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Spatial Distribution and Settlement Systems: a Case Study of the South Western Kenya Stone Structures

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Spatial Distribution and Settlement Systems: a Case Study of the South Western Kenya Stone Structures 4- SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS: A CASE STUDY OF THE SOUTH WESTERN KENYA STONE STRUCTURES A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI. BY ISAYA O. ONJALA 1994 UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI LIBRARY A Case Study of the South Western Kenya Stone Structures u DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for any degree in any University. Isaya O. Onjala This thesis has been submitted for examination with ou£ approval as University Supervisors 1. Prof. C.M. Nelson Signature 2. Dr. H.W. Mutoro Signature A Case Study of the South Western Kenya Stone Structures in CONTENTS Declaration........................................................................................................................................... ii Table of contents.......................................................................... ....................................................... ii.i. List of Tables........................................................................................................................................iv List of Figures......................................................................................................................................Y Abstract.............................................................................................................................................. YJ Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................................Yii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Research Topic.......................................................................................................................1 1.2 The Aims of the Research............................................................................................................ 1 1.3 The Area of Research....................................................................................................................2 1.4 Geographical Background........................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER TWO: THE OHINGNI AS A RECORD OF SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE AND DISTRIBUTION 2.1 Sites, Artifacts and Features....................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Identification and Distribution of Ohingni..................................................................................7 2.3 Site structure............................................................................................................................... .9 2.4 Structure Features and Contents of Ohingni............................................................................. 1.1 2.5 The Implications of Structure condition....................................................................................13 2.6 Architectural History...................................................................................................................14 2.7 Archaeological Dating................................................................................................................ 16 CHAPTER THREE: THE OHINGNI AS AN ETHNOHISTORICAL PHENOMENON 3.1 The Scope of Material Evidence............................................................................................... 17 3.2 Previous Interpretations..............................................................................................................17 3.3 The ohingni in the oral History............................................................................................... 21 3.4 On the Credibility of Oral History............................................................................................ 25 CHAPTER FOUR: RESOLVING THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ETHNOHISTORIC VIEWS ON THE OHINGNI. 4.1 Archaeological and Systemic contexts......................................................................................27 4.2 Strategies Used in the Study of the Ohingni............................................................................ 29 4.3 Summary.................................................................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER FIVE: PATTERNS OF STRUCTURE DISTRIBUTION 5.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 3.7 5.2 Features of the Subregion .........................................................................................................37 5.3 The degree of Clustering in Structure Distribution.................................................................39 5.4 Cluster and Site Associations through CA ............................................................................4.1 5.5 Concluding Remarks .................................................................................................... 49 A Case Study o f the South Western Kenya Stone Structures iv CHAPTER SIX: SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS 6.1 Ethnohistorical Stipulations and Empirical observations......................................................... 5.1 6.2 Discussion...................................................................................................................................-5.4 6.3 Summery and Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 56 REFERENCES CITED......................................................................................................................58 APPENDIX A .................................................................................................................................... 62 TABLES Table 2.1 Distribution of Structures per site................................................................................... JU Table 2.2 Preservation State of Structures....................................................................................... .13 Table 5.1 Nearest Neighbor coefficients (R) for the Four study Areas .............................. 40 Table 5.2 Dendrogram for the Mecalder Subregion clusters..........................................................4.3 Table 5.3 Dendrogram for the Homa Bay Subregion clusters....................................................... 44 Table 5.4 Dendrogram for the Karungu North Subregion clusters............................................... 47 Table 5.5 Dendrogram for the Karungu South Subregion clusters.............................................. 4.7 Table 5.6 Number of clusters formed through complete Linkage Method................... 4.9 Table 6.1 Distribution of sites according to geographical features.............................................. 52 Table 6.2 Distributions of sites in relation to Distance from water resources............................... 53 Table A. 1: List of Aerial photographs used in revision mapping..................................................63 Table A. 2: Information from the structures used in Analysis of settlement systems................. 64 Table A.3: Data used in the calculation of NNC in Mecalder Subregion................................... 67 Table A.4: Data used in the calculation of NNC in Homa Bay Subregion.................................69 Table A.5: Data used in the calculation of NNC in Karungu North Subregion......................... 70 Table A.6: Data used in calculation of NNC in Karungu South Subregion............................... 7 .1 Table A:7: Data used in the cluster Analysis in Mecalder Subregion............................................. 72 Table A.8: Data used in the cluster Analysis in Homa Bay Subregion......................................... 74 Table A.9: Data used in the cluster Analysis in Karungu North Subregion.................................. 75 Table A. 10: Data used in the cluster Analysis in Karungu South Subregion................................ 75 Table A.l 1: Agglomeration schedules from the cluster Analysis results in Macalder Subregion....................................................................................................................76 Table A. 12: Agglomeration schedules from the Cluster Analysis results in Homa Bay Subregion....................................................................................................................78 Table A. 13: Agglomeration schedules from Cluster Analysis results in Karungu North Subregion....................................................................................................................79 Table A. 14: Agglomeration schedules from Cluster Analysis results in Karungu South Subregion...................................................................................................................80 A Case Study o f the South Western Kenya Stone Structures FIGURES Figure 1.1: The Area of study........................................................................................................2 Figure 2.1: A sketch plan of a complex structure........................................................................10 Figure 2.2: Cord roulette potsherds common in thestructures...................................................1.2 Figure 3.1: Migration routes used by early settlers.....................................................................19 Figure 4.1: Articulation between the Archaeological and Ethnohistoric record...................... .30 Figure 4.2: Possible
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