Domestic Violence Against Romani Women in Macedonia

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2014 Budapest, Hungary

in Critical inCritical In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Masterof of degree for the therequirements of fulfillment Inpartial

Domestic Violence Against Romani Women in in Women Romani Against Violence Domestic

Department of Gender Studies Supervisor: Professor Andrea Krizsan Macedonia

Central European University The Silent Voices Voices The Silent by Mi by Submitted to randa Ramova

Gender Studies Gender Studies

CEU eTD Collection experiences. and needs women's individual Romani oftenall” overlooks which “one fits size universalistic approach experi intersectional their and seek helpface when they I domestic violence. an indicate is thatthis outcome of neglect of interviews, the as well as violence policyand law the from staff the ofwomen domestic violence, victims non- theof representatives and Roma terms of intersectionality.I conducted twenty studyI utilize intersectionality analysis and the policyin Macedonianlaw domestic violence of For this of Macedonia.of the the in context domestic purpose violence helpencounter when they This

thesis examines the barriers thathinder women Romani from reporting and seeking Centres Centres

ences by the mainstream service providers. The latter apply the the apply latter The providers. service mainstream by the ences for Social Work Social for

ABSTRACT . Relying onthe findings analyzed from the domestic i

- two semi two I argue that Romani women hesitate to report

- structured Romani with interviews Roma NGOs, and and NGOs, Roma

CEU eTD Collection have made it and Ihave themwith to thesis dedicate madelove. this and it parents and and Liz myJasmina. theirWithout sisters and inspiration encouragementI wouldnot year academic these all colleagues my to Andrea for andts herduring insightful Krizsan commen support my thesiswriting. TheWork. would thesis be not without possible them stories with me,the to who sharedth women, allRomani to gratitude I my express would liketo all, First of

Jelena Jovanovic and Y Jovanovic Jelena s in s

Roma and non- and Roma

ACK the the C entral European University.entral European NOWLEDGEMENT Roma NGOs and the staff from the Centres for Social Social for Centres the from staff the and NGOs Roma uliana Pleshakova for supportthrough their constant ii

. Also I. Also mygrateful to am supervisor Finally, I thank liketo myFinally, would

give give

thanks eir eir

CEU eTD Collection ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT Co of Table INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER Macedonian Domestic Violence Law and Policy: Intersectionality and Romani Women Theoretical Framework: Domestic Violence, Are RomaniAre Women “In Out” or Methods 3.1 FAMILY LAW FAMILY 3.1 INTRODUCTION LIMITATION AND CONSIDERATION ETHICAL 2.4 ARESEARCHER AS POSITION 2.4 REFLEON MY CTION ANALYSIS DATA OF METHODS 2.3 IN MACEDONIA INTERVIEWS CONDUCTING 2.2 FIELDWORK2.1 1.1 DOMESTIC1.1 AS A PUBLICISSUE VIOLENCE INTROUCTION 1.3 INTERSECTIONALITY VIOLENCE FRAMING DOMESTIC 1.2 2.2 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND ROMANI WOMEN IN MACEDONIA WOMEN ANDROMANI VIOLENCE DOMESTIC 2.2 CONTEXT IN MACEDONIAN VIOLENCE DOMESTIC 2.1 WOMEN ROMANI AGAINST ANDVIOLENCE INTERSECTIONALITY 1.6 DOMESTIC1.5 SERVICES VIOLENCE VIOLENCE ANDDOMESTIC INTERSECTIONALITY 1.4 FRAMEWORK 3.1CONCEPTUAL INTRODUCTION

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CEU eTD Collection CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX III APPENDIX II APPENDIX I ANDRECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSION Domestic Violence and Romani Women From Law Policy and thei to CONCLUSION IN R.MACEDONIA WOMEN ROMANI THE OF STATUS SOCIAL THE PROMOTING ACTION FOR FOR JOINT PLATFORM 3.4 VIOLENCE (2012 AND PREV PROTECTION FOR STRATEGY NATIONAL 3.3 2011) (2008 VIOLENCE DOMESTIC AGAINST PROTECTION FOR STRATEGY 3.2 NATIONAL INTRODUCTION CONCLUSION CONSTR INTERSECTIONAL 4.1

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...... r Implementation:r AINTS

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ENTION AGAINTS DOMESTIC DOMESTIC AGAINTS ENTION - 48 47 41 44 49 49 49 72 50 80 79 78 76 70 49

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“white institutions” (Kelly“white institutions” and 1996). Radford, partner naming in women Romani the have difficulties also Americans - as African groups, such minorityfrom ethnic autonomy andof self” sense 1996:29). However, (Kelly many and Radford, women like other , “strength their lose may they stage some at but abuse expected or accepted women these that long time to realize what was really happening to them a a her”(Kelly for caring of a form as behaviour seeto formsencouraged of these representation women of relationships,is where intimate the naming influenced violence “romanticized is theabuse partner’s public as bythe an when By theyfaceare denying violence. saying that,they their often Women use the phrase “nothingreally Radford, happenedand “(Kelly1996:22) AnneLangley Jo Dean Knudsen, 1999 Millerand the harmcontrol or other to partner. intention emotional andphysical asystematic as abuse, well as use force of partnerwith by the anadult common most one as the problemnowadaysrecognized of is aworldwide as Domestic violence

because of the perceived need to protect their community from the interventions byperceived their community of need the from because protect to forms of gender based violence and violation of human rights. It comprises sexual, sexual, It comprises human of rights. violation based gender violence and of forms

INTRODUCTION nd Radford, 1996:27). Also some women take a someAlso womena Radford, take 1996:27). nd 1

Americans, Hispan Americans, s victims of domestic violence.It is not

ir experience. This complexity of of complexity This experience.

experience as an abuse by the the by abuse an as experience ic - Americans, Asian - Asian Americans,

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family. present Romani to a domestic patriarchal still of of structure an the outcomeas violence become education, in exposedandwomen employment, housing often encounter discrimination intersectional based discrimination, ontheir gender, race this, with and Romani class. Alongside their of aresult as worse by far is women etc. Onofe Romani the the th other situation hand different reality. of in them Most society where Roma enjoy the full rights as majority, the the situation of the Roma people is considered is thatMacedonia fact theInternational,2007). Despite (Amnesty Against DomesticProtection and Violence Prevention (2012 Shadow” Protection Against Violence Domestic (2008- National Strategya authority for andthe period 2008Macedonian betweenprepared 2006 violence in Macedonia forfirst the time was regulatedFamilyLaw by the andCriminal Code. In that the relationship between partners is a privatefamily matter. problem. Until fairly rece types (1991). of discrimination w violence towards women. coloured Sheclaims that the violence experienced by the coloured of “intersectionality” the context conceptof in scholar presented the Kimberly Crenshaw legal Feminist societies. in group majority by the “other” the of from ignoring the difference This mistrust for the state institutions felt by women from ethnic minoritygroups result omen should not be not omen seen should separately fromoppression, patriarchy, and the racism, class other In Macedonia there live 53, 879 Roma constituting 2,66% of the country 2,66% of population the constituting In live53,879Roma Macedonia there In Macedonia, similar to other parts of the world, domestic violence is a widespread social a is widespread world, domestic violence the In of other to parts Macedonia, similar

conducted by NGO ESE. Later they also cre Later they NGO ESE. conducted by ntly it has been rarely publicly mentioned due to the culturalto notions publicly rarely mentioned due ntly has been it

face limited access to employment, health care, education and and education care, health employment, to access limited face 2011) based2011) onthe findings the study of a “Lifein 2

ated asecond ated - 2015).

In 2004 the subject of domestic subject of In 2004the

National Strategyfor

as aas multicultural CEU eTD Collection protection Against Domestic Violence (2012-2015)”, Skopje.

(2006). “Shadow Report On the Situation ofRomani InWomen the Republic of Macedonia”. Pp1-54. 3 2 1 inter diverse background, the order domestic violence the from understand complexityand to of nature experienced bywomen - ethnic of nces experie The aredome likely more report to Macedonian women the Macedonia, in women minority other to compared demonstrated that, w violence domestic report to women Romani of reluctance the The and receiving help. them from seeking prevent that are barriers the what and it face they when violence domestic report to likely less violence Macedonia, in the aimof thi Followingalarming this situation of vulnerability of Romaniin term women of domestic bytheir abused partners. been thatthey had women Romani reported 72,2%that almost of noted is Violence” 2012,it conducted in Domestic on Research “National the to According of theAmnestyresourcesInternational, lack ( of 2007:66). ofwomen domestic violence victims effectively theynot but objective this because can achieve violence the in family. some of the Yet Romani NGOs s a result of women's that, manystartedRomani speak to publicly organizations about the as always reported. Thus, not women is amongst but higherrate is domesticRomani violence of andamong Romani non protection Against Domestic Violence (2012-2015)”, Skopje.

For more information see: For moreFor informat Roma Centre of Skopje, European Roma Right Center and Network ProgramWomen’s , Roma Women’s Initiatives. In spite the fact that the subject of domestic violence in Macedonia is very common very is Macedonia in violence domestic subject of the In that fact the spite as also highlighted theResearch in “NationalViolence” It onDomestic 2012. in ion see:ion

Ministry of Labour and Social Politic (2012):”National Strategy for Prevention and Ministry of Labour and Social Politic (2012):”National Strategy for Prevention and - Romani women, according to much research done by research done much women,Romani according to locking of race and class needs andlocking of race

stic violence when they face it face they when violence stic minority women from the Anglo- from the women minority s study s

is to explore why explore to is Macedonia in women Romani are 3

p7 p7

trive provide to services the to Romani .

3 to be taken into consi beinto to taken

Saxon context suggest that in suggest context thatin Saxon

Roma NGO Roma

derat ion apart apart ion 1 the the 2

CEU eTD Collection research did not succeed to escape their abusive relationships.

4 of Macedonia. thein domestic violence contextualization theoretical the and violence of domestic context the in class and race gender, in their combat against domestic violence. The is thesis structured in the following way. is dedicated to the Romani women victims of domestic violence with an aim to give them voice seen as racial as but a or gendered, complex interaction of (2009). both In vain this this research h who Kocze, Angela activist policy urge makers intersectional for be research to carriedthe Romani themis One out. of NGOs activists, ofwomen and Macedonia. Romani in intersectionality Many context the in This study contributes to the limited scope o places as Bitola, Skopje, Macedonia Kocani in Prilep, such and Kumanovo. services, providersNGOs, and andwomen Romani victims. conducting twenty stageIexamine the narratives of Roma their women on victimization and coping mechanisms by the in second and terms in of intersectionality and policydocuments legal domestic violence Ianalyze Macedonian In first stage ofthe consists twostages. study women,Romani this here. play at is that disadvantage framewo policy and legal the how (ii) and violence, escape Romani womenof victims domestic violencerelate to legal andpolice interventions in order to two aspects:In study(i)from be lightonhow gender. this will based the this answer of

In this thesis I use the term victims, batter and abuse women because the majority of Romani women

In ofI the theof explore intersection literatureand scholars works that discuss chapter 1, In order to examine and address the complexity of domestic violence experienced by by experienced violence domestic of complexity the address and examine to In order - two semi two -

ighlights be thatthewomen not violence Romani should against h key representatives of social social of structurerepresentatives interviews depth in key with

f studies on domestic violence in terms of of violence terms f in ondomestic studies

rk are unfriendly theto intersectional 4

The research took place in several several in place took research The in thisin

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I conclude Finally, seeking help. and reporting from which women Romani prevent determine obstacles the and Roma non and the social services providers, womenRomani who are of dome victims Chapter 4de domestic violence areseek addressed orderto in help. of intersectionality. Chapter 3 doing research. my while I across which came at limitations, and considerations ethical some finally and researcher thathavemethods utilizedfor been the data analysis, the reflection uponmy as a position conducting the interviews, of the fieldwork, process the method,the Chapter 2presents

with discussion of the major findings from the dataI that analyze. outlines the analysisoutlines domestic violence and of Macedonian policy law terms in monstrates the analysis of the the of analysis the monstrates

It essential order is in to understand women how Romani victims of stic violence, the interviews with the representatives of of representatives the with interviews the violence, stic 5 -

Roma non- Roma

narratives collected from the interviews with government organizations in orderto in government organizations

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Merry Engle, 2009:27). because they are women (Vargas, Beasely, Gyimah, K.Rajasingham, A.Schuler, P.Sewall and Vasan, 1996: Thus, the gendered frame of domestic violence remind us that women throughout the world experience violence just and within family it shows that the violence takes place in the private area and is manifested by the husband/father. not articulate who is the victim or the perpetrator in terms of gender, however the in context of intimate relationships takecan forms many as such physical, psychological, economi 5 the chapter andof with intention This findings debates diverse ongoing backgrounds.on focuses of domestic violence experienced bywomen class the context in and race gender, of intersection Anglo of arange is There ethnicity. inequality control theintertwined in family ofpoverty and with power and the is question present gender still amongfor whomthe for women, many women,Romani particularly INTROUCTION effects andexpectation”. uponhuman behaviour whichdifferences, them misnaming our examinefrom andtheir andto theresult distortions recognize to refusal ratherour differences areIt us. is those separating that between us n is it But and sex. age, race, of us between differences very real are there “Certainly In this thesis I use the term “domestic violence” which implies that the violence is happening domestic in location. It

Lorde Audre 1984:115 Like everywhere in the world, domestic violence domestic the in world, Likeeverywhere

Theoretical Framework: Domestic Violence, Intersectionality and Romani Women

- American literature and works of scholars that explore the thatexplore of and scholars works American literature CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 6

c and sexual. Despite the fact that the term itself does

in Macedonia is an everyday reality reality everyday an is Macedonia in

ot those 1, 1, Sally Sally CEU eTD Collection This sharp distinction of sharp This publicand distinction private sphere

ISSUE APUBLIC AS VIOLENCE DOMESTIC 1.1 women Macedonia. Romani in domestic to violence related of the situation outline Macedonia, finally to in a emergedpublicissue domestic violence as Ma to of domestic violence (Schechter, 2009:9). 1982,Merry, of public anddivision private allow and for to that with social the and in field legal intervention for the ba advocated activists 1992, Schechter,L. 1997). Thusfeminist and Schiffman, 1982,R. O'Toole where their women children abused and were shelteredand taken(Dobash care of and Dobash, crucialelementsmovement the of w the of One awareness. raised and changes legislative reinforced USA, the in later and Britain feminist activists who, with the emerging of the “battered women's movement” in the Great andwas (Schneider, theof intervention the absent onpart law - 1991:37 a issue private against considered women was violence sphere,male participation the in public limitat the Besides space. men’s the as public the while sphere women’s the privategender as the spherebeing ofan understood the explanation important roles, s their partners belief due thatdomestic the violence to part is of space the private and the state hould not intervene. not hould “public” However,“private” historicallytheof and dichotomy as seen was examine the complexity of the nature of domestic violence experienced by experienced violence domestic of nature the of complexity the examine cedonia. The ttered womenunder the slogan “The Personal is Political”, in order to eliminate the For a long time women were unable to speak openly about the violence perpetrated by by aboutspeak perpetrated the violence openly to were unable women aFor time long

second partsecond chapter of this a moves onto theoretical of contextualization how as the establishment of shelter/refuge centers and hot and centers shelter/refuge of establishment the as 7

s in the 1970s was challenged the in 1970s s bymany

38).

Romani womenRomani in ion ofion women’s - lines, lines, CEU eTD Collection

1989). (Mohanty, awomen's victimization reasonforgendercolour as solely category byusing of the g the explain to used commonly is women oppressed of category the though Even subjects (1989). monolithic “exotic”/other women by asserting as andthe womenThird presenting World from of category binary the created automatically feminists Western that claims equally Mohanty of allwomen (Mohanty, 1984), because domestic violence does equally not affect allwomen. 2005:2). Theyasserted there cannot that bea made universal about the assumption experiences criticized the mainstream feminist appr black and post activists, survivors, lesbians,violence, many scholars, Despite (1995). themselves after ok lo to able physically are if they even and (1995:83), incompetent” “helpless themselves as has a negative impact onthe abused women who have accepted the abusers’ of definition other hand, the patriarcha and (1995:82). command” from ofthe to On right “honor,the patriarchy the in terms prestige gain advantage men Connell, sociologist Australian the According to women. violence toward being superior and femininity as beingcont inferior the relationships form(ibid). intimate The in of and power gender control of masculinity roles as gender inequalityin domestic violence for the of theis argued occurrence reason thatthe main domesticpsychological violence examined 2005: Pratt, theories (Sokolofand that and sociological earliest the by challenging violence domestic of causes the of understanding ever, How mainstream feminists mademajor a contribution towards the recognition and ender differences, the Western feminists homogenized the experiences of women of homogenizedwomen of the experiencesof Western feminists ender differences, the

the fact that gender inequality was taken as an explanatory factor for domestic domestic for factor explanatory an as taken was inequality gender that fact the l definition of definition l femininityas ”dependence and fearfulness” (1995:83) oach domestic violence and Dupont, of (Sokoloff 8

ributed to the patriarchal legitimization of - colonial feminists etc. 2). They CEU eTD Collection

terms.In first the sub gender in articulated are women frames, those Under frame.” equality gender “implicit Moreover, and- Popasuggestsub Krizsán two such for as are roots ontransformationthe is genderwhich equality frames"focus of seen stereotypes, the an (Krizsán frames these to according violence this from affected mostly are Women inequality. gender of terms in seen are form of gender Regarding discrimination. based these frames the causesof domestic violence equality (2011:9). frame” violence”- twosub allongside with continuum frame” and “gender equalitypolicy in Popadividedthe (2011:9). contestation” Krizsánand two areas of gender equality from gendered the policyframes; degendered “continuum to policy acrossglobeequality couldcoutries be thedifferently many in interpreted. is important to hilighte that framing the domesticviolence as a policy issuein term of gender become policy ( ofK the solution part public issueand its movement, domestic violenceand of has feminist humanas violation rights a of upshot the of gender the in context Sincegain domestic violencepublicrecognition based violence VIO DOMESTIC FRAMING 1.2 occurrence asKrizsán and shelters Popa,2011:12). ( stic violence is demonstrated is violence stic dome the frames”, equality gender “structural In the In the context of Eastern Eastern of context In the

frames into “structural gender equality” and “individuals subjected to domestic subjected“individuals domestic and to “structuralgender equality” frames into of domestic violence, and onthe victim's protection the in independent services - fra

me women are recognized as victims in the context of mother and and mother of context the in victims as recognized are women me European post frames, “women frames, d Popa,2011:9). Ind Popa,2011:9). theof diagnosis “structural gender LENCE

9 - communist countries Krizsán and Popa discuss and countriesPopadiscuss Krizsán communist

- centered frame” and “implicit gender gender “implicit and frame” centered rizsán and Popa, 2011:7). However, andit rizsán Popa,2011:7). frames, the “women the frames, - centered” and and centered” - neutral neutral as a as

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is “per is - familydomesticconflict (2011:12 violence mediationand through support isunit presented of as the victims domestic violence, is and the solution onprevention against betweendistinctions four groupsfr of and perpetratorperspectivefamily Popamake into and Krizsán shifting articulation. of the from victims onwomen focuses “contestation” in group of frame The second dome crime. Finally, raisingproposed and awareness is education as a solution for prevention against measures, while for there the perpetrator be should issuedrestraining and sanctions for orders the pr is it violence of cycle the escape to the victim orderfor are in solutions proposed: frame the following this In of diagnosis (ibid). the perpetrator the to back returning for a barrier as presented is victims the of dependency economic and 2007:148).as Kamoutsi, The seen a here domesticis violence un be children, and disabled women people elderly not (Krizsán, Bustelo, people Hadjiyanni, but n are perpetratorIn theof genderand andthe this, victim to sex (Krizsán addition and Popa,2011:10). framelanguage.this focus onindividual The ofis rights of the and problem the in symptoms i violence domestic the which in violence” subjected domestic to the Opposite the“individuals is “structural gender equality frames” and Popa,2011:12). “imp - reffering (2011:10 children to child, while in the last sub licit gender equality frame” is based on the broader gender inequality gender broader the on based is frame” equality gender licit ot ot stic violencestic and Popa,2011:11). (Krizsán petrators rights” where the protection highlighted rights” and againstpetrators is orders that restraining it victims are presented within the frame as dependent and can can and dependent as frame the within presented are all. Thus,the victims mentioned at

- frame the victims are presented in general terms, sometimes sometimes terms, general in presented are victims the frame 11). However, the solution for the domestic violence in the violence the in domestic for the11). solution However, the ame: “family protection frame” in which the family as a as family the which in frame” protection “family ame: oposed to includeand empoweringpreventionoposed to strategies s conceptualized and defined through gender andconceptualized through defined s 10

framework ( Krizsán Krizsán ( framework l issue and the issueandl the iversa 13). The next frame 13). The next - neutral neutral CEU eTD Collection

intersectionality in thatis be can the found, nineteenth century anti and feminist mainstream Onegenealo feminists. approachtracewhere through to history, back the is used the in work of many post However, Crenshaw. INTERSECTIONALITY 1.3 certain- group ( Krizsánand marginalized Popa2011:12 stic violence dome which is not universal in rather but frame”, particular for “externalizing framethis - Popa2011:12 ( Krizsánand from excluded are women while children the are victims real ”the frames porotection “child duefurther the to issuedrestrainingorders victimization ( their of because perpetrators the are frame this to according victims real the and perpetrators the believe that the aimbelieve of intersectionality is not to searched be for: some scholars However Danis, 2010:17). and (Lockhart power. and of operation structural from their biological inheritance, social relationships, political struggle, socio Hancock, conc use to and 2007) 2005,Yuval (McCall, were conceptmanyof scholars inspired this After deployment 2010:76). the (Lykke, class genderand on the focus twentieth centuries,with intersectionalitycan be noted in socialists feminist agenda hand,genderand the other therace.attempt of in USA,whichwere On central points the Theby conceptAfro coined was theof intersectionality Intersectionality a concept as thatpeople acknowledges have multiple deriving identities

this concept,this even before Crenshaw's had already conceptualization, been eptualize itin their work. - colonial and Black feminists as a result of their critic against 13). The last frame from the “contestation” is is “contestation” the from frame last The 13). 11

13).

Krizsán and- Popa2011:12 Krizsán in Europein the in nineteenth and early American legal scholar Kimberly Kimberly scholar legal American

- Davis, 2006, Verloo, 2006, 2006,Verloo,Davis, 2006, - - economic status status economic slave movement movement slave 13). In the Inthe 13). gies on on gies CEU eTD Collection

are produced, experienced and reproduced in the everyday life. The central point of this approach approach ofcentral this point areexperienced and theThe in everyday reproduced life. produced, does fully not reject the categorization, them). approachapproach This (theuses the thesecond rejects categories, first one while one intracategorical complexity ribed by McCall desc is the approach last The groups. social single in race and class gender, of thenot intersection changed but they are how group and relationships the amongst social of the ontology is approach of this point main (2005:1786). The groups both social or onthe not complexity of categ single social groups, but relationships amongst multiple intercategorical complexity M to according approach, This the difference. as an of the upshot inequalityproduced very due problematic to complexity intersecting and of social relations: anticategorical complexity the examine that approaches ofmodalities social relations and subject formation” (2005:1771). Shedescribes three multiple McCall defines intersectionalityas “relationships among multiple dimensions and (Loc theto unique experiences of oppression,and marginalization privilege society in position culturallyand socially constructed categories interact on multiple levels and how this contributes Thus,the meaningful e and Danis,khart 2010:17). relate to political and subjective construction of identities”. enmes concretely are divisions social “ - several identities under one” rather to “analysis the differential ways in which which waysin the differential several under “analysis identities one”ratherto

based on methodology that denies the category. For this approach the categories are categories approach are the category. this the thatdenies For onmethodology based cCall, has been created the discourses. The throughout second approach the is - -

lement of this concept is the examination of the way the how which is situated between the anticategorical and intercategorical intercategorical and anticategorical the between situated is which or categorical approach, which focusor approach, onthe categorical complexity whichis of but ratherbut focuses ontheof categories process how this hed and constructed by each other and how they they andhow each by other constructed and hed 12

(Yuval

- Davis 2006:205) Davis

ories, ories, CEU eTD Collection

political (1991).political constructed” Crenshaw intersectionality (1991:1245). distinguishes between structural “need grounds accountfor to ofwhen identities multiple the considering social world how is of colour T (1989). women of experiences multiple the shape and other each with interact that categories as not but categories, excluded mutually as considered were race and gender thus femaleness, or blackness of those as either experiences collective the into absorbed were women Black of experiences ofmarginalizes the of issues colour violence women (1991). the against Crenshaw According to politics takes either or feminism anti- with diverse backgrounds were misrepresented by political initia women battered of experiences the how argues Crenshaw USA the of context the Within (Lockhart2010:19). of these and categories Danis, of identities maketo the various visible forms of and discrimination oppress domestic violence is to help recognize and identifythe multiple categoriesof identities as well as to relation in aim of intersectionality Therefore ofthe colour. women domestic violence by VIOLENCE ANDDOMESTIC INTERSECTIONALITY 1.4 themselves thein socialona (2005). of groups neglected thatfind intersection point located are they how and categories, and inequalities the between relationship the examine to is There is not one pattern with which one can explain the different experiences of experiences of the different explain can which one with pattern one not is There

hereforeasserts she that intersectionality useful is a to emphasize tool the racism into consideration, but not both, and both, not thus but consideration, into racism 13

ion as ofion an interaction outcome tives andtives how the identity

and and CEU eTD Collection

Under we violence structural understood: class (2005:44). andgender, race of their result asItcoloured a face,structural women violence. another supportis of level of institutional lack women, the but violence coloured toward of level violence one is interpersonal thatthe who argue Dupont, and of Sokoloff work the with The of structural notion intersectionality the field of domestic in violence was extended womenwomen face: unlikethe white violence bydifferent is women coloured from thatof white women by what out black pointing women (Richie,2005:53). becauselimitation, experience theynot did violence onthe same the white level privileged as gaining providers, help from whilewomen service fordiverse with the backgrounds meant this pos a privileged in are they because women, white of safety the assured “everyone” that “It those in couldto happen power” Thus,within (2005:53). But thi and (Crenshaw, domestic violence1991). classes universalistic allraces approach affects that the blacktake communityMainstreamgender (1991:1258). feminists reason as a and deploy the expl an as race uses movement racist violence andfeminist anti and the intersectionality, Political given due is Crenshaw, to whenwomen coloured face domestic ( Crenshaw,1991:1245) . the createto abusive to lives, ability relationship” their hindering alternatives “ verge in these women's women's these in domination of oftenconmultilayered forms that verge androutinized In structural inters s notion that domestic violence “could happen to everyone” according to Richie means means according Richie to everyone” to happen “could violence thatdomestic notion s ectionality demonstrates Crenshaw how the experience of domestic - racist politics usually marginalize their experiences. The anti- anation for the contribution to theanationthe to cycle contribution for of violence within

the political strategy

ition when when ition

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white women’s. poor white- when Also and African higheris the where in aand livein the ofto neighborhood, rate unemployment poverty than poor wom urban white the experiencesof Afro urban poor by violence domestic of experiences It gender and that the race. obvious by poverty is shaped violence bypoverty, itselfis shaped is (28:2005) resources economic lackcompromised due of their to amongclasses, all for women the from the class lower ability their alter their to environment is occurs violence domestic that fact the Despite disadvantages. multiple producing in gender and race,class hardly Bograd but about thatpovertyoverlap highlights rac with may often gender (1991),article her aboutof in talks the Althoughintersection canonic Crenshaw, (Lockhart and Danis, 2010:20). ju of aspects quality the and experiences context, specific a focusing on about by power thinking the binary replaces prevented. Thusintersectionality and not is invisible because remains colour further revictimization, it followed is bytheir assistanceand protection by state the institutions very often victimization the o have the right full control to their women (ibid). On the other hand due the insufficient men gender ideologythat the to society in due violence approved be can physical one hand men's poverty ( racism and by and followed but normalized, invisible of is violence Usually type this (Manjoo, 2011:8) family, householdcommunity”. or her other people to ideological, position, asubordinate within whetherin physical or of“any form structural inequalitystitutional in or discrimination maintains that a woman Merry, 2009:5). Thus,personal and 2009:5). violenceMerry, structural connected. are intimatelyOn the en because poor Afro poor because en 15

- American women have the same income, income, same the have women American American women would be different from from would be different women American stice, discrimination and equality - American women are more likely likely more are women American . Albeit the experience of of experience the Albeit .

f women of e and e and CEU eTD Collection

conceptualized as a reflection of behaviorconceptualized the individual 2005:46).reflection (Sokoloff as and a Dupont, group l is andoccurrence the entire of violence theviolence communities for explanation happens the culturean racialized taken in is as etc, economic (Sokoloffcolonialism, exploitation, and Dupont,2005:45). Usually when experience of domestic violence interlocks the with other such forms as of racism, oppression the culturalviolence, and howdifferent address in orderto communities combating in domestic by be just explained colour women should ofagainst the violence that backgrounds mean not does approach,scholars because highlight somethatgiving voice the battered to women from diverse attentionneeds Also be to “who excludedand is why?”(2005:30,31). poor, batteredwomen. ofimportant Thusfor minority adequateis theit define creation to policy focuses onthe white middle class women while at the same time its reinforces the stereotypes of report the violence of the because social action strategies. strategy This Bograd as often it put (2010:20). Afro the of substantially that will differ asfrom educated employed as well and anis who area in lives urban Afro an- experiences of life For the and instance, of discrimination. oppression differen as well as identities of categories these within and between differences produces accordingLockhart to andDanis intersectionality the multilayered as categories identities of also service the to access their

"structural inequality" (race, class and gender). "Culture" is also important for understanding understanding for also important is "Culture" gender). and class (race, "structural inequality" In thatwomen can Bograd diverse with points not this to deny background addition or - American woman who lives in a rural area ruralwoman a a who in lives American providers is significantly different (Coker, 2005:376). However,providers significantlydifferent is (Coker,

given to the culture as a fundamental part of the intersectional intersectional the of part a fundamental as culture the to given

abelled as violent. However it is not not Howeverabelled is it as violent. nd is without education and job education job without and nd is American woman woman American t forms forms t CEU eTD Collection

the intersectiongender, ofand their minority class, race needwomen ethnic often different help- also lessadequate needs for of the ethnic minority 2009). women As a (Merry Engle, result of are houses refuge the cases the of (Moe,stereotypes 2007:3). Moreover, most them in towards result of a women as minority of the needs overlook often can researchers according some to of kind decision this sheltered.Thus, be to her for order in violence domestic legitimate of victim they resources, limited have can the and staff a often whomthey make as decisions see will can be founded by state or can the be One independent. of the the issue with refuge that houses is le finding housing, jobs, with assistance as such services of avariety offer as well as safety promote violence domestic The sheltersmechanismsas that provide temporaryaccommodation to the victims of House 1.5.1 Refuge help wouldbe discus and of which Vasan, might the in service preceded the providers seek victims 1996:32). Some P.Sewall A.Schuler, K.Rajasingham, Gyimah, Beasely, (Vargas, structures bureaucratic other helping victims the legal with help, hiring the with adequate the overcomevictims to thethe violence. victims services means Providing assistance with orderfor etc. andservices, providein to prevention is the victims judges, special The aim of the domestic violenceproviders such service sheltering, polic SERVICES VIOLENCE DOMESTIC 1.5

sed insed this section. gal aid and counseling therapy (Merry Engle, 2009:52). These services These 2009:52). (Merry Engle, counseling therapy and gal aid

professional personnel and representing victims to to representing victims and personnel professional 17

e units, sociale units, CEU eTD Collection

the colored women because of the police interpretation of these situations whichdepend will ofon these situations interpretation the ofwomen colored the because police w corporate to the violence, victim the particularasof of the the seriousness unwillingness such situation fromthey domestic violence, (Moe, be can 2007:2). can This often be denied a consequence of suggest studies Some thatwhen wome 1.5.3 Police (Bograd 2005:30). by violence thewomen complexityofrelative” experienced ignore domestic minority to tends the from different group for thatis as the normal perceived is denied violence services, when bythe social the (2005:60).their needsconcerns and contributes of the “other” to assumption which allows the women, social services ove to exotic as and inferior womencolored of the the Dasgupta stereotypicalimage highlights that insensitiveness of soci can the becausecultural in same diverse bewith of cases difficult the backgrounds employment, etc (Moe, counseling 2007:4). However, the access these to services for women as housing, such agencies referred appropriate to be theirand safety to about obtainassistance to order in services social the approach to likely most are violence domestic of victims The Services1.5.2 Social Humphreys, 2010:148). seek routes which som in In of Bograd addition arguesthatoften the victimization the minority can women be ith the criminal justice system etc.(ibid). However this might be more difficult for

white culture (2005:30). Thus, seeing the domestic violence as “culturally violence“culturally seeing the(2005:30). as domestic culture Thus, white

al servicesal staff (social worker, psychologists Alongside etc). with this, e cases cannot be met by mainstream service providers (Nixon and and (Nixon providers service by met mainstream be cannot e cases n approach the policerequesting for protection 18

rlook

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(2009:53- and because improve to theintent of the behavior victims the perpetrators the police. Thus,according Merry to order protective have not this value does because of no pr be can by the system of justice.the Also restraining orders issuedagainst the perpetrator by the court victimization of womenwith divers background oftenfollowed is their further by victimization taketo responsibility their viole for obliged not are perpetrators the where community, racialized the in particularity perpetrators’ the The criminal justice intentionally or unintentionally might ineffectively respond toward 1.5.4 Courts (1991).difficult for seek from orderto outside themin their protection community colour protectmakes outsiders. to againstThis racially their home hostile intervention more of women of desire the by also and hostile, are which forces police the privacy be by to invaded canexperienced This the of generalwomen. bewomen unwillingness duefor bythese to their "and"culture"Very"raceexplanatoryfactors for often be reporting can not domestic violence community,the stereotypes referring thatAfr to their experience is more likely to be labelledby the policeas culturally normal for their because victimization the denied be can backgrounds diverse from women battered that asserts the raceand class of (Moe, the perpetrators 2007:2). and the victims oblematic particularly for the due minority the to women lack of their reinforcement by 54).

nce (Merry, 2009:103). As an outcome of all this the ofan allthis outcome (Merry,nce 2009:103). As 19 ican

- Americanare men pathologically violent. In vain, Crenshaw this

life mightat be risk

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WOMEN groupandor the recognizeconceptualize very and donot policymakers researchers often homogeneous a are not women thatRomani claims she this In to addition experiences(2009:26). Roman invisible make which inaccuracies to leads categories these of one out and systematically of through gender,Leaving observed class. the intersection race/ethnicity and Furt social hierarchies of(2009:25). difference”. are group “shaping identities, in individual essential structures, and the reproductionof multiple which inclusions, and economic poverty out andgender discrimination ethnicity/race leave and But all these terminologies, as Kocze emphasizes mostly take into consideration the discrimination, multiple discrimination, doublemarginalization and multiple marginalization. of Roma disempowering Furthermore, and silencing ofwomen. our Romani she thatthe points situation and compared discrimination men Roma and to non- Angela to According womenaddressed. not Romani face is discrimination intersectional deployed with limited applicability on partstate the of policyand the particular manner in which intersectional identities areaffe showshow the it women,essential Romani because for women. approachRomani This is there a is lack of knowledge about the applicability conceptof this developed the in USAfor the faced peopl forms ofmultiple discrimination byRoma 1.6

INTERSECTIONALITY AND VIOLENCE AGAINST ROMANI ROMANI AGAINST ANDVIOLENCE INTERSECTIONALITY Intersectionality is a useful tool and recognized as an essential concept for analyzing for concept essential an as recognized and tool auseful is Intersectionality ni womenni in theyears recent has described been various in ways such as double hermore, Kocze highlightshermore, Kocze of women thattheRomani situation needs be to analyzed

Kocze (2009) Romani women encounter different forms of oppression forms of women encounter different (2009)Kocze Romani cted by the experiences of violence. Nevertheless, it is often often is it Nevertheless, violence. of experiences the by cted

Romani women,Romani contributes and to this the e, particularly Romani women. However However women. Romani particularly e,

i women'si

the the

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re of women Romani the discrimination intersectional Serbia in women highlights Romani NGOs by out women(2007)carried Romani and domestic violence Additionally,study a on (Kocze,2009:41). while theexplanation, intersection of race an as taken often was race/ethnicity of category the when conflicts, armed the during harassment rape or sexual casesof the in was alsowomen noted Romani intersectional towards approach comprehensiveanalysis and appropriate measures for wome Romani does promise not claims as Kocze approach ethnicity.This dismissing gender inequalitywhile of aconsequence as trafficking the treat women of trafficking to related studies many However, compared non to coming countries from this often are more likely be to vulnerable and to exposed trafficking in traffickin women seen could be facedof intersectional byRomani One discrimination noticeableexample and gender are taken sole category, as a considered are but light not in of the interaction of those. women experienced byRomani violence Regarding the who researchers, the particularlyfor for women essential Romani very is intersectionalityaccording her to intersectional thatRomani discrimination women encounter. Thus, lated to domestic violence. In of women, Romani responded researchlated domestic violence. to this thatthey 75% have (Kocze 2009:28) the processes social . create that such situations” Romani that womensituations face, be also po but onlya not gain thosebetter specific “would designating language for andcomplex g of Romani women from Eastern Europe to Western countries. The women Romani Western to countries. women from Europe Eastern g Romani of

- Romani women due to their gender, ethnicity/race and class gender, womenethnicity/race inequaliti Romani due their to /ethnicity and gender was not taken into considerationgender into taken andnot /ethnicity was 21

inted to theinted to need of adeeper analysis for Kocze highlights that often race race thatoften Kocze highlights n (2009:41). The lack of the concept of

es. es. CEU eTD Collection

(2004:37). the insufficient by assistance police violence when reported the by is domestic women Romani houses due the to racist a women face itaccordingof Oprea lack islegal the help to ,thelimited access toshelter the affect than women non Romani more the but barriers communities, tha Romani for unique just the domestic violence not asserted is that Alexandra feminist Romani Oprea, the Romania in violence and domestic ofwomen Romani Concerning the situation by women(2010:4).and Romani victims thee insufficient th service helpproviders to authority Ukraine the by perpetrators against action of lack the was report the in presented was issuewhichimportant the authority. Another to trust lack fear and of the violence of because domestic violence byfamily members. However, Romani women often felt reluctant to re womenRomani who have been interviewed, 112claimed thatthey been experiencing have Org International Charitable and the conductedbyERRC the study violence in also highlighted was Moreover, the intersectional discriminationagainst Romaniin terms women domestic of Serbia, 2007:4). Romani women victims of domestic violence why of a reason as explained was services social the by houses refuge the from women Romani of exclusion the Also partners. their were perpetrator the that practitioner the to reveal to aresu as help medical seek rarely violence domestic encountered who been domestic to exposed violence by their partners of family women Thus,Romani members. anization Roma Women Roma In Ukraineanization Fund report “Chiricli” this (2010).of in out 240

ttitudes towardsttitudes by Roma the Romanian social service providers, and - Romani women. Among the many obstacles that Romani thatRomani obstacles Amongthe many women. Romani t Romani women in Romania face disproportionately women Romania in Romani t 22

can not access this service (Shadow Reports Reports (Shadow service this access not can

lt of shame andhesitate port port CEU eTD Collection

Hotline for women andLabour the children” with agreement of between and the Ministry Social Hotlinebecame theSOS 2005this “National in and Skopje Hotlinein established the first SOS addressto regulate and take 2004 the not authority did any until step due the that to fact manywomen's organizations, by done been have Macedonia in violence domestic related to steps the major However, realization of the trad towards the women's vulnerability violence to the in family as a of consequence the “limited Macedonia contributed capitalism in to communism of from transition Dokmanovic period this international organization (Nikolic non- the of increase an as well as system political the in changes followed there Macedonia in 1991, declar After sphere. private the of apart as considered was violence Yugoslavia violence regulated andthe domestic thus the was domestic the with law, not 1990Macedoniadifferent. wasof Until was part the situation legal agenda,Macedonia in Western countries domestic violence was brought publiclight in and with thethat in poli Although in the 1970s with the the the with 1970s Although in CONTEXT MACEDONIAN IN VIOLENCE DOMESTIC 2.1 understand the context inunderstand which my the place. context took project carried Macedonia. in out order Thus,in situate to I my research it that importantis to believe was research my since Macedonia, in violence domestic of issue the of contextualization the I As already

governmental organizations, particularly whichgovernmental werefounded women's organizations, organizations by itional genderroles” itional (2006:182). mentioned the domestic violence. In 1992 the Union of Women in Macedonia in Women In 1992the Union of the domestic violence. - in thein introduction chapter, of this sectiondedicated is this to Ristanovic emergence

23 2002:142). According Nikolic to

of “battered women's movement” in many many in movement” women's “battered of

ing its independence its ing in

- Ristanovic and and Ristanovic cy and CEU eTD Collection

2006:37,76) . Macedonian the while violenceandwomennoted sexual amongst 36,7% was and women the Romani Albanian 27,4% the ethnicity who the were respondents, of included the in survey, the number highest of physical that they hadbeen victims violence. of 10,6% sexual of victims Regarding physical and violence respondents of hadpsychological been victims violence, the whileresponders 17,7% of stated 56,4% almost of the locations, educationthe age.survey that results from and showed The respondents pla took female which 1,432 in a , Shadow” “Life in domestic violence comprehensive on study In conducted 2006ESE Law in this, 2006:4). to (studybyESE, addition the second violence defined andwas it regarding the domestic amendments made Parliament the Macedonian 2004 agenda. Finally, in betheto in legal put thewith intention domestic violence of period the lobbing into worked Dokmanovic, 2006:22). Driven byn and the factualthe situatio results of study,this this in ESE - (Nikolic Macedonia” in Violence Domestic of Figure Dark “The Macedonia in domestic violence of onprevalence first study conductedthe 2000 in (ESE) Equality Women of and n, Solidarity Emancipatio Association for Furthermore, women's organizations the three are run bythe non other the while institutions, state by the managed are seven which among centres, shelter ten Macedonia 2010in t 2004 to hours (ibid). Thus,from sheltered 48 24to from be which could the victims at the transithouse founded women's organization sameIn 1995 the Poli cy Macedonia in Women and the (Nikolic Unionof ce. Ince. theincluded different survey women were there from ethnicities, 17,4% 17,4% - governmental organizations (ESE,2010:6). governmental organizations and criminalized in the Penal Code and later included in the Family Family and included the later thein in Penalcriminalized Code and

and other ethnici 24

ties were least threatened least were ties - Ristanovic and Ristanovic Dokmanovic,2006:134).

here were opened opened were here ( study by ESE, ESE, by study ( Ristanovic andRistanovic CEU eTD Collection protection Against Domestic Violence (2012-2015)”, Skopje.

Law becauseat the moment the domestic viole Ma 6 assistance them(2013:5). to women byraising about awareness domestic violence and appropriate protection and offering encourage ethnic minoritywomen re to recommendation (1992) onviolence women No. 19 urged against Macedonian authority to reports the to (CEDAW) Committee.In this report the Committee regardinggeneral the 2 Kenig, and (Orgocka Committee CEDAW which has been 1994and in 2006for ratified in the Macedonia first time report submitted the to (CEDAW) of FormsWomen All onthe Elimination ofConvention DiscriminationAgainst manyconventions. One ofthe themis ratified Macedonia level international the On Prevention Against Domestic Violence 2012 violence domestic amongst where minoritywomen 72,2% of women the Romani Regarding the ethnicityand the educationdomestic violence of the victims, m is men 35,5%. compared to 39,4% violence of domestic be victims more to that womenlikely are conducte 2008- Against Violence Strategies Protection 2008preparedfirst “National in for organizations, the the non- study the of findings Based onthe

For more information see: cedonianauthorities still are working regulation of onthe domestic violence a in separate 2011” (NSPAV, 2008- and other important actors and organizations governmental otherthe in country important and international d the “National Research on Domestic Violence”. The finding of this research shows shows research this of finding The Violence”. Domestic on Research “National the d and women with the low l second “ National Strategy for Protection and and forsecond National Protection Strategy “ l women the with low and

Ministry of Labour and Social Politic (2012):”National Strategy for Prevention and 2011:3). Further, Macedonia 2012in in for the there first time was

port domestic violence particularport with domestic accent onRomani

”Life in a Shadow” the Macedonian government with Macedonian athe Shadow” ”Life in - 012:19). In 2013 Macedonia submitted the second the second submitted In Macedonia 2013 012:19). 2015”. However t in 2015”. nce is regulated under several l several under regulated is nce 25

stated that have been victims of victims been have that stated he time of writing the thesis aws. aws. ostly noted ostly noted CEU eTD Collection

rates of unemployment, low level of education, substandard infrastructure (RCS, 2005). rates(RCS, level infrastructure of substandard ofeducation, unemployment,low peopleRomani Macedonia in still remain the poorest in population the country the with high majority live population the Romani of in the urban are language, practising different religion, and enjoyingIn different social status. this to addition the dialects of groupdifferent Romani thatspeak Macedonia are diverse 2007). people Romani in Macedonialive in and between that is 6,67% 3.95to of the(Amnesty population International, country although show thatbetween135,000Roma to theestimates population unofficial 80,000 trust to the to statetrust institutions and the fear of damaging the reputation of the family. Furthermore, emphases of the thatmost domestic violence cases remained unreported, because of of the lack m partners, their were perpetrators ofinterviewed, domestic violence thatthey and 166stated victims been have 64).AmnestyInternational, 2007: from their women partner, Romani can also be by husband’s abused of fam their members besides theirmove husband’sthe into violence parentalsome homemarriage,cases in in thus w Romani of the patriarchalfamily organization present and structure the gender still inequality, thattheydiscrimination facerace/ethnicity, As gendera ofand based theirconsequence class. Theof the situation wome Romani According to IA MACEDON IN WOMEN ANDROMANI VIOLENCE DOMESTIC 2.2 In the survey conducted by the Roma Centre of Skopje (2005) from 237 Romani women women 237Romani from (2005) Skopje of Centre Roma Inconducted bythe survey the omen are very often exposed to domestic violence. Yet, Romani women generally generally women Romani Yet, violence. domestic to exposed often very are omen the 2002 census in Macedonia live 53, 879 Roma and that is 2,66% of the the of 2,66% thatis and 879Roma live53, Macedonia in 2002census the embers ofembers the parents. family own The or report their n in n in Macedonia far is due more to worst the multiple 26

a Macedonia in (ibid). However the usually the ily ( ( ily

CEU eTD Collection

- - reportnot encounter violence when are FRAMEWORK 3.1CONCEPTUAL children might be taken into carechildrenInternational, 2007:65). might services (Amnesty be into bythe social taken the divorcingbecause they procedures they fear that couldliveontheir not own and their andare Further,reluctantlack housing of start of support them to alternatives. economic many their oncereturn the Also ofwomen,abusive majority to Romani who leftback spouses their whena of domestic avictim violence. womanhelp as Romani seeks repo the domestic theAlso study shows help. adequate receive not can they that belief the and fear shame, the of because it encounter study demonstratedRoma that relationshipviolent and seekdo not for assistance by Further the appropriate authorities. the women,Romani who theshowed encounter stay usually in domesticof violence thatmajority about the prevalence of domestic violence ande women's th Romani experiences. study This The research done by “Sumnal” of citizen in the Association 2010 provides information intersectional framework insensitivi policy ty of and experiences intersectional

parents house. However many of them are forced to return back to their spouses due to the theirparents to However themare spouses forced back due return the many to to house.of Literature me to that the suggests mainexplanatoryfactors why for women Romani do rt indicates high that level racism of influences the police authority intervene to not violence. violence.

that Romani womenthat Romani lack information regarding the regulation of

ni womenni are lesslikely domestic violence report to when they :

CEU eTD Collection subject, instead the intersectionality: it is an interactiongender Thus,domestic violence monolithic ofclass. not race with is and part presented just ofwomen not the is still community, gender inequality the in Romani instead Macedonia. thattheexperienceAs domesticbyRomani suchviolence intersectionality shows of dom thein context intersectional approach I of the usefulness prove to thesis look this women. experiencesin Following these Romani of experiences the literature) the from suggested (as through captured be can These

and weather escapesafety can be and obtained”. co personalandsocial represented, andhow how nsequencesresponded are by to others, “ colouring the meaning and nature of domestic violence, how it is experienced by self and and self experienced by is it violence, how domestic andnature of meaning the colouring

estic violence experienced by Romani women in in women by Romani experienced violence estic 28

(Bograd, 2005:26)

CEU eTD Collection

may play a of of roleimplementation these mechanisms in policy. second The of the intersectionality,which categories how of intersectionality inequality are excludedand understandto how Macedoniancriticaland Verloo's policybyusing frame law approach domestic violence order in stages.stage The of However,study research first analyses two this has dividedinto been meanings. own their in experiences their narrate to able were research this in participants the 1994:11). As such and Purvis, (Maynard researched” experiencesand those being meanings of data collection andanalysis, data sinceof focus the the qualitative method is on “the subjective us was approach qualitative question, research my address to order In help. receiving and from seeking are them thatprevent barriers what the and witness domestic violence INTRODUCTION

to their interaction a tradition of of “Women“women atradition interaction their interviewingwomento bring talk”.” In th In is thesisI intend to research why women Romani are likely less report to when they

intersectionality is done in these documents, what is the context and meaning and meaning context what the is documents, these in done intersectionality is CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER Methods L. MarjorieDeVault 1999:67 29

stag ed for the the for ed

e was e was

CEU eTD Collection As a starting point forIdecided this project make the to first contactswith the Centres and conduct interviews with abusedwith women.and Romani conduct interviews In addition to this, myplan initial was,employees with helpof the the these in shelters, to target with the employees (social workers thatwork and oncasesof physiologists) domestic violence. letters via e I officialat Work the seven beginning to for request January2014 submitted Centres Social of located. for thewere in SocialWork towns and Macedonia cities in centres whereelter sh

7 FIELDWORK 2.1 research. my doing I was while across come at whi limitation, and ethical consideration I the address finally and researcher my as position I that interviews, then thefor methods been have my utilized analysis, furtherI date upon reflect conducting of process and the Idescribe underlying fieldwork Firstly, the study. whole this in a as deployed been have chapter the that methods outlines elaborated, intersectionality this were and violence domestic of frameworks theoretical the chapter previous inthe While IIgain2002:674). As such depth thatin informat believe more latitudeto full articulate the answers their within own framework (Aberbach& Rockman, followed by the semi

Officially in Macedonia there are seven shelters these shelters the same staff are employed as thein Centres for Social Work. active, and those are located Skopje,in Kocani and Bitola. All the shelters are run by the state and usually in Ohrid andKumanovo (ESE, 2010). However during my research I found that threejust shelter centres were

- mail. The aim of the request letters was to get the permission to conduct interviews - structured interviews,structured the open since -

, which are located in Skopje, Prilep, Strumica, Kocani, Bitola,

end gave questions the respondents’ ion fromion interviewees. my

Thus, ch I ch CEU eTD Collection this study.this in part willing take to were they askorder if to NGO in representatives of the phone some with the Before researchsnowballI sampling contact also method. established startingwith over had through alsoabused personal by women NGOs, and Romani the contacts the using local Rom sheltered have not recentlyreporteddid any women, very cases because was or difficult it or they Work However,Igot when the permiss

9 8 felt safeand comfortableto talk with me. which they at a place in women the Romani with the interview Iset up 59).1994:58, Therefore und be can interviewees the safety of the situations rare In them. between interaction the observe to and family the of members meet to easier be andwould it where theylive the observedin place be can way they that their homes, because despite the opinion of some researchers that itis all right for the interviewee to be interviewed in ofoutside the victims’ homes becauseI was aware thattheirbe under life put might risk – be interviewed sensitivity due the many to in of the topicand interviews place took the occasions interviews were women theconducted with Romani victims the where places in to they preferred theirfreelyexpress openstory thehand aorder andin more café. to be On to the other wereconductedoffices, one with their N in just Most of the interviews with the social services staffand with the NGO representatives domestic violence recently reported by Romani women.

Even though through personal contacts I was told that in one of the Centres for So I did not Centre for Social Ohrid in Work I received a letter that the shelter centre is closed. them several times and every ti 8

I by told was employees thatthey the arrange not could abused meetingswith Romani

get answer to conduct interviews from two shelter centres Strumicain and Kumanovo even though I called

ani women. 9

Thus, in most of the cases I managed to conduct interviews with interviewsIconduct cases managedto of the most Thus, in me Ime was told that they will call me back, but actually they did not. Also from the

ion to carry out the research in some of the Centres of Social Social of Centres the of some in research the carry out to ion

31 GO representative the interview was carried out out carried was interview the representative GO

er real risk, particularly for women (Weiss, (Weiss, women for particularly risk, er real cial Work they hadtheycial cases of Work

CEU eTD Collection

10 of victims the to protection and help delivers that aservice as because was them with interviews I conducted why reasons The years. eight to two for cases violence domestic with experiences opened 2009and be in to soon closed becauseseveral of the All interview reasons. I thatonewas shelter interview discovered places, during the houses locatedhowever these in Kocani, a workers employed for Skopje, and the in in Centres psychologists SocialWork Bitola Prilep, and such of providers as intervieweesseven Thesocial group comprised secondservice t services (police providers social workers three just etc), of them did However, onsocialunemployed benefits. and themhad dependent with contact the of majority and sexuallytheywere abused, economically was women while one abused, and psychological interview allphysically were womenRomani rarely so report The domestic violence. majority part who took the of in women, o in stories life their hear to I wanted because is all have been bytheir abused partners. why I The interviews them reason conduct to with chose women, interviewe my first group of In the groups. three into researchwere divided twenty IApril The2014andperiod at theduring this research started beginningofconducted MACEDONIA IN INTERVIEWS CONDUCTING 2.2 wo of themwere one shelteredin of houses. the shelter

They declare themselves as such. - two in depth in semi two 10

ll of themll of being non who were from Skopje (5), Kumanovo (1), Bitola (2), Kocani (1) and Prilep (1), who and (1) Prilep Kocani(2), Bitola (5),(1), Skopje Kumanovo from who were - structured The interviews. interviewees participated this that in

- between 26 to 65 years old, they did not finish education, years were finish not did they between 65 old, 26to Roma. The same employees in these Centres run the shelter shelter the run Centres these in employees same The Roma. 32

rder to gain deeper understanding of why gain of understanding rder to deeper

not approachednot them, es were ten Romani Romani ten were es ees have had had have ees

while CEU eTD Collection

11 Violence(2012Prevention- Against Domestic Violence(2008- Protection Against Domestic intersectionality C ANALYSIS DATA OF METHODS 2.3 was Macedonian conductedin and language. Romani with the all participants lasted between and 40minutes one hour, even more, some times and it question different asked were interviewees the that asense in way, different service Theguide the with victims, interviewwereconstructed providers anda in NGOs they who f women, Romani target much how and are implementedMacedonia in violence domestic to related policyand practices The reason carryinginterviews out for NGOs with representativeshow find out the laws, was to later. established were NGOs some since 1993, domestic violence working on NGOs been have as such NGOs Roma of representatives (ESE) NGOs from such Skopje as for Association Emancipation,olidarity S andWomen of Equality of non representatives three the conducted with was interviews group of The last minoritywomen and in their extent of cultural sensitivity. domestic violence,I was interested in their experie

. See I,II,III Appendix , ritical frame analysis is adopted as a method in order to to inorder amethod as adopted is analysis frame ritical Macedonia in Women of Union Macedonian Family Law, Family the document: following the Macedonian

ace intersectional discriminations Daja and and from Kumanovo and Luludi Kumanovo from 33 2015) and the Platform for Joint Action for for2015) and Joint the Platform also conductedwith Interviews . were XERA 2011), National Protection Strategyand for

nces and awareness to the needs of ethnic ethnic of needs the to awareness and nces

the Nationalthe Strategy for from Skopje. All of the of All the Skopje. from analyse analyse . 11

The interview interview The in

terms of - Roma Roma CEU eTD Collection

abused Romani women can be responded to in order for them to escape the violence. For that that theFor violence. escape to fororder them can in respondedto be abused women Romani I After subject how wonder reflecting adequately to of on this the began needs and reading women andseekRomani remainednot silent did help when theyencountered domestic viole because, a As 2.4 themes. key and categories into code the I organized after and interview, each from data the coded order (2009:8). – characteristic some share they because “families” or categories ena Saldaña method according to problemorder byapplyingaddressed (ibid). the be to intersectionality violence, encompass intersectionality while t of domestic Macedonian policytexts caseand the problem this legal in diagnosis the show how 2005:18) (Verloo enclosed” structured andmeaningfulpolicy problem, which in a solution is implicitly or explicitly : as frame policy defines approach frame Promo “an organising principle fragmentary a organising transforms into “an that incidentalinformation or REFLECTION REFLECTION In terms of policy frame Verloo makes distinction between diagnosis and prognosis. The and The prognosis. between diagnosis Verloo distinction makes frameIn policy terms of

The data from the interviews was analyzed was interviews the from data The to get some sense about the issues that have been discussed by the participants, then I participants, discussed then aboutget been bythe the thathave sense issues to some ting the SocialStatus of the Romani Women Republic of in Macedonia The critical as a member of the Roma community myself, I often wondered why the majority of I why of majority myself,wondered memberthe community Roma oftenthe as a of Thus, the process of analyzing the data started with the rereading the transcribes in rereading in started of the analyzing data thetranscribes with Thus, the process

Romani feministRomani student focusing ongenderI issues study to decided topic this ARESEARCHER AS MYPOSITION ON bles us “to organize and group similarly coded data into into data coded grouporganize similarly and “to bles us

he showswhat prognosis the is in proposed solution 34

by using coding and categorization . This categorizationcoding .This and byusing the beginning of a pattern” a pattern” of beginning the

nce. nce. CEU eTD Collection

would influence of the story. their narration interviewwhether theyw or perceive and whether me this, they comfortable with during wouldbeand more open the develop; due differences to class in andI education wonder how women the Romani would betw Iwondered how the relationship issue of power inequality.Before starting fields my work, with due the to sensitivity of the topic, the is respondent the and researcher the between relationship the of element crucial The Zimmerman& Sp (K. research document the theand production for of the in research and involved the person researcher the between attachment human close the for harmful be can sometimes but researcher, an researcher the between relationship close However, establishing story(1991:71). narrated bythe can caught narrator listener be and the bytold women. performance Romani Borlandemphasizes thatduring the the the narrative empatheti and not neutral be to hard me for very was some casesit in achallenge, as subject this experiencing besides that admit to I have participants. the and me t of way upon abused women, Romani social services might NGOs influence representatives, and it my helped of as domestic violence. victims beto women able Romani study canreasonI see to this order in how be undertake decidedto I am aware that my position as a privileged educated Romani women, who researches researches who women, Romani educated aprivileged as my position that I aware am hinking, analysing and interpreting the data that I interpreting analysingrelationship that between and thehinking, collectedand data the rague, 1989:77). ould see me as an educated Romani woman with authorityandwith that an educated woman as Romani me see ould een the Romani victims of domestic violenceand me will

d the participant in some cases can be helpful for the can the helpfulparticipant for be some cases in d the 35

c particularlyby stories the CEU eTD Collection otherwise they would not have shared their stories.

13 12 woman researcher,my to colour. due skin Ro a as perceived be to likely was it if wondered Iperson there experienceI this whether reporthave to came I that been molested. With contacts the to social worker, who worksof the domestic in unit violence.I asked was by this contacts the with social service period this I provides. During was intr establish to trying Iwas when time of aperiod was there interviews the conducting Before re when the interview taking is place( moment the at interview the of quality the affect not do differences these claim researchers some Considering the racia that after telling their stories theyfelt better. through claiming meinterviewing, was to their foundindicated which empowering, the interview I surprise Nevertheless,relationship my ofplayedrole to educated/uneducated here. women a own Romani successful. not introducedeventually were and those interviews interviewe wantnot be to whensituations the Romani women were ofas domestic violence, victims known they but did Iwitnessed them. with the interview conduct consent to obtain to able be to part order in trusted the person bythey whom were identifie I During fieldwork my were noted thatthe women because free me talkwith just to they

On several occasions I was told by the women that they are telling their story just because they trusted that pers searcher if the researcher was from white race, but what happens when the researcher is not? not? is researcher the when happens what but race, white from was researcher the if searcher I talked with twowomen, who told me that “If I tell you my story you will goandreport my husband”; thus I knew that they felt scared and I did insist on conducting interviews with them.

had the feeling the women,had thatthewhopart theof majority took the in process of d because they did not know well the person through which Iwas through which person know well the not they did d because l and ethnic difference between the participants and the researcher, researcher, the and participants the between difference ethnic and l

Weiss, 1994:139). ProbablyImightWeiss, agree this with

36 d as victims.

mani woman victim, as not abut Romani 12

Thus, the trust was a very crucial crucial avery was trust the Thus, 13

Thus, the unequal power oduced through personal through personal oduced on, CEU eTD Collection

be representative for the Romani women victims ofMacedonia. womenbe domesticRomani violence victims for representative the in number ofwomen Romani from other was towns Therefore small. my claim to research cannot the with Romani trust build women andthe towns, from repres for other that reason Macedoniain In cannotmade. be due addition, the to sensitivity of was the topicit very hard to assu general study, part thattook this in Taking numbers theof consideration limited the interviewees into names my in thesis. womenI use orderRomani not that,in their theirand real anonymity protect privacy, to would the to explained and interview the in part consent take to their verbal I for asked the NGOs, of representatives the and providers service the violence, domestic of victims Romani female the with my as a position researcher before Also, and my with project. conducting interviews with familiar were research the in participants the all firstly, issues ethical these address To recognizing my limitation as a researcher in not order to harm the interviewees. anonymity of guarantee the as such the participants. narrativesconsideration, some influence of probablyonthe identity my somehad of situations in student/researcherwhom theyby the interview. in help wouldliketo takingpart Taking thatinto this fact might influence the way how theywill narrate or theymight see me as a and researcher, is who woman aRomani as me perceive will NGOs and providers service the Thus,as a result of situation, this before conductingI the interviews, wondering was how ANDLIMITATION CONSIDERATION ETHICAL 2.4

Before conducting the interviews several ethical issues had to be taken into consideration, consideration, into taken had issues be to the ethical interviewsBefore conducting several mption about the situation ofwomen about relation the Romani in situation domestic violence to mption

and privacy to the participants, obtaining consent, and obtainingand theand to participants, privacy consent, 37

entative entative CEU eTD Collection

criminal legal protection of the Penalty Code, but in this thesis the civil protection legislation analysed. is 14 ofAction the for Social Status Romani Republic of in Promoting Macedonia. Women the Against DomesticProtection and Violence Prevention (2012 National Strategy for Protection Against Domestic Violence(2008 seek to documents help, once when they they want encounter domestic policyof this orderand in legislation uncover to women how Romani are referred these in view to is intersectional documents the these for analysing applicationissue violence. key The policy and which legislation, are designed of the address needsdomestic to victims of the INTRODUCTION more politics” of promote quality inclusive the development andbetter

Mace “ The adoption of a more intersectional approach to the treatment of inequalities could thus thecould to treatmentthus inequalities amore of of intersectionalapproach The adoption This chapter will focus on the analysis of the intersectional effectiveness of the Macedonian ofintersectional the Macedonian effectiveness onthe analysis focus of chapter the This will the the In analyzed wouldbe there the section following donian legislation frames domestic violence in two laws the civil legal protection of the Family Law andthe Macedonian Domestic Violence Law and Policy: Are Romani Women “In

CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 38

Lombardo and 2009:479 Verloo,

or Out” or - 2015) and the Platformfor2015) and Joint the Macedonian Family Law Family Macedonian - 2011), National Strategy for National Strategy2011), for

violence. violence.

, 14

the the

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protections to the victims areprotections and the Work to victims the non- for the Centres Social issue this a as specified not are women and problem auniversal as seen is frame the domestic violence 1 according this to Chapter in discussed been alreadyhas terms. As (Krizsán and Popa,2011:10) where perpetrator and are the victim articul frame” violence subjected “individuals domestic thatthey to use From note lawcan we this perpetrator can be anywho isindividual, mentioned the in Article 94- (Family Law,In to addition in 2013).this the Article 94- capacity legal lacking fully or partially as deemed are who family the of members and family partner or person wit children andother familymembers livemarital who in extramarital or union, former marital the of members any be can violence domestic of victims that In abuse. the and physiological economic, sexual According toArticle the 94 adoption,guardianshipviolence, are familyregulated relationship, too. marriage and l In this made. were changes several after Law; Family the in regulated domestic violence was brought onthe political agenda. Finally 2004 in domestic violence was decade after a only women's organizations, bymany initiated Macedonian and was 1994 in ofthe effort in publicsphere domestic violence Even thoughfirst illumination for the the

3.1 FAMILY LAW FAMILY 3.1 In prognosi the

s of this law as key institutions, which are obligated to provide measures of provide measures which of law are obligated asto this key institutions, ofs h whomthe victim has a child, between siblings, elder members the in

of this law, domestic violence is any domesticform violence of law, physical, of is this 39

diagnosis law precisely the of itis highlighted v from this law the victim and family: marital group

that are more affected by by affected more are that government institutions, aw, besides the domestic b ated in gender in ated (FamilyLaw, 2013) couple, parents, - neutral neutral

CEU eTD Collection

effective in the practices even when are issued, their implementation further is their the obstacle. issued, Yet, are when even practices the in effective are rarely orders restraining of the Macedonia in the implementation Bistra that this, pinpoints - (Merry, of 2009:58 guilty the violation law forare the when they are together request and restrainingthe judgerestraining thatcases orders issuedmutual pa both in orders theysometimes the with demand of everyday fit donot life; and the in caseswhen parties both protections At perpetrator 2013,ArticleLaw, (Family 94- of by SocialWork theseAll intervention measurescan the to authorized court be or requested through the Centres Law, 94- 2013,Article be etc”(Family treatment ordered undergo alcohol to dependencecan counperpetrator visit to the anfamily; orderof obligation ofsupport the home; confiscationevictionarms; to the from perpetrator the of family of the notice family; of member by other the visited thatis place other or work place,school the near for be otherprohibition to the perpetrator family members; other with devices means of threaten the victim; prohibition to maltreatment, disturbance, or canthat the authorized court the as:to to perpetrators“prohibition stateorders restraining such problem” (Family2013, ArticleLaw, 94- the victims; initiating a case court; in the for appropriate anddealing the measures other with continuation of school attendance for the children;g providin legal help and representation of andpsychosocial treatment; intervention appropriate counsellingassuring services; the appropriate healthcare; appropriate sheltering; request can victims the also and victims the ensuretemporaryp can SocialWork domain.The for this Centre whichwith deal the implementation level which are suppos which

initiated even initiated be can They victim. the ed to be issued by the judges they are with limited enforcement; limited are with judges they bythe ed be to issued and the temporally and the orders restraining these analysis of the g ). Further, the in prognosis of the law is it mentioned d, z). d, z). 40

selling; if perpetrator the is drug addicted or

if no legal action is taken against the taken is against action if nolegal

making contacts by phone or 59). In light59). of the rotection to rty rty e). e). CEU eTD Collection (2008 VIOLENCE 3.2 theethnicity neglectingviolence. is class. of Theand issue second shows lack of gender, gender thus inequality taken not is as a basisfor the oc enforcement this of law. However, two issues emerged fromfirst one this law this is that law interacti women victims of domestic violence is verycrucial in this law, because itexplains the intersectionality Thus,thetheiras play for abusiveofa mechanism relationships. Romani domestic violence they afford not can this legalhelp, and very often theydecide leave not to encounterwhen It they Report, 2012:11). clearwomen Annualthat (UN became Results Importantly womenRomani employed Macedonia in the of rate then the lower non- is by this limited protection due to lack the of adequatewith Very qualification. women and minority rural women often from area are affected staff enough not or few of because help, legal offer rarely Work Social for Centers the practice protection by the Centers for Social Work to the victims is accessible in theory. Further, help, which be the legal should requested as one of the many temporary (2013:11). e th though restraining some of when orders are issued, there is still lack follow of issued.Even be orderto clear in procedures results of having not astreatment the perpetrators of as the take mandatory donot counselingsome other and placesuch medical interventions NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR PROTECTION AGAINST DOMESTIC DOMESTIC AGAINST PROTECTION FOR STRATEGY NATIONAL on between the complexity of the experiences women of by and violence the Romani - 2011)

financial and family support (Bistra, 2013:9,10). (Bistra, 2013:9,10). family support and financial 41

currence domestic domestic currence

Nonetheless, in Romani - up CEU eTD Collection

15 domestic viol of mentioned as victims 8.Establishing mechanisms for implementingstrategy. the relevant institutions. andof documents 7.Introducing system a protection.6.Improvement criminal of the 5.Improvement ofcivil the protection system. of4.Improvement of domestic violence. protectionvictims of of the the system 3.Education providers. of the service violence2.Prevention of the through domestic e violence. 1.Establishing multi- part of the Strategyfollowing thegoals were set up: theand with adequate providing the servi victims violence,national improving capacity the for and the preventing domestic addressing violence domestic violence. The aim of strategy the Strategyfirst the onestrategic in field of was the prevent documents National Strategyfor Protection Against Domestic Violence 2008 violenceon the issueof adopted domestic working experts andorganizations international 2011)”, Skopje

Ministry of Labour and Socia l Politic (2008): “National Strategy for Protection Against Domestic Violence (2008 In 2008the Macedonian government cooperation in other with non- In documentof women, this children theareclearly diagnosis andpeople elderly

sectoral co sectoral

- ordinative approach in theordinative in protection approach of the of domestic victims

ence.Inaddition to this, in the strategyit is mentioned that

reporting on cases of domestic violence by the the by violence domestic of cases on reporting was to decrease the occurrence of domestic domestic of occurrence the decrease to was 42 ducation.

ce 2008- (Strategy, provision 15

- 2011. In 2011. the country the ing and eradicating anding the

2012:21). As a 2012:21). As a governmental governmental - CEU eTD Collection

encounter multiple inequalities because by creating policy“privileges that the treatment some of and(2009) Verloo cl Lombardo excluded. women Romani were which equivalence (ibid), in impact ofand sameness frame, this to Macedonian authorities designed policy thatoverlooked inequalities as an the policy“one as of an thes document outcome this in somehow womeninvisible were It became thatRomani obvious race. classsuch and as power cutting of cross nature multiplicative ignores only violence the genderof domestic nature pol designing makers by policy In Macedonian regards areexcluded. this and class racecategory ofgender, the of while category document the Moreover, this in Macedoniain used refer people. is to and Roma to poor group” problematic is because does say not it whomthis to referring,is particularwith marginalized group. focus on2008- (Strategy, activities theOne many violence. proposed of of andelderly domestic victims people, perpetrators location for of the domestic occurrence viol isthis the first document acknowledge to thatgender inequality and the patriarchy are the insufficient information about the activities of NGOs etc (Strategy 2008 victims of domestic violence, insufficient capacityof the institut take to ions prevention, values the in society, patriarchy, ofwho education work professionals, the insufficient with It also is mentioned the that causes for occurrence of domestic violenceare traditional the of women is mentioned for the first time in this document, whereas the in notlaw did it appear. category comparison thein men. to Surprisingly of domestic violence women are mostly victims In Strategy the of prognosis this thatneed groups intervention the are target youth, children, in this strategywas the social- aim that the key element of defining policy is to target the people,who targetaim thatthe the keyof people,who defining to element policyis economicintegration of the victims of domestic violence ence,while this was not mentioned in FamilyLaw. ize fits all” approach (Verloo, 2006:223). According 2006:223). all” According fits approachize (Verloo, 43

2011, 26). The term “marginalized term2011, 26). “marginalized The because terminology this - 2011:8). Apparently icy reflects that the

CEU eTD Collection

2. Protection, help and support of2. Protection, the help victims. and support 1. Prevention of domestic violence. Strategyfollowing the priority areasenlisted: are coordinative multi identifying and providing theto victi adequate protection The principle objective of the Strategy “improvement is of the system of prevention, women and intersectionality. women were not Violence(2008 - Domestic Strategy Against previously National analysed 2012.Regarding domestic violence the against in Strategy preparedsecond organizations the Domestic Violence (200 Based on the implementation and the of results the first National Strategy Against (2012 VIOLENCE DOMESTIC AGAINTS ANDPREVENTION PROTECTION FOR STRATEGY NATIONAL 3.3 women.Romani divers the which wouldmeet adocument, mechanism as policy this in included be to needed intersectionality Thiara, Consequently,the 010:42). diverse backgroundsan of upshot their asdiverse experiences and different needs and (Gill th meeting and targeting of aware be to providers service the and makers Based the meaningful onthis, of intersectional element approachmake to is the policy privileging some peoplepolicy ( ibid). while others ends upbymarginalizing inequalities and ignores the fact that inequalities are mutuallyconstitutive” (2009

named, in this Strategy there can be seen some attempts related to Romani Romani to related attempts some seen be can there Strategy this in named, - sectoral approach on local and national level” (Strategy 2012- national (Strategy level” and local sectoral approach on 8-

2011), the Macedonian authorities and other authorities international 2011), and the Macedonian

- 2015) e experiences and needs of abused abused of needs and e experiences

ms of domestic violence through e needs e of women with 2011), where Romani 2011), where Romani 2015:29) In the In the 2015:29) :479) the CEU eTD Collection Violence (2012 -2015)”, Skopje.

Violence (2012-2015)”, Skopje andThe National Research on Domestic Violence 2012. Ministry of Labour and Social Policy (2012):”National Strategy for Prevention and protection Against Domestic between March and April 2012 by conducting face to face interviews in the i methods within accordance of UNODC researcheach unit, seven interviewee weres selected and interviewed. The research was based onquantitative number of 2100 people, both and men women from age fifteen, with 300randomly chosen urban and rural regions. In 17 16 likely domestic beviolence to to exposed (Strategy, 2012- itthe victims, was noted thatwomen loweconomic with and status educational l and the socio- The (Strategy, 2012- well as be family can other of the members some cases men, in but perpetrators are mostly (Strategy, 2012- encounterwhen it they from other ethnic minorities, partners family or members.Further in the Strategy itis mentioned in that comparison to women conducted 2012by in the BRIMA because 72,2%almost of women the Romani in the “National Domes Research on women is mentioned by referring that the situation with Romani women is more worrying, wom Implementation5. and monitoringevaluation. of the and special4. Capacity units. institutions of the building 3. Prosecution of the perpetrators.

This rese

Ministry of Labour and Social Politic (2012):”National Strategy for Prevention and protection Against Domestic In diagnosis the this of Strategy itis mentioned that victims of domestic violence are en, girls, elderly and women women, thatlive the in rural area. category Yet, the of Romani arch sample was designed by the National institute for Statistics Skopjein and included arepresentative

causes of the domestic violence are explained with the with unequal domestic violencecauses areexplained power of the relationship economic status. Regarding the socio the Regarding status. economic 2015:6).

ly to report domestic violence report to ly like more are women Macedonian -UNECEManual onVictimization Surveys. The field research was carried out

- Skopje with the supportof UNDP with Skopje were by abused their 2015:7). In the Strategy it is also highlighted that the the highlighted that In also is Strategy it the 2015:7). 45

16 - economic and status the education level of

2015:7). nterviewees' homes. For information

evel are most most are evel tic Violence” Violence” tic see: CEU eTD Collection

because term itselfdoes specify not the women if group. Romani arethis included Following in means.whom it The ambiguity terminology of this oninvisibility is category ofgender, the of licitly exp not refer discrimination” does to multiple thatface “groups terminologyHowever, the are directed particularly the to groups that face multiple discrimination (Strategy 2012 is still widespread in th International, of women domesticRomani violence victims 2007:66). (Amnesty s show cultural to fail andproviders NGOs womenRomani because the previous study women Romani indicates on thatthe service and be communities” to challengedTherefore, very (2010:41). activity essential this for is the women of colour, also but the need for the “problematic unidi among experiences different creates that division social the of terms in acknowledged be to only i multicultural differences for the service providers. This is the first document that integrates the activity is proposedgender solution oftrainings about and organizing inequality,stereotypes thewith naming who of are the categorywomen, Romani by affectedmainly issueand the this visible policy the intersectionality anddocument is of diagnosis this the Thus,in prognosis - and on(Strategy, so through 2012 employment their personnel social prot thatwork the in practitioners, staff the police officers, thejudges, andstereotypes differences for multicultural understanding roles the in rural of gender areas; organizing gender trainingsabout inequality, relat organizingcampaigns; debates byorganizing against domestic violence ntersectional andGill Thiara(2010)that out approach. the need intersectionality point of not is In the prognosis of this document the following solutions are proposed: following are document thethis solutions In of the prognosis Inaddition, itis mentioned in the Strategy the that discrimination towards particulargroups e society and consequently, the activities that are included in the Strategy Strategy the in included are that activities the consequently, and e society ection institutions; economic empowerment of the victims ensitivity in assuring 46

- 2015:46 57). mensional articulation of cultures

protection and support for for and support protection ed totraditional the

raising awareness awareness raising - 2015:27). 2015:27). CEU eTD Collection

Action Plan for the Improvement of the Situation of the Romani Women in Macedonia. in of Women the Romani Improvement the Situation of the Action for Plan institutions. referring to the categoryof Romani women and girls as well as to the lack of trust for the state e women experienceRegarding mentioned. violence is the the diagnosis in domestic and prognosis In this policy interaction the of multiple forms discrimination of is documented where Romani , political care life, social policy, health employment anddomesticeducation, violence. of areas year Committee.2005, and the the to CEDAW in same report submitted this was situation the Shadow Report onthe on based was Platform This of Macedonia. Republic the in Women Romani of the Social Status STATUS SOCIAL THE PROMOTING ACTION FOR JOINT FOR PLATFORM 3.4 considered. not is be noted here, even so some activities way in these women. Romani Howevertarget their gender Thegender samecan situation oppressionleaving access (2005:53). t claim themwithou to their is of women coloured experiences the and ethnicity.Thus,degendering ascategories class such to the public, asresult aof neglecting theirgender identities andpresenting within them this Richie (2005) argues that the victimization of the poor women of colour usually is invisible xplicitly, it is shown thatthexplicitly, is intersectionalgender and it based ethnicityby inequalityis on In 2006 the Romani women NGOs created the Platform for Joint Action for Promoting the Joint In Platformfor created women NGOs the 2006the Romani Later this Platform was adopted by the Ma the by adopted was Platform Later this In the Platform main the problems that Romani women face were described within the

R.MACEDONIA IN WOMEN ROMANI THE OF

of Romani Women in Macedonia in of Women was Romani carried which in out 47 cedonian form of the the authorityNational in

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addressed. be will level the implementation andthe intersectional effectiveness these of policy lawand empirical the on In particular with discrimination, chapter the to categorythe references next ofwomen. Romani mul the including terms in of progress some is there that Macedonia showed the in Republic of of Women the Romani Action the for SocialStatus Promoting for Joint Violence(2012 - Domestic Prevention Against ProtectionStrategy and for first National StrategyAgainst Domestic Violence (2008 Law violence womenappear not Family and the did the in analysis in of faced the byRomani chapter This same. the remained violence domestic to related women Romani measures in order to implement the planned activities with the Action Plans, thus the situation of CentreRoma of Skopje, wasit notedat th the Macedonian not authorities did take any significant According the to Shadow Report thatwas submitted the to CEDAW Committee 2013 in by the

CONCLUSION

has shown that the intersectionality as a mechanism related to domestic domestic to related a mechanism as intersectionality the that shown has

- 2011). However, the2011). second However, National

2015) and the Platform Platform 2015) and the tiple forms of CEU eTD Collection

they wi they violence. and of the intersectional feasibility the in work of service providers the in domainof domestic from seeking women Romani prevent obstacles that non- Roma the andservices Roma areviolence non and of (7), (10), domestic providers victims the social This chapter outlines the narrativescollected from the interviews women Romani who with INTRODUCTION life better to all women.” women – particular – goal “The In regard this is it argued women thatRomani are reluctant and report seek to help when tness domestic violence due the invisibility of their

government organizations (5). These interviews are to be seen in the light of the the (5). in lightorganizations seen interviews of government These be are to to endto women,provide simply domesticto not for programs violence all against From means making life better for individual women within the context of theof context women within individual for making better life means Domestic Violence and Romani Women

Law and Policy to their Implementation: CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 49

help when they encounter domestic violence domestic encounter they when help

intersectional experiences with the Sokoloff, J. and Dupont, Sokoloff, J. 2005:21

making -

CEU eTD Collection POLICE THE BY ANDASSISTANCE PROTECTION LACK OF 4.1.1 violence. womenbarriers they from keep reporting domestic Romani help face and that when seeking The foll and Thiara, 2010:44). from their community, such as racism, class difference, migration, language, nationalityetc. (Gill obstacles,minority thatcompromise seek to additional theirwomen ability help face outside termsin of housing, childcare, moneyand etc. Smailes Chantler (Burman, ethnic from seeking and assistance help by particularly is This services providers. for problematic them prevent that obstacles many are there women many of reality the in However, violence. domestic face they when a “choice” have always woman these that implies women battered The popular discourse “Why Does SheNotLeave” (Burma and Chantler, 2005:62) towards CONSTRAINTS INTERSECTIONAL 4.1 intersectional of approach thatof the instead one anthrough lensviolence of be the should seen experiences of domestic women’swhy Romani In women'soften light overlook the needs. this foll Romani individual main stream services providers, who who providers, stream services - minority women, evenminority women, though the sameas they the encounter obstacles majority women

owing sections thus demonstrate,owing thus through sections the theparticipants, narratives of the

by a implying universalistic approach in domestic violence 50 - size

- fits - all approach(Verloo, 2006:22). owing display sections , 2004:335). However, CEU eTD Collection

the situation was further assistance by police the officers. During the interview with KepseraI was told that when for and by seeking not the house leaving afor solution need look was to manyin in cases she fo that seen be can it narration Kepsera's From “Did you “Did wherego?” asked them to anwho is abused alcohol addict: byher husband, Kep themwas assistance. of and One further protection of lack upwith ended complaints often their Inare womenmany approach decided liable. whenthe always police, not situations Romani to interview with the wome Romani 1988:159). During the (as actions” Rasche, unworthy “normal” orfor disputes” “ and them treat “legaltowards onnon- tend reduce to oftentheseriousness misdeedscommunities, they categoryIn (ibid). this, to addition even when the police t the categories “normal” andwhere “deviant” minority the in last theare people, put poor construction of cultural results of their as community unremarkable, is racialized among a poor In many casesthe police believe thattaking intervention onreported viole domestic 2005:378). (Coker, all” at respond to police “getting the come is across abused women minority Study onm sera (45), who described her experiences with the police officers after reporting that she was was she that reporting after officers police the with experiences her described who (45), sera benefits.” benefits.” children 1a.m., my until got fromI being ill son now the in cold outside and receive “I go to and moment did me theyat told this I away, so go street the with onthe did the problem, they asked “They (the respondedquickmy to police) call, theycame asked myand to what was house listened and told me not to sit next go to next him to and outside sit listened andmeto wait not forcalm told to down.” him

inority womeninority and domestic violence of indicates the problems thatone which getting very tense between her and her husband, she took her children outside children her outside she took and husband, her her verygetting between tense

for our IDs and wrote our names. I told them what happenedI names.theyIDs for themwhat and our told our wrote n itwasemphasized in their narratives the that police officers

r having not by adequate protection the police ake action intervene to among those nce cases cases nce violent violent

CEU eTD Collection

protection that would guarantee the safety of the Romani women.guaranteeRomani A ofprotection representative theof the safety NGO thatwould the when domestic Luludirepresentative of the NGOs and Daja thateven revealed thoughpolice does intervene the womenRomani often decidedInterviews leave to abusive not relationships. their the with t stated was it where representatives, the theNGOs narratives of some of in also asmentioned This an thatwas obstacle exacerbatingrather relationship instead abusive of the her stay abuse. in to police she was lesslikely seek to Af help again. being bythe protected aHowever, of insufficiently consequence her asher relationship. abusive ableher interestsleave orderfor beto in to best police onher further prevention officers take to expect was she because worthless considered was again help obtaining Lejla For again: help seek to felt of discouraged why she reasons gives her who(26), twochildren, mother of Lejla was them of One assured. not was safety their because discouragedhelp ag seekingain for of theimprisonment perpetrators and for for 24hours thatthey many in felt situations when the police their respondedto in complaints many notification or casestheyupwith ended return home. back her husband theable childrento streetfellorderfor in asleep and be to anduntil her to the waited t to me report and enemy an as me considering are you me told he and more even me beat after 24hours they and him he released came back home which made things worse as he polic “He was beating me upallthehe time, even stabbed a me with I knife and went the to heI police. Since report.” then to decidednot have In the themajorit in narratives addition, of e wounded and I was taken to the doctors, they (police officers) got my husband, but my but husband, got officers)(police doctors, takentheyI the was to eand wounded

violence is reported by Romani women, usually the police do not take additional take do not police the usually women, reported byRomani is violence

hat due to the lack of protective mechanisms by the police by themechanisms protective to lack thehat police due of 52

ter encountering this situation Lejla decided y of Romani women it was stated that even even that stated was it women y Romani of

ing the

CEU eTD Collection VICTIMS 4.1.2REAL needs. theirdiscouraged individual would meet further help seek which to addition to this as a result of the insufficienthelp by themany police in cases they from the immediate family and theyaregreaterat risk of returning to the back perpetrator.In th of because worst far by is domestic violence of women Romani victims the of the women. situation Romani However by the obstacle police not this is encounteredjust by women also Romani by but the the non- thou be can it narratives these on Based pursuepolice cannot justice the(Bistra, victims 2013:10). sendto a criminal charge Prosecutions the and the criminal to Public without report from the consider this act criminal police the they when also are case less a likely in even Nevertheless, such the police donot have mechanisms oblige to the perpetrator come to the to police station. beas act. considered evena act Thus,when criminal considered this should is though violence the police station victims’ the complaints are likely most totaken of be an as house. same the share they because perpetrator t cases many in and accommodation, a different as such problem women withdraw from further procedure, they because any receive other donot for option the Thusoften Romani home. sent back day was theperpetrator next and custodyfor the 24hours perpetr and takingthe bycoming police intervened usually the Luludi reported that In an interview with the representative of the NGO ESE it was commented that usually at at usually that commented was it ESE NGO the of representative the with In interview an

e lower level of education, unemployment and the lack of finances support unemployment ofe the finances lack support lower of and education, level

ght that due to the lack of protective mechanisms thatdueof ght the to lack

hey have to reconcile with the the with reconcile to have hey fence or complaint complaint or fence ator into

feel feel CEU eTD Collection

One of the social service providersOne following: answered service of the the social women came they report to that and had abused, later been theystop to the procedure. decided Romani when cases had they whether asked were they thus victim, real the is who considered situations theyhad called so ”classical domestic violenceIt cases”. interesting was they how victim of domestic violenc a considered be can victim every not that said was it when services social the in employees This narrative about being a real victim also emerged in the interviews with the and felt di police officer, heard thatshehaveon her should bruisesbody be orderto in considereda victim, the by response after receiving the who, byResmija, also faced 1988:159). Suchexperience was the the to police due assistancefor furtherby woman's bodycan of be the obstacle one thatprevents the majority of women coloured look to the wounds on or injury proofrequesting of police Accordingauthorsvictim. the some to becaus just case seriously, her take not because did insulted the police After she got respond this from the police officer, stated Resmija thatshe was very husband. Shenarrated the experiencewith police her the statements: in following by (41), Resmija a mother of fourwas children constant in fight who her with alcohol a victi orderin considered having be a ofto injury proof Another waswas bythe women pointedout Roma issue which theof interviewees need complaining very often told mecomplaining “send oftenmy very told bruises. police officeryou me are told coming just complain to here,you for have thatshould my the I husband by assaulted that was I the report to police to “Once station went when scouraged from seeking further help . seekingscouragedfurther from . help Also one of the police officers who knew me and my husband because I was I police oneAlso because officers of me the whoand knew husband was my e. The majority of the social service providers indicated that in rare indicated rare thatin social service ofproviders majority e. the The

fear of not being considered real victims (Rasch, real considered victims of being not fear

54 regards to your to regards husband”.”

m. This situation was situation also encountered This m.

e she was not considered a considered a wase not she

- addicted addicted

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(Social Worker) (Social understoodwhichgave respondents violence,the majority these the comments: following to of women how Romani byasking the question psychologists, interviewed workers and social The construction of and(Gill Thiara, 2010:45). seeing the domestic violence lens often through this reinforces the construction of racist – disc women, who encounterdomestic violenceand overlooked invisible is as an outcome of the this social worker's framework. The literature suggests that the victimization of minority women’s beRomani accordance should complaints in case” normsof within violence domestic classical “victimof called so as classifiedthe be to order Thus,in abused. be to what means it considered on victims real their first reporting, because they cannottheir own make decision of From narrative the this of socialwork Thus, Chantler, Bograd,“othering” (Burman,2004:345; 2005:30).ourses Thus, and Smailes of (Social Worker) (Social and henceoften of their is domestic understanding violence wrong.” think, they can't decide theat first report if it's domestic violence, they aren't educated well they go theI procedure.will the that to endgive themtime with often mean necessarily “We dohave, report (Romaniwomen) us to they come anddoesn'tfirst often the (Psychologist) “Usuallyasbecause domestic a violence understand don't seeproblem”. don't it they they consider thatviolence”. them such as the swearing by husbands, the arguments their between while we woul them ones (Roma women) are either or don't stupid understand. behaviour Some normal is for "The yyouyourare if uneducated, education often have different, is understanding these

“ otherness

”

in this context was this in also presented in the narratives of the er can be seen that Romani women cannot be be cannot women Romani that seen be can er 55

other

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would get back together. Butwould getwent when she time the said: second she together. back bytold was officers of thethatthis nothing, police one theywere husband and wife and they was injuriesshe visible any have as she not did but husband, byher was bitten shereport that he because 1988:159). Ajsel (33), a mother of three often children, had quarrels andher with fights husband onthe of women's obvious violence,reached (Rasche, is which the point bodies highest On the other hand the m XERA) NGO the of (Representative womentaken not considerationviolence are is into exposed which at to all. Romani mostly psychologi abuseMacedonia as mostly prove is taken violence, of the while domestic physical the who revealed the ofdiscussed with representative XERA the thatin the in interview NGO they have donot evidences visible ontheir bodies (marks, injuries). issuewas This also particularly womenRomani able are provevictimization, becomes to why their not if apparent 2010:44). invisibility their of “socio Unfortunatelyofwomen denied victimization as Romani is an often outcome the of the did not believe me, and I told him it's because of what happened previously when I it's to what him I because happened told previously of tried believewhen not did me, and who previously I same saw policeman the the hair attack from head pulled injuries,bruises, IyouI“Can for station because went the thatwhen the second police to had imagine time onalcohol.”it hole “The woman mostly Romani is violence economic to exposed because she can work the

Thus, taking into considerationnarrativesThus, taking service these the social it into from providers day, and when she comes back home, her money is taken by her husband, who spends who spends husband, byher taken moneyis home, back her comes whenand she day, cal, sexual and economic sexual verycal, is Thus,the violence economic proven. hard be to was Once spending allthe money onalcohol. near to she station went the to police - their specific forms of abuse” ( abuse” of forms specific andcultural their contexts inority be considered women would when victims the situation 56

Gill andGill Thiara,

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to respondto theiradequately. to needs social the consider victim of mightvictimization be denied, might be while not this encountered bynon- consequence of the racialtowards attitudes Romani women by providers the often service their en often violence domestic of finding This showsthatthe universalistic approach appropriate” ofis defining “who victim discouragedand powerless. injury onherwas seen bodyshe situation and as victim this made an appropriate Ajsel feel v gaining after but victim, real a considered not was she violence the report to went she you, first time because the protect somebody having to Ajsel meant for “back” Having a Selma’s (54) comments: get not even was This they alsowould adequate illustratedonElviraand if they went help. (34) the distrust for the state institutions by th gain Thus, the appropriate they could help. that services believe theynot did because providers INSTITUTIONS STATE TOWARD THE DISTRUST 4.1.3 don't have 'adon't “. have it's back', hard youreport and him supportedHe me him. “You told are “, right what but you can you doif In the findings it was also revealed that some Romani women did not approach the the approach not did women some Romani that also revealed wasIn it findings the

domestic violence.In very regardis it essential this service for the to providers - cultural context of their clients, in this case that of Romani women, in order case women, order Romani this in in of thatof their context clients, cultural

ds with the exclusion and “othering” of Romani women . Thus, as a a Thus, as women . “othering” of Romani and exclusion the with ds

e Romani women was the with narrationse explained Romani that 57

Romani womenRomani isible

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18 stereotype community being ofviolent. the Romani can be noted thatapproaching the police for women Romani wouldmea amonghostile community. Romani In from the context narratives this women Romani it of these maj been asenforce to historicallysomebodyofwho tended the theculture interests perceived of the among women,communityRomani because the police above the has the narratives of 1997:247) as already discussed experienced astoward hostile the police the Black( community Anglo the appropriate help or they bysed racist wouldbe to expo insults the services providers. The From can it these be narratives seen that womenRomani feared they that get wouldnot

In RomaniIn language ority ( ority (Selma) me, they"The it's help a wouldnot me Gypsy wouldtell thing." police andheagain beat wouldcomechildren.” me homeor the I I reported secondly ofhim the if police, scared help, firstly was anyone“I ask for didn't (Elvira) them him I to with be me, mistreated.”leave can't with mychildren take I to want children? six with me take Services Social the can “Where - - the Afro history, has shown that,throughout literature Saxon stated: she Work Social for Centres the contacted she whether asked was she When Gadje

) 18 and not always to imply the law. As a result of that the police are perceived as as perceived are police the that of result a As law. the imply to always not and this means “non means this

in thein Chapter 1. Based the can same onthis situation be seen in -Roma”.

O'Toole and Schiffman, O'Toole n a reinforcement of the American women have have women American

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by Aneta (28): by Aneta by the authorities andthatthey for from withdrew further often was This procedures. commented pr approaching the services were interviewees the when that highlighted was it narratives the of some in Also (Sokoloff and Dupont,2005:46) the culture shaped is such bytheracism, other etc. forms exploitation, economic structural very important that domestic violence not be justified with culture, instead that itbe seen how would gain by adequate help As already services providers. Chapter these in 1it discussed is visible that as a r and Chantler name “pathologised it (2004:341) the in minority presence”culture, became it Thus, by framing that the violence is part the of “Roma mentality”or as Burman, Smailes providers’ responses: amongwas the“Roma of majority stylesocial violent” living wasservices highlighted of In this light, the stereotypical narratives towards Roma that they were violent or that the (Psychologist) reconciled.” “It's their mentality (Roma). Theywill report the to policeand byevening the will have who oftenvictim, withdraws her statement.” 2 them call we when and Thereports. themlater. we withdraw Even dothey often if argument thethey in moment, often erupts argue for nothing. receive don't We many you “I can know don't how nameit's but a it, way Roma of living, themthe amongst (Social Worker) (Social

esult of the racist manner against Roma, Romani womenthatthey ofesult trust Romani theRoma, donot racistagainst manner

oviders they also feared furtheralso ill feared they oviders - 3 days later they will have already reconciled. We then talk to to the talk then We reconciled. already have will they later days 3 . 59

- treatments against their husbands against their husbands treatments y often first reportto the police

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confidence the Also and understanding rights. of their of lack the of because women Romani the manipulate to able easily often are issue, arrive they trained issue,thus onthis when the new are staff, who trained not and educated deal to government. her Accordingto experience there often is a change staff in who work and are as but well only theby not NGOs, trainingsoffered from sensitive, even them, to allthe with According the of to representative the Unionof fromWomen Macedonia all not areinstitutions womenRomani was also notedthe in narratives of some NGOs thatwere interviewed. the absenc this In to violence.addition domestic violence,a not case is while this non- with encountering when women silent remain of thatmany Romani result as a andassistance, womenservice often beli donot Romani providers the of sensitivity onpart the cultural to lack thatdue of Nevertheless,finding this shows behavewhich couldan have her impact would onhow towards the court husband. pre existing of the still result as a husband against abusive procedure her a start to afraid was she which to according narrative Aneta's in noted also be can experience of wha treatment on partwhite of the institutions towards their partners,they because are in a dilemma areafraidtheof of fear thatmanyawomen thecoloured of result the police much. too As doing barrier the reportfear to just not the is violence further racist treatment court. at Thus,the literature suggests that for coloured some women the to take husband her could not thatshe implies him” to dothat not “could Aneta's narration fatherand him.” coulddothatto not yearsIeightI takecourt. to want him not dothat.He ifto my decideto is children's did imprisone husband could be me thatmy policeI they told the to “When went t would happen when he is arrested, in prison or at court (Rasche, 1988:160). Such an an (Rasche, 1988:160). Such court prison or at in arrested, when is he would happen t e of cultural sensitivity by the service providers towards towards providers sensitivity bythe service cultural e of of the police that do not do anything, also is the policeit dobut thatdonot of 60

eve that they would receive the appropriate appropriate the receive would they that eve majority of Romani women majority Romani are of Romani women victims of domestic

judice against Roma, Roma, judice against

d from one to to d from one

with the

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meaning programs and legal (2005:32). social the bethecan excusesthattheir frame should assistance within well alsoby be followed of prejudicial attitud the only not However, services providers. the of manner punitive and the the discriminatory because of that she did not getthe s because from thatshe not the did properhelp of and Roma shefelt was thatbecause whether she the as question answered to children, who services providers of their because ethnicity. One of themwas Sabria (48), a mother of five highlighted thatthey not thatdid get felt the proper help when they approac services providersdiscriminative as and unbeneficial.In their narratives itwas mostly the experienceswith women described their the interviewed TheRomani of majority PROVIDERS SERVICE SOCIAL THE WITH EXPERIENCES 4.1.4 is. the importanceasshe respecting the he person or of enough understand to well educated are not social services and officers police Also the police. (means chaje’ ‘come called being and stereotypes with confronted relatives, heI cameeven which but ther did, husband. OnceI showed even themmy and they bruises megoand to told stay with I go“I to was socialI beaten felt services that and thatbecause the complain to bymy used In this regardBograd demonstratesfor thatminority women obstacle an can well as be es towards minoritybe canby intentional women services providers, it the but

e andassaulted me by taking my all money.” ocial service providers as follows: as providers service ocial

girl language) Romani in by

hed the social social the hed

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who seek help from these is institutions very womenRomani and domestic violence Macedonia in show thatthe number of women Romani providers, Regarding socialon with studies service the experiencesofwomen Romani ethnicitycommented: she felt she thatsometimes get not did the adequate help by the because service providers of her of house and when she left it she was obliged return to back her to abusi wasThis by also demonstrated (35), Senada of was atwochildren, the mother in refuge who socialwhen service pursue they them,they approached further help. providers to decidednot th by well treated not were they because that, commented women Romani the Moreover, these ofconsequence services canthe astowards overlooked stereotypicalattitudes a them. be at risk.Thus,the is needs ofwomen, life Romani when approaching whose client a considered their legal program Sabria byadvising be to sheltered a in relative’s because she home was not reporting thatshe was abused, the social workers, enacted work that they the in frame should of ap Sabria when Thus, home. friend’s or arelative at sheltered victim is considered at not risk then usually social the workers advise to the victim to be life is at risk then is entitled victim the to be accommodated in one of shelter the centres.If the assessed the victims in order to see if the victim's life is at risk. domestic violence workers approached according them.Thetheir to procedures social first anterview in this, Alongsidewith with the social workerrevealed that when victims of housing alternatives and out of housing out alternativesand because “Yes, knew as not andnice”. was the one t onego. This to was different I help to ask andhaveright for stopped the to I themthat tell abusedI was by the still socialme workerthat husband, my not told did I was going to the unit of domestic violence in the Centre for Social Work to to SocialWork violence for of the in Centre domestic unit goingIwas the to

economic reasons. However, when she was asked whether she she whether asked was she when However, reasons. economic

62 low, because they fear discriminatory and racist racist and discriminatory fear they because low,

If theyevaluate that the victim's proached the social services services social the proached ve partner because of a lack alack of because partner ve hat I I hat e

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on their gender,class,race women Romani are andoften reluct this finding reveals th violence” leave compromiseto together their relationships. decision Thus, their which abusive - violence institutions theyalso encounter bythe state violence husbands, bytheir thes in and inequalities of embedded power systems From narrative this we can note thatRomani women, as a result of the still deeply adequately women Romani a when narratives when they whether of asked providers the NGOs were the responded service the emphasized in also issuewas International, This 2007:68). (Amnesty manners them toward (Representative of the NGO XERA) NGO the of (Representative means supportherselfif to she leaves the – womenRoma – are Ican theyand women say that seriously don'treturn that.Thehavegood institutions they back might take a reasonfor Roma decideto theythen the and process, support theif client through clients, theyare to there don't They theh in shelters. them after placefor finding me also told the same and got angryat the clients when they wenttheir husbands back to services social The other". each love afterwards and fight often they alone, Gypsies the " theywould say report and me the orto police colleagues would my discriminated against the by institutions and the police. Asexample anIhad times when I woman was witnesseda whenRoma “No, discrimination. thepersonally reasonis return back home. the Also unemployment playsa role as a woman Roma does have not at because against discrimination women, of Romani intersectional based due to the traditional norms and the pressure from others and the children children and the fromand others the pressure norms thetraditional due to pproached them: pproached them: home.” 63

discriminatory towards them because the thembecausetowards the discriminatory

e institutions, are not just subjects of ave a right to get angry with the angry the with get a ave to right ant to approach these services. these approach to ant Why don't you leave don't Why

“structural “structural

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S when her the interview needed with Sheasked be through to the set person up. whom also witnessed was and This controls her. molests who behalf, still decision husband’s onher a brought about court the because her, meant towards injustice this Thus,for Sevdia commented herwith the following: when courthusband to and she she went rep she story In her Macedonia. one in of centres months thein shelter for whosix had sheltered women been Romani one of the Sevdie (65) was time. takes it because procedure the stop to lawyers and judges by the told are interviewees, the victims often withdraw theircomplaints agai perpetrators they because the nst representative of the from Unionof Women Macedonia. According the following to of sensitiveness about domestic violence onpart of the judges was as pointedout an issueby the if then so often the judges gave penalties sentenceslower the with to perpetrators the criminal proceedings towards Macedonia in the perpetrators place took rare in and situations through a divorce went and perpetrators the prosecuted them of all not because participants, all by considered barrier women from seeking thatprevented Romani help. However,as an this issuewas not p court the of ineffectiveness The JUSTICE OF THE SYSTEM OF FAILURE 4.1.5 evdia call to her husband and tell to him that she was her with otherwise she said he could had to return as he said he would not do it anyhad doit time.” returnwouldnot was for to and said he fine he some asmore he I nowadays. even assaultedI still but am home,go I back should courtHence decided the h that astatement gave then III“When he had went had myHe theand to court his. twohearings, own lawyer had

procedure. An interview with the representative Anprocedure. interviewNGO the showed of with ESE the that orted very thatwell was she treated staff by the inshelter, the but e carry wouldnot physical and signed out it. assault onme ractise was one of the issues that was also pointed as a as pointed also was that issues the of one was ractise 64

. Also the lack the Also .

I met met

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her situation, she decided rather to stay in her abusive r abusive her in ratherstay to decided her she situation, for solution another By have meantfinancial not thathe thatshe knowing was does support. her Duringher with several interview she my mentioned is “He she the times back.”, bywhich issue This leaving abusive relationships. their their narratives almost all Romani women stated their economic situation as reason for not In partners. their on dependence economic their was Macedonia, in employment to access their STATUS ECONOMIC 4.1.6 women.Romani economic is dependencyracist them,while this towards not and attitudes encountered bynon- a always not is possible women, pursuingjustice for women, the Romani also but for non- an obstacle ofjust violence Macedonianot justice in is The of (Merry Engle,system lack 2009). likely consider to the perpetrators fromminority the communities a theyencounter further victimization by the institutions, because often legal the system less is A system. legal Macedonian by the victimized further was she In heraon question waswas. victim just light where not sheSevdiapart this of herbut husband, One of the little surprising findings, being aware the of situation receive social benefits, itis not enough but Icurrently managed. how That we is onhim. we were becauseto dependant economically “Myfamily knew that was he beatingand me they told toI leave me but him, didn't want s alreadys Chapter in 1,minority discussed women are abused just not by their partners, Romani women.Romani However the majority for Romani was also discussed by Resmija (41): by Resmija discussed also was 65 ”.

s a result of their lower level of education, education, of level lower their of result a s elationship instead of seeking help. This This help. of seeking instead elationship

of women the Romani and s accountable for their their for accountable s

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having systematic solution. not of result a as now closed are Macedonia in centres shelter the of numbers large shelter, running the beside of of SocialWork Centres the in units also work often the shelter who staff, mentioned thatdue the to lack of systematic( work (2010:30). Moreover, the interview the with in representative of theorganization ESE was it available alland victims to not all are victims informedabout availability the the of shelters not cedonia is Ma in protection of mechanism a as sheltering the ESE, NGO the by shelters legalwith psycho- help, refug anotherto In three months. the meantime there be should staff working the with victims in the extended be possibility the to with months of three period a children during andthe their victims 4.1.7 ACCESS TO SHELTERS (2005:370). inequalities by intersectional affected mostly are who women to particularly resources, domestic v address laws of and Coker policiesthe that subject arguesall Inenvironment. that context this their alter to order in women battered for factor acrucial is empowerment economic Alongside th with achieveto ofChapter outside was their protection community,1. already presented in issue of poverty,overlaps whichgender with race, and and influencesminority ability women's e house as well, such as social workers, psychologists and pedagogues, who provide them them pedagogues, who provide and workers, such psychologists asas social well, house e The primary of the idea shelt iolence should give priority the to improvement women’saccess of tomaterial the social therapy and other services. However, according to the study on social services.and therapy other accordingon the to study However, is issue many researchers on domestic violence suggest that the the that suggest violence domestic on many researchers issue is

ers in Macedonia is to grant safety and accommodation grant to and is safetyto Macedonia in ers 66

counselling, empowering) with the victims by

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the reason for that was dem was that for reason the two shelter centresI gotthe information that they ha was by told onethatthey shelter who were But had women the Romani in other sheltered. I their shelter placing women Romani in about askedshelter were the services work in that social the when safeHodecisionswever, aboutaccommodate whomto houses. the in whichWork also confirmed thatthey hadaccording procedures they which to made issuewas This also discussed the in interview the with staff of the Centres for Social following: issue this In to addition the XERA representative commented NGO the of organization the refugesin that therebecause low. ofwomen noplace,and very thattheRomani is number is of of Social Works Centres by the told often are they refuges the in women Roma accommodating to Luludi when comes and showed Daja it representative organizations thethat NGO of Regarding refuge theto access ofwomen interview Romani the houses, with the criticised, mistreated, psycholog be blamed, worse might might on,asthere parents, the be situation she and relatives so with goand stay offerto her not theyshould adultperson an about of theintegrity personal relatives and they explore all possibilities wh staywith to victims ask the and to not decide they Often refuge. accommodated at the services they the question victim to need again, then decide if she at riskis be to r a in placed be to women Roma ask can't “We Romani women they need to find somewhere to go they say we will go and stay goand go will stay women we findRomani somewhere they to theyneed to say have relatives we ask if them they can come and stay with them. But when we tell consideration, if they beinto example to attaken for look allresources we woman if we a havesome Macedonian reasongreaterhaveexample For connections. they " We do not have donot We women Romani

onstrated the way: in following suppressed.” ically refugee or we did not send her anywhere. For For sendanywhere. not her did refugee we or 67

d never sheltered Romani womend never and shelteredRomani ere she can be accommodated. If we talk If talk we accommodated. be can she ere efuge because when we call the social social the call we when because efuge

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had been offered be accept to they sheltered,but not did because feel theynot did safe there or cen alreadyof the participants mentioned two had already one sheltered been of the shelters in As Work. Social of Centres the by service this offered been had they whether and were shelters would be easily discovered. community the Romani place visit womengoto givenRomani they to might was the place and a if that believed worker social the and community Romani the to closely located was shelter the finishing the interview thatnamely women Romani cannot be shelteredbecause the location of affirmed upon of who one social worker result of concludedas the is a narration them. This i sheltered Alongside interview this the with staff was it noted thatRomani women cannot be ). perceived“other”(2004:344 as the are because theywomen engagethe not with minority should that the social service providers minoritywomen “takecare of often their own” referring the to “cultura thatthe assumption the make service providers the argue that Chantler and Burman, Smailes this as and subject, a womengroup” themonolithic Romani as actually presents a “cohesive women very as Romani framing because absurd seems the onpartpsychologist explanation of This (Psychologist) tres in Macedonia, while the other participants did not know that there were such, or they such, or were thatthere know not did participants the other while Macedonia, in tres a result of that very often the needs of abused Romani women are overlooked. Concerning are Concerning overlooked. women Romani abused of the needs ofoften thatverya result husbands the Macedonian families arehusbands the Macedonian different.” their to back return they act often Although protectively. connected and theyare with their parents, sibli ngs, etc. asking them,theygreater without cohesion, have However, in n all the safe houses because of the discriminative and stereotypical approach towards towards approach stereotypical and discriminative the of because houses safe the all n the interview women the Romani were asked whether they what knew

l privacy”, shows l which

CEU eTD Collection women, want(28) whonot be did to ofsheltered: was the Romani one w the solution athey shelter not thatbeingcentre in was thought that theyagain might be by ofor theSocialWork if they Centres knew because safe feel theynot did their fear there of many not women.Romani Moreover, towards staff the of manner discriminative and stereotypical the of aresult as Macedonia finding This women have allshelter thatRomani donot demonstrate centres access in to or staff had Macedonia in a study carriedby out the NGO ESE itwas pointed out that not all shelter centres in changed. Also be to of needed the shelter location peopleother the perpetrators and often or by the by discovered was time many location secret, of the shelter, even kept though is it thatthe showed shelter, running the was who workers, the social of one conversationwith However,supposed be to protectedfurther andbe to to a not exposed victimization. safetyIstaymy andhusband.” my theofwith childrendecidedto safety Thereforefor my about anything it. did and wasnoone the rapedheard women of thatone alone, often so men fromcome Albanian other a villages are left they afterwards and 4pm guard) until (as theysomeone have mewho that told Ibecause goI and the to villages,and out beg usually a few from met the women shelter I knowAlbanians. that surrounded of the by outskirts town, it'swhere is, the shelter I but I because […...], agree, know acentredidn't I goto “Theycan shelter me that told Listening Anita's storyI to waswonder how this security for 24 hours (2010:11,12). (2010:11,12). for security 24hours exposed to violence to exposed by others. Romani women know about this kind of service offered of service kind about this know women Romani 69

possible becausepossible of violence victim a is nd disturb and tease them. I andnd disturb them. tease even hich wouldhelp them.Anita

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the distrust of Romani women toward the services providers and thecult absence of women theand of the Romani services toward providers distrust “otherness”. the construction Moreover, ofand providersreal bythe service victim”,deployed a “who approach is the universalistic police, bythe assistance and protection of lack the as such women by Romani experienced violence domestic to related themes several emerged have there reluctant and helpencounter report whenFrom to seek domestic violence. they these narratives The chapte narratives this in CONCLUSION targeted. also were Against Domestic Violencewhich campaign womeneducation Romani was through the public Th through hotline SOS knew which violence. theyreport the can number of domestic even of Some them ontelevision. advertisements thatfrom know about got thattheyto explained they out found they askedhad When how Centres Work. Social for police or the station to thego to near could they me that thatthey knew they violence alltold faced they when seek help RIGHTS THEIR OF AWARENESS 4.1.8 When (Elvira, 34) law.” domestic violence is that advertisement ontelevision from“I know is finding indicates that one of the positive activities deriving from the National Strategy

the interviewed women Romani were asked whether they where knew they could

r demonstrate the reasons of why Romani women Romani are r the demonstrate reasonswhy of

regulated with the

ural ural CEU eTD Collection their intersectional discrimination based o becausemore help of complex, bytheascannot services providers a adequate seek result they talkaboutto it. service of domestic violence agencies,victims often the protected are not they or are discouraged mechanisms weak the of onagood not while satisfactory theis implementation at policy, designing and aslevel, a result very is Macedonia that participants representative NGO by all commented also was issue this However, there is a lackin the implementation of this p were Chapter included.in women 3,Romani as analyzed even the in policymaking, though providers service mainstream by the excluded are women Romani that stated be can it violence v are who women Romani of experiences presented above the From violence.the women awareness about domestic of Romani is narratives these from resulting aspect a positive However, obstacles. create women Romani fo reasons safety the and access limited the ultimately as well as against women, Romani the weak theof economicwomen Roman of system justice, dependence sensitivity by these institutions, the discriminative attitudes of the social service providers In of women the situation Romani victims context, this of domestic violence is byfar

of protection and the insufficiency of the personnel, that works in the thatworks the in of andtheof personnel, the protection insufficiency n their gender, race and class and race gender, their n 71

olicyInground this to on level. addition

r approaching shelter centres by by centres shelter approaching r

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Social Status o - Domestic Violence(2012 Violence (2008 Famil Macedonian the of analysis envisaged is the in face This it. they when violence escapeorder the to in and policydocuments deployedis uncover women to arereferred the in Macedonian to the how with aim Romani law argumen order in t, Alongsidereflecta to onthis critical this, with frame analysis method experiences. and overlook all”, needs women's fits often Romani individual size the “one universalistic approach inters their of neglect women hesitate and report to seek helpface when as domesticof violence an they outcome argued is it that Romani this, encounter Concerning violence. seeking they help when domestic This thesis completehysterical, lost has who over control andactions.” responses because we areoftenthe reason.most beyond It is hitting beyond is person who is reason, who “ People wit People

hin patriarchalhin society women imaginebecause are that hit we are hysterical,

CONCLUSION ANDRECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSION f the Romani in Women Republic of Macedonia.It thatMacedonian found is - 2011), the second National Strategy for Protection and Prevention Against second Strategy and for2011), National the Protection

intends to examine the examine bar to intends ectional experiences by the mainstream service providers, who, by implying mainstream who, service byimplying experiencesproviders, ectional bythe 2015), and finally the Platform for Joint Action for Promoting the Action the for Promoting Joint Platformfor finally the 2015), and y Law, the NationalyLaw, the Strategy for Protection Against Domestic riers that hinder womenriers Romani fromand reporting 72

1997:279 bell hooks,

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again. help pursue to decided not they this of outcome as an and services social they the approached Alongside with this, Romani women stated that many times they felt discriminated against when p as violence domestic the narrated who providers, service social towardsreinforced. attitudes the womenin narrativesracist Romani were the Thealso noted of violence as Roma towards manner stereotypical and racist the face would they violence rep the thatiforted theyfeared and properhelp receivewould not the they that believed women Romani also expressed thatthey approach not did the service providers because violence”. domestic of case a “classic considered not were they because n their victimizatio couldprove not women providers, Romani ofdiscussion “otherness” and of the socio lack - Inethnocentric police. of the because addition, andassistance bythe prevention due of the lack through the major thatrevealed finding women thatRomani often felt discouraged see to often deployof the norm the assumption of whiteness their in practices. demonstrated is This mechan protective weak previously mentioned policy law and is lackingon the implementation level as result a of the From the analysis of the interviews, be itcan stated that Romani women's inclusion in providers. service social from of NGOstheviolence, in field whoof and work domestic violence, representatives the staff depth structured22 in semi interviews women of Romani who domestic with are victims The impl intersectional discrimination with a particular prominence of Romani women. authority made terms stepsin of positive giving visibility who minority encounter to women

ementation of this policy and law is carried out on an empirical level by conducting levelempirical byconducting carried onan policyand out of law this ementation is ism and intersectional insensitivityism onpart of the service who providers,

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APPENDIX I APPENDIX

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APPENDIX II APPENDIX

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