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Japanese-Filipino Children and the Mobilization

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Japanese-Filipino Children and the Mobilization CLAIMING BIRTHRIGHT: JAPANESE-FILIPINO CHILDREN AND THE MOBILIZATION OF DESCENT Fiona-Katharina Seiger (Magistra Phil., University of Vienna) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2014 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the thesis is my original work and it has been written by me in its entirety. I have duly acknowledged all the sources of information which have been used in the thesis. This thesis has also not been submitted for any degree in any university previously. Fiona-Katharina Seiger ii Acknowledgments Having arrived at the end of my dissertation-writing journey I look back with heart-felt gratitude at the many people who have supported me in walking this long, arduous, but fulfilling path. Firstly, I would like to thank Dr. Kelvin Low for his great patience, guidance, and kindness. Kelvin, I think you are the finest supervisor any student can wish for; you are dedicated, careful, sharp, hard-working, and someone I will always look up to. I am very grateful you accepted to supervise this thesis mid-way. I would also like to thank A/P Mika Toyota, my initial supervisor, who made it possible for me to pursue a PhD by accepting me as her student and recommending me for a scholarship at the Asia Research Institute. Although we have not been in touch lately, I hope our paths will cross again in the future. I am grateful also to A/P Tim Amos who has encouraged me while I was writing and has invited me to guest-lecture in his class on two occasions. Tim, your interest in my thesis topic has kept me motivated and I am very glad I was able to share parts of my research in your class! Finally I would like to thank Prof. Chua Beng Huat, the current Head of our Department of Sociology, a member of my Qualifying Exam committee, and the person who ran the graduate seminar through which I was able to develop a clearer idea of my research focus and conceptual contribution. Family and friends too have played an important role in keeping me happy and well-rounded during my writing. First-off I would like to say thanks to Johan who has been a sounding-board for my ideas, who has helped me proof-read parts of my thesis (written in frustratingly German-ish English), and who has encouraged me whenever I felt stressed, demoralized, or lonely. Johan has become my home away from home, the person I could seek refuge in whenever the world seemed too big and overpowering. A big thanks also goes to the NUS Sociology graduate students, especially Dina, Shelley, Bubbles, Hu Shu, Yang Yi, Min Hye, Claire, Roop, and Manuel as well as Anjeline (from Geography) who are not only a fun bunch, but who have also made graduate student life more enjoyable. I am glad to have worked among supportive people like you! I would like to thank our administrative officers- Raja, Marina, Magdalene, Cecilia, Jameelah, Jane, Choon Lan, Jocelyn and Janice- for the support they provide us students with day after day. I am indebted to all my respondents for allowing me to conduct my fieldwork, for opening up to me, and for including me in their activities. Last but not least, I would like to thank the NUS Asia Research Institute for having funded my PhD studies through their generous Research Scholarship, NUS FASS for having provided financial assistance for my fieldwork in the Philippines as well as for my conference trips, and The Japan Foundation, for having supported my fieldwork in Japan through their generous fellowship program. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................. iv Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. viii Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 Existing literature on Japanese-Filipino Children .......................................................... 8 Synopsis .................................................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 1: Contextualizing Nationality and Rights Claims ....................................................... 16 Descendants of pre-war Japanese emigrants: the Nikkeijin ..................................... 17 Philippine Nikkeijin and the mobilization of Japaneseness ............................... 20 “Ethnic returnees”: ethnicity contested ...................................................................... 27 Japanese-Filipino children .................................................................................................. 33 ‘Hafu’ in Japan: practicality and desirability of ethnic identifications ................ 40 Chapter 2: Conceptual approach and framework ........................................................................ 46 Citizenship in drawing nation-state boundaries ........................................................... 47 Consanguinal Capital in symbolic struggles ................................................................. 53 Ethnicity and ethnic identity .............................................................................................. 57 Constructing and mobilizing ethnicity ....................................................................... 60 Ethnicity and ‘blood’ in Japanese nationalism ........................................................ 64 iv Chapter 3: Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 68 Fieldwork and Data gathering Process ........................................................................... 71 The Data .................................................................................................................................... 73 Analyzing discourse .............................................................................................................. 73 Multi-sited ethnography ....................................................................................................... 78 Repositioning myself: from former NGO volunteer to researcher ........................ 82 Notes on Privacy and on the generation of pseudonyms .......................................... 83 Difficulties and Limitations ................................................................................................ 84 Chapter 4: From “prostitutes” to dedicated mothers: discursive shifts in NGO representations of Filipina migrants and returnees from Japan .................................... 88 Commercial sex, migration and transnational feminist activism in Japan and the Philippines ................................................................................................................................ 89 Old ideas, new packaging: new abolitionism in the name of Women’s Rights ................................................................................................................................................. 93 Abolitionism and the Feminist Movements in the Philippines .......................... 99 Deploying the ideal or the ‘normal family’ in representations of Filipina migrant returnees ................................................................................................................. 103 The importance of blood-ties in discourses on the “normal” family ............. 116 Depicting Filipina mothers .......................................................................................... 123 Concluding remarks ........................................................................................................... 133 v Chapter 5: Japanese-Filipino Children in NGO discourse ...................................................... 136 Utilizing Discourses on Childhood ............................................................................... 142 “JFC’s needs” in the politics of recognition .......................................................... 150 “Needs” become “rights” ............................................................................................. 153 Politicising “identity” ........................................................................................................ 156 The construction of the “JFC” identity ................................................................... 161 ‘Blood’, descent, ‘race’ and ‘culture’: mobilizing consanguinal capital ..... 171 The CraneDog- scripting ‘race’ into staged stories ............................................. 177 Concluding remarks ........................................................................................................... 181 Chapter 6: The Change of Japan’s Nationality Law and new opportunities for Japanese-Filipinos ...................................................................................................................... 184 Litigation for social change ............................................................................................. 187 Analysis of the June 4th Supreme Court judgment .............................................. 193 The legal change and the intensification of discourses on identity and descent .............................................................................................................................................
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