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VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION of FLORIDA NATIVE PLANTS: II. Acer Rubrum, Gordonia Lasianthus, Magnolia Virginiana, and Styrax Americana

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VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION of FLORIDA NATIVE PLANTS: II. Acer Rubrum, Gordonia Lasianthus, Magnolia Virginiana, and Styrax Americana ruary. Our results to some extent also contradict those of Literature Cited Dirr and Heuser (6), who suggested the use of NAA and 1. Blazich, F. A. 1978. Effect of 3 ambient temperatures on rooting of other chemicals to promote root initiation in /. opaca. In Ilex crenata cultivar Convexa. HortScience 13:590-590. fact, it appears that hormones may be useful only in im 2. Blazich, F. A., R. D. Wright, and H. E. Schafner. 1983. Mineral nu provement of root quality when cuttings are taken in July trient status of cultivar Convexa holly Ilex crenata cuttings during (cf Table 3), although they are instrumental in root initia intermittent mist propagation as influenced by exogenous auxin ap tion at other times of the year. Use of chemicals other than plication. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 108:425-429. 3. Bonner, F. T. 1974. Ilex L. Holly. In: Seeds of Woody Plants of the IBA may be warranted during winter months and perhaps United States. U. S. Dept. Agr. Handb. 450. pp. 450-453. for hardwood cuttings. 4. Childers, J. T. and W. E. Snider. 1975. The effect of time of taking While vegetative propagation of specific cultivars is cuttings on the rooting of three cultivars of American holly {Hex opaca common practice and maintenance of genetic diversity in Ait.). Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 70:445-450. 5. Dehgan, B., J. M. Tucker, and B. S. Takher. 1985. Propagation and revegetated areas may be accomplished by taking the cut Culture of New Species of Drought Tolerant Plants for Highways. tings from a range of mother plants, the importance of Fed. Highway Adm./Calif. Division of Highways. seed-grown plants cannot be understated. Except for /. 6. Dirr, M. A. and C. W. Heuser, Jr. 1987. The Reference Manual of glabra seeds, which germinated without difficulty, we did Woody Plant Propagation. Varsity Press, Inc., Athens, Georgia. not attempt germination studies of hollies. Future studies 7. French, C. J. and W. C. Lin. 1984. Seasonal variation in the effects of carbon dioxide mist and supplementary lighting for high pressure are planned for other species. Nevertheless, it may be use sodium lamps on rooting of English holly Ilex aquifolium cultivar ful to briefly note the results of other seed germination Silver Variegated Standard. HortScience 19:519-521. research. 8. Goi, M., Y. Nishira, and A. Hasegawa. 1985a. Seed propagation of The difficulty of seed germination of most species has Ilex species native to Japan. 1. Ilex crenata. Kagawa Diacagu Nogakubu Gakujutsu Hokuku 36:95-100. been repeatedly noted in the literature. Bonner (3), for 9. Goi, M., Y. Nishira, and A. Hasegawa. 1985b. Seed propagation of example, has implicated seed coat and embryo dormancies Ilex species native to Japan. 2. Ilex serrata cultivar Dainagon. Kagawa as the primary causes of poor or no germination and rec Diacagu Nogakubu Gakujutsu Hokuku 36:101-106. ommended stratification of seeds in alternating tempera 10. Kramer, P. J. and T. T. Kozlowski. 1979. Physiology of Woody Plants. tures for unspecified time periods. The results of compara Academic Press, New York. 11. Lanphear, F. O. and R. P. Meahl. 1963. Influence of indigenous tive studies by Goi et al. (8, 9) for whole fruit and stratified rooting cofactors and environment on the seasonal fluctuation in cleaned seeds of /. crenata Thunb. (Japanese holly) and /. root initiation of selected evergreen cuttings. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. serrata Thunb. (Japanese winterberry), indicated 88 and Sci. 83:811-818. 40% germination of stratified seeds but 26 and 4% of 12. Lin, W. C. and J. M. Molnar. 1981. Effects of carbon dioxide and mist and high intensity supplementary lighting on selected woody whole fruits, respectively. The review of several species by ornamentals. Can. J. Plant Sci. 61:965-970. Dirr and Heuser (6) clearly indicate the difficulty in germi 13. Livne, A. and Y. Vaadia. 1972. Water deficits and hormone relations. nation of seeds and the need for comprehensive research In: T. T. Kozlowski (ed.); Water Deficits and Plant Growth. Vol. Ill: to determine methods of treatment that would enhance 255-275. Academic Press, New York and London. their rapid and uniform germination. 14. Loach, K. 1977. Leaf water potential and the rooting of cuttings under mist and polythene. Physiol. Plant. 40:191-197. 15. Tilt, K. M. and T. E. Builderback. 1980. Physical properties of prop agation media and their effects on rooting of three woody ornamen tals. HortScience 22:245-247. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 101:293-296. 1988. VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF FLORIDA NATIVE PLANTS: II. Acer rubrum, Gordonia lasianthus, Magnolia virginiana, and Styrax americana B. Dehgan, M. Gooch, F. Almira, species root fairly easily, although in some cases, time of year and B. Poole when cuttings are taken has a profound effect on rooting IFAS, University of Florida percentage. Acer rubrum (red maple) may be propagated at Department of Ornamental Horticulture any time of the year when not dormant. Best rooting, how Gainesville, FL 32611 ever, occurs in May and July-September, regardless of IBA treatment. Rooting percentage of Gordonia lasianthus (lob Additional index words. Red maple, loblolly bay, sweetbay, lolly bay) gradually increased from April (60%) to November storax. (100%). Although rooting percentage was not affected, root ing quality was much superior when IBA was used. Magnolia Abstract. To foster greater utilization of native plants in the virginiana (sweet bay), had up to 38% rooting in June when landscape, four species capable of growth in a wide range of treated with IBA alone, but addition of NAA increased the conditions, from wet to relatively dry, are discussed. All four rooting percentage to 65%. The rooting at all times was poor irrespective of treatment. Styrax americana (storax) rooted Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 9536. well all year with only a slightly lower percentage in the This project was supported by a grant from Florida Insistute of Phos winter months. phate Research (Project No. 84-03-053R). The cooperation of Mr. Joel Butler of the W. R. Grace Chemical Company and Mr. John Wester of the Occidental Chemicals is gratefully acknowledged. We thank Dr. Alan Florida is endowed with the richest floristic diversity of Meerow, Brenda Herring, and David Clayton for technical assistance. the 48 contiguous states. Of the 652 native tree species Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 101: 1988. 293 listed by Elias (6), nearly two-thirds are indigenous to night. Cuttings were examined weekly for rooting and Florida. Yet only a limited number of native species are final data were collected when at least some cuttings had used in public and private landscapes. Meager knowledge sufficient roots for transplanting. Ratings for root quality of propagation techniques and cultural practices for the and quantity were based on their general appearance and native taxa has effectively thwarted their consideration. are listed in tables as averages for all replications within a For ecological, aesthetic, and economic reasons, accessibil treatment. Only one result is shown in tables when rooting ity of a greater assortment of indigenous plants is advan percentages were nearly the same for consecutive collect tageous and essential. In an attempt to foster greater use ing times. of native plants both in revegetation of disturbed sites and in landscaping, several woody species were considered. Results and Discussion Propagation of hollies has been reported in this issue of the proceedings and four other taxa will be discussed here. Acer rubrum (Table 1), exhibited variation in rooting Considerable research has been performed on propa based on time of year when cuttings were taken and con gation of Acer rubrum L. (red maple) and related species. centration of IBA. The highest rooting (86.67-88%) oc In some of the more recent studies, various unconven curred in cuttings taken on May 2, irrespective of the IBA tional methods have been used to promote rooting of cut concentration. This was followed by a considerable reduc tings. Maynard and Bassuk (9) utilized etiolation and tion in June but a subsequent increase when cuttings were blanching with Velcro adhesive fabric strips to significantly stuck during the months of July-September. With the onset improve rooting of A. griseum (Franch) Pax, A. platanoides of the cooler, drier fall and winter, eventually culminating L. and A. saccarum Marsh. Cuttings of A. saccharinum L., in the dormant season, rooting gradually declined so that and A. griseum rooted up to 100% when treated with a none occurred from December through March. IBA had combination of Catechol (a phenolic compound) and IAA, no significance in root development but was instrumental for 24 hrs. (8). Dirr and Heuser (4) have described the in initiation speed. Plants treated with 5000 ppm IBA appropriate methods for propagation of several Acer rooted faster and had a larger number of roots. These species. results contradict those of Struve and Arnold (12), where Although to our knowledge no one has studied propa cuttings of A. rubrum 'Red Sunset' rooted up to a maximum gation of Magnolia virginiana, the related M. grandiflora has of 70% when treated with 30,000 ppm IBA. The authors been well investigated. Perry and Vines (10) found that noted that concentrations of 10-, 20—, and 40,000 ppm terminal cuttings from young plants treated with 2% were not as effective. Although such high concentrations (20,000 ppm) IBA resulted in significantly better rooting of auxins are far above the accepted standard, morpholog than cuttings from older plants treated with lower concen ical, anatomical, and ecotypic variation may play a role in trations of IBA. Lateral cuttings from older plants rooted rooting response. In this respect, our studies indicate that better than flowering terminal cuttings.
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