Folia Morphol. Vol. 64, No. 4, pp. 240–247 Copyright © 2005 Via Medica O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E ISSN 0015–5659 www.fm.viamedica.pl A new morphometric method for the sella turcica and the hypophyseal fossa and its clinical relevance Dionyssios Venieratos1, Sophia Anagnostopoulou1, Anna Garidou2 1Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece 2Endocrinology Unit, Leof. Pentelis 13, 152 33 Halandri, Greece [Received 22 June 2005; Revised 27 September 2005, Accepted 27 September] The sella turcica and the hypophyseal fossa should be considered different enti- ties, the latter being part of the former. Their morphology and dimensions cor- relate to some extent with those of the contained pituitary gland and have, for this reason, attracted the interest of anatomists and radiologists. With the appli- cation of MRI, however, these data are of limited use in the diagnosis of pitu- itary disorders, although they remain valuable with regard to a microsurgical approach to the hypophysis. The proposed morphometric method was applied to 20 dry skulls. We first made casts of the corresponding sellae. Their volumes were then measured by immersion. The frontal section of each hypophyseal fossa was obtained through its deepest point and magnified. The Cartesian co-ordinates of the contour of the section were used to evaluate the corresponding area and centroid. The volume of each fossa was finally obtained by the use of Pappus’ theorem applied to solids of rotation. The volumes of the sellae obtained as above ranged from 460 mm3 to 1570 mm3 with a mean value of 835 mm3. These figures are comparable to those reported from previous authors. To our knowledge the method described has enabled a close approximation of the volumes of the hypophyseal fossae to be made for the first time. These volumes ranged from 24 mm3 to 300 mm3, with a mean value of 157 mm3. Similar numerical methods might be applicable in vivo by the use of MR imaging. Key words: Pituitary, hypophyseal, macroadenoma, empty sella, Pappus’ theorem, solid of rotation INTRODUCTION sias (microadenomas or macroadenomas), embryonic The sella turcica (or simply sella) is an osseous abnormalities (craniopharyngiomas) or other patho- structure closely related to the hypophysis celebri logical states (empty sella syndrome, for instance). (or pituitary gland). Consequently, beyond its obvi- According to classical anatomical texts (for ex- ous anatomical importance, it has additional clinical ample, [14, 17, 19]), the hypophyseal fossa is a cav- significance, since its morphology reflects to some ity formed at the upper surface of the body of the extent that of the pituitary gland itself. sphenoid bone between the tuberculum sellae and The latter exhibits a great variability in shape that the dorsum sellae. This structure thus constitutes the is, in turn, greatly enhanced by many kinds of neopla- floor of the sella turcica and lodges the lower part Address for correspondence: Dionyssios Venieratos, Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Athens, Mikras Asias str. 75, 116 27 Athens, Greece, tel: 30 2107 462 394, fax: 30 2107 462 398, e-mail: [email protected] 240 Dionyssios Venieratos et al., Sella turcica and hypophyseal fossa of the hypophysis. Each lateral surface of the hypo- types of lesion of the pituitary and its adjacent re- physis is related to the homolateral cavernous sinus. gion. By means of MRI Baleriaux et al. [3] concluded The diaphragma sellae separate the anterior part of that macroadenomas, meningiomas, craniopharyn- the hypophysis celebri from the optic chiasma and giomas and cysts are more probable causes of de- its posterior part from the tuber cinereum. formation of the neighbouring bony structures. This description permits a clear distinction of the A correlation of pituitary disorders with MRI find- space limited by the bony parts of the sella (tuber- ings is given by Zucchini et al. [29]. culum, fossa and dorsum), the diaphragma and the Microsurgery is required for effective and safe cavernous sinuses, the depth and volume of which treatment of various pituitary disorders such as mac- may be regarded as those of the entire sella and the roadenomas or craniopharyngiomas. All the anatom- hypophyseal fossa alone, the depth and volume of ical details concerning the possible variants of the which are evidently much lower. We consider this sellar region must be taken into account by neuro- elucidation to be necessary in view of the fact that surgeons in order to decide which approach (trans- some authors identify the hypophyseal fossa with frontal, transethmoidal, transsphenoidal sublabian the space beneath the diaphragma [9, 24]. or endonasal) is to be chosen [21]. For this reason, Several anatomical studies reveal that the classi- neurosurgeons also perform anatomical studies on cal pattern of a concave shape of the hypophyseal cadaveric specimens or dry skulls in order to obtain fossa is frequently violated. Lang and Tisch-Rotten- the additional information required [22]. steiner [15] performed measurements on 71 dry The distance to be covered by the surgical endo- skulls and reported that a normal round-shaped fossa scope during each of the above procedures consti- is present in only 50% of the cases. In the rest of tutes an additional important factor. Accordingly, their sample they found a flat fossa in 15.5%, and several studies have been performed on cadaveric a combination of a plateau with a concavity and/or specimens [8, 20, 23] in which this distance is mea- a convexity in 31% of the specimens. They also re- sured using the deepest point or the centre of the marked that the deepest point of the fossa is usually sellar floor as a reference point. situated in its left side. On the other hand, Ouaknine Studies currently being performed have con- and Hardy [16] made radiological observations in cerned the entire sella turcica. In our study, special 266 patients and reported that the sellar floor was regard was paid to the morphology of the hypophy- regular and symmetrical in 252 cases (94.7%) and seal fossa itself. An original method is presented, by asymmetrical or slightly oblique in 14 cases (5.3%). which the geometrical features of the fossa were The dimensions of the sella turcica, namely its obtained and its deepest point was accurately de- length, width, depth and volume, have been mea- termined. A comparison is made with previous find- sured by many other authors [7, 10, 21, 25]. The ings concerning its dimensions and volume. The most variability of the reported results is impressive. Thus frequent or clinically important abnormalities in the the length of the sella varies between 5 mm and shape and volume of the pituitary gland and their 16 mm, the width between 9 mm and 18 mm, the eventual correlation with the morphology of the sella depth between 4 mm and 13 mm and the volume turcica are reviewed. A possible correlation of our between 240 mm3 and 1150 mm3 [16]. method with MRI techniques is finally discussed. The work of Renn and Rhoton [21] shows that the shape of the sella is influenced not only by the MATERIAL AND METHODS morphology of the hypophysis, but also by the ex- Our sample consisted of 20 dry skulls of variable istence and localisation of the venous sinuses that dimensions, acquired from body donors of Greek connect the cavernous sinuses crossing the midline origin. In each of these the dome had been removed and situated along the anterior, posterior or inferior and the middle cranial fossa had been revealed. surface of the pituitary gland. A cast of the sella turcica, the space beneath the Other investigators [13, 18] have described vari- diaphragma sellae between the middle and the pos- ations concerning the existence of osseous bridges terior clinoid processes, was obtained by the use of between the clinoid processes that greatly affect the a dental silicon material (PrimosilR). A pin was insert- morphology of the sella, as well as its relation to the ed into this material at the level (l) of the two lateral adjacent internal carotid artery. rims of the sella for the purpose of obtaining as ac- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become curately as possible the upper boundary of the hy- the method of choice for the diagnosis of several pophyseal fossa per se (Fig. 1). 241 Folia Morphol., 2005, Vol. 64, No. 4 designated as “centroid”) from the axis of rotation, provided that the latter is situated outside this sur- face. In order to better approximate the volume, see- ing that the maximal depth Ymax is not as a rule situ- ated at the centre of the fossa, we divided the sec- tion into two parts: one on the left and one on the right of Ymax and considered the axis of rotation as passing through Ymax. Accordingly we set: , , The areas AL and AR are obtained with the help of (2) Figure 1. Schematic representation of a sagittal section through and (3). The radii of rotations were of course equal to: the middle of the sella turcica. TS — tuberculum sellae; AC — anterior clinoid; MS — middle clinoid; DS — dorsum sellae; and HF — hypophyseal fossa; (E1) — upper level of the cast; (E ) — upper level of the fossa; (E ) — line indicating the plane 2 3 where XmL and XmR stand for the x-coordinates of of the frontal section; l — the point of the lateral margin where the marking pin was inserted. the centres of mass (or “centroids”) for each half, for which the general formula (see, for example, [28]) After the hardening of the silicon material, the solid cast representing the sella turcica was removed and its volume (defined as VS) determined by im- mersion.