined to their normal channels. The specially processed data were analyzed by additive-color techniques, and special enhancements were prepared to aid in interpretation of the data. The extent of flooding was delineated by additive-color, temporal composites of MSS band 7 infrared images. The temporal composites vividly depict, on a single scene, the flooded areas in relationship to the normal channel.

Deutsch, Morris, Donald R. Wiesnet, Stephen O. Bender, and William H. Wilcox 1987 "Quick Response Monitoring of Flood Disasters from Satellite Imagery." In, Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Nairobi, Kenya, December 4-10, 1986, Volume 1, pp. 255-258. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan. In 1984, the Landsat Emergency Access and Products (LEAP) Program of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) became operational to provide for prompt acquisition and processing of Landsat data over areas officially declared to be disasters - such as floods - by the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency. This paper summarizes case histories of quick response flood monitoring for use by state, national or international organizations in decision-making processes. The case histories not only include the use of Landsat data for quick response flood monitoring but also the use of NOAA and Nimbus satellite data. The purpose of this paper is to describe

state-of-the-art acquisition, processing, enhancement and conversion of data to analog and image-map format. It also recommends establishment of worldwide disaster- monitoring capability at all appropriate earth-observation satellite receiving stations.

Deutschman, W.A. 1973 ―Studies of Images of Short-Lived Events Using ERTS Data--Forest Fires, Oil Spills, Vegetation Damage, Volcanology, Storm Ridges, Earthquakes, and Floods.‖ Progress Report, 1 Sep. - 31 Oct. 1973. Cambridge, MA: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Forest fires, oil spills, vegetation damage, volcanoes, storm ridges, earthquakes, and floods have been detected and analyzed.

Deutschman, W.A. 1973 ―Studies of Images of Short Lived Events Using ERTS Data: Detection and Evaluation of Worldwide Short-Lived Events From ERTS-1 Imagery.‖ Progress Report, Sep. 1972 - Feb. 1973. Cambridge, MA: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. The program to study short-lived events with the ERTS-1 satellite has evaluated 97 events reported by the Center for Short-Lived Phenomena. Forty-eight of these events were listed as candidates for ERTS-1 coverage and 8 of these were considered significant enough to immediately alert the ERTS operation staff by telephone. Studies of the images received from six events indicate that useful data on short-lived events can be obtained from ERTS-1 that would be difficult or impossible to obtain by other methods.

Deutschman, W.A. 1973 ―Studies of Images of Short-Lived Events Using ERTS Data--Forest Fires, Oil Spills, Vegetation Damage, Volcanoes, Storm Ridges, Earthquakes, and Floods.‖ Progress Report, 1 Nov. - 31 Dec. 1973. Cambridge, MA: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Detection of short-lived events has continues, with forest fires, oil spills, vegetation damage, volcanoes, storm ridges, earthquakes, and floods detected and analyzed.

Dey, B. and J.H. Richards 1981 ―The Canadian North - Utility of Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 11: 57-72. Activities related to resource exploration have a great potential for causing environmental change and damage. In connection with a growing interest in northern mineral resources, environmental monitoring of the Canadian north has become important. Monitoring is undertaken to distinguish and record dynamic events such as weather, floods, forest fires, and ice break-up, as well as longer-term changes which may affect water quality, vegetation, and wildlife habitat. An investigation concerning the feasibility of remote sensing for environmental monitoring is conducted. It is found that the use of aircraft in remote sensing is becoming increasingly expensive, while the aircraft platform itself may be considered inadequate. In contrast, small-scale satellite imagery is relatively inexpensive, and the regularity and areal extent of satellite coverage is not in doubt. The inherent potential of this technology will be more nearly realized 26

with the aid of new techniques and satellites.

Dhanju, M.S. 1980 "Floodplains Mapping of Gangetic Basin Using Landsat Imagery." In, The Contribution of Space Observations to Water Resources Management; Proceedings of the Symposium, Bangalore, India, May 29-June 9, 1979. pp. 215-218. Oxford: Pergamon Press, Ltd. The Gangetic basin of the Indian subcontinent is a scene of perennial floods during the monsoon season. Using Landsat imagery, the possibility of studying various features connected with floodplains is investigated. The features are inundated areas, backswamps, marshy areas, oxbow lakes, and water bodies. Various features of river action (floodplain deposits, sandy features, and river levees) are also delineated. Thus, it is possible to prepare appropriate floodplain maps by integrating relevant topographical features with the above-mentioned features delineated from Landsat imagery. These maps can be of great help in designing flood control measures.

Dietsch, M. 1983 "Space Technology Applied to Flood Mapping and Flood Plain Assessment.‖ In, Satellite Applications to Flood Control and Forecasting, Report of the Sixth FAO/UNDRO/WMO/ESA Training Course in Remote Sensing, Rome, November, 1983.

Dominguez, O. and S. Carballo 1984 "Remote Sensing Analysis of Flooding and Salinity Problems in the NW Area of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina." In, Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Volume 1, pp. 355-364. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan.

Dosanjosferreirapinto, Sergio, and Teresa Gallottiflorenzano 1988 LANDSAT-TM Data to Map Flooded Areas. Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Campos (Brazil). Paper presented at the 16th Congress of International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Kyoto, Japan, 1-10 Jul. 1988. The objective of this study is to identify flooded areas using digital LANDSAT- TM data. The test site is a section along the Parnaiba river (NE of Brazil). By means of digital processing, the spectral separability of the classes, which are characterized by the presence of water surfaces creating different brightness intensities of pixels in the near infrared band, are analyzed. A density slicing algorithm is applied. The multitemporal analysis of the data is accomplished through the merging of band 4 images corresponding to normal and flood periods. After this procedure, a maximum likelihood algorithm is applied to both images. The density slicing is also applied to the multitemporal difference

image (created by subtracting the band 4 ―flood‖ image from the band 4 ―normal conditions‖ image). A comparative analysis of the digital processing techniques used with TM data to study flooded areas is also presented.

Drahovzal, J.A., C.C. Wielchowsky, J.L.G. Emplaincourt, W.M. Warren, and C.W. Copeland

1974 ―Remote Sensing of Geologic Hazards in Alabama.‖ In, Earth Environment and Resources Conference, Philadelphia, PA., September 10-12, 1974, Digest of Technical Papers, pp. 12,13. New York: Lewis Winner. Remotely sensed data collected over Alabama for the past 4 years is summarized. The data covers the following geologic hazards: (1) lineaments (long, linear surface features) related to fracturing and earthquake epicenters; (2) flood-prone areas; (3) sedimentation and erosion in coastal areas; and (4) subsidence in carbonate terranes caused by vegetative stress, water loss, or linear trends.

D'Souza, G. and E.C. Barrett 1990 "Satellite Monitoring of High Intensity Rainfall Events and Related Hazards and Disasters." In, Satellite Remote Sensing for Hydrology and Water Management: The Mediterranean Coasts and Islands. Current Topics in Remote Sensing, Volume 1, E.C. Barrett, C.H. Power, and A. Micallefieds, editors, pp. 73-93. New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.

Edson, D.T. 1973 ―Investigation of ERTS-A Images for Application to Thematic Mapping: Thematic Mapping of Mississippi River from ERTS-1 Imagery.‖ Progress Report, 1 Mar. - 30 Apr. 1973. Washington, DC: U.S. Geological Survey. Composite mosaics created of open water over the Mississippi River at normal stage and those derived for various flood stages illustrate with startling clarity the recent flood. The composites also provide an excellent and timely historical documentation of the temporal changes in flood extent between successive cloud-free ERTS-1 passes.

Edwardo, H.A., F.R. Moulis, C.J. Merry, H.L. McKim, A.G. Kerber, and M.A. Miller 1985 "Ohio River Main Stem Study--The Role of Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing in Flood Damage Assessments." In, Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Paris, France, October 1-5, 1984. Volume 1, pp. 265-281. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan. The Pittsburgh District of the Army Corps of Engineers has conducted feasibility analyses of various procedures for performing flood damage assessments along the main stem of the Ohio River. Procedures using traditional, although highly automated, techniques and those based on geographic information systems have been evaluated at the test site of the City of New Martinsville, Wetzel County, West Virginia. Flood damage assessments at the test site developed from an automated, conventional structure-by- structure appraisal served as the ground truth data set. A geographic information system was developed for the test site which includes data on hydraulic reach, ground and reference flood elevations, and land use/cover. Damage assessments were made using land use mapping developed from an exhaustive field inspection of each tax parcel. This ground truth condition was considered to provide the best comparison of flood damages to the conventional approach. Also, four land use/cover data sets were developed from Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) and Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper (TM) data. One of these data sets was also used to develop a damage assessment of the test site. This paper presents the comparative absolute and relative accuracies of land use/cover mapping and 28

flood damage assessments, and the recommended role of geographic information systems aided by remote sensing for conducting flood damage assessments and updates along the main stem of the Ohio River.

Ehrilich, D., E.F. Lambin, and J.P. Malingreau 1997 ―Biomass Burning and Broad Scale Land-Cover Changes in Western Africa.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 61(2): 201-209.

El Shazly, E.M. and M.A. Abdel Hady 1984 ―Earthquake Studies in Aswan Environs, Egypt, Applying Space-Borne Imagery Interpretation and Other Techniques.‖ In, Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Space, Rome, Italy, March 22-23, 1984, pp. 47-56. Rome, Rassegna Internazionale Elettronica Nucleare ed Aerospaziale.

Eliason, Jay R. 1992 ―Mapping Fractures Remotely for Earthquake Hazard Assessment by the Use of Topographic and Seismic Hypocenter Data.‖ Episodes 15(1): 75-82.

Elsinga, R.J., and T.H. Verstappen 1988 ―SPOT for Earthquake Hazard Zoning in Southern Italy.‖ In, CNES, SPOT 1 Image Utilization, Assessment, Results, pp. 199-207. The geology and geomorphology of the 1980 earthquake area in southern Italy was studied using SPOT stereo images (1:100,000 and 1:200,000) to develop a method of earthquake hazard zoning also applicable to areas of similar terrain configuration and structure. The images proved very useful in outlining terrain units and deciphering complex geologic structures, particularly because of the stereoscopic capacity of SPOT. Lithology, dip direction, slope angle, and lineaments are major elements governing the distributional pattern of earthquake hazards that, in the area, comprise mainly mass movements, vibration, and soft ground conditions. A major advantage of SPOT images is their much better detection of lineaments (possible because of SPOT’s 20-m multispectral and 10-m panchromatic spatial resolution), particularly in comparatively nonresistant rocks, where landsliding is most common. Extrapolation of the method to the Upper-Agri basin, situated farther to the southeast, proves feasible.

Engman, E.T. and R.J. Gurney 1991 Remote Sensing in Hydrology. New York: Chapman and Hall. Eustis, Mark 1993 ―Fountains of Fire: Images From Space Reveal How Volcanoes Transform the Landscape.‖ Earth 2(2): 48-55.

Eyre, L.A. 1980 ―Flood Analysis and Remote Sensing.‖ Remote Sensing Quarterly 2: 29-46. The flood disaster of June 12, 1979 in western Jamaica is investigated based on remote sensing as well as standard meteorological data. NOAA weather satellite imagery, hand-drawn cartographic facsimiles of radarscope-generated imagery, verbal reports and summaries of radar imagery, hemispheric and regional synoptic weather charts, statistical

data and Landsat color-infrared composites are used to analyze meteorological conditions in the seven weeks preceding the disaster. Those seven weeks were marked by abnormally high rainfall in the area due to overall disturbed conditions throughout the Caribbean, intense precipitation on June 12th brought about by a tropical depression, and the lakes and bodies of water remaining on July 19, more than a month after the flood.

Federal Emergency Management Agency 1995 Remote Sensing and Reconnaissance Support: A Component of the Federal Response Plan, Operational System Description and Standard Operating Procedure. Washington, DC.

Ferguson, H.L., J. Kruus, and M. Deutsch 1980 ―Applications to Floods of Remote Sensing from Satellites.‖ In, The Contribution of Space Observations to Water Resources Management; Proceedings of the Symposium, Bangalore, India, May 29-June 9, 1979, pp. 195-206. Oxford: Pergamon Press, Ltd. Remote sensing from satellites can be applied to flood plain mapping, monitoring of floods in progress, and the prediction of floods through observations of storms and snowpack conditions. Case studies from the literature are used to illustrate these applications. Examples are also drawn from previously unpublished North American studies. The use of satellite snow cover analysis in the WMO/WWW Saint John Basin Project is described. Probable future technological trends are briefly discussed.

Fernandez, F.G., E.I. Barthelemy, S.M. Aranda, and P. Traspas 1991 "Study of Erosion Processes Using Satellite Data." In, American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Technical Papers, Volume 1, pp. 111-120. ASPRS- ACSM Annual Convention, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Bethesda, Maryland: American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. The goal of this study was to produce an erosion risk map of the Adra river basis (in Almeriá, Spain) from satellite data. The authors integrated information from air photos (digitizing drainage networks), a digital elevation model, and satellite imagery (state and characteritics of vegetation cover) with a GIS. Following geometric correction, a maximum likelihood supervised classification was performed on the image data, from which vegetation density, substratum alteration, and type of coverage criteria were used to assemble eight final classes of coverage. The combination of two "shady aspect" images (produced by running a gradient filter across the main image east-west, then north-south) and an algorithm produced a map where slope percentages ranging from 1- 100% could be seen as grey values. The final ―shady aspect‖ image was combined with the area's geomorphic characteristics in order to derive the final slope map. After field testing, the digital classification was found to be superior to maps produced in a more conventional manner.

Flanders, A.F. 1977 "Satellites for Data Collection in River and Flood Forecasting." In, Collection of Technical Papers of Satellite Applications to Marine Technology Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 15-17, 1977, pp. 7-11. New York, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. 30

Flor, T.H. 1983 Poststorm Reconnaissance of Tropical Storm Chris. Final Report. Vicksburg, MS: Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Hydraulics Lab. This report presents the results of a poststorm reconnaissance to determine the extent of flooding caused by Tropical Storm Chris along the Texas-Louisiana coastline in September 1982. This survey covered the coastal area from Sabine Pass, Texas, to Cameron, Louisiana. Tropical Storm Chris made landfall 7 miles east of Sabine Pass at 0600 CDT on 11 September, 1982. The highest storm-generated surge, in the range of 8.5 to 9 ft, occurred at Peveto Beach, 8 miles east of the point of landfall. Storm-induced flooding west and east of the point of landfall is estimated to have reached 2.8 ft above predicted tide level 17 miles to the west and 2.5 ft above predicted tide 19 miles to the east. The meteorological history of Tropical Storm Chris is included as an appendix to this report.

Flynn, Luke P., Peter J. Mouginis-Mark, and Keith A. Horton 1994 ―Distribution of Thermal Areas on an Active Lava Flow Field: Landsat Observations of Kilauea, Hawaii, July 1991.‖ Bulletin of Volcanology 56: 284-296. A Landsat TM image acquired on 23 July 1991 recorded widespread activity by Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. An average flux density map produced from the TM data of the flow field allows for the chronology of emplacement of active and cooling flows. By studying the image, the spatial distribution of thermal anomalies at the eruption site are determined. Landsat TM data are particularly useful for mapping volcanic activity at a reasonably fine scale of 30 meters, and semi-quantitative maps of average flux density can provide the location, distribution and spatial extent of active flows. The production of a comparable flux density map for future eruptions can aid in the assessment of volcanic hazards.

Foster, J. 1981 ―Landsat Observations of Snowcover Depletion and Flooding in the Chesapeake Bay area During the Winter of 1979.‖ Remote Sensing Quarterly 3: 21-28.

Francis, P.W. 1979 "Infra-red Techniques for Volcano Monitoring and Prediction: A Review." Journal of the Geological Society of London 136 (3): 355-359.

Francis, P. W. and S. L. De Silva 1989 ―Application of the Landsat Thematic Mapper to the Identification of Potentially Active Volcanoes in the Central Andes.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 28: 245-255. Landsat TM images are used to make the first comprehensive study of the Central Andean volcanic province, one of the world's largest zones of active volcanism. The spatial resolution of 30 meters has been particularly important for the recognition of subtle glacial morphological features such as valley and terminal moraines which can be used to determine relative ages of the volcanoes. The spectral capability of the TM is valuable in addressing specific problems, such as the distribution of different lithologies in volcanic debris avalanches. The short wavelength infrared sensors are used to provide

well-constrained temperature and size estimates of volcanic thermal phenomena such as lava lakes, fumaroles and domes. The thermal band is useful in measuring temperatures in crater lakes.

Francis, P. W. and R. McAllister 1986 ―Volcanology From Space: Using Landsat Thematic Mapper Data in the Central Andes.‖ EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 67(14): 170, 171. Central Andean volcanoes have remained obscure into the latter part of the twentieth century because the region is characterised by very high altitudes, is remote, exceptionally arid, and almost unpopulated. These characteristics make Central Andean volcanoes ideal subjects for remote sensing studies. The objective of this research is to identify all the "active" volcanoes in the region and to publish a catalog with image data, maps, and structural data. Landsat TM data, with 30 meter resolution, allows recognition of distinctive hummocky topography, summit crater structures, and details of marginal levees on lava and pyroclastic flows. It is asserted that potentially active volcanoes could be identified and the history of individual volcanoes outlined.

Francis, P. W. and D. A. Rothery 1987 ―Using the Landsat Thematic Mapper to Detect and Monitor Active Volcanoes: An Example from Lascar Volcano, Northern Chile.‖ Geology 15: 614-617. Landsat TM offers a means of detecting and monitoring thermal features of active volcanoes. Using TM, a prominent thermal anomaly was discovered on Lascar volcano, northern Chile. The studies show that TM imagery is capable of confidently identifying thermal anomalies less than 100 meters in size, at temperatures above 150 degrees Celsius, and offers a valuable means of monitoring the conditions of active or potentially active volcanoes, particularly those in remote or inaccessible areas.

Francis, P.W. and G.L. Wells 1988 ―Landsat Thematic Mapper Observations of Debris Avalanche Deposits in the Central Andes.‖ Bulletin of Volcanology 50: 258-278. Landsat Thematic Mapper images of debris avalanche deposits in the Central Andes between 18-27o S revealed, for the first time, the presence of 28 breached volcanic cones and 11 major volcanic debris avalanche deposits, several of which cover areas in excess of 100 square km. It is concluded that such avalanche deposits are normal products of the evolution of large composite volcanoes, comparable with lava and pyroclastic flow deposits. A statistical survey of 578 composite volcanoes in the same area indicated that a majority of cones which achieve edifice heights between 2000 and 3000 m may undergo sector collapse. The paper describes morphological criteria for identifying breached composite cones and volcanic debris avalanches using orbital images.

Funk, Theodore W. 1986 ―The Use of Water Vapor Imagery in the Analysis of the November 1985 Middle 32

Atlantic States Record Flood Event.‖ National Weather Digest 11: 12-19.

Gaddis, Lisa R. 1992 ‖Lava-Flow Characterization at Pisgah Volcanic Field, California, with Multiparameter Imaging Radar.‖ Geological Society of America Bulletin 104: 695-703. Multi-incidence angle radar data acquired by the NASA/JPL Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR) are examined for their utility in characterizing lava flows at Pisgah volcanic field, California. Angles in the 25-55o range and data at three wavelengths displayed at three polarizations results in important constraints on the selection of optimal radar-imaging parameters for the geologic characterization of volcanoes. The backscatter data presented in the paper may provide guidelines for the identification of a variety of lava-flow textures and the subsequent interpretation of eruptive histories of volcanic terranes on Earth as well as on other planets such as Venus.

Gaddis, Lisa, Pete Mouginis-Mark, Robert Singer, and Verne Kaupp 1989 ―Geologic Analyses of Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-B) Data of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii.‖ Geological Society of America Bulletin 101: 317-332. Geologic analyses of remote sensing data acquired over volcanic terraines on the Earth and on the terrestrial planets have provided important chemical and physical constraints on our understanding of the occurrence and context of basaltic volcanism in the Solar System. Two digital images over the summit caldera and the Southwest Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano in 1984 from the second Shuttle Imaging Radar experiment (SIR-B) are used for delineating the distribution and surface textural variations of aa lava flows, for mapping large-scale topographic features with radar-facing slopes, and for identifying an areally extensive pyroclastic deposit. A texture analysis technique facilitates discrimination of smooth-surfaced volcanic deposits. Several volcanic landforms of Kilauea are readily observed and characterized on SIR-B images. Geologic analyses of the SIR-B data produce a generally accurate assessment of the character of Kilauea’s volcanism, indicating that radar data provide a valuable means of studying less accessible volcanic terranes.

Gagnon, H. 1975 ―Remote Sensing of Landslide Hazards on Quick Clays of Eastern Canada.‖ In, Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Ann Arbor, Michigan, October 6-10, Volume 2, pp. 803-810. Ann Arbor: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan. The specific types of landslides studied in this article are: plain gravity landslide (slip), spreading landslide (slump), and clayey outflow (the more dangerous because it is characterized by spontaneous liquefaction of clayey areas). Pre-landslide air photo analysis produced a list of well-defined characteristics that are associated with landslides. To perform an aerial inventory of landslide hazards, the authors utilized Landsat MSS bands 6 and 7 (high water content surface material, ground water table level, possible buried valleys), panchromatic air photos at scales of less than 1:40,000 for regional analysis (drainage patterns, geomorphology, bedrock topography and structural pattern, large soil texture units, old landslide scars), panchromatic air photos at a scale of approximately 1:36,000 for detailed analysis (to study previous clayey outflows and their

lobate saturation zones, material texture, and drainage conditions), infrared black-and- white photographs, and thermal infrared scanner imagery (moisture conditions). The author created a methodology based on three factors: 1) danger diagnostic, 2) measurable and/or very localized, and 3) estimated, which were placed in three groups: a) slope, b) upper surface (terrace), and c) slope and upper surface. An aerial inventory of eastern Canada using the methodology resulted in identification of 245 areas ranging from 15,000-13,000,000 m2 that were classified as presenting landslide risks of high to very high instability.

Gallideparatesi, S.R. 1986 ―The Role and Perspective of Remote Sensing for Disaster Management in the European Community.‖ In, ESA Proceedings of the ESA/EARSeL Europe from Space Symposium, pp. 151-162. A reconnaissance map derived from a representation matrix of the degree of application of a specific type of remote sensing system to a specific type of hazard/disaster for a specific type of management activity is described. Satellite options for disaster management application are discussed in terms of feasibility of the expected applications, timeliness and continuity of data delivery, reliability, and operation continuity of space platforms. It emerges that further priorities and allocation resources could be usefully applied to disaster management phases when supported by advanced space technologies.

Gantini, Tuti 1987 ―Monitoring Inundation Area of Aliran Sungai Bengawan Solo Jawa Timur with Landsat Images.‖ In, Proceedings of the Eighth Asian Conference on Remote Sensing,

Jakarta, Indonesia, Oct. 22-27, 1987, pp. B-1 to B-15. Bogor, Indonesia: EXSA International.

Garcia, M.J.L. and V. Caselles 1991 ―Mapping Burns and Natural Reforestation Using Thematic Mapper Data.‖ Geocarto International 6(1): 31-37.

Garofalo, D. and F.J. Wobber 1974 ―The Nicaragua Earthquake - Aerial Photography for Disaster Assessment and Damage.‖ Photographic Applications in Science, Technology and Medicine 9 (January): 18-19, 36-38. This paper performs an analysis of NASA aerial photography of the Managua earthquake to evaluate its use for earthquake disaster assessment, support of relief efforts, reconstruction planning, and geological analysis. It is shown that both pre- and post- earthquake photoanalysis provide data which can help to ensure the safety of persons living within earthquake-prone areas. Analysis of pre-earthquake photography is useful for emergency contingency, damage avoidance, and reconstruction planning. Post- earthquake remote sensing records provide data useful for facilitating the relief of disaster victims. Used in combination, comparative pre- and post-earthquake aerial photographs can aid in damage assessment, including economic analysis of destroyed or damaged 34

facilities.

Gauchat, Urs P., D.L. Schodek, and R.W. Luft 1984 Patterns of Housing Type and Density: A Basis for Analyzing Earthquake Resistance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Dept. of Architecture, Graduate School of Design, 483 pages. Part I describes the housing studies and housing classification schemes used in later parts of the report; Part II reviews existing information sources for analyzing housing types and patterns in urban areas, but concentrates primarily on the use of aerial photography. Case studies are presented for Boston, Santa Monica, and Seattle. Part III contains engineering studies on the seismic vulnerability of different housing types and describes the computer-based mapping systems utilized during part of the study. The researchers' goal was to develop an efficient technique for inventorying and classifying housing in an urban area with respect to seismic vulnerability. By using aerial photography and by analyzing groups or families of structures rather than individual buildings, the research group has developed detailed and useful maps of estimated damage for the Boston area, but the technique can easily be used to analyze any city in the U.S. Two appendices are of interest. The first contains the study questionnaire, along with commentary and analyses by professional engineers. The second provides an extensive list of pertinent references. The research approach required the development of methods of manipulating and analyzing data having a geographic basis--a subject area traditionally of marginal concern to architects and engineers concerned with buildings-- by using a computer-based cartographic data base.

Gawarecki, S.J., R.M. Moxham, J.Q. Morgan, and D.C. Parker 1980 "An Infrared Survey of Irazu Volcano and Vicinity, Costa Rica." In, Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, San Jose, Costa Rica, April 23-30, 1980. Volume 3, pp. 1901-1912. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan.

Gervin, J.C., P.J. Mulligan, Y.C. Lu, and R.F. Marcell 1984 ―Hydrological Planning Studies Using Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper (TM).‖ In, Proceedings of the 17th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Ann Arbor, Michigan, May 9-13, 1993. Volume 3, pp. 1403-1412. Ann Arbor: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan. Land cover information from the Landsat TM was analyzed for the Clinton River Basin (Michigan) to determine its usefulness in improving flood forecasting and flood damage assessment models for the US Army Corps of Engineers. Unsupervised classification techniques were used on band combinations of 2, 3, and 4; 3, 4, and 5; 3, 4, 5, and 6; and all seven bands. Substantial improvements were noted for three USGS 7.5 minute topographic maps using all seven bands as opposed to using bands 2, 3, and 4. Mapping accuracy improved for agriculture and commercial categories by approximately 20%, and overall by 11%. Higher accuracies in agriculture/grass and residential/commercial categories could improve predictions of runoff for flood forecasting models (especially in small watersheds), and for predictions of flood damage

for damage calculation models.

Glaze, L., P.W. Francis, and D.A. Rothery 1989 ―Measuring Thermal Budgets of Active Volcanoes by Satellite Remote Sensing.‖ Nature 338: 144-146. Satellite remote sensing is used to quantitatively monitor the activity of a volcano, in a way not possible by conventional ground studies, and provides a method for predicting eruptions. Short wavelength infrared data from the Landsat TM are used to measure temperatures and total radiant energy flux during this study of Central Andean volcanoes. A thermal anomaly is identified in the crater of the Lascar volcano, North Chile, in March and July 1985. The existence of this 'hot spot' implies that Lascar is in an unusually active condition, which is subsequently demonstrated by the explosive eruption that took place on 16 September 1986. By understanding variations in radiant thermal energy and their relation to eruptive activity, a method for predicting eruptions may develop.

Glaze, L., P.W. Francis, S. Self, and D.A. Rothery 1989 ―The 16 September 1986 Eruption of Lascar Volcano, North Chile: Satellite Investigations.‖ Bulletin of Volcanology 51: 149-160. Remote sensing is a major tool for volcanological studies. Landsat TM images acquired in 1984 and 1985 reveal a pronounced thermal anomaly on Lascar volcano, north Chile. Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) images and field investigations confirm that the 16 September event was a short-lived, Vulcanian-type eruption, which produced an ash column that reached 15 km altitude. The authors describe an important eruption for which remote sensing data provide the main source of the information.

Global Disaster Information Network 1997 Harnessing Information and Technology for Disaster Management. The Global Disaster Information Network (GDIN) Disaster Information Task Force Report, November. Washington, DC.

Gornyi, V.I., A.G. Sal'man, A.A. Tronin, and B.V. Shilin 1988 ―Outgoing Infrared Radiation of the Earth as an Indicator of Seismic Activity.‖ Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Doklady 301(1): 67-69. In Russian. The authors claim that in the 10.5-11.3 m range, some linear structures exhibit an increase in outgoing radiation that correlates with increases in fault activity (for earthquakes measuring greater than "magnitude" 4 or 4.3 [it is unknown whether this refers to base or surface magnitudes]. Episodic anomalies are described as a pulsating variation lasting from 2-10 days prior to increased fault activity, and distinguishable from interference caused by meteorological factors. These infrared anomalies were observed over central Asia (generally in the zone of the "Tamda-Tokrauss" fault) and the eastern Mediterranean. It is not believed that the infrared anomalies are the result of the conversion of mechanical energy to heat energy (kinetic action), but that it is possible that there is some correlation with alterations in the composition and concentration of low-lying gaseous mixtures in the atmosphere or the luminescence of gases in the lower 36

limits of the atmosphere. The sensor used by the authors is unknown; reference was only made to a ―space photograph.‖

Grabmaier, K., A.M. Tuladhar, and T.H. Verstappen 1988 ―SPOT for Slope Instability Survey in Nepal.‖ In, CNES, SPOT 1 Image Utilization, Assessment, Results, pp. 895-903. The suitability of SPOT stereo data for relief analysis, morphometric studies, and topographic mapping as applied to slope instability and erosion problems in the Nepalese Himalayas was assessed. The 1:50,000 photogrammetric map compares favorably with the existing topographic map; this is also true of the DTM. A slope map with 7 categories of slope angle was made (1:50,000). Natural vegetation and agricultural land use are mapped successfully. Problems are encountered with mapping roads and settlements on the panchromatic 1A level stereo pair. A detailed slope instability survey produced 1:10,000 maps which serve as a reference for the extrapolation of mountain hazard data over the entire SPOT frame.

Green, A.A., G. Whitehouse, and D. Outhet 1983 "Causes of Flood Streamlines Observed on Landsat Images and Their Use as Indicators of Floodways." International Journal of Remote Sensing 4: 5-16. A Landsat image depicting high flood conditions on 2 February 1974 on the Darling River flood plain in the Bourke region of New South Wales, Australia, shows streamlines of light and dark toned water due to different sediment concentrations and particle size. These streamlines, when observed at different flood stages, define the spatial pattern of flooding by showing the location of areas of active flow or 'floodways'. This information can provide a rapid and inexpensive technique to assist in the planning of flood mitigation measures, especially the building of levees.

Griffith, C.G., W.L. Woodley, P.G. Grube, D.W. Martin, J. Stout, and D.N. Sikdar 1978 "Rain Estimation from Geosynchronous Satellite Imagery - Visible and Infrared Studies." Monthly Weather Review 106 (August): 1153-1171. The paper reports on the first results of an empirical technique which estimates convective rainfall using geosynchronous visible and infrared satellite imagery. The technique is based on brightness (reflected radiance) or temperature (emitted radiance) as parameters for identifying raining clouds, cloud area as a measure of the extent of the rain area, and stage of development as an indicator of rain intensity. To verify the derived relationships, satellite rain estimations are compared to rain-gage and/or radar data for two areas in south Florida, for an area in Venezuela, and for several hurricanes. It is shown that real-time application of the method through computerization has promise for pinpointing flash-flood situations, such as the Big Thompson flood. The accuracy of future results is expected to increase with increased use of digital data.

Gruber, U. and H. Haefner 1995 ―Avalanche Hazard Mapping with Satellite Data and a Digital Elevation Model.‖ Applied Geography 15(2): 99-113.

Guillande, R., P. Caro, and J. Chorowicz

1991 ―A First Approach to Digital Mapping of Landslide Hazards in the Andes of Colombia Using Prediction Remote Sensing Techniques (GARS Project).‖ Episodes 14(4): 364-367. The Geological Applications of Remote Sensing (GARS) committee has been working since 1989 to mitigate landslide hazards through the use of remote sensing, digital terrain data, and digital maps. In this study the training area was located in the northern part of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia, where a railway and mining operations are frequently disturbed by landslides. These landslides had also created temporary dams that, upon breaking, induced floods and mudflows. In the project's first stage, a DTM and a geological map (1:100,000) were digitized. Additional research revealed that landslides rarely occurred where slopes exceeded 30o. A digital slope map was extracted from the DTM and a binary image produced where slopes of less than 30o were separated from slopes of greater than 30o. A second binary image separated stable from unstable stratigraphic formations. Integrating both data sets highlighted where both landslide factors were present. It was recommended that these two factors (slope and lithologic) serve as basic criteria when determining landslide hazards through the use of remote sensing techniques. As the study was reaching its conclusion, a SPOT image revealed that young landslides were associated with approximate east-northeast-west- southwest trending faults that were not evident on the 1:100,000 geologic map. These faults, as well as rainfall, could be integrated into future analyses via digitization.

Gumley, Liam E., and M.D. King 1995 ―Remote Sensing of Flooding in the U.S. Upper Midwest During the Summer of 1993.‖ Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 76(6): 933-943.

Gupta, R.K. and K.V.S. Badarwath 1993 ―Volcano Monitoring Using Remote Sensing Data.‖ International Journal of Remote Sensing 14: 2907-2918.

Gupta, R.P., A.K. Saraf, P. Saxena, and R. Chander. 1994 ―IRS Detection of Surface Effects of the Uttarkashi Earthquake of 20 October 1991.‖ International Journal of Remote Sensing 15: 2153-56.

Hallberg, G.R., B.E. Hoyer, and A. Rango 1973 ―Application of ERTS-1 Imagery to Flood Inundation Mapping: Mapping of Flood Inundation Areas in Southwestern Iowa Using ERTS-1 Imagery.‖ In, Symposium on Significant Results Obtained from the ERTS-1, Vol. 2, pp. 51-70. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Greenbelt MD: Goddard Space Flight Center. Ground data and a variety of low-altitude multispectral imagery were acquired for the East Nishnabotna River on September 14 and 15. This successful effort concluded that a near-visible infrared sensor could map inundated areas in late summer for at least three days after flood recession. ERTS-1 multispectral scanner (MSS) imagery of the area was obtained on September 18 and 19. Analysis of MSS imagery by IGSRSL, USGS, and NASA reinforced the conclusions of the low-altitude study while increasing the time period critical for imagery acquisition to at least 7 days following flood recession. The 38

capability of satellite imagery to map late summer flooding at a scale of 1:250,000 is exhibited by the agreement of interpreted flood boundaries obtained from ERTS-1 imagery to boundaries mapped by low-altitude imagery and ground methods.

Halliday, R.A. 1976? ―Data Retransmission by Satellite for Operational Purposes--Canadian Water Management.‖ In, WMO Modern Developments in Hydrometry, Vol. 2, pp. 490-501. It is not economically possible to telemeter water resources data from many parts of Canada using conventional telephone or radio systems. Because of this, experimental use of the Landsat data retransmission system was initiated in 1972. Since that time both the Landast and GOES spacecraft have been used to retransmit water level and other related data for operational purposes. The retransmitted data have been used for flow and flood forecasting and for hydrometric operations. The satellite data collection systems have operated so well, and the costs of using the system have been so favorable, that a considerable expansion of the network seems likely. There is also a good possibility that a data retransmission system using Canadian UHF satellites will be implemented.

Hardin, J.D., C.D. Sapp, J.L. Emplaincourt, and K.E. Richter. 1976 Shoreline and Bathymetric Changes in the Coastal Area of Alabama: A Remote Sensing Approach. Geological Survey of Alabama, Information Series, University of Alabama, Vol. 50, 125 pages.

Harker, G.R. 1975? ―The Delineation of Flood Plains Using Automatically Processed Multispectral Data.‖ Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. The application of a remote sensing technique to the determination of flood plain areas is investigated. Optical mechanical multispectral scanner data was simulated utilizing the density differences in a color infrared transparency for a section of the Navasota River. The simulated data was processed utilizing an automatic classification technique previously developed in the remote sensing field. The technique used involves the application of the maximum likelihood rule to categorize the data being processed. An attempt was made to distinguish between areas known to be in the flood plain and those outside the flood plain. A reasonable correlation was found between boundaries based on computer processed multispectral data and those produced by established techniques.

Harker, G.R. and J.W. Rouse, Jr. 1977 "Flood Plain Delineation Using Multispectral Data Analysis." Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 43(1): 81-87.

Harrington, Lisa M.B., J.A. Harrington, Jr., and P.M. Frenzen 1998 ―Vegetation Change in the Mount St. Helens (U.S.A.) Blast Zone, 1979-1992.‖ Geocarto International 13(1): 75-82. This study is directed towards producing an area-wide assessment of vegetation changes in the region affected by the 1980 Mt. St. Helens eruption. Landsat MSS data were used in the analysis, collected for 1979 and in even years through 1992, with

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values determined for each date using red and near-IR reflectance. These NDVI images were combined in multitemporal composites to assess changes. The assessment, combining remotely sensed data with information obtained from local experts, indicates that the greatest vegetation changes have occurred in replanted areas, with the timing of replanting a critical factor. Natural forest regeneration, subject to successional processes, was not found to be as impressive from space, although it was quite remarkable on the ground in some areas. Natural recovery was evident at some level in 1992, in even the most ―devastated‖ blast zone or lahar affected areas.

Harris, Andrew J.L., Stephen Blake, David A. Rothery, and Nicki Stevens 1997 ―A Chronology of the 1991 to 1993 Mount Etna Eruption Using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Data: Implications for Real-Time Thermal Volcano Monitoring.‖ Journal of Geophysical Research 102(B4): 7985-8003. Spaceborne Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) images detect a continuous effusive eruption at Mount Etna between December 1991 and March 1993. Quantitative analysis enables estimation of active lava area, thermal flux, effusion rates, and total flow field volume in agreement with published ground-based estimates and demonstrate the high degree of confidence that can now be placed in interpretations of AVHRR time series for eruptions where ground-based data are scanty. Systeme Pour L’Observation de la Terre (SPOT) images are used to map the flow field in detail and show the value of using other satellite or airborne data in conjunction with AVHRR data to allow more complete analyses in space and time. The value of such information in understanding lava flow morphology, flow field development, and effusion rates make them valuable in planning scientific response or hazard mitigation.

Harris, A.J.L., A.L. Butterworth, R.W. Carlton, I. Downey, P. Miller, P. Navarro, and D.A. Rothery 1997 ―Low-Cost Volcano Surveillance from Space: Case Studies from Etna, Krafla, Cerro Negro, Fogo, Lascar, and Erebus.‖ Bulletin of Volcanology 59(1): 49-64.

Harris, A.J.L., R.A. Vaughan, and D.A. Rothery 1995 ―Volcano Detection and Monitoring Using AVHRR Data, the Krafla Eruption 1984.‖ International Journal of Remote Sensing 16: 1001-1020.

Harrison, A.R. and P.K. Garg 1991 "Multispectral Classification for Vegetation Monitoring in Semi-Arid Landscapes Susceptible to Soil Erosion and Desertification." In, Remote Sensing for Hazard Monitoring and Disaster Assessment: Marine and Coastal Applications in the Mediterranean Region, pp. 109-138. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.

Hassan, H.M. and W. Luscombe ND ―Remote Sensing and Technology Transfer in Developing Countries.‖ In, Managing Natural Disasters and the Environment: Selected Materials from the Colloquium on the Environment and Natural Disaster Management, A. Kreimer and M. 40

Munasinghe, editors, pp. 141-144. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, Environmental Policy and Research Division. This overview article discusses how remote sensing could benefit developing countries by providing valuable baseline data in cases of flood, earthquake, volcanic eruption, tropical cyclone, drought, and forestry disasters. In the case of floods, remote sensing can provide rapid delineation of inundated areas, calculation of damage, and facilitates flood control planning and disaster preparedness programs. For earthquake-prone areas, surface signatures of deep-seated structures can be recognized, areas of dangerous deformation pinpointed, risk maps prepared (including landslide susceptibility) and, after an event, damage assessment performed. After a volcano erupts, damage assessment can, again, be performed; areas covered by lava, ash, and mudflows detected; and temperature differences between lava flows, ash, and cooler surroundings noted. Using radar, tropical cyclones can be tracked and appropriate warnings issued. Finally, drought has been predicted, surveyed, and assessed using satellite imagery. While the usefulness of satellite imagery may not be in question, the ability to transfer the technology is more problematic. Hindrances include trade barriers, undeveloped technological capabilities, limited human and financial resources, bias against long-term planning, counterproductive supply-driven approaches not integrated with indigenous policy planning, and issues of high cost and security.

Helfert, M.R. and K.P. Lulla 1990 ―Mapping Continental-Scale Biomass Burning and Smoke Palls Over the Amazon Basin as Observed from the Space Shuttle.‖ Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 56: 1367-1373.

Helmut, E. and R. Lanoville 1996 ―Satellite Data and Geographic Information Systems for Fire and Resource Management in the Canadian Arctic.‖ Geocarto International 11(2): 97-103.

Hess, L.L., J.M. Melack, and D.S. Simonett 1990 ―Radar Detection of Flooding Beneath the Forest Canopy: A Review.‖ International Journal of Remote Sensing 11(7): 1313-1325.

Holasek, R.E., and W.I. Rose 1991 ―Anatomy of 1986 Augustine Volcano Eruptions as Revealed by Digital AVHRR Satellite Imagery.‖ Bulletin of Volcanology 53: 420-435.

Hough, Harold 1994 ―Landsat Imagery, GIS Modelling Save Utility $10 Million in Flood Study.‖ Earth Observation Magazine 3(3): 23-26.

Howard, J.A., E.C. Barrett, and J.U. Heilkema 1978 ―The Application of Satellite Remote Sensing to Monitoring of Agricultural Disasters.‖ Disasters 2(4): 231-240.

Howard, J.A. and A. Vandijk

1981 ―Satellite Remote Sensing Applied to Rural Disasters in Developing Countries.‖ In, ESA Satellite Remote Sensing Applied to Rural Disasters, pp. 13-19. The need for the application of advanced technologies to help overcome rural problems in developing countries is discussed. It is particularly for warning of uncertainties and assessment of rural disasters that satellite remote sensing is seen to have an increasingly important role to play in the near future. Three types of satellites (polar orbiting earth resources; polar orbiting environmental; geostationary environmental) are considered. The application of satellite remote sensing to rural disasters is conveniently classified according to the time needed for the impact of the disaster to be felt. Short-term disasters are viewed as the easiest to monitor by satellite remote sensing. Some FAO examples are given. These include: the FAO Experimental Desert Locust Survey Program; floods in the Sudan; floods in Pakistan; and monitoring drought in south Africa. Howarth, P.J. and G.M. Wickware 1981 "Procedures for Change Detection Using Landsat Digital Data." International Journal of Remote Sensing 2(3): 277-291. [Flood monitoring]

Hoyer, B.E., G.R. Hallberg, and J.V. Taranik 1973 ―Seasonal, Multispectral Flood Inundation Mapping in Iowa.‖ In, Management and Utilization of Remote Sensing Data: Proceedings of the Symposium, Sioux Falls, SD, October 29-November 1, 1973, pp. 130-141. Falls Church, Virginia: American Society of Photogrammetry. Research supported by the U.S. Geological Survey.

Hoyer, B.E., M.P. McAdams, and G.R. Hallberg 1976 ―Development and Testing of Operational Flood Mapping Techniques.‖ In, Proceedings of the American Society of Photogrammetry and American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, Fall Convention, Seattle, Washington, September 28-October 1, 1976, pp. 485-498. Falls Church, VA: American Society of Photogrammetry. The development and testing of operational flood mapping and boundary detection techniques in Iowa, using low-altitude aerial photography, is discussed with particular reference to post-crest color infrared (CIR) imagery, and possible applications of satellite imagery. It was found that the 0.7 to 1.1 micron band is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum most suited for flood mapping, and that color infrared film is the best material for this technique. The accuracy of the photointerpreted boundary was determined by comparing several points on an interpreted boundary with the position of a contour line representing flood crest elevation. Analyses of the test results show that CIR imagery may be applied with great accuracy for up to seven days after the flood crest. Drawbacks of the technique, including problems encountered in urban areas caused by asphalt cover, and suggestions for its implementation are given, such as film and filter choice, and the scale of imagery.

Huadong, Guo, Liao Jingjuan, Wang Changlin, Wang Chao, Thomas G. Farr, and Diane L. Evans 1997 ―Use of Multifrequency, Multipolarization Shuttle Imaging Radar for Volcano Mapping in the Kunlun Mountains of Western China.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 59: 364-374. Imaging radar systems are an important geological remote sensing tool for Earth 42

and planetary studies due to their capability to image the earth in all types of weather, at day or night, and independently of sun illumination. This paper presents a preliminary study with spaceborne imaging radar data--C/X-band synthetic aperture radar (SIR-C/X)- -for a group of volcanoes in the remote and high-relief area of western Kunlun, Xinjiang province of China. Field observations made on the volcanic morphology and terrain features are described as well as the effects of different band and polarization combinations in recognizing volcanic features, lava flows, alluvial fans, and bedrock.

Huang, S.L. and B.K. Chen 1991 ―Integration of LANDSAT and Terrain Information for Landslide Study.‖ In, Proceedings of the Eighth Thematic Conference on Geologic Remote Sensing, Vol. 2, pp. 743-754. Ann Arbor: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan.

Huthnance, J.M., T.D. Allan, T.F. Baker, P.G. Challenor, K.R. Dyer, R.A. Flather, T.H. Guymer, I.D. James, and P.L. Woodworth. 1988 Review of the Potential of Satellite Remote Sensing for Marine Flood Protection. Prepared for the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, United Kingdom. Flood protection in the UK using satellite remote sensing techniques is discussed. Operational use is limited by widely spaced orbits with repeat periods of several days for any one polar-orbiting satellite, or by cloud cover for visible and infrared imagery spanning the orbit separation. Geostationary satellites have limited resolution at 50-60o N. Research and design applications are numerous, with potential for monitoring climate and mean sea level change, overviews of coastal development, sediment movement and wave behavior, and establishing global wind and wave climatology. Flooding may be imaged over that part of the UK sensed by ERS-1 in SAR mode at the time. Useful surge and wave data assimilation for forecasts awaits the Columbus program and requires its altimeters to have 2 cm accuracy and to cover a swath of 100 km or more, as well as rapid data transmission and forecast model development.

Illera, P., A. Fernández, and J.A. Delgada 1996 ―Temporal Evolution of the NDVI as an Indicator of Forest Fire Danger.‖ International Journal of Remote Sensing 17: 1093-1105.

Imhoff, Marc L., and S.W. McCandless 1988 ―Flood Boundary Delineation Through Clouds and Vegetation Using L-Band Space-Borne Radar - A Potential New Tool for Disease Vector Control Programs.‖ Acta Astronautica 17(Sept.): 1003-1007.

Imhoff, M.L., C. Vermillion, M.H. Story, A.M. Choudhury, and A. Gafoor 1987 "Monsoon Flood Boundary Delineation and Damage Assessment Using Space Borne Imaging Radar and Landsat Data." Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 53(4): 405-413. Space-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data acquired by the Shuttle Imaging Radar-B (SIR-B) Program and Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) data from Landsat 4

were used to map flood boundaries for an assessment of flood damage in the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh. The cloud penetrating capabilities of the L-band radar provided a clear picture of the hydrologic conditions of the surface during a period of inclement weather at the end of the wet phase of the 1984 monsoon. The radar image data were digitally processed to geometrically rectify the pixel geometry and were filtered to subdue radar image speckle effects. Contrast enhancement techniques and density slicing were used to create discrete land-cover categories corresponding to surface conditions present at the time of the Shuttle overflight. The radar image classification map was digitally registered to a spectral signature classification map of the area derived from Landsat MSS data collected two weeks prior to the SIR-B mission. Classification accuracy comparisons were made between the radar and MSS classification maps, and flood boundary and flood damage assessment measurements were made with the merged data by adding the classifications and inventorying the land-cover classes inundated at the time of flooding.

Isiorho, Solomon A. 1987 ―Radar Flood Inundation Mapping of Upper Benue Trough, Nigeria.‖ In, Technical Papers for the Annual Convention of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing and ACSM, Baltimore, Maryland, March 29-April 3, Volume 1, pp. 339-347. Falls Church, VA: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.

Ives, J.D. 1974 The Application of Space Technology to Practical Problems Such as Those Currently Facing the Mountain Sections of the State of Colorado. Semiannual Report, 1 Jan. - 30 Jun. 1974. University of Colorado, Boulder: Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research. Rapid growth in small Colorado mountain communities and dangers posed by development in areas that are potentially dangerous to life and property due to natural processes are studied. Special attention was given to snow avalanche, mudflow, rockfall, landslide and flood, as well as to the slow, continuous, and frequently imperceptible forms of soil creep and associated mass movement. Data are also given on the relative reliability of ERTS and Skylab imagery and conventional photography in identifying avalanche paths and run out zones.

Jackson, T.J., and R.M. Ragan 1977 "Value of Landsat in Urban Water Resources Planning." Journal of the Water Resources Planning and Management Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, 103(May): 33-46. The investigation’s objective is to evaluate the utility of satellite multispectral remote sensing in urban water resources planning. The results are presented of a study conducted to determine the economic impact of Landsat data. The use of Landsat data to estimate hydrologic model parameters employed in urban water resources planning is discussed. Decisions regarding the employment of Landsat data has to consider the tradeoff between data accuracy and cost. Bayesian decision theory is used in this connection. It is concluded that computer-aided interpretation of Landsat data is a highly 44

cost-effective method of estimating the percentage of impervious area.

Jackson, T.J., R.M. Ragan, and W.N. Fitch 1977 "Test of Landsat-Based Urban Hydrologic Modeling." Journal of the Water Resources Planning and Management Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, 103 (May): 141-158. A description is presented of the Fourmile Run Study which has been conducted to evaluate Landsat remote sensing as a method of defining input parameters required by urban hydrologic planning models. The evaluation was part of water resource planning investigations concerning the Fourmile Run Watershed. The investigations involved an examination of the relationship between urban development and flooding for the Fourmile Run Basin. The study indicates that Landsat data provide a suitable source of land cover data for investigations conducted at the planning level. An estimation of the percentage of impervious area on the basis of Landsat data is less expensive than a use of aerial photos in planning studies. Only limited success could be achieved when Landsat data were used for smaller areal units.

Jacobberger-Jellison, P.A. 1994 ―Detection of Post-Drought Environmental Conditions in the Tombouctou Region.‖ International Journal of Remote Sensing 15: 3183-3197.

Jarman, J.W. 1976 "Applicability of Landsat Data to Water Management and Control Needs." In, Proceedings of the Symposium on Machine Processing of Remotely Sensed Data, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, June 29-July 1, 1976, pp. PA-1 to PA-6. New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Jenson, J., J. Campbell, J. Dozier, J. Estes, M. Hodgson, C.P. Lo, K. Lulla, J. Merchant, R. Smith, D. Stow, A. Strahler, and R. Welsh 1989 ―Remote Sensing.‖ In, Geography in America, G.L. Gaile and C.J. Willmott, eds., pp. 746-775. Columbus: Merrill Publishing Co.

Johnson, C. A. and C. G. A. Harrison 1989 ―Tectonics and Volcanism in Central Mexico: A Landsat Thematic Mapper Perspective.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 28: 723-286. This paper is a summary of results from a Landsat TM survey of neotectonics in central Mexico, dealing specifically with faulting and its relationship to volcanism in that region. Digitally enhanced TM images are used to map neotectonic deformation and show that the tectonic deformation is closely linked in time and space to the dominantly calc-alkaline volcanics of the Mexican Volcanic Belt (MVB). Zones of weakness within the crust are a principal factor controlling the oblique orientation of the MVB relative to the Acapulco Trench. This study using TM images provides the first regional observational evidence for an extensive zone of structural weakness in the underlying crust.

Johnson, Harry M.

1986 ―Characteristics of Arkansas and Louisiana Flash Flood Events of 1981-1983 in GOES Imagery.‖ In, 11th Conference on Weather Forecasting and Analysis, Kansas City, June 17-20, pp. 106-108. Boston: American Meteorological Society

Johnson, Russell D. 1994 ―Change Vector Analysis for Disaster Assessment: A Case Study of Hurricane Andrew.‖ Geocarto International 9(1): 41-45. Kahle, Anne, Alan R. Gillespie, Elsa A. Abbott, Michael Abrams, Richard E. Walker, and Gordon Hoover. 1988 ―Relative Dating of Hawaiian Lava Flows Using Multispectral Thermal Infrared Images: A New Tool for Geologic Mapping of Young Volcanic Terranes.‖ Journal of Geophysical Research. 93(B12): 15,239-15,251. Remote sensing techniques and multispectral thermal infrared (TIR) images are used to quantitatively estimate relative ages of individual basalt flows. The age of the basalt flows strongly suggests that changes are caused by weathering products. The authors discuss the link between the observed weathering trajectories and the various initial components and weathering products.

Kasischke, E.S. and N.H.F. French 1995 ―Locating and Estimating the Areal Extent of Wildfires in Alaskan Boreal Forests Using Multiple-Season AVHRR NDVI Composite Data.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 51: 263-275.

Kasischke, E.S., N.H.F. French, P. Harrell, N.L. Christensen, Jr., S.L. Ustin, and D. Barry 1993 ―Monitoring of Wildfires in Boreal Forests Using Large Area AVHRR NDVI Composite Image Data.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 45: 61-71.

Kaufmann, V. 1998 ―Topographic Mapping of the Volcano Nevado Ojos Del Salado Using Optical and Microwave Image Data.‖ Geocarto International 13(2): 53-64.

Kaupp, V.H., L.R. Gaddis, P.J. Mouginis-Mark, B.A. Derryberry, H.C. McDonald, and W.P. Waite 1996 ―Preliminary Analyses of SIR-B Radar Data for Recent Hawaii Lava Flows.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 20: 283-290. Preliminary analysis of the SIR-B images indicates that flow type and relative age can be determined from basic statistics and illumination angle. SIR-B images may be reprocessed to enhance subtle topographic features, and to emphasize low return features. SIR-B may improve distinguishing pahoehoe flows from other geologic units, such as ash deposits, that have a low radar return, and may improve knowledge of the functional relationship between radar return and flow rheology.

Kennedy, P.J., A.S. Belward, and J.M. Grgoire 1994 ―An Improved Approach to Fire Monitoring in West Africa Using AVHRR Data.‖ International Journal of Remote Sensing 15: 2235-2255. 46

Kerber, A.G., J.C. Gervin, Y.-C. Lu, R. Marcell, and H.A. Edwardo 1985 "Floodplain Land Cover Mapping Using Thematic Mapper Data." In, Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Ann Arbor, Michigan, October 21-25, 1985, Volume 2, pp. 1057-1064. Ann Arbor, Michigan:

Environmental Research Institute of Michigan. [Also in, Proceedings of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Fifth Remote Sensing Symposium, Ft. Belvoir, VA: Water Resources Support Center, 1985, pp. 262-271.] The accuracy of land-cover classifications based on Landsat-4 TM and MSS images (obtained in August 1982) and airborne TMS images (obtained in September 1981) of the New Martinsville, West Virginia area is evaluated by comparison with ground-truth data. TM, TMS, and MSS are found to have overall mapping accuracies of 80.1%, 78.5%, and 75.6%; agriculture/grass accuracies 62.0%, 29.7%, and 46.6%; and developed-area accuracies 67.2%, 77.8%, and 59.4%, respectively.

Kerpelman, Charles 1988 ―Some Aspects of Space Applications for Disaster Management-The Use of Space Technology for Disaster Warning and for Determining the Effects of Natural Disasters.‖ In, Space Safety and Rescue 1986-1987, pp. 117-129, San Diego, CA: Univelt, Inc.

Kienle, J., K. G. Dean, and H. Garbeil 1990 ―Satellite Surveillance of Volcanic Ash Plumes, Application to Aircraft Safety.‖ EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union 71(7): 266. The explosive activity of Redoubt Volcano, December 14-16, 1989, produced several ash-laden eruption columns that caused significant damage to jet aircraft. AVHRR imagery can be analyzed and mapped to show plume height, trajectory, and possibly the concentration of ash. This information could then be sent to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) or other appropriate agencies within hours of a satellite pass. The authors apply three different analysis techniques to emphasize various characteristics of the plume. A color composite of thermal infrared bands is produced to show the eruptive plume extending 300 km downwind east of Redoubt Volcano; a band-4 enlargement is produced to show the detailed temperature patterns in the plume, such that the temperatures are related to altitude; and a false-color composite is produced to show how ash-rich volcanic plumes may be contrasted with most types of clouds.

Kishi, S. and S. Yazaki 1981 ―Detection of Volcanic Ash Fall Area from Landsat MSS CCT Data—Eruption of Mt. Ontake in 1979.‖ In, Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Ann Arbor, Michigan, May 11-15, Vol. 2, pp. 919-928. Ann Arbor: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan. Two Landsat MSS images taken a few days prior to, and following, Mt. Ontake's eruption were compared to determine their utility in delineating areas of ash fall. Because the eruption took place in autumn, it was necessary to distinguish between vegetation changes due to the normal degeneration of plant material during that season and damage

caused by ash. Areas covered by 1 mm of ash were successfully distinguished from surrounding areas by using bands 4 and 7 and subtracting the before-eruption image from the after-eruption image and through smoothing the image with a 2x2 moving average filter.

Knepper, D.H., Jr. 1977 Application of LANDSAT Data to Delimitation of Avalanche Hazards in Montane Colorado. Interim Report, Mar. - May 1976. University of Colorado, Boulder: Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research.

Knepper, D.H. Jr. 1977 Application of LANDSAT Data to Delimitation of Avalanche Hazards in Montane Colorado. Final Report, 28 Feb. 1975 - 28 Apr. 1977. University of Colorado, Boulder: Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research. The author determined that while many avalanche hazard zones can be identified on Landsat imagery, such results cannot be maintained consistently over a large region. Therefore, regional avalanche hazard mapping using Landsat imagery must draw on additional sources of information. A method was devised that depicts three levels of avalanche hazards according to three corresponding levels of certainty that active avalanches occur. The lowest level, potential avalanche hazards, was defined by delineating slopes steep enough to support avalanches at elevations where snowfall was likely to be sufficient to produce a thick snowpack. The intermediate level of avalanche hazard was interpreted as an avalanche hazard zone. This type of zone has direct and indirect indicators of active avalanche activity and was successfully interpreted from Landsat imagery. The highest level of known or active avalanche hazards was compiled from existing maps. Some landslides in Colorado were identified and, to a degree, delimited on Landsat imagery, but the conditions of their identification were highly variable. Because of local topographic, geologic, structural, and vegetational variations, no unique landslide spectral appearance was identified.

Kogan, Felix N. 1995 ―How Drought Looks from Space.‖ Geocarto International 10(1): 51-56.

Kogan, Felix N. 1997 ―Global Drought Watch from Space.‖ Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 78(4): 621-636.

Koopmans, B.N. and G.R. Forero 1993 ―Airborne SAR and Landsat MSS as Complementary Information Sources for Geological Hazard Mapping.‖ ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 48: 28-37.

Krueger, Arlin J., Louis S. Walter, Charles C. Schnetzler, and Scott D. Doiron 1990 ―TOMS Measurement of the Sulfur Dioxide Emitted During the 1985 Nevado del Ruiz Eruptions.‖ Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 41: 7-15. The Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), which can 48

quantitatively map volcanic sulfur dioxide plumes on a global scale, observed the eruptions of Nevado del Ruiz in 1985 to be unusually rich in sulfur dioxide. The plume extended over 1600-2700 km east with most of the sulfur dioxide located at 10-16 km altitude in the troposphere, with a small amount deposited in the stratosphere at an altitude above 24 km. The ratio of sulfur dioxide to erupted magma from Ruiz is an order of magnitude greater than in the 1982 eruption of El Chichon or the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The authors conclude that the "size of the eruption" may not serve as a reliable measure of the quantity of sulfate aerosols produced in the atmosphere and that the altitude of the plume must be considered. Tropospheric plumes tend to be short-lived and have little effect on climate but stratospheric plumes can persist for years.

Kruus, J., M. Deutsch, P.L Hansen, and H.L. Ferguson 1981 ―Flood Applications of Satellite Imagery.‖ In, Satellite Hydrology; Proceedings of the Fifth Annual William T. Pecora Memorial Symposium on Remote Sensing, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, June 10-15, 1979, pp. 292-301. Minneapolis: American Water Resources Association. The authors argue for the necessity of using satellite imagery in flood studies, contending that state-of-the-art communications equipment would allow the total extent of flooding to be mapped and delivered to high level governmental offices within 24 hours after a satellite pass. Creating temporal composites by superpositioning pre- and during-flood images is discussed, as well as the use of different scales of imagery for different planning purposes. For instance, 1:500,000 is appropriate at federal and state decision-making levels; 1:118,000 (aerial photography) at the county level, and 1:48,000 (aerial photography) to assist with damage assessment on a property-by-property basis. Also discussed is the mapping of snow cover for runoff prediction as well as refining stage storage relationships in flood forecasting models.

Kuprianov, V.V., V.G. Prokacheva, and V.F. Usachev 1980 ―Satellite Data for the Solution of Problems of Land Hydrology.‖ In, The Contribution of Space Observations to Water Resources Management; Proceedings of the Symposium, Bangalore, India, May 29-June 9, 1979, pp. 49-58. Oxford: Pergamon Press, Ltd. The paper discusses satellite data used in operational hydrology. Applications include mapping of physiographic features, land use, and snow cover; evaluation of snow cover dynamics; determination of water storage; and spring snowmelt flood measurements. Studies were made of snow cover in order to determine urban and industrial environmental effects; evaluation of ice behavior in lakes; dates of ice pack formation and breakup; river floodings, plain inundations; and of the water balance of inland water bodies.

Kushwaha, S.P.S. 1997 ―Environmental Monitoring and Cyclone Impact Assessment on Sriharikota Island, India.‖ Geocarto International 12(2): 55-62.

Lawson, D.W. 1977 "The Application of Remote Sensing to Water Resources Planning, Watershed

Modelling and Real-Time Flood Forecasting." In, Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture and Groundwater; Proceedings of the Workshop, Toronto, Canada, November 8-10, 1976, pp. 28-48. Ottawa, Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute. It is shown that watershed modeling, which is associated with real-time flood forecasting, provides the greatest opportunity to demonstrate the hydrological utility of remote sensing. An overview is presented of the type of water resources planning which would be required to develop an optimal hydroelectric generating scheme for a large river basin. The choice of the most appropriate hydrological model is considered along with the related implications for remote sensing. The classes of models generally distinguished in water resources planning include economic models, optimization (mathematical programming) models, and simulation models. Attention is given to analysis techniques, the potential for remote sensing applications, project management decisions, the interrelated aspects of hydrologic model building which can be aided by remote sensing, the calibration of the gauged watersheds, and the modeling of ungauged areas.

Leenaers, H. and J.P. Okx 1989 ―The Use of Digital Elevation Models for Flood Hazard Mapping.‖ Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 14: 631-640.

Leiderman, Stuart M. 1998 GIS and Applications of Remote Sensing to Disaster Management, Papers from the Conference, Greenbelt MD, January 13-15, 1997. Durham NH: Stuart M. Leiderman. 700 pages. In January 1997, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and FEMA held a conference on remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and disaster management. This volume contains the papers from presentations made in four primary areas: information requirements for disaster management, remote sensing for disaster management, current and future GIS applications, and the application of these remote sensing, GIS, and modeling systems to disaster management. The volume also includes extensive appendices of related Web sites that list organizations, agencies, satellites and instrumentation, analytical systems, computer software, disaster events, general databases, and other links of interest.

Leroi, E., O. Rouzeau, J.-Y. Scanvic, C.C. Weber, and G. Vargas 1992 ―Remote Sensing and GIS Technology in Landslide Hazard Mapping in the Colombian Andes.‖ Episodes 15(1): 32-34. The authors attempt a new approach to mapping landslide hazards using available satellite imagery. A GIS based solely on remote sensing data was created. Information was used from: the stereo-pair (due to weather problems, the right-hand image came from SPOT, while the left-hand came from Landsat TM); a DEM calculated from the stereopair (accuracy of 40m on the x and y axes and 20m on the z); data processing and color composite restitution at a scale of 1:50,000, and a visual interpretation to delineate surface features (e.g., faults) was digitized, geocoded, and when appropriate, transferred into raster mode. It was found that the lithological map produced was superior to a previous map based on field observations. Classification resulted in seven classes of land use, and three-dimensional software produced quantitative information regarding slope, 50

exposure, and drainage. Panoramic views were also produced by combining the DEM and the SPOT orthoimage. A map of total relative susceptibility was produced by first statistically determining which of the five permanent hazard factors (lithology, slope, land use, faults, and drainage) could serve as the most effective parameters of relative landslide susceptibility, and then characterizing pixels in terms of landslide susceptibility.

Lichy, D.E., D. Pepe, and N.D. Leppert 1985 "LEAP--Landsat Emergency Access and Products, An Operational Use of Landsat Data for Damage Assessment." In, Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Paris, France, October 1-5, 1984. Volume 2, pp. 835 844. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan. Procedures developed for the Landsat Emergency Access and Products (LEAP) program are described. In the fall of 1983, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which operates the Landsat MSS, in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, developed, tested, and evaluated procedures for the acquisition of Landsat imagery in response to natural and national disasters. The prime purpose of LEAP is to provide satellite imagery to the requester within 12 to 24 hours after acquisition by the spacecraft. Several case studies of the Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Department of Agriculture have successfully been tested. Procedures to integrate the new products are presented, but ultimately the user community must develop special methods for handling LEAP data.

Liu, X., S. Zhang, and X. Li 1983 ―The Application of Landsat Image in the Surveying of Water Resources of Dongting Lake.‖ In, Proceedings of the Third Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Dacca, Bangladesh, December 4-7, 1982, pp. D-3-1 to D-3-10. Tokyo: University of Tokyo. Landsat images processed at different times have been used to investigate the water surface area and the volume of China's Dongting Lake (Hunan province), the second largest body of fresh water in the country. Landsat and conventional determinations of the surface area of the lake agree within 4 percent when the outflow via the Changjiang River approaches the flood stage. Other relationships determined were those between water level and water surface area, and between water level and water volume. It is concluded that the use of Landsat MSS band 7 imagery and false color combination imagery for such determinations is very effective and reliable.

Lockridge, P.A. 1983 Natural Hazards Photograph Catalog, Key to Geophysical Records Documentation No. 20, Final Report. Boulder, CO: National Geophysical and Solar- Terrestrial Data Center. The National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) and World Data Center A for Solid Earth Geophysics have collected from many private and governmental sources more than 2000 photographs of effects from natural hazards that have occurred throughout the world, including earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes. The collection contains photographs of events that span two centuries (1811-1981) and cover more than

37 countries. The publication gives a brief description (or caption) for each photograph in the collection and contains several examples of dramatic or unusual effects. The photograph captions are listed chronologically by date of occurrence of each event (except for volcano captions, which are listed by region) and are grouped into three categories: (1) earthquake damage; (2) tsunami waves and damage; and (3) volcanoes and volcanic features.

Lopez, D.M. 1992 "Analisis de los Movimientos en Masa Sobre el Piedemonte Llanero Utilizando Imagenes de Sensores Remotos." In, Primer Simposio Internacional Sobre Sensores Remotos y Sistemas de Informacion Geografica (SIG) para el Estudio de Riesgos Naturales, Juan B. Alzate, editor, pp. 99-113. Santafé de Bogotá, D.C. Colombia: Instituto Geografico "Agustin Codazzi."

Lougeay, Ray, Paul Baumann, and M. Duane Nellis 1994 ―Two Digital Approaches for Calculating the Area of Regions Affected by the Great American Flood of 1993.‖ Geocarto International 9(4): 53-59.

Lowry, R.T., N. Mudry, and E.J. Langham 1981 "A Preliminary Analysis of SAR Mapping of the Manitoba Flood, May 1979." In, Satellite Hydrology: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual William T. Pecora Memorial Symposium on Remote Sensing, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, June 10-15, 1979, pp. 316- 323. Minneapolis, Minnesota: American Water Resources Association. This paper presents a preliminary evaluation of SAR imagery obtained of the May, 1979 Red River flooding in Manitoba as part of the Sursat Program to determine Canadian needs for a surveillance satellite and the appropriate sensors to be used to meet those needs. The area of the flooding was mapped with an airborne synthetic aperture radar based on the ERIM four-channel SAR which consists of two dual polarized radars operating in the L and X bands, which was operated in the steep mode to simulate satellite observations. The imagery was processed to obtain maps of 1:250,000 and 1:500,000 scale which can be used to establish the actual extent of the flooding. The X- band is found to provide a better image, in part due to its higher resolution and shorter wavelength. Results demonstrate that an airborne SAR can provide all-weather flood area delineation, although satellite-borne radar, with steep depression angles, lower resolution and lower frequency, may not be able to delineate floods without special image processing.

Lundahl, A.C. and D.A. Grugioni 1985 ―Aerial Photography: World Class Disaster Fighter.‖ Information Society 3(4): page numbers unknown.

Luscombe, B.W. and H. Hassan 1992 Applying Remote Sensing Technologies to Natural Disaster Risk Management- Implications for Developmental Investments. Paris, France: Forty-third (43rd) Congress of the International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation. Report #IAA-92-0457, 8 pages. 52

MacKay, Mary E. and Peter J. Mouginis-Mark 1997 ―The Effect of Varying Acquisition Parameters on the Interpretation of SIR-C Radar Data: The Virunga Volcanic Chain.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 59: 321- 336. Spaceborne Imaging Radar experiment C (SIR-C) data over the Virunga volcanic chain, Zaire, is examined to interpret volcanic features, such as shape of small craters, in high relief areas. The structure and geologic evolution of lava-producing volcanoes are investigated as part of an analysis of basaltic shield volcanoes. The authors discuss important tradeoffs and priorities in the acquisition parameters of radar satellites for future experiments. Some parameter combinations are more useful than others for the identification of certain volcanic features, however, no single type of data satisfies all of the requirements while simultaneously providing an image swath width that is adequate to cover entire volcanic chains. Choices must be made based on the scientific objectives associated with reconnaissance mapping or on the analysis of specific processes such as lava flow emplacement or the distribution of ash deposits.

MacKenzie, Patrick 1975 ―Remote Sensing: The Watchdog of Canada's Environment.‖ Emergency Planning Digest 2(3): 2-6.

Malingreau, J.P. 1985 "Remote Sensing and Disaster Monitoring--A Review of Applications in Indonesia." In, Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Paris, France, October 1-5, 1984, Volume 1, pp. 283-297. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan. An assessment is offered of the role played by remote sensors on-board the Landsat and NOAA-7 satellites in monitoring and management of three catastrophic events that took place in 1982 and 1983 in Indonesia (two major volcanic eruptions and a large-scale forest fire). The modes of operation of the satellite platforms, the types of data derived, and data availability to the users are described, as well as sources of failures and delays (such as the presence of clouds, technical and computer errors, red-tape, etc.). The major drawbacks of Landsat-supplied information for monitoring short-lived and fast- changing events were the insufficient frequency of data acquisition, delayed delivery of data, and extended times needed for data distribution and processing. Indonesia's NOAA- 7 and GMS sensors, although of low spatial resolution, offered higher frequency of data collection, and profited from the existence of a local receiving station. The present value of space-based imagery is seen mainly in the baseline assessment of disaster-prone areas, which can assist in preparing these areas for impending catastrophic events.

Malingreau, J.P. and X. Kasawanda 1986 ―Monitoring Volcanic Eruptions in Indonesia Uing Weather Satellite Data: The Colo Eruption of July 28 1983.‖ Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 27: 179-194.

Malingreau, J.P., N. Laporte, and J.M. Gregoire 1990 ―Exceptional Fire Events in the Tropics, Southern Guine, January 1987.‖ International Journal of Remote Sensing 11: 2121-2123.

Marple, R.T. and E.S. Schweig, III 1992 "Remote Sensing of Alluvial Terrain in a Humid, Tectonically Active Setting: The New Madrid Seismic Zone." Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 58(2): 209-219.

Maselli, F., A. Rodolfi, L. Bottai, and C. Conese 1996 ―Evaluation of Forest Fire Risk by the Analysis of Environmental Data and TM Images.‖ International Journal of Remote Sensing 17: 1417-1423.

Massonnet, Didler, Pierre Briole, and Alain Arnaud 1995 ―Deflation of Mount Etna Monitored by Spaceborne Radar Interferometry.‖ Nature 375: 567-570. Spaceborne radar interferometry is used to monitor long-term volcano deformation. A simple model based on change of pressure in a sphere located in elastic half-space demonstrates that deformation increases linearly with time until the end of the eruption. The results indicate that this technique can be used to detect the type of inflation of volcanic edifices that usually precedes eruptions.

Massonnet, D., M. Rossi, C. Carmona, F. Adragna, G. Peltzer, K. Feigi, and T. Rabaute 1993 ―The Displacement Field of the Landers Earthquake Mapped by Radar Interferometry.‖ Nature 364: 138-142.

Matson, M. 1984 ―The 1982 El Chicho’n Volcano Eruptions: A Satellite Perspective.‖ Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 23: 1-10.

Mauser, Wolfram 1985? ―Calculation of Flood Hydrographs Using Satellite-Derived Land-Use Information in the Dreisam Watershed, S. W. Germany.‖ In, ESA IGARSS 84, Remote Sensing: From Research Towards Operational Use, Vol. 1, pp. 301-304. Flood hydrographs in a watershed were calculated using a geographical data base including satellite derived land use, soil information and slope with a resolution of 64x104 m. The land use information is a result of a maximum likelihood classification of Landsat MSS data. The SCS-TR 20 was used as a model for the calculation of the flood hydrographs. Single event calculations and calculations using 24-hr storms of selected return periods matched the measured hydrographs well. The effect of possible deforestation of the area due to forest damage was simulated using five scenarios. According to the simulations, total deforestation in the watershed will cause a 100-yr peak discharge 5 times as high as today’s.

Mauser, Wolfram 1986 ―Calculation of Floods Using Landsat MSS Data.‖ In, Reports on Utilization of 54

Remote Sensing Data in the Federal Republic of Germany; Seminar on Current Status, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Federal Republic of Germany, Jan. 20-22, 1986, pp.277-285. Bonn: Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Luft und Raumfahrt. In German. The use of satellite remote-sensing data in the computation of flood hydrographs (with the SCS TR-20 model, 1972) is demonstrated for the case of the Dreisam basin in the southern Black Forest near Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany. Landsat MSS images are analyzed to obtain information on land use; soil conditions; soil water and infiltration; and terrain altitude, slope, and exposure. The image-interpretation methods and the construction of the precipitation-runoff model are explained, and the results of flood predictions for different possible degrees of deforestation are presented with extensive graphs.

McCoy, R.M. and A.J. Lewis 1976 ―Use of Radar in Hydrology and Geomorphology.‖ Remote Sensing of the Electro Magnetic Spectrum 3: 105-122. The potential for mapping flooded land with radar imagery is illustrated by a radar image of the 1973 Missouri River flood near St. Louis. Earlier research found that although different radar systems yield different amounts of drainage network detail, the consistency of information content in any given radar system allows extrapolation of data to the level of detail that would be available on a 1:24,000 topographic map. As for geomorphology, radar imagery is a valuable tool in terrain analysis based on topographic relief, slope or texture. The identification of individual geomorphic features on radar imagery is accomplished by the interpretation of tone, texture, pattern, topographic position, and size.

McCrary, D.G. 1983 ―Flood Stress Mapped NOAA-7 Data.‖ In, Environmental Assessment and Resource Management, Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Computer- Assisted Cartography and International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Commission IV: Cartographic and Data Bank Application of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Crystal City, Virginia, August 22-28, 1982, pp. 293-295. Falls Church, Virginia: American Society of Photogrammetry and American Congress on Surveying and Mapping.

McGinnis, D.F. and A. Rango 1975 "Earth Resources Satellite Systems for Flood Monitoring." Geophysical Research Letters 2 (April): 132-135. The environmental satellites NOAA-2 and ERTS-1 observed flooding in United States' rivers such as the Mississippi during 1973. Combination of NOAA-2 observation frequency and the ERTS-1 resolution provides an adequate satellite system for monitoring floods. Several polar-orbiting satellites of the ERTS type could view flooded areas at a reasonably high resolution every three to five days. A high-resolution earth- synchronous satellite would further enhance flood mapping by providing observations whenever clouds are absent.

McGregor, Kent M.

1987 ―Using Landsat to Derive Curve Numbers for Hydrologic Models.‖ In, American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing and ACSM, Fall Convention, Reno, NV, Oct. 4-9, 1987, ASPRS Technical Papers, pp.129-135. Falls Church, VA: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. As a watershed becomes more urbanized, floods occur more frequently. Cities are structurally complex, so it is difficult to monitor changes in urban land use/cover which affect streamflow. Computer processing of data from Landsat or similar sensors can potentially provide fast and accurate determination of the surface character for input into hydrological models. Experiments conducted on the eight square mile Cottonwood Creek drainage in Dallas, Texas indicated good agreement between predicted runoff using the Soil Conservation TR-20 hydrologic model and actual streamflow measured at gauging stations.

McKean, J., S. Buechel, and L. Gaydos 1991 ―Remote Sensing and Landslide Hazard Assessment.‖ Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 57(9): 1185-1193.

Mehl, H., and K. Hiller 1992 ―Application of Multitemporal LANDSAT-MSS and -TM Data for the Development of an Inundation-Risk-Map.‖ In, ESA, Environment Observation and Climate Modeling Through International Space Projects, Vol. 2: Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring and Resource Management, pp. 591-594.

Mendivelso, L.D., T.G.M. Aguilar, K.G. Robertson, and J.J. Nossin. ND "Sensores Remotos Aplicados al Diagnostico y Evaluacion de Amenazas Naturales en el Piedemonte Llanero, Sector de Villavicencio, Meta-Colombia." In, Primer Simposio Internacional Sobre Sensores Remotos y Sistemas de Informacion Geografica (SIG) para el Estudio de Riesgos Naturales, Juan B. Alzate, editor, pp. 78-98. Santafé de Bogotá, D.C. Colombia: Instituto Geografico "Agustin Codazzi."

Mercado, R. and W.I. Rose 1992 ―Reconocimiento Geologico y Evaluacion Preliminar de Riesgos Volcanicos de Tacana, Guatemala/Mexico.‖ Gefisica Internacional 31: 205-237.

Miller, J.M. and T.E. Osterkamp 1978 "The Use of Landsat Data to Minimize Flooding Risks Caused by Ice Jams in Alaskan Rivers." In, Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Manila, Philippines, April 20-26, 1978, Volume 3, pp. 2255-2266. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan.

Miller, S.T. 1986 ―The Quantification of Floodplain Inundation by the Use of Landsat and Metric Camera Information, Belize, Central America.‖ In, Remote Sensing for Resources Development and Environmental Management; Proceedings of the Seventh International 56

Symposium, Enschede, Netherlands, Aug. 25-29, 1986, Volume 2, pp. 733-738. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema.

Misra, K.S. 1982 ―Application of Landsat Imagery to Flood Control and Management of Agricultural Land - A Case Study of Northern India.‖ In, Proceedings of the Seventh Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing, Winnipeg, Canada, September 8-11, 1981, pp.67-73. Ottawa: Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute.

Moore, G. 1995 ―Linking Remote Sensing and Disaster Warning: One Possible Initiative.‖ Earth Observation Magazine 4(5): 37-39.

Moore, G.K. and G.W. North 1974 "Flood Inundation in the Southeastern United States from Aircraft and Satellite Imagery." Water Resources Bulletin 10(5): 1082-1096.

Morentz, J.W. 1994 ―Bringing Remote Sensing Down to Earth: Successful Applications for Emergency Management.‖ Hazard Monthly 14(1): 6.

Morgan, G. 1989 Satellite Remote Sensing Technology for Natural Hazards Preparedness and Emergency Response Planning. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, Environment Operation and Strategy Division.

Morrison, R.B. and M.E. Cooley 1973 ―Application of ERTS-1 Imagery to Detecting and Mapping Modern Erosion Features, and to Monitoring Erosional Changes, in Southern Arizona.‖ Utilization of ERTS-1 Imagery to Detect and Map Erosion Features and Changes in Southern Arizona. Progress Report, 15 Jul. 1972 - 31 Jan. 1973. Denver, CO: U.S. Geological Survey. MSS band 5 (red) provides the sharpest definition of modern arroyos. On the best images, modern arroyos that are as narrow as 150 to 200 feet can be distinguished in reaches where their contrast with adjacent areas is only moderate, and those as narrow as 60 to 75 feet can be distinguished where their contrast is high. Both red and infrared bands are used to show differences in soils and vegetation. In late fall and winter imagery, band 7 is generally the most useful for mapping areas of more erodible soils. A map at 1:1,000,000 scale was prepared to show all arroyos that were identified from ERTS-1 images within the 17,000 square mile study area. Also, using U-2 color infrared airphotos, a 1:125,000 scale map was made of a 50-mile long reach along San Simon Wash, in southeastern Arizona. This map not only shows arroyo channels and narrow flood plains that have developed since 1890, but also areas within a few miles of the wash that are severely gullied, severely sheet-eroded, and moderately sheet-eroded. Two important features caused by the third largest recorded flood on the upper Gila River were also determined from the ERTS-1 images: the inundated area was best displayed in

band 7, and areas of severe sand/gravel erosion/deposition displayed best in band 5.

Morrison, R.B. and M.E. Cooley 1973 ―Application of ERTS-1 Imagery to Detecting and Mapping Modern Erosion Features, and to Monitoring Erosional Changes, in Southern Arizona.‖ Progress Report, 1 Feb. - 31 Jul. 1973. Denver, CO: U.S. Geological Survey. ERTS-1 multispectral images were used, without additional data, to prepare three maps at 1:1,000,000 of the 18,000 sq. mi. project area: (1) modern (post-AD 1890) arroyos and channels; (2) types of stream channels; and (3) potential erodibility of soils; surficial deposits, and bedrock. Also completed was the collection and compilation of ground truth geologic, soil, and hydrologic data. Field studies to obtain ground control data for the photointerpretive mapping included: (1) measurements, at many sites, of the depth, width, and channel characteristics of arroyos and gullies, and cross profiles of stream channels, flood plains, and Holocene terraces; and (2) stratigraphic measurements of the Holocene alluvial deposits. Significant conclusions from these extensive stratigraphic studies are: a) slow deposition of sediment was the dominant process on stream lowlands throughout the project area for at least 2000 years prior to AD 1890; b) the deposition was broken by only two relatively brief and minor erosional episodes of regional importance, when channels no more than a third of the depth of modern channels were cut; and c) within the last 80 years, modern erosion has produced substantially more and larger arroyos than during any erosional episode during the last 2000 years, and the end is not in sight.

Mouat, D.A., D.A. Miller, and K.E. Foster 1976 "The Use of Remote Sensing Imagery for Environmental Land Use and Flood Hazard Mapping." Journal of Environmental Sciences 19 (May-June): 19-26. Flood hazard maps have been constructed for Graham, Yuma, and Yavapai Counties in Arizona using remote sensing techniques. Watershed maps of priority areas were selected on the basis of their interest to the county planning staff and represented areas of imminent or ongoing development and those known to be subject to inundation by storm runoff. Landsat color infrared imagery at scales of 1:1,000,000, 1:500,000, and 1:250,000 was used together with high-altitude aerial photography at scales of 1:120,000 and 1:60,000 to determine drainage patterns and erosional features, soil type, and the extent and type of ground cover. The satellite imagery was used in the form of 70 mm chips for enhancement in a color additive viewer and in all available enlargement modes. Field checking served as the main backup to the interpretations. Areas with high susceptibility to flooding were determined with a high level of confidence from the remotely sensed imagery.

Mouginis-Mark, Peter J. and Peter W. Francis 1992 ―Satellite Observations of Active Volcanoes: Prospects for the 1990s.‖ Episodes 15(1): 46-55. This article reviews some of the satellite systems used to study volcanoes, provides a summary of planned missions that will have a strong volcanology component, and discusses the implications of using remote sensing in order to identify and monitor volcanic hazards. A Landsat 4 TM image of Lascar volcano, northern Chile, reveals an 58

active crater at the center of a nested crater chain, a thermal anomaly, and a prominent lava flow. GOES imagery is used to monitor the downwind dispersal of the September 16 eruption cloud from Lascar volcano and to measure the plume temperature at different points along the plume track. The TOMS instrument is used to map the dispersal of the sulfur dioxide cloud from the eruption of El Chichon volcano. AVHRR, with its twice a day observation, permits monitoring the rate of dispersal of a volcanic plume or the advance of lava flows. Microwave sensors offer complementary information to optical sensors for monitoring volcanoes and to search for dome growth, the formation of new lava flows or cones, or changes in summit ice cover that might be related to the onset of volcanic activity. Remote sensing offers the potential for significantly increasing knowledge of volcanoes around the world, as well as for collecting data of uniform quality over sufficiently large areas to facilitate interpretation of volcanic processes such as eruption plume dynamics and the growth of lava fields.

Mouginis-Mark, Peter, Harold Garbeil, and Pierre Flament 1994 ―Effects of Viewing Geometry on AVHRR Observations of Volcanic Thermal Anomalies.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 48: 51-60. Weather satellite observations are useful for the identification and analysis of eruptions on geographically remote volcanoes. The authors investigate the influence of viewing geometry and dynamic range of the AVHRR sensor for detecting eruptions on poorly monitored volcanoes. The ability of AVHRR to detect on-going activity is tested by comparing Landsat TM and nadir AVHRR scenes obtained within 3.5 hours of each other. An off-nadir AVHRR scene acquired 47.5 hours later is used to illustrate the effect of increased pixel size when viewing subpixel hot spots.

Mouginis-Mark, Peter J., David C. Pieri, Peter W. Francis, Lionel Wilson, Stephen Self, William I. Rose, and Charles A. Wood 1989 ―Remote Sensing of Volcanoes and Volcanic Terrains.‖ EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 70(52): 1567, 1571, 1575. Satellite and aircraft remote sensing techniques are used to monitor potentially dangerous volcanoes, offering a number of advantages over ground-based studies. Remote sensing provides a globally consistent data set to monitor temporal variations in volcanic activity; allows data to be collected in areas which are difficult to reach because of physical or political constraints; and a broad range of sensors used at wavelengths ranging from the ultraviolet to the microwave facilitates study of a wide range of phenomena. Satellite observations of plume dispersal, changes in atmospheric chemistry, and related perturbations in the atmosphere and ecosphere permit the assessment of interdisciplinary effects of volcanic eruptions. The authors review some examples of ongoing volcanological research using remote sensing techniques and describe instrumentation that could become available to volcanologists and interdisciplinary scientists.

Mouginis-Mark, Peter, Scott Rowland, Peter Francis, Terry Friedman, Harold Garbeil, Jonathan Gradie, Stephen Self, Lionel Wilson, Joy Crisp, Lori Glaze, Kenneth Jones, Anne Kahle, David Pieri, Howard Zebker, Arlin Krueger, Louis Walter, Charles Wood, William Rose, John Adams, and Robert Wolff

1991 ―Analysis of Active Volcanoes from the Earth Observing System.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 36: 1-12. The Earth Observing System (EOS) Volcanology Investigation is an attempt to further our understanding of the distribution of volcanic landforms, their temporal evolution, and to assess the potential hazard posed by individual volcanoes. From the collected data, volcanic landforms and the atmospheric effects of eruptions are addressed, enabling the study of local-to-regional scale thermal and deformational features of volcanoes, and the chemical and structural features of volcanic eruption plumes and aerosols. The authors describe EOS and its investigation objectives, its three modes of data collection, mission constraints, and data products and interactions with the community.

Moyseenko, H., M. Yaramanoglu, and L. Wanchoo 1983 ―Utilizing Landsat Digital Data for Operating Two Hydrologic Models.‖ In, Environmental Assessment and Resource Management; Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Computer-Assisted Cartography, and International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Commission IV: Cartographic and Data Bank Application of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Crystal City, VA, August 22-28, 1982, pp. 459-472. Falls Church, VA: American Society of Photogrammetry and American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. Two hydrologic models were tested for compatibility with Landsat MSS imagery. A subscene of a Landsat image from 1978 was classified and the areal percentages of land use within a test watershed were segregated. Six uses were categorized: forests, grass or crops, low density housing, impervious areas such as parking lots, medium density housing, and bare soil or mining areas. A continuous simulation model and a storm simulation model predicted flood discharges and monthly runoffs, and ground truth data were gathered. Peak flow rates were adequately predicted by both models using parameters partially derived from Landsat imagery. The imagery furnished the land-use areal percentages, thereby enhancing the watershed discretization process. A larger ground truth data base would be needed for long-term predictions.

Murthy, H.G S. and D. Felske 1979 ―Some Consideration of Satellite Technology Applications for Disaster Matters: Looking to the Future.‖ In, 30th International Astronautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress, Munich, West Germany, Sept. 17-22, 1979, p. 7 The paper demonstrates that satellite telecommunication and remote sensing technology can be of tremendous help by providing information for early warning of potential disasters or about the area affected and the damage caused by disasters. The role satellite technology can play in prediction, detection, early warning, and relief operations is as diverse as the phenomena of a disaster occurrence, itself. A more distinct assessment of satellite technology applications in coping with disaster situations can be made by distinguishing between sudden and creeping disasters. In future, maximum effort must be devoted to the development of methods for prediction, early detection and early warning of sudden disasters such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

Murty, M.V. Ramana and S.V.B.K.Bhagavan 60

1993 ―Geomorphological studies for disaster mitigation: a case study of the Krishna Delta, Andhra Pradesh, India.‖ International Journal of Remote Sensing 14(17): 3269- 3274.

Myers, V.I., F.A. Waltz, and J.R. Smith 1972 ―Remote Sensing for Evaluating Flood Damage Conditions. The Rapid City, South Dakota Flood, 9 June 1972, Field Investigation Report. Remote Sensing of Flood Damage in Vicinity of Rapid City, South Dakota Using Color and Infrared Imagery.‖ A Report to the Governor of South Dakota. Brookings, SD: South Dakota State University. Remote Sensing Institute. Flood-damaged areas in the vicinity of Rapid City, South Dakota were surveyed at 4000 ft above ground level with Ektachrome color and Ektachrome color infrared film (70 mm width), and with thermal infrared images. The photos have 60% overlap for stereo viewing. The areas covered included: 1) Rapid Creek, from the headwaters to the Cheyenne River, approximately 70 miles; 2) Box Elder Creek, from 10 miles above Interstate 90 north of Rapid City, downstream to New Underwood, approximately 30 miles; 3) Keystone and downstream, approximately 5 miles; 4) Hill City and vicinity; and 5) the area along the Burlington and Quincy Railroad between Keystone and Hill City, approximately 10 miles.

Nagarajan, R., G.T. Marathe, and W.G. Collins 1993 ―Identification of Flood Prone Regions of Rapti River Using Temporal Remotely Sensed Data.‖ International Journal of Remote Sensing 14: 1297-1303.

National Academy of Science 1975 "Weather and Climate." In, Practical Applications of Space Systems. Washington, D.C.:National Academy of Science, National Research Council. Recommendations for using space observations of weather and climate to aid in solving earth based problems are provided. Special attention was given to: 1) extending the useful forecasting capability of space systems, 2) reducing social, economic, and human losses caused by weather, 3) development of space system capability to manage and control air pollutant concentrations, and 4) establishing mechanisms for national examination of deliberate and inadvertent means for modifying weather and climate.

National Academy of Science 1981 Remote Sensing for Water Resources and Hydrology: An Assessment of the Corps of Engineers' Program. Washington, DC: National Academy of Science, National Research Council, Assembly of Engineering, 46 pages.

Niyogi, D. and S.R. Roy 1986 ―Specific Land Use and Socioeconomic Studies of Rural Settlements Through CIR Imageries.‖ In, Proceedings of the Sixth Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Hyderabad, India, November 21-26, 1985, pp. 316-321. Tokyo: University of Tokyo.

Nolan, K.M. 1974? Floodplain Mapping and Planning for the 50 and 100 year Interval Flood Zones of

the Bitterroot Valley, Montana. Montana State University, Bozeman: Water Resources Research Center. Flood hazard maps delineating 50-year and 100-year flood plain areas were prepared for an 80-mile reach of the Bitterroot River in Western Montana. Discharge rates corresponding to 50-year and 100-year recurrence frequency were obtained for six stations on the river using graphical methods suggested by the U.S. Geological Survey. River stage was monitored at 15 locations in the reach for a 14-day period during the June 1972 snowmelt runoff season to develop simulated rating curves. Aerial photographs of the reach were taken on June 1, 1972 when the river was in flood stage but before the snowmelt peak had occurred. The photographs were used in conjunction with the ground control sites to establish flood boundaries corresponding to 50 and 100- year floods.

Nossin, J. 1989 "Aerospace Survey of Natural Hazards: The New Possibilities." The International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC) Journal: 1989(3/4): 183-188.

Nossin, J. 1992 ―A Method for Sequential Image Analysis of Hazards Areas.‖ In, Primer Simposio Internacional Sobre Sensores Remotos y Sistemas de Informacion Geograpfica (SIG) para el Estudio de Riesgos Naturales, Santafe' de Bogota', D.C. Colombia, J.B. Alzate, ed., pp. 60-69. Instituto Geografico "Agustin Codazzi."

O'Leary, D.W., G.R. Johnson, and A.W. England 1983 "Fracture Detection by Airborne Microwave Radiometry in Parts of the Mississippi Embayment." Remote Sensing of Environment 13(6): 509-523.

Oppenheimer, Clive 1994 ―Discussion Meeting on Natural Hazard Assessment and Mitigation: The Unique Role of Remote Sensing, The Royal Society, London, March 8-9, 1994.‖ Disasters 18(4): 294-297. This paper reports on a meeting illustrating the capabilities of remote sensing and image processing with regards to natural hazards, including identifying threatened areas, monitoring factors prognostic of hazard events, and assessing disaster impacts. Included is a brief discussion of the major presentations, covering the use of multispectral satellite imaging of weather events, vegetation fires, and volcanic eruptions, with an emphasis on advantages of using remote sensing in conjunction with, or in place of, ground studies. Many uses of NIR, thermal, and radar imaging are discussed. Also included are brief notes on the accessibility of data, mapping and analysis of hazard-related datasets with GIS, and the use of remote sensing to aid in disaster management. A wide variety of perspectives and disciplines are covered.

Oppenheimer, Clive 1997 ―Surveillance and Mapping of Volcanoes and their Emissions by Satellite Remote 62

Sensing.‖ Geography 82(4): 317-333.

Oppenheimer, C., P.W. Francis, D.A. Rothery, R.W.T. Carlton, and L.S. Glaze 1993 ―Infrared Image Analysis of Volcanic Thermal Features: Lascar Volcano, Chile, 1984-1992.‖ Journal of Geophysical Research 98(B3): 4269-4286.

Oppenheimer, C. and D.A. Rothery 1990 ―Infrared Remote Sensing of Active Lava Flows, an Example from the Longuimay Eruption (Chile) 1989.‖ In, Remote Sensing and Global Change, Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the Remote Sensing Society, Swansea, M.G. Coulson, editor, pp. 102-111.

Oppenheimer, C. and D.A. Rothery 1991 ―Infrared Monitoring of Volcanoes by Satellite.‖ Journal of the Geological Society (London) 148(3): 563-569.

Oppenheimer, C., D.A. Rothery, and P.W. Francis. 1993 ―Thermal Distributions at Fumarole Fields: Implications for Infrared Remote Sensing of Active Volcanoes.‖ Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 55(1- 2): 97-115.

Oppenheimer, C., D.A. Rothery, D.C. Pieri, M.J. Abrams, and V. Carrere 1993 ―Analysis of Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) Data of Volcanic Hot Spots.‖ International Journal of Remote Sensing 14(16): 2919-2934.

Organization of American States 1991 "Floodplain Definition and Flood Hazard Assessment." In, Primer on Natural Hazard Management in Integrated Regional Development Planning, pp. 8-4 to 8-36, Department of Regional Development and Environment. Washington, D.C.: Organization of American States. Twelve figures, 13 tables/boxes. Provides overviews of: 1) floodplains and their relationship to integrated regional development, 2) satellite remote sensing technology as it relates to the development planning process and as applied to flood hazards, and 3) flood hazard mapping techniques and the application of satellite data. Tables address topics such as: characteristics of remote sensing data and sensor systems that relate to planning and flood hazard assessment; specific characteristics of sensors and how those relate to delineating floodplains; and features visible on Landsat imagery that are related to floods and floodplains. Two case studies are presented, involving a coastal plain on Honduras and the Pilcomayo River Valley in Paraguay.

Organization of American States 1991 "Remote Sensing in Natural Hazard Assessments." In, Primer on Natural Hazard Management in Integrated Regional Development Planning, pp. 4-4 to 4-27, Department of Regional Development and Environment. Washington, D.C.: Organization of

American States. One figure, fourteen tables/boxes. Basics of remote sensing, aerial imagery, radar, thermal infrared scanners, satellite remote sensing systems (e.g., Landsat, SPOT, AVRRR), satellite radar systems and shuttle imaging radar, the metric camera, and the large format camera are presented. Also described is remote sensing technology's applicability to hazard assessments involving floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and desertification, as well as some of the technology's limitations in these areas.

Ormsby, J.P., B.J. Blanchard, and A.J. Blanchard 1985 ―Detection of Lowland Flooding Using Active Microwave Systems.‖ Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 51: 317-328. The development of radar systems with longer wavelengths (greater than 3 cm) has provided new possibilities regarding the utilization of radar. Thus, it has been found that the interpretation of data from radar images can be a valuable classification aid for applications related to water resources. In the case of an interpreter accustomed to photographic or visible/infrared images, an evaluation of radar images presents some problems, because the radar is sensing a set of surface characteristics which have little influence on visible/infrared systems. Detectable features in radar images caused by differences in dielectric properties are usually associated with the water content of either soils or vegetation. The present paper is concerned with studies which were initiated in 1976. The studies had the objective to define the magnitude of the effects on radar data caused by flood waters under vegetation. The obtained results indicate the feasibility of detecting flood conditions beneath a forest canopy, and of obtaining an improved definition of land-water boundaries.

Pasotti, P. and C.A. Canoba 1982 ―The Pampean Plain Studied with Landsat Images.‖ Photogrammetria 37: 109- 130. Topographical charts, aerial photographs, and Landsat imagery from bands 5 and 7 were employed for a visual investigation of tectonics in the Pampean Plain in the Sante Fe Province of Argentina. Satellite imagery was examined by magnifying glass inspection, and a mosaic of photographs was built to portray the low flooded zones. The last hydrographic network of the Pleistocene age was identified, and is formed of many parallel and straight depressions running SW-NE from the western mountains. A smooth sinusoidal flexure with a large radius of curvature generating one depressed and two uplifted subregions comprise the tectonic movements, and hydrographic studies are indicated to determine characteristics of geofractures dividing the pampas. Additional color composites using different combinations of bands 4-7 were explored for information on lineaments, valleys, and depressed zones.

Peltzer, Gilles and Paul Rosen 1995 ―Surface Displacement of the 17 May 1993 Eureka Valley, California, Earthquake Observed by SAR Interferometry.‖ Science 268: 1333-1336.

Pereira, A.C. and A.W. Setzer 1996 ―Comparison of Fire Detection in Savannas Using AVHRR Channel 3 and TM 64

Images.‖ International Journal of Remote Sensing 17: 1925-1937.

Philipson, W.R. and W.R. Hafker 1980 ―Appendix E: Research Papers. Manual Versus Digital LANDSAT Analysis for Modeling River Flooding--Black River, New York.‖ In, Cornell University Remote Sensing Program Report from Technical Papers of the American Society of Photogrammetry Fall Technical Meeting, 1980. Presented at the American Society of Photogrammetry Fall Technical Meeting, Niagara Falls, N.Y., 7-10 Oct. 1980. The comparative value of manual versus digital image analysis for determining flood boundaries is being examined in a study of the use of Landsat data for modeling flooding of the Black River, in northern New York. The work is an extension of an earlier study in which Black River flooding was assessed through visually interpreted, multi-date Landsat band 7 images. Based on the results to date, it appears that neither color-additive

viewing nor digital analysis of Landsat data provide improvement in accuracy over visual analysis of band 7 images, for delineating the boundaries of flood-affected areas.

Philipson, W.R. and W.R. Hafker 1981 ―Manual Versus Digital Landsat Analysis for Delineating River Flooding.‖ Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 47: 1351-1356. It has been found that flood boundary information derived from Landsat images, acquired at different flood stages, could be used to develop an empirical model for estimating the extent of flooding on the basis of in situ measurements of river discharge. An investigation was undertaken to determine whether improved results might have been obtained through digital image analysis or by including other Landsat spectral bands. The study area encompasses a highly flood-prone reach of the Black River in Lewis County, NY. It was found that visual analysis of aerial photographs and a Landsat band 7 image gave similar results. Visual and digital analysis of Landsat band 7 data gave similar results, and digital analysis of Landsat band 7 data gave results which were at least as good as digital analysis of combinations of spectral bands.

Philipson, W.R. and W.R. Hafker 1981 ―Manual Versus Digital Landsat Analysis for Modeling River Flooding.‖ In, Rainbow 80; Fall Technical Meeting, Niagara Falls, NY, October 7-10, 1980, American Society of Photogrammetry Technical Papers, pp. RS-3-D-1 to RS-3-D-10. Falls Church, VA: American Society of Photogrammetry. The comparative value of manual versus digital image analysis for determining flood boundaries is examined in a study of the use of Landsat data for modeling flooding of the Black River, in northern New York. The work is an extension of an earlier study in which Black River flooding was assessed through visually interpreted, multi-date Landsat band 7 images. Based on the results to date, it appears that neither color-additive viewing nor digital analysis of Landsat data provide improvement in accuracy over visual analysis of band 7 images, for delineating the boundaries of flood-affected areas.

Philipson, W.R., J.N. McLeester, and W.R. Hafker 1980 Development of a Model for Estimating the Extent of River Flooding With

Satellite and In Situ Data. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering. The value and use of Landsat satellite data for obtaining information on flooding of the Black River Basin in northern New York are assessed. The reliability of delineating flood-affected areas from Landsat data was established by comparison with flood boundaries derived from aerial photographs of a different but similar flood. It was established that the delineation of flood affected areas could be performed through visual analysis of band 7 (near-infrared) Landsat images as reliably as it could through color additive viewing or digital analysis using all Landsat bands or scenes of different dates (flooding and no flooding). A preliminary predictive model was developed which uses in situ measurements of river discharge to delineate the extent of flooding.

Pieri, D.C. ND Remote Sensing of Volcanic Features. Pasadena CA: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. Continued acquisition and analyses of multispectral data on active and emplaced volcanic features with attention to the thermal infrared (e.g., Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner-TIMS; Inframetrics 525) is planned. The focus is to investigate the relationship between remote data (e.g., TIMS, Airborne Imaging Spectrometer-AIS, Zeiss, radar) and the spectral-physical characteristics and processes of active and emplaced volcanics (e.g., composition, surface texture, formation parameters). Currently underway is a morphology/process-model/spectral comparison of Hawaiian and Italian volcanic shields, as well as thermal analysis of high-risk calderas in New Mexico and Italy. Data and techniques already acquired and proven by the JPL Geology Group, are used as well as information acquired by ongoing work in theoretical and applied volcanology. The goal was to utilize earth orbit technologies to address basic volcanological problems, as well as global habitability and societal risk concerns, particularly with regard to high-energy explosive volcanic events.

Pieri, David C., Lori S. Glaze, and Michael J. Abrams 1990 ―Thermal Radiance Observations of an Active Lava Flow During the June 1984 Eruption of Mount Etna.‖ Geology 18: 1018-1022. The thermal budget of an active lava flow observed on 20 June 1984 from the Southeast crater of Mount Etna, Sicily, Italy, is analyzed from data taken by Landsat TM. To understand how lava flows lose heat, the authors assess some primary attributes of one active lava flow, such as the areal distribution of flux and temperature, the total power output of the flow, and how these properties relate to flow morphology. Using radiance observations as boundary conditions for a multicomponent thermal model of flow interior temperature, the authors infer that, for parts of the flow that was subject to analysis, the boundary layer and flow thickness effects dominate over radiant zones in controlling the depression of core temperature. Remote sensing data proves useful in such model applications.

Pieri, D.C., A.P. Khrenov, T.P. Miller, S.E. Zharinov, V. Realmuto, M. Abrams, L.S. Glaze, A.B. Kahle, V. Drozhnin, V. Dvigalo, V. Kirianov, E. Abbott, and S. Chernobieff 1997 ―Joint Effort Results in First TIMS Survey of Kamchatka Volcanoes.‖ EOS 66

Transactions, American Geophysical Union 78(12): 125, 128. Scientists from the United States and the former Soviet Union collaborated to perform an airborne infrared imaging survey of active volcanoes on the remote and politically sensitive Kamchatka Peninsula. Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) images provide new information on the ages, extent, and morphologies of volcanic deposits and quantitative data on thermal flux for active volcanoes and geothermal areas throughout the volcanic range. The TIMS deployment measures infrared emissions from the Klyuchevskaya Group, Uzon Caldera, Avachinsky and Koryaksky Volcanoes, Gorely and Mutnovsky Volcanoes, and Ksudach. Multispectral remote sensing data, existing

digital topography data, and satellite imagery, compiled into a digital database for the region, is used to map volcanic hazards and gauge future topographic changes caused by eruptions.

Pinter, N. 1993 ―Estimating Earthquake Hazard from Remotely Sensed Images, Eastern California-Central Nevada Seismic Belt.‖ In, Proceedings of the Ninth Thematic Conference on Geologic Remote Sensing, Vol. 1, pp. 251-256. Ann Arbor: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan.

Pozo, D., and C. Alados-Arboledas 1997 ―Fire Detection and Growth Monitoring Using a Multitemporal Technique on AVHRR Mid-Infrared and Thermal Channels.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 60 (2): 111-120.

Prevedel, D. 1995 ―Project Sparkey: A Strategic Wildfire Monitoring Package Using AVHRR Satellite Data and GIS.‖ Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 61(3): 271- 278.

Prinn, Ronald G. 1990 ―The Volcanoes and Clouds of Venus.‖ Scientific America: Exploring Space Special Issue: 94-101. Given the similarities between Earth and Venus (e.g., size, mass, formation in the same region of the condensing solar nebula), the two planets may have undergone a similar evolution. Planetary scientists are able to study the geologic activity on Venus through the use of radar instrumentation. Dramatic changes in the abundance of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere above the cloud tops suggests that Venus has been shaken by massive eruptions within the past 15 years. Active volcanoes on Venus are a key link to the chemical cycle that produces clouds. The levels of volcanic activity on the two planets seem to be roughly comparable; some investigators believe eruptions are even more frequent on Venus. Venus, like Earth, is still evolving, still geologically alive.

Qiang Zuji and Dian Changgong 1993 ―The Thermal Infrared Anomaly of METEOSAT-Precusor of Impending

Earthquakes.‖ In, Proceedings of the Ninth Thematic Conference on Geologic Remote Sensing, Vol. 2, pp. 1005–1013. Ann Arbor: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan.

Qiang Zuji, Dian Changgong, Zhao Yong, and Guo Manhong 1995 ―Satellite Thermal Infrared Temperature Increase Precursor-Short Term and Impending Earthquake Prediction.‖ In, Environmental Assessment of Geological Hazards, Proceedings of the Space Congress, pp. 53-57. Munich, Germany: European Space Report. Ragan, R.M. and T.J. Jackson 1976? Hydrography Synthesis Using LANDSAT Remote Sensing and the SCS Models. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. 63 pages Land cover requirements of the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) Model used for hydrograph synthesis in urban areas were modified to be Landsat compatible. The Curve Numbers obtained with these alternate land cover categories compare well with those obtained in published ―example problems‖ using the conventional categories. Emergency spillway hydrographs and synthetic flood frequency flows computed for a 21.1 square mile test area showed excellent agreement between the conventional aerial photo-based and the Landsat-based SCS approaches.

Ramamoorthi, A.S., D.V. Rohinikumar, and P. Manavalan 1986 ―Utility of Landsat-MSS Data for Flood Studies.‖ In, Proceedings of the Sixth Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Hyderabad, India, November 21-26, 1985, pp. 571-576. Tokyo: University of Tokyo. It is proposed that Landsat-MSS data are highly useful for the regional appraisal of flood-related problems. The following areas were selected for the present study: 1) part of the Ganga basin including the Ganga River and its major tributaries, and 2) part of the Brahmaputra River and its confluences with Subansiri and Kameng. It is noted that multidate Landsat imagery could be advantageously used for flood mapping and river behavior studies.

Rango, A. ND The Use of Remote Sensing for Assessment of the 1973 and 1974 Mississippi River Floods. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD.

Rango, A. 1975 Operational Applications of Satellite Snowcover Observations. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. Landsat and NOAA satellite data were used to study snow depth. These snow measurements were used to help forecast runoff and flooding. Emphasized were areas of California, Arizona, Colorado, and Wyoming.

Rango, A. and A.T. Anderson 68

1974 "Flood Hazard Studies in the Mississippi River Basin Using Remote Sensing." Water Resources Bulletin 10(5): 1060-1081.

Rango, A. and V.V. Salomonson 1973 ―Repetitive ERTS-1 Observations of Surface Water Variability along Rivers and Low-Lying Areas.‖ In, Remote Sensing and Water Resources Management; Proceedings

of the Symposium, Burlington, Ontario, Canada, June 11-14, 1973, pp. 191-199. Urbana, IL: American Water Resources Association. The Earth Resources Technology Satellite, ERTS-1, provides an 18 day repetitive coverage capability and observations in the 0.8-1.1 micron spectral region where the contrast between water and adjacent surfaces is relatively large. Using these capabilities, observations in Virginia, Iowa, Missouri, and California have been acquired showing distinct patterns of flooding. Repetitive views of these areas before and after flooding have been examined, and flood mapping was performed. Sloughs in California can be seen to expand in terms of the area covered by standing water as time extends from summer to autumn. The results indicate that ERTS-1 imagery can be a valuable adjunct to conventional and aircraft survey methods for ascertaining the amount of area covered by water or affected by flooding.

Rango, A. and V.V. Salomonson 1974 "Regional Flood Mapping from Space." Water Resources Research 10: 473-484.

Rao, U.R., J.P. Singh, and Y.S. Rajan 1987 Earth Safety and Disaster Response Employing Space-Borne Systems-A Review. In, 38th International Astronautical Congress, Brighton, England, Oct. 10-17, 1987, 20 pages. Space service applications relevant to disaster and distress management are discussed. Disaster warning and disaster relief are defined, and the roles of Inmarsat, Cospas-Sarsat, and other satellites described. A detailed description of satellite-based disaster warning and relief support in India is provided.

Rasid, H. and M.A.H. Pramanik 1990 "Visual Interpretation of Satellite Imagery for Monitoring Floods in Bangladesh." Environmental Management 14(6): 815-821.

Rasid, Harun, M.A.H. Pramanik 1993 ―Areal Extent of the 1988 Flood in Bangladesh: How Much Did the Satellite Imagery Show?‖ Natural Hazards 8(2): 189-200.

Reddy, C.S.S. and A. Bhattacharya 1997 ―Post-Eruption Monitoring of Barren Island Volcano, Andaman Sea, Bay of Bengal, India.‖ Geocarto International 12(3): 71-76.

Reddy, C.S.S., A. Bhattacharya, and S.K. Srivastav

1993 ―Night-time TM short wavelength infrared data analysis of Barren Island volcano, South Andaman, India.‖ International Journal of Remote Sensing 14: 783-787.

Rehder, J.B. 1974 The Uses of ERTS-I Imagery in the Analysis of Landscape Change. In, Remote Sensing of Earth Resources, Volume 3 - Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Conference on Earth Resources Observation and Information Analysis Systems, Tullahoma, Tennessee, March 25-27, 1974, pp. 573-586. Tullahoma: University of Tennessee. Analysis of ERTS-I imagery to delimit, map, and monitor photomorphic regions of landscape dynamics is illustrated. Satellite observations were made over strip mining areas on the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee; agricultural regions in Tennessee, Kentucky, and portions of northern Alabama and Mississippi; urban-suburban growth areas in Knoxville; and flooded areas within the Mississippi River floodplain. Production and analysis of maps of these areas made from ERTS imagery and RB-57 high altitude aircraft imagery are described and compared. The difficulties encountered in analyzing landscape change in or near urban areas are enumerated (small area size, extreme density of settlement, high reflectance characteristics), and the significance of the results of this investigation noted.

Rehder, J.B. 1974 ―The Uses of ERTS-1 Imagery in the Analysis of Landscape Change-- Agriculture, Strip Mining, Forests, Urban-Suburban Growth, and Flooding in Tennessee, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Alabama.‖ Paper presented at the 3rd Annual Conference on Remote Sensing of Earth Resources, Earth Resources Observation and Information Analysis Systems, Tullahoma, Tennessee, March 25-27, 1974. Department of Geography, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Analysis of strip mining using ERTS-1 data has resulted in the mapping of landscape changes for the Cumberland Plateau Test Site. Several mapping experiments utilizing ERTS-1 data have been established for the mapping of state-wide land use regions. The first incorporates 12 frames of ERTS-1 imagery for the generalized thematic mapping of forest cover for the state of Tennessee. In another mapping effort, 14 ERTS 1 images have been analyzed for plowed ground signatures to produce a map of agricultural regions for Tennessee, Kentucky, and the northern portions of Mississippi and Alabama. Generalized urban land use categories and transportation networks have been determined from ERTS-1 imagery for the Knoxville Test Site. Finally, through the analysis of ERTS-1 imagery, short-lived phenomena such as the 1973 spring floods on the Mississippi River in western Tennessee, have been detected, monitored, and mapped.

Reinhardt, D. 1994 ―Satellite Data in Change Analysis for Disaster Monitoring.‖ In, Proceedings of the Tenth Thematic Conference on Geologic Remote Sensing, Vol. 2, pp. 11-604. Ann Arbor: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan.

Remion, Michael 1990 ―Assessment of Hurricane Hugo Damage on State and Private Lands in South Carolina.‖ In, Third Biennial Conference on Remote Sensing Applications, J.D. Greer., 70

editor. Evans City, PA: American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Six pages.

Rengers, N. and R. Soeters 1992 "Applicability of Remote Sensing in GIS for Slope Instability Hazard Zonation: A Review with Emphasis on the Aspects of Scale and Resolution." In, Primer Simposio Internacional Sobre Sensores Remotos y Sistemas de Informacion Geografica (SIG) para el Estudio de Riesgos Naturales, J.B. Alzate, editor, pp. 18-34. Santafé de Bogotá, D.C. Colombia: Instituto Geografico "Augustin Codazzi."

Rengers, Nick, Robert Soeters, and Cees J. van Westen 1992 ―Remote Sensing and GIS Applied to Mountain Hazard Mapping.‖ Episodes 15(1): 36-45. The authors review the possibilities and limitations of the integration of remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) as it applies to mountain hazard mapping. Each of the authors is involved in a research program aimed to develop mountain hazard mapping methods that use GIS based on personal computers. Scale and resolution are discussed in detail. For all scales of hazard mapping, stereo imagery is of the utmost importance because the zones into which the terrain is divided are distinguished primarily on the basis of morphology, rocks, and soils. Current and planned high-resolution satellite remote sensing missions suitable for GIS applications are listed. The authors elaborate on the possibilities for today, as well as hopes for the future, regarding hazard mapping.

Ribed, P.S. and A.M. Lopez 1995 ―Monitoring Burnt Areas by Principal Component Analysis of Multitemporal TM Data.‖ International Journal of Remote Sensing 16: 1577-1587.

Richards, J.A., P. W. Woodgate, and A.K. Skidmore 1987 "An Explanation of Enhanced Radar Backscattering from Flooded Forests." International Journal of Remote of Sensing 8: 1093-1100. A simple structural backscatter model for a forest stand, suitable for use with L- band HH polarized radar imagery, is used to explain the increased level of backscattering observed from flooded forests. Measurements made of relative levels of backscatter from SIR-B image data of a flooded Australian forest are consistent with an interpretation based upon scattering mechanisms involving both the tree components and the understory or forest floor. The change in Fresnel power reflection coefficient of the ground with flooding is advanced as the cause of the enhancement in backscattered power levels.

Richards, P.B. 1982 ―Space Technology Contributions to Emergency and Disaster Management.‖ Advances in Earth Oriented Applications of Space Technology 1(4): 215-221. Space technology has already assisted in disaster operations in the areas of communications, remote sensing, and data collection. Applications of NASA's

experimental Application Technology Series (ATS) include search and rescue operations, postdisaster emergency relief operations, and experimentation in two-way communication via satellite for use in remote areas. Remote sensing systems are useful for aerial photography and ground observations and the U.S. Geological Survey rated Landsat imagery excellent for damage assessment (e.g., the assessment of the regional effects of earthquakes). The GOES system has considerable potential for warning purposes as well as disaster management as this system provides data on phenomena such as river level and temperature. In addition, a study is mentioned that examines the outcome of decisions made during disaster management and their effect on the number of lives saved and the cost of the relief operations.

Richards, P.B. 1982 The Utility of Landsat-D and Other Satellite Imaging Systems in Disaster Management: Final Report. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Disaster Management Workshop, March 29-30, 1982, NASA DPR S-70677. Washington, D.C.: Naval Research Laboratory.

Richards, P.B., C.J. Robinove, D.R. Wiesnet, V.V. Salomonson, and M.S. Maxwell 1982 Recommended Satellite Imagery Capabilities for Disaster Management. 33rd International Astronautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress, Paris, France, Sept. 27-Oct. 2, 1982, 11 pages. This study explores the role that satellite imaging systems might play in obtaining information needed in the management of natural and manmade disasters. Information requirements which might conceivably be met by satellites are identified for over twenty disasters. These requirements covered pre-disaster mitigation and preparedness activities, disaster response activities, and post-disaster recovery activities. The essential imaging satellite characteristics needed to meet most of the information requirements are 30 meter (or finer) spatial resolution, frequency of observations of one week or less, data delivery times of one day or less, and stereo, synoptic all-weather coverage of large areas in the visible, near infrared, thermal infrared and microwave bands. Of the current and planned satellite systems investigated for possible application to disaster management, Landsat-D and SPOT appear to have the greatest potential during disaster mitigation and preparedness activities, but all satellites studied have serious deficiencies during response and recovery activities. Several scenarios are presented for a satellite system optimized to support all disaster management activities.

Richner, Mark E. 1980 Application of Remote Sensing to Flood Inundation. Monticello, IL: Vance Bibliographies. Public Administration Series, Bibliography P-535, 6 pages. Scientific literature on the application of remote sensing technology to flood mapping is not abundant. One reason for this situation is that major flooding is a comparatively rare event, thus limiting the opportunities to apply existing techniques. This bibliography lists 38 citations dating from 1967-1978.

Ridd, M.K. 1984 ―EPA Enviropod: A Summary of the Use of the Enviropod under a Memorandum 72

of Understanding among EPA Region 8, the State of Utah, and the University of Utah Research Institute.‖ Annual Report, 1 Mar. 1983 - 28 Feb. 1984. University of Utah, Salt Lake City: Center for Remote Sensing and Cartography. Twenty-three missions were flown using the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) panoramic camera to obtain color and color infrared photographs of landslide and flood damage in Utah. From the state's point of view, there were many successes. The biggest single obstacle to smooth and continued performance was the unavailability of aircraft. The Memorandum of Understanding between the State of Utah, the EPA, and the Center for Remote Sensing and Cartography is included along with forms for planning enviropod missions, for requesting flights, and for obtaining feedback from participating agencies.

Riggan, P.J., J.A. Brass, and R.N. Lockwood 1993 ―Assessing Fire Emissions from Tropical Savanna and Forests of Central Brazil.‖ Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 59(6): 1009-1015.

Ritchie, George 1980 ―Bangladesh Landsat Programme, Science and Technology Division, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh: Regional Workshop on Disaster Preparedness and Remote Sensing, Dacca, 9-11 December, 1979.‖ Disasters 4(2): 138-139.

Robinove, C.J. 1975 ―Worldwide Disaster Warning and Assessment with Earth Resources Technology Satellites.‖ Final Report. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey. On the basis of experimental results, the potential use of Earth Resources Technology Satellites (ERTS) for worldwide disaster monitoring and the techniques used for application of ERTS data to disaster monitoring and analysis are described. Problems and recommended solutions to arrive at an operational disaster monitoring capability are presented.

Robinove, C.J. 1978 ―Interpretation of a Landsat Image of an Unusual Flood Phenomenon in Australia.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 7: 219-225. A Landsat image of part of the flooded area of Cooper Creek, Queensland, Australia, in February 1974, shows large dark areas within the flooded valley. The dark areas are believed to be wet, but unflooded, areas of dark alluvial soil. These striking features, which have not previously been identified on Landsat images, must be properly interpreted to prevent their being confused with clear water.

Robinson, J.M. 1991 ―Fire from Space. Global Fire Evaluation Using Infrared Remote Sensing.‖ International Journal of Remote Sensing 12: 3-24.

Robson, A., J. Morgan, R.W. Herschy, and J. Zschau 1981 ―Potential for Detection of Natural Disasters via Meteosat.‖ 32nd International Astronautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress, Rome, Italy, Sept. 6-12,

1981, 19 pages. The use of Meteosat satellite capabilities in the detection of natural disasters is discussed. The satellites, which are positioned in geosynchronous orbit above the prime meridian, carry an imaging radiometer which covers a 65 degree great circle arc about the subsatellite point in one visible and two infrared channels every half hour. Disasters which may be observed by the radiometer system include hurricanes, extratropical depressions, drought situations and flooding. Resulting ground-processed images may then be distributed by the satellite to over 200 digital and analog receiving stations to be used in ameliorating the effects of such disasters. The Meteosat satellites are also part of a data collection system in which environmental sensors known as data collection platforms transmit data to the satellite on one of 66 reporting channels in the 402 MHz band and the satellite retransmits the data to the ground following conversion to the 1675 MHz band. The data collection platforms can be used to gather data in real time for purposes of water management and for applications in earth motion studies such as storm surge prediction and earthquake prediction.

Robson, A., J. Morgan, R.W. Herschy, and J. Zschau 1982 ―Detection of Natural Disasters via Meteosat.‖ ESA Bulletin 29 (Feb.): 10-18. The operations, characteristics, and data distribution capabilities of the Meteosat 1 and 2 spacecraft which, due to separate system malfunctions, perform the mission capabilities of one satellite, are described. The GEO-situated satellites generate images in the visible and with two channels in the IR, at 11 and 6 microns. Sightings are made of hurricanes, cyclones, extratropical depressions, droughts, and floods, with whole-earth images being produced every 30 min. Raw images are received at the European Space Operations Center in Darmstadt, processed, and then sent back through the satellite to a dozen digital and over 200 analog user stations. Data Collection Platforms on board the spacecraft broadcast collected images at scheduled time intervals, when interrogated, or during an alert status when immediate information is required. Further applications to detect storm surges and earthquake activity are outlined.

Rohde, W.G. 1978 "Improving Land Cover Classification by Image Stratification of Landsat Data." In, Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Manila, Philippines, April 20-26, 1978, Volume 1, pp. 729-741. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan. Successful use of Landsat data for mapping land cover types over large regions requires the availability of analysis techniques that take into consideration the large variation in land cover and the spectral characteristics of Landsat data. In the present study, Landsat data were subdivided into strata that were relatively homogeneous with respect to land cover or spectral characteristics. The strata boundaries were digitized and registered to the Landsat data. Stratifications, both prior to and after classification, were found to reduce misclassification errors in the final results. A two-phase sampling procedure was used to estimate the area of flooded agricultural land with allowable error and probability levels of plus or minus 10 and .95, respectively. The error with and without image stratification was 8 and 14 percent, respectively.

Rohde, W.G., C.A. Nelson, and J.V. Taranik 1977 "Inventory and Mapping of Flood Inundation Using Interactive Digital Image Analysis Techniques." In, Mapping with Remote Sensing Data: Proceedings of the Second Annual William T. Pecora Memorial Symposium on Remote Sensing, Sioux Falls, South

Dakota, October 25-29, 1976 pp. 131-143. Falls Church, Virginia: American Society of Photogrammetry. Color infrared photographs and Landsat digital data provided a means of assessing damage to agricultural land caused by the 1975 Red River Valley (North Dakota) flood. Problems related to misclassification of recently plowed land and old residential areas (confused with inundated or partially inundated regions) were corrected, and a maximum likelihood algorithm was employed to analyze the Landsat data. A multiphase sampling design provided a means of estimating the effect of flooding on crop production

Rokos, D., J. Spyrakos, D. Argialas, and N. Fytrolakis 1993 ―Evaluation of Analog and Digital Image Analysis Techniques for Mapping Suspected Fault Zones in the Earthquake-Prone Region of Kalamata, Greece.‖ In, Proceedings of the Ninth Thematic Conference on Geologic Remote Sensing, Vol. 2, pp. 951-962. Ann Arbor: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan.

Romanowski, Gregory J. 1997 ―Flood Management Enhancement Using Remotely Sensed Data.‖ Greenbelt, MD: U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA-CR-204434, 73 pages.

Rose, W.I., A.B. Kostinski, and L. Kelley 1993 ―Real Time C Band Radar Observations of 1992 Eruption Clouds from Crater Peak/Spurr Volcano, Alaska.‖ USGS Geological Survey Bulletin.

Rose, L.A. and P.F. Krumpe 1985 "Use of Satellite Data in International Disaster Management: The View from the U.S. Department of State." In, Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Paris, France, October 1-5, 1984, Volume 1, pp. 301- 306. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan. Requirements are elaborated that must be met in a joint program wherein the U.S. Department of State and the U.S. Agency for International Development are actively exploring ways of using satellite data for worldwide emergency preparedness and disaster warning. Considerations that must be taken into account include: the limits of satellite technology and data in providing effective disaster warning; the fact that cost and competing claims on national resources do not permit research and development specifically targeted at creation of disaster early warning capabilities for satellites; the need of disaster-prone nations to provide substantial resources of their own to ensure that satellite warnings reach the affected areas in time; the continuing impossibility of precise prediction of natural disasters; and the long lead-time to establish a truly global disaster warning system.

Rose, William I. and David J. Schneider 1996 ―Satellite Images Offer Protection From Volcanic Ash Clouds.‖ EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union 77(52): 529, 532. Onboard aircraft radar systems are unable to detect volcanic clouds, a potentially dangerous hazard. Two band infrared remote sensing directly maps the positions of the volcanic ash clouds and can be used to improve cloud trajectory models by providing frequent updates and correct information about the mass estimates and positions of the clouds at points downwind. Analysis of GOES images of an ash emission event on March 10-11, 1996, at Popocatepetl Volcano, Mexico, show that it is possible to detect small volcanic clouds. The high temporal resolution of the GOES images enable observation of many details of volcanic eruptions, especially time trends. GOES images also provide frequent observations of the volcanic cloud, which is vital to reducing aviation hazards, and the images allow good estimates of the eruption rate of fine volcanic ash.

Rosenfeld, C.L., G.G. Gaston, and M.L. Pearson 1996 ―Integrated Flood Response in the Pacific Northwest.‖ Earth Observation Magazine 5(11): 20-23. Severe rain events occurred in the northern Willamette Valley, Oregon in early 1996. RADARSAT-1 25 meter resolution imagery was obtained subsequent to a prolonged rain event that caused hundreds of landslides as well as flooding in the lower Willamette and Columbia Rivers. Satellite imagery was compared to Side-Looking Airborne Radar images flown during a previous dry season to evaluate the geographical extent of flooding and to pinpoint critical areas where infrastructure and access to flooded areas were affected. Ground truthing was conducted using low altitude videography flown from a Cessna 182, with a GPS to map the flight track. Information gathered will be used in planning for future flood control and response.

Rosenfeld, C.L., M.R. Parsons, and M.L Pearson 1985 ―Aerial Monitoring of Erosional Characteristics to Improve Flood Control and Sediment Management - The Mount St. Helens Example.‖ In, Technical Papers of the 51st American Society of Photogrammetry Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, March 10- 15, 1985, Volume 1, pp. 237-242. Falls Church, VA: American Society of Photogrammetry.

Rossi, M. 1994 ―Potential Use of SAR Interferometry in Assessment and Prediction of Natural Hazards.‖ In, Natural Hazards and Remote Sensing, Proceedings of Natural Hazard Assessment and Mitigation: the Unique Role of Remote Sensing, G. Wadge, editor, pp. 39-43. London: Royal Society, The Royal Academy of Engineering.

Rothery, D.A. ND "Monitoring and Warning of Volcanic Eruptions by Remote Sensing." AGID, Volcano Monitoring.

Rothery, D.A. ND "Volcano Monitoring by Satellite." Geology Today, 128.

Rothery, D.A., P.W. Francis, and C.A. Wood 1988 ―Emitted Short Wavelength Infrared Radiation for Detection and Monitoring of Volcanic Activity.‖ In, ESA Proceedings of the 4th International Colloquium on Spectral Signatures in Remote Sensing, pp. 399-402. [Also found in Journal of Geophysical Research 93(B7): 7993-8008.] Data from remote sensing satellites operating in the short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) are used to measure temperatures of about 150 degrees Celsius and above. In this study, the authors discuss SWIR data from the present generation of high-resolution remote sensing satellites. The quality of the extracted information on surface conditions is greatly superior to that of meteorological satellites. Achievements include: 1) discovery of a magmatic precursor to the 16 Sept. 1986 eruption of Lascar, northern Chile, on images from Mar. and July 1985 and of continuing fumarolic activity after the eruption; 2) detection of unreported major changes in the distribution of lava lakes on Erta'Ale, Ethiopia; and 3) mapping of a halo of still-hot spatter surrounding a vent on Mount Erebus, Antarctica, on an image acquired five minutes after a minor eruption otherwise known only from seismic records. Apart from the general hazard warning aspects, continuous monitoring of volcanoes offers a new range of volcanological studies, such as the tracking of the development of a new lava field, predicting the likely paths of newly erupting flows, and detailed studies of thermal budgets.

Rothery, D.A., P.W. Francis, and C.A. Wood 1988 ―Volcano Monitoring by Short Wavelength Infrared Satellite Remote Sensing.‖ In, Proceedings of the Sixth Thematic Conference on Remote Sensing for Exploration Geology, Houston, TX, May 16-19, 1988, Volume 1, pp. 283-291. Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan. The use of short wavelength infrared Landsat TM data for volcano monitoring is examined. By determining pixel-integrated data from the TM, it is possible to estimate the temperature and size of hot areas which occupy less than one complete pixel. Examples of volcano monitoring with remote sensing data are discussed. It is suggested that the entire volcanic temperature range (100-1200 C) could be successfully sensed by decreasing the band 6 gain by just one order of magnitude so that it is sensitive to radiance from 1 to 100 mW/sq cm/sr/micron.

Rothery, D.A., P.W. Francis, and C.A. Wood 1988 ―Volcano Monitoring Using Short Wavelength Infrared Data from Satellites.‖ Journal of Geophysical Research 93(B7): 7993-8008.

Rothery, D.A. and C. Oppenheimer 1991 ―Monitoring Volcanoes Using Short Wavelength Infrared Images.‖ In, Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing, Proceedings of the 5th International Colloquium, Courchevel, 1991, Volume 2: 513-516.

Rothery, David A. and David C. Pieri

1993 ―Remote Sensing of Active Lavas.‖ In, Active Lavas, Christopher R. J. Kilburn and Giuseppe Luongo, eds. London: University College London Press. In this chapter, examples of remote sensing observations of active lava are summarized, a synopsis of the physics involved is provided, and types of data considered most suitable and where they can be obtained is suggested. The authors hope to contribute to the training of volcanologists in remote sensing and offer information on how to acquire data. Examples of remote sensing of active lava are described for lava flows, lava lakes, lava domes, and fumaroles using Landsat MSS, Landsat TM, and AVHRR images. Remote sensing strategies for observing lava flows using aircraft and spacecraft are included, as well as how to purchase satellite data.

Rowland, Scott K. and Duncan C. Munro 1992 ―The Caldera of Volcano Fernandina: A Remote Sensing Study of its Structure and Recent Activity.‖ Bulletin of Volcanology 55: 97-109. This study examines the structure, dynamics, and recent history of the Fernandina caldera by incorporating a sequence of temporally spaced images as well as ground observations. A remotely sensed data set covering nearly forty-five years of activity at Fernandina, plus field observations, reveals the caldera has undergone numerous episodes of collapse and infilling, and the locus of intrusive, extrusive, and collapse events is oriented along a NW-SE direction. Recent eruptions are small compared to those exposed in caldera outcrops. A variable magma supply rate is suggested to be the cause of temporal variations in fissure orientations and relative caldera filling versus caldera collapse.

Rowland, Scott K., Gregory A. Smith, and Peter J. Mouginis-Mark 1994 ―Preliminary ERS-1 Observations of Alaskan and Aleutian Volcanoes.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 48: 358-369. ERS-1 radar images collected between October 1991 and February 1993 are used to study volcanic landforms of the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands. In this preliminary analysis, the value of orbital radar images in the large-scale geologic interpretation of three volcanoes (Aniakchak, Black Peak, and Veniaminof) is demonstrated. Descriptions of the 1991-1992 eruption of Westdahl, and the 1992 eruption of Mount Spurr are also included to show how potentially hazardous eruptions could be investigated with single-frequency, single-polarization orbital radars such as ERS-1. The investigation lays some of the groundwork for future satellite-based volcanology investigations to be accomplished by the EOS.

Roy, D.W., L. Schmitt, G. Woussen, and R. DuBerger 1993 ―Lineaments from Airborne SAR Images and the 1988 Saguenay Earthquake, Quebec, Canada.‖ Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 59(8): 1299-1306.

Ruangsiri, P., R. Sripumin, S. Polngam, P. Kanjanasuntorn, and S. Wongparn 1984 "State of Flooding in the Mun-Chi River Basin Area, N.E. Thailand by Digital Landsat Data Analysis." In, Report: Remote Sensing Division, National Resource Council of Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand. 78

Rusche, A.E. and V.I. Myers 1974 ―Remote Sensing for Evaluating Post-Disaster Damage Conditions: The Pierre, South Dakota Tornado, 23 July 1973.‖ South Dakota State University, Brookings: Remote Sensing Institute. Remote sensing data obtained from aerial reconnaissance of tornado damage to the city of Pierre, South Dakota on July 23, 1973 was evaluated to determine its value as a decision making and management tool in post-disaster restoration activities. The imaging techniques used are briefly discussed, and both aerial and close-up color photographs are provided which were used in the evaluation. The immediate advantages of the data are identified as a 'quick-look' assessment, and a list is given which outlines the additional advantages for which positive rescue and cleanup action may be initiated. Hail and flood damage evaluation, and remote sensing of crop damage due to insect or disease infestation is also briefly described.

Rush, M. and A. Holguin 1975 ―Remote Sensing Utility in a Disaster Struck Urban Environment--Technology Utilization.‖ Annual Progress Report, 1 Dec. 1974 - 1 Dec. 1975, Texas University Health Science Center, Houston: US School of Public Health. Standard operating procedures utilizing remote sensing are outlined for public health assistance during natural disaster relief operations. A manual to aid decision making for public health authorities is included. Flow charts which show the procedures that need to be implemented during a natural disaster are also included. Emphasis is placed on a preventive approach to the effects of disasters, and specifically to post- disaster problems that relate to public health concerns during the emergency phase of relief.

Rush, M. and A. Holguin 1976 ―Remote Sensing Utility in a Disaster Struck Urban Environment: Final Report.‖ Texas University Health Science Center, Houston: US School of Public Health. Six major public health areas which might be affected by a natural disaster are identified. The functions and tasks associated with each area following a disaster, potential ways remote sensing could aid these functions, and the baseline data which would expedite problem solving associated with these functions are discussed.

Rush, M., A. Holguin, and S. Vernon 1974 ―Remote Sensing Utility in a Disaster Struck Urban Environment. Annual Progress Report, 1 Oct. 1973 - 1 Dec. 1974.‖ Texas University Health Science Center, Houston: US School of Public Health. A project to determine the ways in which remote sensing can contribute to solutions of urban public health problems in time of natural disaster is discussed. The objectives of the project are to determine and describe remote sensing standard operating procedures for public health assistance during disaster relief operations which will aid the

agencies and organizations involved in disaster intervention. Proposed tests to determine the validity of the remote sensing system are reported.

Rush, M., A. Holguin, and S. Vernon 1976 ―Potential Role of Remote Sensing in Disaster Relief Management.‖ Texas University Health Science Center, Houston: US School of Public Health. Baseline or predisaster data which would be useful for decision making in the immediate postdisaster period were suggested for six areas of public health concern along with guidelines for organizing these data. Potential sources of these data are identified. In order to fully assess the impact of a disaster on an area, information about its predisaster status must be known. Aerial photography is one way of acquiring and recording such data.

Sabins, F.F., Jr. 1976? ―Geology, Summary.‖ In, Earth Resources Survey Symposium, Vol. 2-A, pp. 99- 121, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center: NASA Trends in geologic applications of remote sensing are identified. These trends are: 1) increased applications of orbital imagery in fields such as engineering and environmental geology (including recognition of active earthquake faults, site location for nuclear power plants, and recognition of landslide hazards);(2) utilization of remote sensing by industry, especially oil and gas companies, and 3) application of digital image processing to mineral exploration.

Salazar, Lucy A. 1982 ―Remote Sensing Techniques Aid in Preattack Planning for Fire Management.‖ Research Paper PSW-162. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 19 pages.

Salvi, S. 1995 ―Analysis and Interpretation of Landsat Synthetic Stereopair for the Detection of Active Fault Zones in the Abruzzi Region (Central Italy).‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 53: 153-163.

Sarwoasih, Sri 1987 ―Flooded and Inundation Dangerous Area Prediction and its Visualisation - A Case Study on the Pemali-Comal River Basin, Central Java, Indonesia.‖ In, Proceedings of the Eighth Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Jakarta, Indonesia, Oct. 22-27, 1987, pp. C-7-1 to C-7-7. Bogor, Indonesia: EXSA International. The use of the Planning Assistance Through Technical Evaluation of Relevant Number method for the prediction of flooded and inundated dangerous areas is discussed. The input data consist of Landsat MSS data and thematic maps. Digital analysis is used to produce land cover, vegetation density, soil surface moisture, and flooded and inundated dangerous area analysis images for a region in Central Java. Flooded dangerous areas, flooded inundation areas, and areas of potentially dangerous flooding are determined.

Sauchyn, D.J. and N.R. Trench 80

1978 ―Landsat Applied to Landslide Mapping.‖ Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 44: 735-741. A variety of features characteristic of rotational landslides may be identified on Landsat imagery. These include tonal mottling, tonal banding, major and secondary scarps, and ponds. Pseudostereoscopic viewing of 9 x 9 inch transparencies was useful for the detailed identification of landslides, whereas 1:250,000 prints enlarged from 70 mm negatives were most suitable for regional analysis. Band 7 is the most useful band for landslide recognition, due to accentuation of ponds and shadows. Examination of both bands 7 and 5, including vegetation information, was found to be most suitable. Although, given optimum terrain conditions, some landslides in Colorado may be recognized, many smaller landslides are not identifiable. Consequently, Landsat is not recommended for detailed regional mapping, or for use in areas similar to Colorado, where alternative (aircraft) imagery is available. However, Landsat may prove useful for preliminary landslide mapping in relatively unknown areas.

Scanvic, J.Y. 1990 ―Mapping the Vulnerability of Ground to Landslides: Potential Use of SPOT Stereoscopic Data for La Paz (Bolivia).‖ In, Proceedings of the 23rd International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 703-708.

Schaber, Gerald G., Charles Elachi, and Thomas G. Farr 1980 ―Remote Sensing Data of SP Mountain and SP Lava Flow in North-Central Arizona.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 9: 149-170. SP Mountain is a basaltic andesite cinder cone with steep flanks (27-31 degrees), a sharp crater rim, and a nearly perfect cone symmetry resulting from a late Pleistocene eruption. In this discussion of the SP lava flow and surrounding region, radar images obtained at three different frequencies, diverse viewing directions, and direct and cross polarization are analyzed. These data are compared with the data acquired through aerial photography, Landsat MSS imagery, thermal infrared imagery, surface geology, and surface photography. Multifrequency multipolarization radar image data are valuable in geologic and morphologic analysis of volcanic surfaces, especially when used in conjunction with visible to thermal infrared wavelength images and field observations.

Schaefer, S.J., J.B. Kerr, M.M. Millan, V.J. Realmuto, A.J. Krueger, N.A. Krotkov, C. Seftor, and I.E. Sprod 1997 ―Geophysicists Unite to Validate Volcanic SO2 Measurements.‖ EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 78(21): 217-218. An important goal in validating measurements of sulfur dioxide in volcanic clouds, is to extend the range of eruptions that can be accurately measured by both ground and satellite instruments. The new TOMS instruments, Brewer spectrometer, and Correlation spectrometers are discussed in terms of application for recording volcanic sulfur dioxide emissions, understanding each instrument, and improving knowledge of sulfur dioxide amounts emitted from a large range of volcanic activity with atmospheric, geochemical, and volcanologic implications.

Schubert, G. and R.E. Lingenfelter 1974? ―Power Law Time Dependence of River Flood Decay and its Relationship to Long Term Discharge Frequency Distribution—California Special Study No. 3.‖ In, An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of California Using Remote Sensing Techniques, 11 pages. UCLA: Department of Planetary and Space Sciences. Investigations have continued into the possibility that significant information on stream flow rates can be obtained from aerial and satellite imagery of river meander patterns by seeking a correlation between the meander and discharge spectra of rivers. Such a correlation could provide the basis for a simple and inexpensive technique for remote sensing of the water resources of large geographical areas, eliminating the need for much hydrologic recording. The investigation of the nature of the meander and discharge spectra and their interrelationship can also contribute to a more fundamental understanding of the processes of both river meander formation and drainage of large basins. It has been found that floods decay with an inverse power law dependence on time. The exponent of this dependence varies from river to river and even from station to station along the same river. This power law time dependence makes possible the forecasting of river discharge with an uncertainty of about 5% for as long as a month following the flood peak.

Schultz, G.A. and E.C. Barrett 1989 ―Advances in Remote Sensing for Hydrology and Water Resources Management.‖ United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Paris, International Hydrological Programme. Technical Documents in Hydrology IHP-III Project 5.1, 102 pages. This publication reports on: 1) advances in platforms, sensors, and supporting systems (e.g., satellite sensor systems, data storage, personal computer and geographic information systems applications); 2) advances in remote sensing (RS) science and applications (e.g., rainfall, surface water and runoff, catchment characteristics); 3) perceptions of the present position of remote sensing in hydrology and water management, including the results of a UNESCO questionnaire answered by 36 water resources experts in 14 nations; 4) future research needs, opportunities, and challenges; and 5) conclusions and recommendations derived from the questionnaire and other sources. In the latter context, it was found that the theory and mathematical modeling of RS applications to hydrology has made considerable progress in past years, that the likelihood of satellites dedicated to continental hydrology has receded since the days of the mid-1980s, and that integrated weather radar systems being installed in Europe, the US, Canada, and Japan will offer--after completion--the potential for installing real-time flood forecasting and warning systems in these areas.

Schumann, H.H. 1973 ―Applications of ERTS-1 Data Collection System (DCS) in the Arizona Regional Ecological Test Site (ARETS)--Water Management, Streamflow Rates, Flood Control.‖ Progress Report, 15 Dec. 1972 - 15 Jun. 1973. U.S. Geological Survey, Phoenix, AZ: Water Resources Division. The Data Collection System (DCS) water-stage data from the USGS streamflow 82

gaging station on the Verde River near Camp Verde furnished information sufficient for accurate computation of daily mean streamflow rates during the first 2 months of operation. Daily mean flow rates computed from the DCS data agreed with those computed from the digital recorder data within + or - 5% during periods of stable or slowly changing flow and within + or - 10% during periods of rapidly changing high flow. The Salt River Project (SRP) was furnished near-real time DCS information on snow moisture content and streamflow rates for use in the management and operation of the multiple-use reservoir system. The SRP, by prudent water management and the use of near-real time hydrologic data furnished by microwave and ERTS DCS telemetry, was successful in anticipating the amount of flow into the Salt and Verde Rivers and was subsequently able to release water at rates that did not create flooding in metropolitan Phoenix (minor flooding occurred along the Gila River, west of Phoenix). According to the Maricopa County Civil Defense agency, wage and salary losses of about $11,400,000 resulted from closing of roads across the Salt River in the winter and spring of 1972-73; however, the number and duration of the closing were minimized by use of DCS data.

Setojima, Masahiro, Yukio Akamatsu, Yasuhiro Uchida, and Masakatsu Horino 1987 ―Land Use Suitability Classification Using Remote Sensing Data and Geographic Information for Volcanic Regions.‖ In, Proceedings of the Eighth Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Jakarta, Indonesia, Oct. 22-27, 1987, pp. B-6-1 to B-6-13. Bogor, Indonesia: EXSA International. A land use suitability classification for parts of Japan was created by using remote sensing data analysis of volcanic hazards for active volcanic regions and by integrating this information via ―overlay processing‖ with various geographic information. Results of the analysis clarified the optimum forms of land use in the regions studied and provided effective data for formulating future land use plans.

Shelfer, Richard B. 1990 ―Hurricane Hugo damage on the Francis-Marion National Forest.‖ In, Third Biennial Conference on Remote Sensing Applications, J.D. Greer, editor, pp. 33-40. Evans City, PA: American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Showstack, Randy 1998 ―Volcanic Ash Can Pose Hazards to Air Traffic.‖ EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union 79(42): 505-506.

Simões, M.G., H.M. Vieira, and U.P. dos Santos 1992 "Evaluation and Mapping of Landslide Hazard on Desorderly Occupied Areas Through GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques." In, Primer Simposio Internacional Sobre Sensores Remotos y Sistemas de Informacion Geografica (SIG) para el Estudio de Riesgos Naturales, Juan B. Alzate, editor, pp. 289-303. Santafé de Bogotá, D.C. Colombia: Instituto Geografico "Agustin Codazzi."

Singh, A.N. 1986 ―Detecting and Forecasting Western Region Flash Floods Using GOES Imagery and Conventional Data.‖ In, 11th Conference on Weather Forecasting and Analysis, Kansas City, June 17-20, pp. 315-320. Boston: American Meteorological Society.

Singh, A.N. 1987 ―Assessing Extent of Damage Caused by Flooding and Drought in Dominantly Rice Cropland Area Using Landsat Data.‖ In, Proceedings of the Eighth Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Jakarta, Indonesia, Oct. 22-27, 1987, pp. P-14-1 to P-14- 9. Bogor, Indonesia: EXSA International. A program using Landsat MSS and TM imagery to study floods and droughts in eastern Uttar Pradesh, India is discussed. Landsat data for the rice growing season of 1982, 1985, and 1986 were used to observe the effects of floods and droughts on vegetation density. The extent of inundation by flooding in 1985 and the areal extent of drought in 1986 were determined. It is found that correlation of low vegetation density areas delineated from the Landsat data with meteorological data and ground information is a good method for determining the areal extent of drought-affected croplands.

Singh, R.B. 1994 ―Space Technology for Disaster Monitoring and Mitigation in India.‖ Tokyo, Japan: University of Tokyo, Institute of Industrial Science, International Center for Disaster-Mitigation Engineering. INCEDE Report-1994-03, 58 pages. Efficient disaster monitoring and mitigation plans can now take advantage of remote sensing and mapping technologies which have improved markedly during the past 20 years. Following a brief account of the history of remote sensing systems, the document describes application of the technologies to drought, landslides, coastal and riverine floods, earthquakes, cyclones, and volcano hazards. The author then describes how geographic information systems (GIS) were developed and applied to natural resources and hazards management in India.

Sippel, S.J., S.K. Hamilton, J.M. Melack, B.J. Choudhury 1994 ―Determination of Inundation Area in the Amazon River Floodplain Using the SMMR 37 GHz Polarization Difference.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 48(1): 70-76. Sollers, S.C., A. Rango, D.L. Henninger. 1978 ―Selecting Reconnaissance Strategies for Floodplain Surveys.‖ Water Resources Bulletin 14(2): 359-373. Multispectral aircraft and satellite data over the West Branch of the Susquehanna River were analyzed to evaluate potential contributions of remote sensing to floodplain surveys. Flood-prone area boundaries obtained were found to be more striking and continuous in the Landsat data than in the low altitude aircraft data. Results indicated that remote sensing techniques could delineate flood-prone areas more easily in agricultural and limited development areas than in areas covered by a heavy forest canopy. At present it appears that the remote sensing data would be used best as a form of preliminary planning information or as an internal check on previous or ongoing floodplain studies. In addition, remote sensing techniques can assist in effectively monitoring floodplain activities after a community enters into the National Flood Insurance Program.

Spatz, David M. and James V. Taranik 1989 ―Regional Analysis of Tertiary Volcanic Calderas (Western U.S.) Using Landsat Thematic Mapper Imagery.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 28: 257-272. 84

Landsat TM imagery over volcanic rock assemblages in the Basin and Range province of southern Nevada are used in the investigation of rock spectra, whole rock geochemistry, and desert varnish. Longer versus shorter wavelengths and principle component color composites are analyzed for lithologic identification. The authors also outlined guidelines for lithologic analysis of volcanic terrain using Landsat TM imagery.

Spayd, Leroy E., Jr. 1985 ―Applications of GOES VAS Data to NOAA's Interactive Flash Flood Analyzer.‖ In, International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems for Meteorology Oceanography, and Hydrology, Los Angeles, January 7-11, pp. 240-247. Boston: American Meteorological Society.

Spiridonov, K.H. and E. Grigorova 1980 ―On the Interrelation Between Seismicity and Fault Structures Identified by Space Image Interpretation.‖ Space Research in Bulgaria 3: 42-46. Consideration is given to the interrelation between seismicity and fault structures as identified by space image interpretation on a scale of 1:1,000,000. ERTS-1 photographs of the Upper Tracian lowland of Bulgaria were taken at 900 km, and images in the 0.6-0.7 micron and 0.8-1.1 micron range were used. The Upper Tracian depression is one of the most seismically active regions of Bulgaria. The photographs were used to identify three systems of faults and to plot their epicenters. The inner block-fault structuring established by the photographs was confirmed by geophysical data.

Stoeckeler, E.G., R.S. Farrell, and R.G. Woodman 1974 ―Develop a Land Use-Peak Runoff Classification System for Highway Engineering Purposes.‖ Final Report, May 1972 - Mar. 1974. Maine Dept. of Transportation, Augusta. Bureau of Highways. Land use maps tailored to hydrologic study were prepared from ERTS imagery. Significant changes noted in the Sunkhaze Stream and Otter Stream Watersheds at spring flood conditions provided important information for determining causes for flooding in the town of Bradley. Based on detailed study of the Sunkhaze Stream Watershed, it is believed that good drainage studies can be derived from repetitive ERTS imagery. Stoll, J.K., D.A. Lehman, and D.M. Cotter 1988 "IEMIS Floodplain Mapping Based on a LIDAR-Derived Data Set." Paper presented at the Fourth International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography and Hydrology, February 1-5, 1988. Anaheim, California: The American Meteorological Society.

Stringer, W.J., T.H. George, and R.M. Bell 1976? ―Identification of Flood Hazard Resulting from Aufeis Formation in an Interior Alaskan Stream.‖ University of Alaska: sponsored by NASA and the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Sudradjat, Adjat 1987 ―Volcanic Eruption Monitoring Using Satellite Platform.‖ In, Proceedings of the Eighth Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Jakarta, Indonesia, Oct. 22-27, 1987,

pp. D-19-1 to D-19-17. Bogor, Indonesia: EXSA International.

Tao, Tao, and N. Kouwen 1989 ―Remote Sensing and Fully Distributed Modeling for Flood Forecasting.‖ Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management (ASCE) 115(6): 809-823.

Tappan, G., N.C. Horvath, P.C. Doraiswamy, T. Engman, and D.W. Goss 1983 ―Use of NOAA-N Satellites for Land/Water Discrimination and Flood Monitoring.‖ Dept. of Agriculture, Houston, TX, Lockheed Engineering and Management Services Co., Inc., Houston, TX. Sponsored by NASA, USDA, Dept. of Commerce, Dept. of Interior, and Agency for International Development. A tool for monitoring the extent of major floods was developed using data collected by the NOAA-6 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). A basic understanding of the spectral returns in AVHRR channels 1 and 2 for water, soil, and vegetation was reached using a large number of NOAA-6 scenes from different seasons and geographic locations. A look-up table classifier was developed based on analysis of the reflective channel relationships for each surface feature. The classifier automatically separated land from water and produced classification maps which were registered for a number of acquisitions, including coverage of a major flood on the Parana River of Argentina.

Teng, W.L. 1990 ―AVHRR Monitoring of US Crops During the 1988 Drought. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 56: 1143-1146. Thomson, K.P.B. and C. Prevost 1983 ―Tracking of Water Levels and Mapping of Flood Plains by Satellite.‖ In, First International Training Seminar on Remote Sensing Applications to Operational Agrometeororology in Semi-Arid Countries, pp. 31-35. Paris: European Space Agency.

Thouret, J.-C., A. Gourgaud, M. Uribe, A. Rodriguez, R. Guillande, and G. Salas 1995 ―Geomorphological and Geological Survey and SPOT Remote Sensing of the Current Activity of Nevado Sabancaya Stratovolcano (South Peru) Assessment for Hazard Zone Mapping.‖ Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie 39: 515-535.

Tilling, Robert I. 1989 ―Volcanic Hazards and Their Mitigation: Progress and Problems.‖ Reviews of Geophysics 27(2): 237-269. Tilling reviews advances made in hazards assessment, volcano monitoring, and eruption forecasting. The paper primarily focuses on some geophysical aspects of volcanology to review the progress in volcano monitoring and hazards mitigation studies made since the early 1970s, to compare some volcanic disasters and crises in the 1980s within a context of hazards mitigation, and to highlight problems and challenges that confront volcanologists and government officials who work to reduce volcanic risk.

Towery, Neil G. 1980 Some Applications of Remote Sensing of Crop-Hail Damage in the Insurance 86

Industry. Circular No. 143/80, 17 pages. Champaign, IL: Illinois State Water Survey. A four-year research project was conducted on the feasibility of using aerial photography for the adjustment of crop-hail damage. Photographs taken from 6000 feet above the ground are now being used by the insurance industry as an additional tool in the normal adjustment procedures, while infrared photos taken from 12,000 feet above ground can be used to construct mosaics of entire damaged areas. Although in some cases it was difficult to provide accurate loss assessments, the photography still could be utilized for the qualitative assessment of damage. Other research conducted during the project has led to the development of techniques for mapping losses through use of the computer. These techniques are also being used by insurers as aids in their adjustment procedures.

Tronin, A.A. 1996 ―Satellite Thermal Survey: A New Tool for the Study of Seismoactive Regions.‖ International Journal of Remote Sensing 17: 2333-51.

Uehara, S., T. Sato, K. Tsuchiya, and Y. Yamaura 1984 ―Detection of Flooded Area in Hokkaido Based on Landsat MSS Data.‖ In, Proceedings of the 17th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Ann Arbor, MI, May 9-13, 1983, Volume 2, pp. 677-686. Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan. Delineation of flooded areas with emphasis on damaged rice fields was performed using three sets of Landsat MSS CCT data taken on Aug. 27, Oct. 2, 1981, and May 15, 1982 after a large-scale flood in Hokkaido, Japan. Damaged rice plants had lower radiant reflectance at all Landsat MSS spectral bands than those that were undamaged, especially in Band 7(0.8-1.1 micron) which was quite effective in differentiating the plants. Since the areas classified as rice field from MSS CCT data taken on Aug. 27 and Oct. 2 contained pasture and river course features, a correction was made through the use of May 15 MSS CCT data which showed a distinctive difference in radiance between rice fields before transplantation and the other lands with vegetation cover. The severely damaged rice field that was detected coincided with the heavily flooded areas.

Uehara, S., K. Tsuchiya, Y. Yamaura, and K. Tachi 1982 ―Analysis of Effects after Typhoon 8115 in Coastal Area and Fields in Hokkaido, Northern Japan, Using Landsat MSS Data.‖ In, International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, International Symposium, Toulouse, France, September 13 17, 1982, Transactions, Volume 2, pp. 217-224. Toulouse: Groupement pour le Developpement de la Teledetection Aerospatiale. Coastal phenomena and the feasibility of detecting flooded areas was investigated using aerial photographs and Landsat MSS data obtained after typhoon 8115, which produced heavy rainfall in Hokkaido, Japan, and subsequent flooding. Results show the existence of fairly complicated meso-scale phenomena such as counter currents along the coast of Hokkaido. Also observed was the existence of local circulation in a small bay probably due to the effect of coastal shape and ocean currents. It was determined that Landsat MSS band 4 and 5 black-and-white images, and two-band false color composite images are effective for detecting meso-scale coastal phenomena, such as muddy river

water discharging into the sea, a counter current near a coast, current variations in a small bay, and clear water flows into a muddy lake. It was also found that small-scale flooding in fields less than a few hundred square meters in area can be detected, particularly by using MSS false color imagery (displaying bands 4, 5, and 7 as blue, green, and red, respectively) and color areal photographs after flooding.

United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator 1983 Space Applications for the Acquisition and Dissemination of Disaster-Related Data. Geneva: United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator (UNDRO), 111 pages. The goal of this expert meeting, convened in Geneva during June 14-17, 1983, was to provide a forum for a dialogue between the disaster management and space technology communities. Meeting objectives were: 1) to specify or clarify priority data acquisition and dissemination for disaster relief operations and disaster prevention and preparedness programs; 2) to evaluate the applicability of advanced, currently-available space technologies and to explore methods for the operational implementation of these techniques; and 3) to develop concepts for future systems that can more effectively and efficiently satisfy systems requirements. Following an introductory background paper, specific articles deal with the disaster assistance role of the Red Cross, disaster prevention, disaster warnings and alerts, disaster relief communications, meteorological satellite applications to disaster services, and the application of space satellite remote- sensing capabilities to disaster management. Vanes, E., H. Gomez, and R. Soeters 1976? ―An Inundation Study of the Lower Magdalena-Cauca River Basin.‖ In, Earth Resources Survey Symposium, Vol. 1-D, pp. 2295-2297. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, NASA. van Westen, C.J. 1995 ―Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems for Geological Hazard Mitigation.‖ In, Environmental Assessment of Geological Hazards, Proceedings of the Space Congress, pp. 63-71. Munich, Germany: European Space Report.

Vidal A., F. Pinglo, H. Durand, C. Devaux-Ros, and A. Maillet 1994 ―Evaluation of a Temporal Fire Risk Index in Mediterranean Forests from NOAA Thermal IR.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 49 (3): 296-303.

Viedma, O., J. Melia, D. Segarra, and J. Garcia-Haro 1997 ―Modeling Rates of Ecosystem Recovery after Fires by Using Landsat TM Data.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 61 (3): 383-398.

Vitale, J.A. and E. Kennedy 1973 Remote Sensing Utility in a Disaster Struck Urban Environment. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Voss, A.W., J.E. Baker, F.E. Hauser, and S.W. Newton 1978 ―The Use of Landsat-Derived Land Cover Data in a Flood Peak Correlation Study.‖ In, Proceedings of the American Society of Photogrammetry 44th Annual 88

Meeting, Washington, D.C., February 26-March 4, 1978, pp. 135-146. Falls Church, VA: American Society of Photogrammetry.

Voute, C. 1985 ―The Needs of Developing Countries in the Application of Satellite Technology for Disaster Management.‖ In, Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Paris, France, October 1-5, 1984, Volume 1, pp. 247- 261. Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan.

Wadge, G. 1993 ―Remote Sensing for Natural Hazards Assessment and Mitigation.‖ Stop Disasters 16: 9-10.

Wadge, G. (editor) 1994 Natural Hazards and Remote Sensing. Proceedings of Natural Hazard Assessment and Mitigation: the Unique Role of Remote Sensing. London: Royal Society, The Royal Academy of Engineering, 101 pages. Remote sensing is playing an increasing role in hazard assessment, monitoring, and relief. This book provides a broad survey of many current techniques in use as well as the potential for such technology in hazard and disaster management. The book includes 17 brief papers covering a wide range of hazards (earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, landslides, tropical cyclones, fires, pests, and icebergs), techniques (such as radar interferometry), and technical and policy issues concerning the future use of remotely sensed data for hazard and disaster mitigation. Also included is a glossary and a list of existing or planned remote sensing satellites and instruments with application or potential use in disaster mitigation. Criteria include coverage, launch date, status, resolution, available bands, and anticipated applications.

Wadge, G. and M.C. Isaacs 1988 ―Mapping the Volcanic Hazards from Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies, Using an Image Processor.‖ Journal of the Geological Society (London) 145(4): 541-553.

Wagner, M.J. 1994 ―ERS-1 Lends a Hand to European Flood Clean-up.‖ Earth Observation Magazine 3(4): 34-37.

Wagner, M.J. 1994 ―Proactive Use of Satellite Imagery Mitigates Effects of Natural Disasters.‖ Earth Observation Magazine 3(12): 38-40.

Walter, L.S. 1982 ―Operational Implementation of Space Technology for Disasters.‖ 33rd International Astronautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress, Paris, France, Sept. 27-Oct. 2, 1982, 6 pages.

Walter, L.S. 1986 ―Contribution of Space Technology to Disaster Preparedness, Warning, and Relief.‖ In, ESA Proceedings of the ESA-EARSeL Europe from Space Symposium, pp. 103-107.

Walter, L.S. 1990 "The Uses of Satellite Technology in Disaster Management." Disasters 14(1): 20- 35. [Also found in,Communication When It's Needed Most: How New Technology Could Help in Sudden Disasters, D. Webster, editor, pp. 74-92. Report of the International Disaster Communications Project. Washington: The Annenberg Washington Program.] This article provides an overview of satellite technology, describes radiometric, spatial, and spectral resolutions and how these affect each other, and differentiates between remote sensing, geophysical, meteorological, and communications satellites. Presently, satellite coverage of a particular location on the earth's surface cannot be achieved on a daily basis, thus, Walter argues that the use of satellites in emergency situations is limited to storm warnings and during search and rescue operations. Satellite information could potentially be used for: disaster prevention through hazard mapping, vulnerability mapping, and planning; disaster preparedness in warning systems for flood conditions and storm surges, landslides, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes; and disaster relief via enhanced communications capabilities, large-scale surveys for relief operations, and during planning for relief operations. Some roadblocks delaying the use of satellites in disaster management include limits on technical expertise within the disaster management community, financial problems, the diversity of organizations active in the disaster management community, and concerns regarding national sovereignty/security.

Walter, L.S. 1992 "Remote Sensing Satellite Systems for Disaster Mitigation." In,Primer Simposio Internacional Sobre Sensores Remotos y Sistemas de Informacion Geografica (SIG) para el Estudio de Riesgos Naturales, Juan B. Alzate, editor, pp. 3-17. Santafé de Bogotá, D.C. Colombia: Instituto Geografico "Agustin Codazzi."

Walter, L.S. 1997 ―Remote Sensing Satellites for Disaster Reduction.‖ Earth Sciences Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD.

Waters, P.A. and M. Stefouli 1991 "Mediterranean Coastal Hazards and Disasters: Volcanic Eruptions and Earthquakes." In, Remote Sensing for Hazard Monitoring and Disaster Assessment: Marine and Coastal Applications in the Mediterranean Region, pp. 89-108. Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. The authors assert that areas of high earthquake risk related to structural intersections of lineament, density, and frequency of mapped features may not be recognized from seismic data alone. Satellite imagery was found to be a feasible method for detection and monitoring of volcanic plumes, for mapping the most likely direction of lava flows and ash falls, for performing damage assessment, assisting in emergency 90

planning and rescue, and for identifying soil moisture changes in the vicinity of water impoundments and dams that could signify structural damage and warn of possible failure (using thermal imagery).

Weber, C. 1984 ―Remote Sensing and Natural Hazards: Contribution of Spatial Imagery to the Evaluation and Mitigation of Geological Hazards.‖ In, Proceedings of the 27th International Geological Congress, Volume 18, pp. 211-228. Moscow: VNU Science Press.

Welch, Robin I., Charles G. Bohn, John C. Arvesen, and Belden G. Bly 1982 ―Assessment of Mount St. Helens Devastated Area By Landsat and U-2 Aircraft Data.‖ In, Mount St. Helens: One Year Later, S. A. C. Keller, editor, pp. 149-159. Eastern Washington University Press. Imagess are collected from satellite data, U-2 and RB-57 highflight imagery and conventional aircraft photography of historic and current natural events to provide forecasting for future events. Reasons for the acquisition of remote sensing data and/or aerial observation related to post-disaster activities include: rescue and minimization of further loss of life and property; inventory of damage, destruction and change in landscape or land cover; rehabilitation, reclamation and cleanup; and monitoring of rehabilitation success. Landsat imagery is shown to be useful for large-scale damage assessment with U-2 and conventional aircraft coverages complementing the satellite images for detailed analysis of vegetation and terrain damage.

White, Kevin 1993 ―Progress Report on Remote Sensing.‖ Progress in Physical Geography 17(3): 369-375. A number of annual ―Progress Reports‖ are provided in this journal, covering a variety of different topics; the purpose is to provide a general overview of the type of work being done in a specific category of research during the previous year. Among other topics in this progress report is a brief discussion of the use of remote sensing to analyze volcanic eruptions.

White, Kevin 1994 ―Progress Report on Remote Sensing.‖ Progress in Physical Geography 18(2): 295-304. A number of annual ―Progress Reports‖ are provided in this journal, covering a variety of different topics; the purpose is to provide a general overview of the type of work being done in a specific category of research during the previous year. Among other topics in this progress report is a brief discussion of the use of remote sensing to analyze fires and volcanic ash.

White, Kevin 1995 ―Progress Report on Remote Sensing.‖ Progress in Physical Geography 19(1): 138-146. A number of annual ―Progress Reports‖ are provided in this journal, covering a

variety of different topics; the purpose is to provide a general overview of the type of work being done in a specific category of research during the previous year. Among other topics in this progress report is a brief discussion of the use of remote sensing to analyze volcanos and floods.

White, Kevin 1996 ―Progress Report on Remote Sensing.‖ Progress in Physical Geography 20(1): 89- 96. A number of annual ―Progress Reports‖ are provided in this journal, covering a variety of different topics; the purpose is to provide a general overview of the type of work being done in a specific category of research during the previous year. Among other topics in this progress report is a brief discussion of the use of remote sensing to assist hazard monitoring and analyze fires.

White, Kevin 1997 ―Progress Report on Remote Sensing.‖ Progress in Physical Geography 21(2): 297-305. A number of annual ―Progress Reports‖ are provided in this journal, covering a variety of different topics; the purpose is to provide a general overview of the type of work being done in a specific category of research during the previous year. Among other topics in this progress report can be found a discussion about volcano studies under a section titled, ―Ash and Dust.‖

Whitehouse, G., P. Ruangsiri, and S. Vibulsresth 1978 "Application of Satellite Imagery to Floodplain Mapping in Thailand." In, Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Manila, Philippines, April 20-26, 1978, Volume 2, pp. 1545-1553. Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan.

Whitehouse, G., P. Ruangsiri, and S. Vibulsresth 1979 ―Remote Sensing of Flood Behavior in Thailand.‖ In, Proceedings of 13th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Environment, 23-27 April, Volume 2, pp. 1233-41. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.

Whitlow, R. 1986 ―Mapping Erosion Risk In Zimbabwe: A Methodology for Rapid Survey Using Aerial Photographs.‖ Applied Geography 6: 149-162.

Wiesnet, Donald R. and Stephen O. Bender 1987 ―Large-Scale Hurricane Hazard Mapping Along the Coastal Plain of Honduras Using Landsat Data.‖ In, American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing and ACSM, Annual Convention, Baltimore, MD, Mar. 29-Apr. 3, 1987, Technical Papers, Volume 1, pp. 402-411. Falls Church, VA: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing and ACSM.

Woldai, T. 92

1995 ―Satellite Remote Sensing: Flood Hazard and Management in the Area Around Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.‖ In, Environmental Assessment of Geological Hazards, Proceedings of the Space Congress, pp. 35-51. Munich, Germany: European Space Report.

Wooster, M.J. and D.A. Rothery 1997 ―Thermal Monitoring of Lascar Volcano, Chile, Using Infrared Data from the Along-Track Scanning Radiometer: A 1992-1995 Time Series.‖ Bulletin of Volcanology 58: 566-579. The authors describe a technique for monitoring high temperature activity within Lascar crater, the most active volcano of the central Andes of northern Chile. Frequent measurements of emitted SWIR radiation made by the spaceborne Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) provide data for a comprehensive time series of over sixty cloud- and plume-free nighttime ATSR observations for 1992-1995. The ATSR data interpretations agree with those from Landsat TM and are consistent with field observations and models that relate subsidence of the dome to subsequent explosive eruptions. ATSR data assists with predictions of eruptive behavior deduced from applications of physical models of lava dome development.

Wooster, M.J. and D.A. Rothery 1997 ―Time-Series Analysis of Effusive Volcanic Activity Using ERS Along Track Scanning Radiometer: The 1995 Eruption of Fernandina Volcano, Galapagos Islands.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 62(1): 109-117. The ERS-1 ATSR provides frequent short-wave and long-wave infrared radiance data of every terrestrial volcanic region, at a spatial resolution of 1 km x 1 km. This study indicates that ATSR provides remotely sensed infrared data at a temporal frequency sufficiently high to enable monitoring of lava flow development. Subpixel information is used to compute the approximate surface area of the active flow and, if information on likely mean flow depth is available, the total lava flow volume. Subpixel lava flow areas estimated from the ATSR spectral radiance data are useful in documenting effusive volcanic activity occurring in remote regions, where ground observations may be sparse or completely lacking.

Wooster, M.J., D.A. Rothery, C.B. Sear, and R.W.T. Carlton 1998 ―Monitoring the Development of Active Lava Domes Using Data from the ERS-1 Along Track Scanning Radiometer.‖ Advances in Space Research 21(3): 501-505.

Yamagata, Yoshiki, and Tsuyoshi Akiyama 1988 ―Flood Damage Analysis Using Multitemporal Landsat Thematic Mapper Data.‖ International Journal of Remote Sensing 9: 503-514.

Yamagata, Y., T. Akiyama, M. Shibayama, and C. Wiegand 1988 ―Water Turbidity and Perpendicular Vegetation Indices for Paddy Rice Flood Damage Analyses.‖ Remote Sensing of Environment 26: 241-251.

Yankielun, Norbert E., Michael G. Ferrick, and Patricia B.Weyrick

1993 ―Development of an Airborne MMW FM-CW Radar for Mapping River Ice.‖ CRREL Report 93-1. Hanover, NH: U.S. Dept. of Defense, Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 10 pages.

Zhidkov, M.P. and A.A. Nikonov 1991 "Use of Space Photograph for Research on Spitak Earthquake of 1988." Izvestiya, Earth Physics 27(12): 1019-1023.

Zimmerman, P. 1990 "The Role of Remote Sensing in Disaster Relief." In, Communication When It's Needed Most: How New Technology Could Help in Sudden Disasters, D. Webster, editor, pp. 116-129. Report of the International Disaster Communications Project. Washington: The Annenberg Washington Program. While aerial photography can suffice for spatially limited disasters, for more extensive events the greater spatial coverage afforded by satellite coverage is important. There are several limits on the present ability of satellites to contribute to disaster management: it is not possible to image a specific location on the earth on a daily basis; organizations that possess satellites with "pointing" capabilities are not set up to quickly redirect those satellites; and data distribution limitations (e.g., moving the image from ground station to user can take weeks). To make satellite imagery a normal part of disaster management, it will be necessary to cover areas inhabited by humans on a daily basis; more "pointable" satellites are needed; more satellites operating in the radar bandwidths are needed (to penetrate clouds and for nighttime operations); imagery needs to be transmitted to Earth almost immediately; facilities need to be available to transform raw data into understandable imagery on an immediate basis; training programs need to exist for disaster managers and relief workers; and there must be a means to transmit the information to those who need it. Zimmerman concludes by outlining organizational structures that could operate such extensive satellite capabilities as well as projecting some of the costs involved.

APPENDIX A: PUBLICATION OUTLETS REPRESENTED IN BIBLIOGRAPHY

PERIODICALS Acta Astronautica Advances in Earth Oriented Applications of Space Technology Advances in Space Research Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Doklady Applied Geography Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Bulletin of Volcanology Disasters Earth Earth Observation Magazine Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Emergency Planning Digest Environmental Management EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union Episodes ESA Bulletin Gefisica Internacional Geocarto International Geography Geological Society of America Bulletin Geology Geology Today Geophysical Research Letters Hazard Monthly High Technology Information Society International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC) Journal International Journal of Remote Sensing ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Izvestiya, Earth Physics Journal of Environmental Sciences Journal of Geophysical Research Journal of the Geological Society of London Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management (ASCE) Michigan Academician Monthly Weather Review National Weather Digest Natural Hazards Nature Photogrammetria

Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing Photographic Applications in Science, Technology and Medicine Photo Interpretation Progress in Physical Geography Remote Sensing of Environment Remote Sensing of the Electro Magnetic Spectrum Remote Sensing Quarterly Reviews of Geophysics Science Scientific America: Exploring Space Special Issue Space Research in Bulgaria Stop Disasters Water Resources Bulletin Water Resources Research Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

Proceedings American Society of Photogrammetry and American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, Fall Convention, Seattle, Washington, September 28-October 1, 1976

Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, 3rd - 8th, 1982-1987

Biennial Conference on Remote Sensing Applications, 3rd

Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing, 7th, Winnipeg, Canada, September 8-11, 1981

Contribution of Space Observations to Water Resources Management, Bangalore, India, May 29-June 9, 1979

Environmental Assessment and Resource Management International Symposium on Computer-Assisted Cartography and International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Commission IV, 5th: Cartographic and Data Bank Application of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Crystal City, Virginia, August 22-28, 1982

ESA Proceedings of the 4th International Colloquium on Spectral Signatures in Remote Sensing

ESA Proceedings of the 30th ESA/EARSeL Europe from Space Symposium International Astronautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress, Munich, West Germany, Sept. 17-22, 1979

International Colloquium:Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing, 5th, 96

Courchevel, 1991

International Conference on Space, 24th, Rome, Italy, March 22, 23, 1984

International Geological Congress, 27th

International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, 12th - 23rd ,1976-1989

International Symposium, 7th: Remote Sensing for Resources Development and Environmental Management, Enschede, Netherlands, August 25-29, 1986

Machine Processing of Remotely Sensed Data, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, June 29-July 1, 1976

Management and Utilization of Remote Sensing Data, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, October 29-November 1, 1973

Mapping with Remote Sensing Data: Proceedings of the Second Annual William T. Pecora Memorial Symposium on Remote Sensing, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, October 25-29, 1976

Natural Hazard Assessment and Mitigation: the Unique Role of Remote Sensing

NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center 3rd ERTS-1 Symposium

Proceedings and Technical Papers of the 44th - 51st American Society of Photogrammetry, Fall and Annual Meetings, 1978-1985

Remote Sensing of Earth Resources, Annual Conference on Earth Resources Observation and Information Analysis Systems, 3rd - 4th, Volumes 3-4, Tullahoma, Tennessee, 1974- 1975

Remote Sensing and Water Resources Management, Burlington, Ontario, Canada, June 11-14, 1973

Satellite Hydrology: Proceedings of the 5th Annual William T. Pecora Memorial Symposium on Remote Sensing, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, June 10-15, 1979

Symposium on Remote Sensing and Photo Interpretation, Banff, Alberta, Canada, October 7-11, 1974

Symposium on Significant Results Obtained from the ERTS-1

Thematic Conference on Remote Sensing for Exploration Geology, 6th, Houston, Texas,

May 16-19, 1988

WMO Proceedings of the Technical Conference on Urban Climatology and its Applications with Special Regard to Tropical Areas

Workshop: Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture and Groundwater, Toronto, Canada, November 8-10, 1976

Reports Reports on the Utilization of Remote Sensing Data in the Federal Republic of Germany, Seminar on Current Status, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Federal Republic of Germany, January 20-22, 1986

Satellite Applications to Flood Control and Forecasting, Report of the 6th FAO/UNDRO/ WMO/ESA Training Course in Remote Sensing, Rome, November, 1983

Technical Papers Digest of Technical Papers, Earth Environment and Resources Conference, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, September 10-12, 1974

Technical Papers, American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing and American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, Fall and Annual Conventions, 1986- 1987

Transactions Transactions of the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, International Symposium, Toulouse, France, September 13-17, 1982

APPENDIX B: GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS

ACSM-American Congress on Surveying and Mapping AIRDAS-Airborne Infra-red Disaster Assessment System ASPRS-American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing ATSR-Along Track Scanning Radiometer AVHRR-Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer CCRS-Canada Center for Remote Sensing CCT-Computer Compatible Tape CIR-Color Infrared CNES-Centre Nationale d’Etudes Spatiales (French) CZCS-Coastal Zone Color Scanner DCP-Data Collection Platform DCS-Data Collection System DEM-Digital Elevation Model DMSP-Defense Meteorlogical Satellite Program DTM-Digital Terrain Model EARSel-European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories EOS-Earth Observation System EOSAT-Earth Observation Satellite ERDAS-Earth Resources Data Analysis System ERS-European Remote Sensing Satellite ERTS-Earth Resources Technology Satellite (Landsat-1) ESA-European Space Agency FAO-Food and Agricultural Organization (UN) FEMA-Federal Emergency Management Agency GAC-Global Area Coverage GIS-Geographic Information System GOES-Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite GPS-Global Positioning System HCMM-Heat Capacity Mapping Mission HIRES-High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer HRPT-High Resolution Picture Transmission IR-InfraRed IRS-Indian Remote Sensing Satellite JPL-Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NASA) LEAP-Landsat Emergency Access and Products LIDAR-Light Detection and Ranging MSS-MultiSpectral Scanner NASA-National Aeronautics and Space Administration NDVI-Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NGDC-National Geophysical Data Center NIR-Near InfraRed NOAA-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NTIS-National Technical Information Service

RS-Remote Sensing SAGE-Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment SAR-Synthetic Aperture Radar SCS-Soil Conservation Service SIR-Shuttle Imaging Radar SLAR-Side Looking Airborne Radar SMMR-Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer SPOT-Systeme Pour L’Observation de la Terre SWIR-Shortwave InfraRed TIMS-Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner TIR-Thermal InfraRed TM-Thematic Mapper TMS-Thematic Mapper Simulator TOMS-Total Ozone Mapper Spectrometer UHF-Ultra High Frequency UNDRO-United Nations Disaster Relief Office USDA-U.S. Department of Agriculture USGS-U.S. Geological Survey UTM-Universal Transverse Mercator VLF-Very Low Frequency VSAT-Very Small Aperture Terminal WMO-World Meteorological Organization WWW-World Weather Watch XS-Multispectral bands on the SPOT satellite