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The Male Olympians

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The Male Olympians The Male Olympians Chris Mackie The Male Olympians The three brothers The younger generation • Zeus • Apollo • Poseidon • Hermes • Hades • Dionysus Chris Mackie The Olympian Family TRee IMAGE: http://www.buzzle.com/images/zeus-family-tree.jpg Chris Mackie Zeus (Jupiter) • Birth • Relationships with the other Olympians as brother or father • The division of the world Zeus with his lightning bolt and eagle. Attic Red Figure amphora attributed to the Berlin Painter, c.470 - 460 BCE Chris Mackie http://www.theoi.com/image/K1.1Zeus.jpg Zeus • Zeus as god of the sky and mountains • Zeus in the story of Troy in the Iliad on Mount Olympus and Mount Ida • Interaction with the world of humans via intermediaries or in theriomorphic (ie wild animal) form • Note especially Hermes and Iris Zeus and Hera feasting on Olympos, served by Hebe or Iris. Attic Red Figure Amphora Attributed to the Nikoxenos Painter, c.500 BCE: Chris Mackie http://www.theoi.com/image/K18.2Hebe.jpg Zeus • The sexual encounters of Zeus with mortal women are incredibly numerous. They include: • Danae (Perseus) • Alcmene (Heracles) • The unnamed mother of Dardanus, the founder of Troy • Leda (Helen). Note the Zeus asumes the form of a shower of gold to famous poem by W.B. impregnate Danae. (Lucanian?) Red Figure Krater, c 450 - 425 BCE: Yeats http://www.theoi.com/image/K1.14Zeus.jpg Chris Mackie Zeus • Note also Zeus’s homosexual relationship with Ganymede, the young Trojan boy. Zeus comes down from Mount Ida as an eagle and takes the boy up Above: Ganymede serves ambrosia to Zeus. Attic to Olympus where he Red Figure Krater,.attributed to the becomes his cup Eucharides Painter c. 490 bearer - 480 BCE: http://www.theoi.com/ image/ O24.6Ganymedes.jpg LEFT: Zeus abducts Ganymede. Clay group from Olympia. c.470 BCE: Chris Mackie http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/dictionary/Dict/image/GanymedeSmall.jpg Zeus and the house of DArdanus • Note Zeus and the world of Troy • Zeus has considerable interaction with Troy across the generations, especially with Dardanus, Tros, Ganymede, Laomedon, Tithonus and Aeneas • Troy is the sacred city Trojan family tree. http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcThhZyGfStRiMJneUFKxTy4m7xKqMIp_JcB45rKBhEtU2cd6ZiRKcdvKhmC Zeus • Note the limitations of Zeus’s power. He is not omniscient and he is not omnipotent. • The story of Thetis and the story of Prometheus Zeus, attended by Hypnos (Sleep) and Persuasion, takes the shape of a swan to seduce Leda. Apulian Red Figure Loutrophoros attributed to the Painter of Louvre MNB 1148, c. 350 - 340 BCE: http://www.theoi.com/image/K1.11Zeus.jpg Chris Mackie Poseidon (Neptune) "I begin to sing about Poseidon, the great god, mover of the earth and fruitless sea, god of the deep who is also lord of Helicon and wide Aegae. O Shaker of the Earth (Ennosigaios), to be a tamer of horses and a saviour of ships! Hail Poseidon Holder of the Earth (gaienokhos), dark-haired lord! O blessed one, be kindly in heart and help those who voyage in ships!“ Homeric Hymn 22 to Poseidon (trans. “Neptune and Triton” Evelyn-White) Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini, c. 1622-1623. http://culturextourism.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Ancient-Greek-Gods-Poseidon- Chris Mackie His-History-and-MythologyAncient-Greek-Gods-Poseidon-His-History-and-Mythology.jpg Poseidon • Not that prominent in myth • God of the earth and the sea • God of the elemental force of nature (the tsunami, the horse) • Strongly associated with monsters • Often cruel and nasty Poseidon, holding his trident, rides a Hippocampus. Attic archaic black figure cup • Built the walls of Troy attributed to the Krokotos Group or to the and was betrayed by the Leagros Group: IMAGE: http://www.theoi.com/image/K2.4Poseidon.jpg Trojan king of the day (Laomedon) Chris Mackie Poseidon and Odysseus • Notice that epic poetry, like the Iliad, the Odyssey, and the Aeneid, is anchored to the idea of a god having a very considerable hatred for the epic hero • Poseidon is the god who hates Odysseus with a considerable passion. This occurs after the blinding of the Cyclops Odysseus and his companions blind Polyphemus by Odysseus and the cyclops Polyphemus, a monstrous his men. son of Poseidon. Proto-Attic Black Figure Amphora, c.650 BCE Chris Mackie http://www.utexas.edu/courses/ancientfilmCC304/lects2012/lecture5/images/16polyphemus.jpg HADES (Pluto) • The third brother with Poseidon and Zeus • Got the Underworld as his portion. People forget about him (Hades=‘the unseen one’) • The abduction of Persephone is the major Hades abducts Persephone in his chariot. C4th BCE Greek fresco myth involving Hades from a tomb in Vergina, Macedonia. http://www.theoi.com/image/F14.1Haides.jpg Chris Mackie The House of Hades • The Underworld is the place where Hades has his house. The dead don’t go to Hades but to the house of Hades, which is guarded by Tarantine Greek red figure vase showing the dog Cerberus. Hades and Persephone in the Underworld. Aeacus , a judge of the dead, sits to their right. Cerberus in the foreground, with Sisyphus to his left and Tantalus to his right Chris Mackie http://i551.photobucket.com/albums/ii459/history_of_macedonia/Sun%20of%20Vergina/greek_underworld.jpg Apollo (Apollo) • Child of Leto (born at Delos) • Twin brother of Artemis • God of archery and the lyre (note the connection) • Healer and destroyer. The plague god. Miasma and catharsis • God of prophecy. Note the Apollo plays the lyre and pours a libation importance of Delphi as a Attic Red Figure (White Ground) cult site. Kylix attributed to Euphronios or to Manner of Pistoxenos Painter c.470 BCE Chris Mackie http://www.theoi.com/image/K5.2Apollon.jpg Apollo • Apollo hates Achilles much as Poseidon hates Odysseus. We don’t see that much of this in the Iliad. • It is quite common in Greek mythology for a god to hate a mortal that Apollo and Artemis slay the children of Niobe. Cw. Homer, Iliad resembles him/her 24.602-617. Attic Red Figure calyx Krater, Niobid Painter, c. 475 - 425 BCE. Chris Mackie http://www.livius.org/a/turkey/magnesia/niobe_louvre.jpg Apollo • God of the beautiful male (‘kouros’ figure), but for all that he is very unlucky in love (eg Cassandra and Coronis) • The Greek myths are rather ambivalent about physical beauty (compare At Delphi, Apollo (with laurel branch and Helen and Paris, both sacrificial piglet) purifies Orestes (seated). beautiful in a physical Apulian Red Figure Krater attributed to the Eumenides Painter, c. 380 - 370 BCE. sense) http://www.theoi.com/image/T40.6Erinyes.jpg Chris Mackie Hermes (mercury) • Child of Zeus and Maia. Born in a cave • When he is a baby he steals Apollo’s cattle in the dark of night and sacrifices some of them (theft/darkness/cattle) • He strikes a deal with Apollo and enters Olympus Hermes with travellers cloak and hat, staff and winged sandals. Attic Red Figure Lekythos attributed to the (reciprocity) Tithonus Painter, c. 500 - 450 BCE. http://www.theoi.com/image/K11.11Hermes.jpg Chris Mackie Hermes • Borders and Boundaries • Messenger (Movement!) • Exchange and Reciprocity • Theft and trickery • Inventor • Guide into the beyond Sleep, Hermes and Death with the and through darkness. corpse of Sarpedon. Calyx-krater • Psychopomp (guide of signed by Euphronios and Euxitheos souls to Hades) c.515 BCE. ARTSTOR Digital Library • Young men http://www.theoi.com/image/N12.1Thanatos.jpg Chris Mackie Hermes • Hermes is almost always and kindly and positive kind of god, especially to mortals • I can think of no narrative in which he is cruel and nasty. He is often described as kindly or a Apollo confronts his infant brother Hermes about the theft of his cattle. Caeretan ‘helper’ Black Figure Hydria, c. 520 BCE. • Note Iliad 24 is an http://www.theoi.com/image/T23.1Maia.jpg excellent source for Hermes Chris Mackie Dionysus (Bacchus, Liber) • Born from Zeus’s thigh after the violent rupture of the foetus from Semele • Quite a few rejection myths where Dionysus has to struggle to be The birth of Dionysus from the thigh of Zeus. Dionysus holds a vine and a wine recognised as a god cup. Attic Red Figure Volute Krater by the Altamura Painter, c. 460 BCE. http://www.theoi.com/image/K12.27Dionysos.jpg Chris Mackie Dionysus • The most famous rejection myth sources are Homer, Iliad 6, 132-7; Homeric Hymn to Dionysus no 7 (pirates turn on Dionysus, and he turns them into dolphins; and Euripides’ Bacchae (king Pentheus of Thebes rejects Dionysus and is ultimately torn apart When pirates try to kidnap Dionysus, he physically by Bacchic transforms them into dolphins (cw. Homeric Hymn to Dionysus 6. 44): Attic Black Figure women) Kylix signed by Exekias, c. 540 BCE. Chris Mackie http://www.theoi.com/image/K12.16Dionysos.jpg Dionysus • Wine and revelry • Dance • Drama • Music • Sexuality • Transformed states of mind and changed identity (ecstasy) Dionysus, some Maenads draped in • Self-abandonment vines and panther skins, and a worried rabbit. Attic Black Figure Neck Amphora by The Amasis Painter, c. 540 - 530 BCE. Chris Mackie http://www.theoi.com/image/K12.28Dionysos.jpg Dionysus • Plutarch says that Dionysus represents the ‘wet element’ • This is presumably reference to the raw force of life and the procreative powers – Hermes delivers the infant Dionysus into the foster care of Silenos and the blood, sap, semen, Nysiades. Attic Red Figure, White wine, juice) Ground kalyx krater, attr. to the Phiale Painter, c. 440 - 435 BCE. Chris Mackie http://www.theoi.com/image/K12.19Dionysos.jpg Conclusion • Zeus has a connection to all of the Olympian gods that ensures his power, as much as that is possible.
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