The Supplemental Kitchen Garden: Examining Historic Medicinal Gardens and Envisioning their Framework within Dumbarton Oaks

Anna Lawrence August 2, 2011 Outline Purpose & Goals

Historical Analysis of Frameyard Area Historical Photos Spatial Diagrams

Proposed Medicinal Garden Structure Permanent Framework Grading

Medicinal Planting Diagrams St. Gall English Byzantine Pre-Columbian 1930’s

1937

1937

1935 Late 1940’s - Early 1950’s

early 50’s 1960’s

c.64-66

c.64-66 1970’s

1976

In 1970, the original oak fence along the Vegetable Garden border was replaced with a hedge of Osmanthus heterophyllus/osmanthus.45 Plans show that privet originally defined the northern end of the Frame yard, but by the early 1976 1960s a redwood fence was in place. Today there is a stepped stone retaining wall that may have been designed by Garden Advisory Committee member Perry Wheeler in the mid-1970s46 with an iron pole and wire system above it that hosts assorted climbing roses. Present

c. 2008 c. 2008 Spatial Diagrams

1937 early 50’s

c.64-66 1976

Proposed c. 2008 Proposed Permanent

Existing Osmanthus Shrub Border Grass PathwaysResorationPeony of Stairs and Iris BedSmall ShadeS TreeChamomile Bench Brick Path Restored Retaining Wallm Exit to End of Grape Arbor a ll Pl an ting B

ed Grading

119 107 123 109 108

110

111 112

121 120

118

130

113

133

122

116

114

115

131

138 135

127

132

129

128

126

136

125 124

117 134

139 137

0 10 20 40 Feet Maryland State Plane Projection. Contour Interval 1 Foot in the style of St. Gall Herbs at St Gall: Mentha piperita (Peppermint) Rosmarinus o cinalis (Rosemary) Lilium longiorum (White Lily) Salivia o cinalis (Sage) Ruta graveolens (Rue) Gladiolus communis (Corn ag) Mentha pulegium (European Pennyroyal) Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) Rosa spp. (Rose) Nasturtium o cinale (Watercress) Cuminum cyminum (Cumin) Levisticum o cinale (Lovage) Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) Tanacetum vulgare (Tansy) Phaseolus vulgaris (Kidney Beans) Satureja montana (Savory) in an English style Herbs at St Gall: Medicinals of 16th-17th C England: Mentha piperita (Peppermint) Hellebore sp. (Hellebore) Rosmarinus o cinalis (Rosemary) Hyoscyamus niger (Henbane) Lilium longiorum (White Lily) Atropa belladonna (Belladonna) Salivia o cinalis (Sage) Digitalis purpurea (Foxglove) Ruta graveolens (Rue) Daphne laureola (Spurge Laurel) Gladiolus communis (Corn ag) Centaurium spp. (Centaury) Mentha pulegium (European Pennyroyal) Colchicum autumnale (Autumn Crocus) Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) Anemone pulsatilla (Anemone) Rosa spp. (Rose) Gallium verum (Bedstraw) Nasturtium o cinale (Watercress) Arctium lappa (Burdock) Cuminum cyminum (Cumin) Gnaphalium spp. (Cottonweed) Levisticum o cinale (Lovage) Origanum dictamnus (Dittany) Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) Erigeron spp. (Fleabane) Tanacetum vulgare (Tansy) Artemisia vulgaris (Mugwort) Phaseolus vulgaris (Kidney Beans) Mentha pulegium (European Pennyroyal) Satureja montana (Savory) Satureja montana (Savory) in a Byzantine style Medicinals of 16th-17th C England: Medicinals from the Early Byzantine: Hellebore sp. (Hellebore) Asparagus racemusa (Asparagus) Hyoscyamus niger (Henbane) Daucus carota (Wild Carrot) Atropa belladonna (Belladonna) Lepidium latifolium (Pepperwort Digitalis purpurea (Foxglove) Nepeta cataria (Catmint) Daphne laureola (Spurge Laurel) Plantago major (Wild Plantain) Centaurium spp. (Centaury) Asphodelus ramosus (St. Bernard’s lily) Colchicum autumnale (Autumn Crocus) Asphodelus albus (White Asphodel) Anemone pulsatilla (Anemone) Aristolochia clematitis (Birthwort) Gallium verum (Bedstraw) Cyperus rotundus or C. longus (Nut Grass) Arctium lappa (Burdock) Dracunculus vulgaris (Dragon Arum) Gnaphalium spp. (Cottonweed) Muscari comosum (Tassel Hyacinth) Origanum dictamnus (Dittany) Onopordon acanthium (Scotch Thistle) Erigeron spp. (Fleabane) Isatis tinctoria (Wild Woad) Artemisia vulgaris (Mugwort) Vaccaria pyramidata (Cow Basil) Mentha pulegium (European Pennyroyal) Dipsacus sylvestris (Teasel) Satureja montana (Savory) Papaver somniferum (Poppy) Mandragora o cinarum (Mandrake) Crocus sativus (Saron Crocus) Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) Pimpinella anisum (Anise) Ricinus communis (Castor Bean) Hyoscyamus niger (Henbane) Conium maculatum (Hemlock) Mentha pulegium (European Pennyroyal) Hellebore spp. (Hellebore) Ruta graveolens (Rue) in a Pre-Columbian style Medicinals from the Early Byzantine: Asparagus racemusa (Asparagus) Pre-Columbian Medicinals: Daucus carota (Wild Carrot) Lantana camara (Wild Sage) Lepidium latifolium (Pepperwort Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Vervain) Nepeta cataria (Catmint) Mimosa pudica (Twelve O’clock) Plantago major (Wild Plantain) Momordica charantia (Sorosi) Asphodelus ramosus (St. Bernard’s lily) Ruta graveolens (Rue) Asphodelus albus (White Asphodel) Portulaca oleracea (Purslane) Aristolochia clematitis (Birthwort) Senna alta (Shrimp Flower) Cyperus rotundus or C. longus (Nut Grass) Lippia graveolens (Oregano) Dracunculus vulgaris (Dragon Arum) Tagetes erecta (Marigold) Muscari comosum (Tassel Hyacinth) Adiantum tenerum (Maidenhair Fern) Onopordon acanthium (Scotch Thistle) Kalanchoe pinnata (Life Everlasting) Isatis tinctoria (Wild Woad) Cymbopogon citatrus (Lemon Grass) Vaccaria pyramidata (Cow Basil) Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Hibiscus) Dipsacus sylvestris (Teasel) Eupatorium morifolim (Green Stick) Papaver somniferum (Poppy) Zingiber o cinale (Ginger) Mandragora o cinarum (Mandrake) Eryngium foetidum (Culantro) Crocus sativus (Saron Crocus) Lagerstroemia indica (Crepe Myrtle) Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) Rincinus communis (Castor Bean) Pimpinella anisum (Anise) Acalypha arvensis (Cancer Herb) Ricinus communis (Castor Bean) Phlebodium decumanum (Bear Paw Fern) Hyoscyamus niger (Henbane) Ocimum basilicum (Basil) Conium maculatum (Hemlock) Amaranthus dubius (Amaranth) Mentha pulegium (European Pennyroyal) Pimenta diocia (Allspice) Hellebore spp. (Hellebore) Ruta graveolens (Rue) Arvigo, Rosita and Balick, Michael. Rainforest Remedies: One Hundred Healing Herbs of Belize. Lotus Press, Wisconsin. 1993.

Brown, Jane. Beatrix: The Gardening Life of Beatrix Jones Farrand. Viking, NY. 1995.

Clarkson, Rosetta. “Herbs: Their Culture and Uses. Macmillian Publishing, NY. 1970.

Decker, Michael. Tilling the Hateful Earth. Oxford University Press, UK. 2009.

Gates, William. An Aztec Herbal: The Classis Codex of 1552. Dover, NY. 2000.

Hein, W-H. and Dietrich, K., Editors. Botanical Drugs of the Americas in the Old and New Worlds. Wissenschaftiliche, Stuttgart. 1984.

Kelley, Mary Palmer. The Early English Kitchen Gardens. Garden History Assc., SC. 1984.

Larkin, Dierdre. “Hortus Redivivus: The Medieval Garden Recreated ” p. 228-241 in Health and Healing in the Medieval Garden, Eds. Dendle and Touwaide. Boydell Press, UK. 2008.

Littlewood, Maquire and Wolshke-Bulman, Editors. Byzantine Garden Culture. Dumbarton Oaks, DC. 2002.

Maguire, Henry. Earth and Ocean: The Terrestrial World in Early Byzantine Art. Penn State Press, PA. 1987.

Mawson, Thomas. The Art & Craft of Garden Making. Batsford, London. 1912.

Opsomer-Halleux, Carmelia. “The Medieval Gardn and Its Role in Medicine,” p. 95-113 in Medieval Gardens, Ed. by MacDougall, EB. Dumbarton Oaks, DC. 1986.

Rohde, Eleanor Sinclair. The Old English Herbals. Longmans, Green and Co, London. 1922.

Rohde, Eleanor Sinclair. A Garden of Herbs. Lee Warner, London. N.D.

Sanecki, Kay. History of the English Herb Garden. Ward Lock, UK. 1992.

Scarborough, John, Editor. Dumbarton Papers #38, “Symposium on Byzantine Medicine.” 1985

All Historic Photos courtesy of the Rare Books Library at Dumbarton Oaks. Current Photos taken by Anna Lawrence.