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Iran Hostage Crisis National Security Council, 1979 !
CRISIS COMMITTEES | 2014e IRAN HOSTAGE CRISIS NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL, 1979 ! Dear Delegates, We are in the midst of the Iran Hostage Crisis, and there is no time to spare. Our situation is grave and desperate, and together we will find a solution into dealing with the recent events regarding the kidnapping of 52 Americans from the United States embassy in Tehran on November 4, 1979. Indeed there are many sides to this issue, and debates will be tense. The dichotomy between the many people being represented in this committee will surely lead to many disputes and tough agreements. Can the situation remain diplomatic? Or will it lead to something else? It shall remain up to you. It is with great pleasure, as director of this committee, to welcome you to our 2014 UTMUN conference. My name is Stanley Treivus, and alongside our Crisis manager Meerah Haq, we look forward to this thrilling weekend of debate that awaits us. We are both first year students studying Political Science and International relations and this will be our first time being involved in UTMUN. This conference will appeal to all delegates, experienced or novice. And our hope is that you will leave this committee with not only profound knowledge on the subject, but with a better sense of communication and improved debating skills than you had before. The issues we will be discussing will surround the many topics that relate directly to the Iran Hostage Crisis. We will look at foreign relations between the United States and Iran shortly before and during the crisis. -
History Brief: Timeline of US-Iran Relations Until the Obama
MIT International Review | web.mit.edu/mitir 1 of 5 HISTORY BRIEF: TIMELINE OF US‐IRAN RELATIONS UNTIL THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION Key Facts & Catalysts By Sam Sasan Shoamanesh Looking back at key events in this US‐Iran chronicle is helpful in understanding some of the traditional causes of friction and mistrust between Tehran and Washington. A reference to the annals of US‐Iran relations will also be valuable in appreciating that the policies of the past sixty years have not been advantageous to US interests and on the contrary, have resulted in blowbacks, which still vex the relations to this day. 1856: Genesis of Formal Relations | Diplomatic relations between Iran and the United States began in 1856. 1909: American Lafayette in Iran | In 1909, Howard Baskerville, an American teacher and Princeton graduate on a Presbyterian mission in Tabriz, Iran, instantly becomes an Iranian national hero where after joining the Constitutionalists during the Constitutional Revolution of 1905‐1911, loses his young life while fighting the Royalists and the forces of the Qajar king, Mohmmad Ali Shah’s elite Cossack brigade. He is remembered as saying: ʺ[t]he only difference between me and these people is my place of birth, and this is not a big difference.ʺ To this day he is revered by Iranians. Second World War | Until the second World War, the US had no interest or an active policy vis‐à‐vis Iran and relations remained cordial. 1953 C.I.A. Coup | In 1951, Prime Minister Mossadegh and his National Front party (“Jebhe Melli”), a socio‐democratic, liberal‐secular nationalist party in Iran, nationalize the country’s oil industry. -
BEFORE the IRAN-UNITED STATES CLAIMS TRIBUNAL the Hague
BEFORE THE IRAN-UNITED STATES CLAIMS TRIBUNAL The Hague The Netherlands The Islamic Republic of Iran, Claimant, v. Claim No . A/30 United States of America, Full Tribunal Respondent. STATEMENT OF DEFENSE OF THE UNITED STATES Sean D . Murphy Agent of the United States Counsel: Michael J . Matheson Jeffrey D . Kovar BEFORE THE IRAN-UNITED STATES CLAIMS TRIBUNAL The Hague The Netherlands The Islamic Republic of Iran, Claimant, v. Claim No . A/30 United States of America, Full Tribunal Respondent. STATEMENT OF DEFENSE OF THE UNITED STATES On August 12, 1996, the Islamic Republic of Iran filed a Statement of Claim (Doc . 1) in a new interpretive dispute against the United States, Case No . A/30, alleging that the United States has violated its commitments under the Algiers Accords by interfering in Iran's internal affairs and implementing economic sanctions against Iran . Pursuant to the Tribunal's Order of August 21, 1996 (Doc . 3), and subsequent extension orders (Docs. 5, 9, and 12), the United States submits this Statement of 1 Defense. 1 In the event the Tribunal permits Iran to file further written statements or other materials in this case (Rules of Procedure, Art . 22-23), the United States requests that the Tribunal accord it the right to respond thereto . - 2 I . INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY The Government of Iran, which has a long record of using terrorism and lethal force as an instrument of state policy, is seeking a ruling from the Tribunal that the United States has violated the Algiers Accords by intervening in Iran's internal affairs and enacting economic sanctions against it . -
Iran Hostage Crisis
Iran Hostage Crisis Presentation by Robert Martinez Images as cited. http://www.conservapedia.com/images/7/7d/US_Iran.gif In February 1979, less than a year before the hostage crisis, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, had been overthrown in an Islamist, nationalist revolution. http://img.timeinc.net/time/magazine/archive/covers/1978/1101780918_400.jpg For decades following WWII, the U.S. had been an ally and backer of the Shah. http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/webpics/mohammadrezashahpahlavi.jpg In the early 1950s, America helped the Shah regain power in a struggle against the democratically elected Prime Minister, Mohammed Mosaddeq. Mosaddeq had nationalized (took back) Iran’s foreign-owned oil fields. http://www.mideastweb.org/iran-mosaddeq.jpg In 1953, the CIA and British intelligence organized a coup to overthrow the elected prime minister with the Shah. These actions would cause bitterness among Iranians. http://www.thememoryhole.org/espionage_den/pic_45_0001.html After WWII and during the Cold War, Iran allied itself with the U.S. against the Soviet Union, Iran’s neighbor, and America provided the Shah with military and economic aid. http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2007/pic/Shah-Reza-Pahlavi-Last-Shah-Iran.JPG Shortly before the Islamic revolution in 1978, President Jimmy Carter angered anti- Shah Iranians with a televised toast to the Shah, declaring how beloved the Shah was by his people. http://www.iranian.com/History/Feb98/Revolution/Images/shah-carter2.jpg Next, on October 22, 1979, the U.S. permitted the exiled Shah, who was ill with cancer, to attend the Mayo Clinic for medical treatment, which angered the anti-Shah Iranians. -
Discussion Guide for “The Iranian Revolution” a Video Interview with Dr
DISCUSSION GUIDE FOR “THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION” a video interview with Dr. Abbas Milani Organizing • What is a revolution? Questions • What were the successes and failures of the Iranian Revolution? • How did the Iranian Revolution impact or contribute to events in the Middle East, the United States, and the world? • How is the Iranian Revolution similar and different from other revolutions? • What are some of the challenges of writing about a historical event like the Iranian Revolution? Summary In this video, Professor Abbas Milani discusses Iran and the Iranian Revolution, noting the influence of Iran regionally and in the United States, the significance and impact of the Iranian Revolution, and the Iranian Revolution’s causes and effects. He also emphasizes the fight for democracy throughout Iran’s history of revolutions and today. Objectives During and after viewing this video, students will: • gain a general understanding of the course of the Iranian Revolution and the events leading up to it; • examine the definition of revolution and compare the Iranian Revolution with other revolutions; • analyze the significance and impact of the Iranian Revolution in history and today; and • understand the complexities and multiple perspectives of history. “IRANIAN REVOLUTION” DISCUSSION GUIDE 1 introduction Materials Handout 1, Background Guide—Iranian Revolution, pp. 5–9, 30 copies Handout 2, Video Notes, p. 10, 30 copies Handout 3, Connection—Iran Today, pp. 11–12, 5 copies Projection 1, Discussion—What is a revolution?, p. 13 Projection 2, Wrap-up Discussion, p. 14 Answer Key 1, Video Notes, pp. 15–16 Answer Key 2, Connection—Iran Today, pp. -
Carter, Reagan, and Khomeini: Presidential Transitions and International Law Nancy Amoury Combs
Hastings Law Journal Volume 52 | Issue 2 Article 2 1-2001 Carter, Reagan, and Khomeini: Presidential Transitions and International Law Nancy Amoury Combs Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Nancy Amoury Combs, Carter, Reagan, and Khomeini: Presidential Transitions and International Law, 52 Hastings L.J. 303 (2001). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal/vol52/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Law Journal by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Articles Carter, Reagan, and Khomeini: Presidential Transitions and International Law by NANCY AMOURY COMBS* Introduction Marbury v. Madison is justifiably famous for establishing judicial review; however, the case also provides the first glimpse in American political history of the power struggle between a lame-duck President who hurriedly advances the goals of his administration during the waning hours of his presidency and an incoming President who is just as intent on reversing his predecessor's eleventh-hour deeds. After the Republicans swept the elections of 1800,2 President John Adams, along with the outgoing Federalists in the lame-duck Congress, enraged President-elect Thomas Jefferson by expanding the federal judiciary and packing it with loyal Federalists.3 After the * Legal Adviser, Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, The Hague, The Netherlands. J.D., University of California at Berkeley, Boalt Hall, 1994. I am grateful to George H. -
Iran Hostage Crisis
Iran Hostage Crisis Summarize ½ pages Background In subsequent decades, this foreign intervention—along with issues like unequal development, political repression, corruption, pro-Israeli policies, and the un-Islamic opulent Western lifestyle of the Iranian elite—united radical Islamists and leftists, spurring the overthrow of the Shah's regime in the Iranian revolution. The Shah was exiled in January 1979. Following the Shah's overthrow, the U.S. attempted to mitigate the damage by finding a new relationship with the de facto Iranian government, but on October 22, 1979, the Shah, ailing from cancer, was admitted to the U.S. for medical treatment. This caused widespread anger in Iran. Furious at what he called "evidence of American plotting," revolutionary leader Ayatollah Khomeini intensified rhetoric against "Great Satan," i.e. the United States. Events Muslim student followers of the Imam's line burn the American flag on the wall of the American Embassy in Tehran, shortly after seizing the compound.PlanningThe original idea to seize the American embassy was contrived by Ebrahim Asgharzadeh in September of 1979. The heads of the Islamic associations of the main universities of Tehran, including University of Tehran, Sharif University of Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology (polytechnic of Tehran), and the Iran University of Science and Technology, gathered. The students have denied that Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini was involved.[ They wanted to inform him of their plan through Ayatollah Musavi Khoeyniha, but Musavi Khoeyniha couldn't inform him before the hostages were taken, so he only became aware of the action when hostages were taken. Later, Ruhollah Khomeini supported the seizure and called it, "The second revolution: The take-over of the American spy den in Tehran." Public opinion in Iran following the admission of the Shah to the United States on November 1, 1979, Iran's new Supreme Leader, the Islamic radical Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini urged his people to demonstrate against United States and Israeli interests. -
The Iran Hostage Crisis: Jimmy Carter’S Disaster?
Educational materials developed through the Howard County History Labs Program, a partnership between the Howard County Public School System and the UMBC Center for History Education. The Iran Hostage Crisis: Jimmy Carter’s Disaster? Historical Thinking Skills Assessed: Corroboration, Claim, Evidence Author/School/System: David Sleichter and Caroline McDermott, Howard County Public School System Course: United States History from 1877 Level: High School Task Question: How did the Iran Hostage Crisis affect public opinion of President Jimmy Carter during his time in office? Learning Outcome(s): Students will be able to analyze how foreign policy decisions affect the public’s opinion of U.S. Presidents. Standards Alignment: Common Core Standards for Literacy for History/Social Studies RH.11-12.1 Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, connecting insights gained from specific details to an understanding of the text as a whole. RH.11-12.6 Evaluate authors’ differing points of view on the same historical event or issue by assessing the authors’ claims, reasoning, and evidence. National History Standards Era 10: Contemporary United States Standard 1: Recent developments in foreign and domestic politics College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies Standards D2.Civ.5.9-12 Evaluate citizens’ and institutions’ effectiveness in addressing social and political problems at the local, state, tribal, national and international level. D2.Civ.11.9-12 Evaluate multiple procedures for making governmental decisions at the local, state, national, and international levels in terms of the civic purposes achieved. D2.His.1.9-12 Evaluate how historical events and developments were shaped by unique circumstances of time and place as well as broader historical contexts. -
Containing and Deterring a Nuclear Iran
CONTAINING AND DETERRING A NUCLEAR I RAN QUESTIONS FOR STRATEGY, REQUIREMENTS FOR MILITARY FORCES THOMAS DONNELLY, DANIELLE PLETKA, AND MASEH ZARIF WITH A FOREWORD BY FREDERICK W. KAGAN A REPORT BY THE AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE CONTAINING AND DETERRING A NUCLEAR I RAN QUESTIONS FOR STRATEGY, REQUIREMENTS FOR MILITARY FORCES THOMAS DONNELLY, DANIELLE PLETKA, AND MASEH ZARIF WITH A FOREWORD BY FREDERICK W. KAGAN December 2011 A REPORT BY THE AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE Acknowledgments his report is the culmination of a project executed with the support Tof numerous individuals, including groups of experts gathered in July and September 2010 at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI). Our colleagues at AEI contributed vital assistance, understanding, and analysis in the completion of this report. We are grateful for their sup- port in this endeavor and for their commitment to further our collec- tive efforts to address a key national security challenge facing our country. In particular, we thank Frederick W. Kagan, Michael Rubin, Gary Schmitt, Ali Alfoneh, Ahmad Majidyar, Katherine Faley, Will Fulton, Grant Gibson, Stephen Gailliot, Lazar Berman, Richard Cleary, Laura Shen, and Henry A. Ensher. We would also like to thank the publica- tions staff at AEI for their keen editorial and technical assistance. As always, credit belongs to many, but the contents of this report and any errors and interpretations are the responsibility of the authors alone. iii Contents Foreword . .vii Key Findings . .1 Executive Summary . .3 Introduction . .6 Purposes, Presumptions, and Processes . .8 The Meaning of Containment . .9 Structures of Deterrence . .15 Assessing the Prospects for Deterrence . .19 The Polarity Question 19 The Interest Question 20 The Involvement Question 21 The Risk Question 23 The Dispute-Behavior Question 25 The Nuclear Question 29 The Conventional Forces Order-of-Battle Question 31 The Strategic-Culture Question 35 US Military Requirements for Assured Deterrence . -
The Iran Hostages: Efforts to Obtain Compensation
The Iran Hostages: Efforts to Obtain Compensation Jennifer K. Elsea Legislative Attorney November 2, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43210 The Iran Hostages: Efforts to Obtain Compensation Summary Even today, after the passage of some three decades, the 1979-1981 Iran Hostage Crisis remains an event familiar to most Americans. Many might be unaware that the 52 American mostly military and diplomatic personnel held hostage in Tehran for 444 days continue to strive for significant compensation for their ordeal. The former hostages and their families did receive a number of benefits under various civil service laws, and each hostage received from the U.S. government a cash payment of $50 for each day held hostage. The hostages have never received any compensation from Iran through court actions, all efforts having failed due to foreign sovereign immunity and an executive agreement known as the Algiers Accords, which bars such lawsuits. Congress took action to abrogate Iran’s sovereign immunity in the case Roeder v. Islamic Republic of Iran, but never successfully abrogated the executive agreement, leaving the plaintiffs with jurisdiction to pursue their case but without a judicial cause of action. Having lost their bids in the courts to obtain recompense, the former hostages have turned to Congress for relief. This report outlines the history of various efforts, including legislative efforts and court cases, and describes several bills currently before Congress, the Justice for Former American Hostages in Iran Act of 2015, S. 868, a companion bill, H.R. 3338, and Section 122 of the Department of State Operations Authorization and Embassy Security Act, Fiscal Year 2016, S. -
(And) Moore V. Regan
Notre Dame Law Review Volume 79 | Issue 1 Article 6 12-1-2003 The Legacy of Dames & (and) Moore v. Regan: The wT ilight Zone of Concurrent Authority between the Executive and Congress and a Proposal for A Judicially Manageable Nondelegation Doctrine Rebecca A. D'Arcy Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr Recommended Citation Rebecca A. D'Arcy, The Legacy of Dames & (and) Moore v. Regan: The Twilight Zone of Concurrent Authority between the Executive and Congress and a Proposal for A Judicially Manageable Nondelegation Doctrine, 79 Notre Dame L. Rev. 291 (2003). Available at: http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol79/iss1/6 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by NDLScholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Notre Dame Law Review by an authorized administrator of NDLScholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTES THE LEGACY OF DAMES & MOORE V. REGAN: THE TWILIGHT ZONE OF CONCURRENT AUTHORITY BETWEEN THE EXECUTIVE AND CONGRESS AND A PROPOSAL FOR A JUDICIALLY MANAGEABLE NONDELEGATION DOCTRINE Rebecca A. D'Arcy* INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 292 I. THE NATURE OF THE POWER EXERCISED BY EXECUTIVE O RDER No. 12,294 ....................................... 296 A. A Summary of the Court's Interpretationof Executive Order N o. 12,294 ........................................... 298 B. The Robertson v. Seattle Audubon Society Standard ... 301 C. Modifications to Jurisdiction and "Party-Based"Jurisdiction 303 II. THE DOCTRINE OF NONDELEGATION ....................... 305 A. A Liberal View of the Modern Administrative State ........ 307 B. Limitations on Congress's Authority to Delegate Power...... 314 C. A Proposalfor a Judicially Manageable Nondelegation D octrine ............................................. -
Saddam's Generals: Perspectives of the Iran-Iraq
SADDAM’S GENERALS Perspectives of the Iran-Iraq War Kevin M. Woods, Williamson Murray, Elizabeth A. Nathan, Laila Sabara, Ana M. Venegas SADDAM’S GENERALS SADDAM’S GENERALS Perspectives of the Iran-Iraq War Kevin M. Woods, Williamson Murray, Elizabeth A. Nathan, Laila Sabara, Ana M. Venegas Institute for Defense Analyses 2011 Final July 2010 IDA Document D-4121 Log: H 10-000765/1 Copy This work was conducted under contract DASW01-04-C-003, Task ET-8-2579, “Study on Military History (Project 1946—Phase II)” for the National Intelligence Council. The publication of this IDA document does not indicate endorsement by the Department of Defense, nor should the contents be construed as reflecting the official position of the Agency. © 2010 Institute for Defense Analyses, 4850 Mark Center Drive, Alexandria, Virginia 22311-1882 • (703) 845-2000. This material may be reproduced by or for the U.S. Government pursuant to the copyright license under the clause at DFARS 252.227-7013 (November 1995). Contents Foreword............................................................................................................................................ vii Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 1 Summary and Analysis........................................................................................................................ 5 Background ..................................................................................................................................