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Long-Term Field Performance of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls

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Long-Term Field Performance of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls Report No. CDOT-DTD-97-12 LONG-TERM FIELD PERFORMANCE OF GEOSYNTHETIC-REINFORCED SOIL RETAINING WALLS Phillip E. Crouse Jonathan T.H. Wu Center for Mechanically Stabilized Backfill Research University of Colorado at Denver Final Report May 1996 Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Trausportation Federal Highway Administration The contents of this report reflect the views of the author who is responsible for the· facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views of the COlorado Department of Transportation or the Federal Highway Administration. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. i REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE FORM APPROVED OMB NO. 0704-0188 Public reporting bu.'1ien for this collection of infonnation is estimated to average 1 hour per resporu;c,including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and Ir.aintaining the data needed I and completing and reviewing the collection of infonnation. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of infonnation. including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Infonnation Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Lea~" Blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED May 1996 4. TI1LE AND SLlJ1TI'LE S. FUNDING NUMBERS Long-Term Field Performance of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls 6. AumORS(S) Phillip E. Crouse and Jonathan T. H. Wu 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(S) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER Center for Mechanically Stabilized Backfill Research CDOT-DTD-97-12 University of Colorado at Denver 9. SPONSORINGIMONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(S) 10.SPONSORING~ON~RING Colorado Department of Transportation AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 4201 E. Arkansas Ave. CDOT-DTD-97-12 Denyer, Colorado 80222 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTFS Prepared in Cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration 12a. DISTRm1:TION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUfION CODE No Restrictions: This report is available to the public through the National Technical Infonnation Service. Springfield, VA 22161 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 wOrds) A study was undertaken to synthesize field long-term performance data of full-scale geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) retaining walls. Upon conducting an extensive literature review and survey, seven GRS retaining walls of which the performance had been monitored for extended periods of time were selected for this study. To assess the wall performance, a conseratism index (CI) was dermed tu quantify the relative degree of conservativeness of the walls. In addition, a simple analytical equation was developed for predicting creep deformation of a GRS wall beyond the measurement period. The analytical equation was derived based on the syuthesized behavior of the GRS walls that the logarithmic creep rate decreased linearly with logarithmic time. This study conclusively indicated that all the GRS retaining walls with granular backfill deformed very little due to creep and were stabilizing with time. The current design methodology to account for creep is overly conservative when well-compacted granular backftll is employed. Using results of a soil-geosynthetic composite performance test in conjWlction with the analytical equation, long-term creep deformation of a GRS wall under project specific conditions can be predicted in a rational manner throughout its design life. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES Creep deformation 112 Geosynthetic 16. PRICE CODE Retaining Wan 17. SECURTm" CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT OFREP(,RT OFTmSPAGE OF ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background .......................................................................................... 4 1.2 Research Need .................................................................................... 5 1.3 Research Objectives ............................................................................ 6 1.4 Report Organization ............................................................................. 7 2. Uterature Review and Survey of Creep Performance in GRS Retaining Walls ................................................................ 8 2.1 Project Descriptions ............................................................................ 11 2.1.1 Interstate Highway 70 through Glenwood Canyon Project ........... 12 2.1.2 Tanque Verde - Wrightstown - Pantano Roads Project .................. 14 2.1.3 Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Project ....................................•. 15 2.1.4 Japan Railway Test Embankment Project ........................................ 16 2.1.5 Highbury Avenue Project ................................................................... 16 2.1.6 Federal Highway Administration Research Project ......................... 17 2.1 .7 Seattle Preload Fill Project ... .... ........................................................... 1.7 2.2 Design ApproQch Evaluation ............................................................ 18 2.2.1 External and Internal Stability ............................................................ 18 2.2.2 Lateral Forces .......................................................................... ........... 19 2.2.3 Reinforcement Tensile Strength ........................................................ 21 2.2.4 Partial Factors of Safety ..................................................................... 29 2.2.5 Facing Rigidity ...................................................... ... ............................. 1 3. Project Long-Term Performance ...................................................................... 34 3.1 Instrumentation and Measured Parameters .................................... 34 3.2 Reinforcement Strains and Wall Movemenl.. .................................. 35 3.2.1 Interstate Highway 70 through Glenwood Canyon Project ........... 35 3.2.2 Tanque Verde - Wrightstown - Pantano Roads Project .................. 38 3.2.3 Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Project ..................................... .41 3.2.4 Japan Railway Test Embankment Project...... ................................. .43 3.2.5 Highbury Avenue Project .......................................................... .........45 3.2.6 Federal Highway Administration Research Project ........................ .45 3.2.7 Seattle Preload Fill Project ................................................................ .46 3.3 Conservatism Index...... ...................................................................... 51 3.3.1 Creep-Rate and the Creep Modulus ............................................... 53 4. An Approach to Estimating Creep Using a Laboratory Test .......................... 58 4.1 Creep in Labaratory Tests .................................................................. 58 4.1.1 Laboratory Creep Test Descriptions ................ .................................. 59 4.1.2 Laboratory Test Creep Rate .............................................................. 64 4.2 Laboratory and Full-Scale Creep Rate Comparison ...................... 67 4.3 An Analytical Solution for Estimating Creep Strain ......................... .70 5. Summary and Conclusions ............ .................................................................. 34 5.1 Summary ............................................................................................ 73 5.2 Conclusions .......................................................... ............................... 73 5.3 Recommendations for Future Study ................................................. 74 Appendix A. Project Description Sheets ......................................................................... 76 B. Conservatism Index Calculation Brief ....................................................... 84 C. Plots used to compute the creep modulus ....................................•........ 97 References ................................................................................................. 108 TABLES Table 2.1. Selected Full-Scale Field GSR Retaining Wall Projects ...................... 9 2.2. Reinforcement Tensile Strength in Selected Projects ..................... 22 3.1 . CRC, Reintorcement Strain and Wall Movement for the Selected Projects ............................................................................... 37 3.2. Parameters Used to Compute the Conservatism Index ................. 52 3.3. Creep Modulus for the Selected Projects ........................................ 57 4.1. Creep Modulus for the FUll-Scale Walls and Laboratory Tests ....... 69 FIGURES Figure 1.1. Components of a GRS Retaining Wall ............................................... 3 2.1. GRS Retaining Wall Project Location Map ....................................... 10 2.2. Wall Profiles for Selected GRS Retaining Wall Projects ................... 13 2.3. Forces Using the Tie-Back Wedge Method ...................................... 20 2.4. Parameters of a Geosynthetic Stress-Strain Curve .......................... 24 3.1. Reinforcement
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