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Chapter 8 – Part 1: Pages 402 -417 Teacher Notes

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Chapter 8 – Part 1: Pages 402 -417 Teacher Notes Chapter 8 – Part 1: Pages 402 -417 Teacher Notes I. Major geographic qualities of South Asia (page 402) 1. This realms borders are clearly defined, by mountains, deserts and the Indian Ocean 2. The rivers of this region have supported life for over 10,000 years (the Ganges) 3. The realm takes up about 3% of Earth’s land but contains about 23% of the world’s population 4. With their current birthrate, this realm will become the world’s most populated in a decade 5. Poverty is very common, subpar nutrition and poor health 6. imprints of former British occupation still remain. Boundaries and culture 7. Monsoon season is vital to millions of everyday lives. Failure of the season would cause an economic disaster 8. Strong cultural regionalism, caused from many different invading armies and cultures. (Greeks, Mongols, Muslims, British) 9. Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam all have very strong roots in this realm. 10. India is the most powerful nation in the region. Issues with many of its neighbors 11. Kashmir, a region of great tension between India and Pakistan (Both nuclear powers) II. Defining the Realm (page 402-404) British drew many of the modern-day borders In 1947 the division occurred, large migrations of different groups, many people died Pakistan (East & West), India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, & Maldives make up this realm English is the lingua franca (common language) III. Physiographic Regions of South Asia (page 404 - 407) Mountains help sustain life (snow melt sustains rivers) Mountains are dangerous (2005, series of earthquakes killed 70,000 & displaced 3 million) Mountains are often used by fugitive terrorist leaders Realm itself is very diverse in terms of environment – Himalayas, desert, tropics Monsoons – Annual rains that are vital to everyday life in this realm (Agriculture) India has the largest paddy output in the world (4th largest rice exporter in the world) Major part of cultural life in certain regions (Harvest Festivals) 2) Regions: A. Northern Highlands – Himalayas, Bhutan, Afghanistan B. River Lowlands – Indus Valley in Pakistan, Ganges Valley in India, Bangladesh C. Southern Plateaus – throughout much of India, a rich farming region IV. Locals and Invaders (page 407-408) A. Indus Valley Civilization Ganges Basin – 70,000 years ago, this region saw a great migration from Africa Cultural Hearth – Indus Valley Civilization – 5000 years old - 2 Major cities (Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro) - 100s of villages - Contact with Mesopotamia - Irrigation - Flood Control B) Incipient India (India from the beginning) (page 408) Hinduism: 3000 Years Old Based on Vedism (Religious beliefs based upon Aryans) o Worship elements like fire and rivers o Worship heroic gods o People prayed for abundance of children, rain, cattle (wealth), long life and an afterlife in the heavenly world of the ancestors Social Stratification (Caste System) Hinduism was restrictive & punitive o This led people to seek alternatives Buddhism: 6th Century, Prince Siddhartha gave up his royal rights and became Buddha Buddhism is India’s State religion C) Early Invaders (page 408-413) Aryans – Originally from Persia Brought their belief system with them (Vedism) Greeks – Alexander the Great invaded The Greeks didn’t change the area culturally It did expose their vulnerability to invasion Mauryan Empire – Asoka (Emperor) First state to grow in power and size through means of persuasion and teachings (Opposed through violence and force) Used missionaries to spread Buddhism (200 BC) o Differed from Islam Gupta Empire (320-540 AD) – Achieved regional unification Great advance in science and culture o Helped create the Arabic number system o Figured out the length of a solar year Islam – (Late 10th Century) Swept across South Asia Converted using force or appealing to the lower castes Mughal Empire – One of the three Islamic Gunpowder Empires Enlightened Islamic Rule Flourished under Akbar Built the Taj Mahal & The Great Mosque of Delhi Eventually, Islam was weakened o Made them vulnerable to foreign intrusion European Intrusion – Portuguese, Dutch, French, and the British East India Company all had Trade: These countries were more concerned about controlling the trade in the area opposed to the actual territory. Ultimately, the East Indian Company controlled both trade and commerce in the region. Until an Indian mutiny in 1857 British Government took control of India until 1947 (Raj) Legacy: Railroads, irrigation canals, developed settlements into major cities, industrialization, education, and medicine Tried to do away with certain traditional Indian practices: o Sati (Burning of widows on their husband’s funeral pyre) o Female infanticide o Child marriage o The Caste System Partition: Muslims wanted to be separate from Hindus Large migration created many refugees and many people lost their lives V. Population Dilemma – greatest growth on Earth (page 413 - 416) A. Population Geography: Research that focuses on the dimensions, distribution, growth, and other aspects of human population in a country, region, or realm. This relates to soils, climate, land ownership, social conditions, economic development, and other factors. On Page 43 – What is the difference between arithmetic and physiologic population? (people per square mile vs. people per square arable mile) B. Demographic Transition: Stage 1: Pre-Industrial – High birth & death rates (Infant & child mortality, epidemics and famines) Stage 2 & 3: High birth rates + Low death rates = Population explosion (Improved medical services, food distribution networks, urbanization developed) Stage 4: decreasing birth and death rates Earth’s population: 1900 – 1.5 Billion 2000 – 6 Billion 2100 – 10 to 12 Billion World Population Counter: http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ C. Prospects for South Asia: Population growth is the most challenging on earth D. India’s Internal Geographic Variations: Individual states have their own population control policies – some with mass sterilizations Reasons for increases: Religious fundamentalist, low levels of urbanization, inferior status of women VI. South Asia’s Burden of Poverty (page 416 - 417) India: 2/3s of the population lives in poverty 1.2 billion people live in villages almost completely untouched by what happens in the city Pakistan: 1/3 of the population lives in poverty Bangladesh:1/2 of the population lives in poverty Children: ½ of all regions children are malnourished Girls: Often put at a disadvantage, viewed as less important than boys in terms of health, education, and law VII. Latest Invasions – investments & politics (page 417) India: Pre 1990s – Pro Moscow After 1990s – Pro USA US helped grow business Information technology and outsourcing industries prominent Pakistan: Support the US on the War on Terror US gave financial assistance to Pakistan’s authoritarian Government Econ grew by 2% in 2001, then by 7% in 2006 Bangladesh: Sweatshops 2013 Savar building collapse left 1,134 dead and over 2,500 people injured. It is the deadliest structural failure in modern history. Teacher Side Notes: Hinduism - emerged from the beliefs and practices brought to India by the Indo-Europeans (Aryans). (6th century BC) Buddhism - born of discontent; made the state religion of India in 3rd century BC Islam - sweeps through central India from the 8th -10th centuries AD 1. Hinduism General Points of Interest: Not just a religion- An intricate web of religious, philosophical, social, economic, and artistic elements No common creed, No single doctrine No direct divine revelation No rigid narrow moral code -Polytheistic -Many idols -Various sacred writings -Varying beliefs -Absorbed other religions -Venerate cows -Burn dead -Caste separation Brahmins: priests and scholars. Kshatriya: kings, governors, warriors and soldiers Vaishya: cattle herders, agriculturists, artisans and merchants. Shudras: laborers and service providers. -“State” of secondary importance Major tenets of Hinduism: Three main ideas are important in understanding the Hindu religion and the caste system A. Reincarnation - Every living thing has a soul. When a living thing dies, its soul moves into another living creature. Souls are reborn in a newly created life. B. Karma - Every action brings about certain results. There is no escaping the consequences of one’s actions. Good behavior is rewarded when the soul is reborn into a higher ranking living creature. C. Dharma - A set of rules that must be followed by all living things if they wish to work their way up the ladder of reincarnation. Each person’s dharma is different. Three basic practices if Hindusim: Puja or worship Cremation of the dead Caste system: priest, soldiers, merchants, artists, peasants, untouchables. 2. BUDDHISM – Siddhartha/Buddha Adherents objected to harsher features of Hinduism Focuses on knowledge, especially self-knowledge Elimination of worldly desires, determination not to hurt or kill people or animals Four noble truths of Buddhism: a. Sorrow and suffering are part of all life. b. People suffer because they desire things they cannot have. c. To reach a stage of not wanting. The way to escape suffering is to end desire. d. To end desire, follow the “middle path,” i.e., the path that avoids the extremes of too much pleasure and desire. Eightfold path to the middle way Right understanding Right purpose Right speech Right conduct Right means of earning a living Right effort Right awareness Right meditation Fall of Buddhism on the subcontinent Hinduism - broad and tolerant, accepting many of the teachings
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