© in This Web Service Cambridge University

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19218-7 - The Cambridge World History: Volume I I: A World with Agriculture, 12,000 Bce–500 Ce Edited by Graeme Barker and Candice Goucher Index More information

Index

Abang Minko 491 Aguadulce 518 Abéké rock shelter 491 ’Ain Ghazal 15, 213, 228 Abu Hureyra 136, 222 architecture 229, 248–52, 256–60 Ache (Paraguay) 102 burials and social status 252–4 achira (Canna edulis) 518 changing environment 246–7 acorn 319, 326, 367, 522 chronology 243 Adler, Daniel 224 East Field 245 aDNA see ancient DNA human statues 231, 232, 254–6 Adrar Bous (Ténéré desert) 474 size and setting 243–5 adzuki bean 361, 367 social organization 247–56 Aegean 143 Aiterhofen (Bavaria) 596 Afar 172 Akkermans, Peter 12, 238 Africa Akonéte 491 agricultural origins in 20–1 Akumbu 512 cereals 477 Albright, William Foxwell 187 crop cultivation 78–9, 479, 489 alcohol 25, 83, 221 domestic livestock 492–4 Ali Kosh 5, 298, 301 herding and farming 477–8, 492–6 almond 83 Iron Age 490 alpaca 162 Late Stone Age (LSA) 474, 479, 482–3, 487, Alpine foreland 586 489, 490, 491, 492, 494 architecture 570–1 linguistic history 55, 59–79 gardens 580 nomadism 173–4 mixed cattle farming 168 Pastoral Neolithic phase 479–80 settlements 162, 561 population movement 472–3 Alps 141, 574 pottery 476, 479, 487–9, 490, 494–6, 503–4, Alsónyék-Bátaszék 557, 568 510–11 Ama 367 rain forest cultivation 489–92 Amaranthus spp. 350 spread of agriculture 51–3, 472–3 Amazon basin 515 dispersal from 30 see also West Africa agricultural practices 535 and Sahel Amblard-Pison, Sylvie 506, 510 African rice (Oryza glaberrima) 483, 484 Americas 22 see also rice agroforestry 532 age, importance placed on 143–4 animal domestication 162 agriculture climate change 521–2 deﬁnition 1–2, 94 companion planting 532 theories on the emergence of 216–19 crop rotation 532 transitions 104–5, 146, 270–3, 457–9, 539 domestication of landscapes 528–35 Agta 102 fallowing 532

612

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19218-7 - The Cambridge World History: Volume I I: A World with Agriculture, 12,000 Bce–500 Ce Edited by Graeme Barker and Candice Goucher Index More information

Index

fire and forest clearance 528, 530 remains of wild 573–4 geography of domestication 514–18 zooarchaeological methods 167–9 see also history of domestication 518–23 livestock; and under names of indivi- managed forests 529 dual species mixed cropping 532 Anyang 313 raised fields (chinampas) 534–5 oracle bones 18, 332 sequential planting 532 Aota (Niigata prefecture) 362 terraces 533–4 apricot 330, 367 Valdivia period 524–6 Arbon Bleiche 3, 141, 571, 576 water management 528, 532–3 houses 573–4 zonation 532 archaeobotany 67, 78 see also Mesoamerica; North America; South flotation system 314–15, 332, 336, 338, 349–50, America 361 Ammerman, Albert J. 26 archaeogenetics 9–10, 26–7 Amsa-dong 148 ancient Europeans 40–8 An Son 421–2 contemporary Europeans 31–40 anaemia 111, 120–1, 605 phylogeographic approach 26–31 Anatolia 236 see also ancient DNA; mitrochondrial DNA dairy farming 169 architecture human origins 37, 42 Alpine Foreland 570–1 ancient DNA (aDNA) 9, 40–8, 99, 101, 122 Japan: horse 13–14 middle Yayoi 368–9 and lactase persistence gene 171 late Yayoi 372 pig 20 Near East: Andarayan (Taiwan) 428 Natufian 131, 222 Andean highlands Pre-Neolithic 228–9 irrigation 533 Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 131–4, raised fields 534 222–4, 234 Andhra Pradesh 282 Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) 224–8, Andronovo culture 181–2, 183 248–52, 256–60 animal(s) Pre-Pottery Neolithic C (PPNC) 228, animal traction 582 250–2 changing relations 378–9 public buildings 152–3 China 330 South Asia: disease transmission 114 Mesolithic 276 domestication 2, 7–8, 161, 162, 164–5, Neolithic 81, 275, 293 263, 270 Tichitt, drystone 506, 509 hunting of wild 206, 578 Xinglonggou 343–9 see also houses husbandry 111, 220, 378, 581 Arizona 154–6 iconic significance 132 Arkaim settlement 181 Japan 382 Armelagos, George G. 105, 119 ownership and prestige 141 arrowroot 329, 518 patterns of slaughter 167, 182 artefacts see tools and artefacts pottery 441–2 Asa Koma 477, 478 remains and environmental change 246–7 ashmounds 282–4 representations 230–1 Asmara (Eritrea) 479 sacrifice of 181–2, 584 Asouti, E. 240 spread of 16, 432–9 Assefa, Shiferaw 77 vocabularies for 62–4, 67–71, 76, 80–1, 89 asthma 104 wild: Astragalus sp. 350 Brzes´sćć´ Kujawski 605 Atbasar 177 Mehrgarh period i 293, 299–301 Athens 201 northwestern South Asia 269–70 Atlit-Yam (Israel) 220

613

Index

auroch 179 hulled two-row 292–3, 297 Australia 431 naked six-row (Hordeum vulgare) 292–3, 297 Avise, John 27 pre-domestication, Southwest Asia 17 avocado 518 use in alcohol 25 Ayako, Shibutani 362 wild: Fertile Crescent 297 Babb, Jeff 119 South Asia 16, 269, 274, 292–3, 297–9 Baden culture cemetery (Budakalász) 586 Barnard, Alan 583 badger 573 barnyard millet (Echinochola utilis) 18, 361 Baida 418 Barton, Huw 18–20 Baijia-Dadiwan culture 336 Bar-Yosef, Ofar 223 Baiyinchanghan (Linxi) 336, 342 Bashidang 146, 323 Bajpur 279 basketry 230, 292 Balandino 181 Basques 36, 38 Balaresque, Patricia et al. 37 Basta 254 Balatonszárszó-Kis-erdei-dülö 557 Batanes Islands 430, 435, 442 Balkans beads dairy farming methods 170 carnelian and amazonite 509 goldwork 139–41 greenstone (Brittany) 565 Balsas teosinte 514–15 ostrich eggshell 494 Baluchistan 272 beans Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) Africa 483 483, 491 Americas 85, 151, 154, 518, 520, 541, 544 Bambata Cave (Zimbabwe) 493 China 17, 319, 322, 332, 350 bamboo 19, 406, 416 India 86, 275, 285 Ban Chiang 423, 425 Japan 18, 322, 354, 361, 367, 404 Ban Lum Khao 425 Korea 322 Ban Na Di 422 bear 573, 605 Ban Non Wat 423, 425–6 beaver 605 Banabasa 279 Bedouin 172, 173 bananas 19, 81, 329, 416, 419 beer 221 see also barley cultivation (New Guinea) 417, 445, 458, Begash (Kazakhstan) 177, 330 462–3, 468 Begazy-Dandybaevsky culture 182 domestication 24, 417 Bellwood, Peter 19, 414, 442 words for 80–1 Beneﬁca 495 Bangladesh Benue-Kwa, dispersal 76 copper 307 Berbers 172, 508 ﬂint 307 bezoar 16, 299 rice 280–1 Bezuapan 152 Bani River 205 Bieniek, Aldona 596, 605–7 Banning, Edward B. 224 Binford, Lewis 217 Bannu basin 267 bioarchaeology 11–12, 93, 126–7 baobab tree (Adansonia digitata) 483, 489 abnormal variation (palaeopathology) 100–2 Baoulé cattle 485 methods and data 98–9 Barbujani, Guido 34 normal variation 99–100 barley principles 97–8 domesticated: birds 605 Central Europe 605 Birimi 484 China 330–1 Bismarck Archipelago 50, 81 Japan 354, 361, 367, 404 Blombos Cave (South Africa) 493 South Asia 18, 269, 292–3, 297–9 blood (as secondary product) 165 Southwest Asia 15 Bogaard, Amy 12 genetic origins 297–8 Bogucki, Peter 23, 605

614

Index

Bolan River 290, 297 Brown, Cecil 85 Bølling/Allerød interstadial 129 browntop millet 86, 275, 278 bone 230, 231 brucellosis 114 alveolar loss 111 Brzesć´ Kujawski (Poland) 23, 589 fractures 110, 115–18 burials 596, 599 industry 230 clay pits 601 ornaments 231, 609 houses 590–1, 597, 599 periosteal reaction 111 Linear Pottery settlement 591–7 tools 177, 230, 231, 278, 338 Brzesć´ Kujawski Group 590–1, 593 weapons 278 animal economy 590–1, 605 see also skeletal evidence burials 602 Borneo 50, 416 crops 605–7 climate 411 end of 610 cultural sequence 432–4 household composition 608 geography 413 houses 590–1, 600–1, 608 swiddening 439, 442 landscape modification (sedimentary Boserup, Esther 199–200 analysis) 607 Botai culture 177–81 Lengyel sites 597–610 pottery 180 long-distance contacts 609–10 bottle gourd (Legenaria sp.) 205, 328, 361, material culture 601, 602–4 418, 469 transegalitarian society 608 Bou Khzama ii 501 buckwheat 354, 361 Brahmagiri 282 Buddhism 354 Brahmani River 280 Budihal 282 Braidwood, Ann 5 ashmounds 283 Braidwood, Linda 216–17 buffalo, wild 269, 293 Braidwood, Robert 2, 213, 216–17 Buhaya (Tanzania) 488 breadfruit 80–1, 468 building materials 275 see also architecture Breasted, James Henry 187 Bulbeck, David 434 Bridges, P.S. 117 bulrush millet 205 Brillat-Savarin, Jean Anthelme 94 Buokem hills (Ghana) rock bristly foxtail millet 86 shelters 484 British Isles burdock 361 burial monuments 563–5 Burger, Joachim et al. 105 causewayed enclosures 581 burial monuments/tombs dairy farming 168–9, 170–2 Britain 563–5 jadeitite axes 576 Europe 142–3, 158, 578 Brittany 563, 565 Iberia 565, 578 jadeitite axes 576 Japan 375–6 Broederstroom site 496 Korea 150–1, 158 Bronze Age 3 Tichitt 499 expansion of pastoralism 166–7 burial mounds 392, 397, 509–10, globalization 330 544, 549 Kazakhstan 181–3 burials rice consumption (MSEA) 426 Americas: South Asia 262 Ecuador 524 urban culture (Levantine) 189 Las Pircas (Nanchoc) 544 broomcorn millet (Panicum Southwest North America 154 miliaceum) 17, 18, 145, 310, Valdivia (Real Alto) 525–6 316–22, 329, 331, 335–6, 338, Central Asia: 349–51, 367 Andronovo 181–2 wild progenitor (Panicum miliaceum var. Petrovka 181–3 ruderale) 317–18, 339 Sintashta 181

615

Index

burials (cont.) domesticated: China 145, 335, 345 Africa Europe 142–3, 577–8, 585 North Africa 172 corded ware 586 sub-Saharan 21, 206, 474, 477–8, 479, Kuyavia 607 485, 486, 492, 495 LBK 577–8, 596–7 Central Asia (Kazakhstan) 176 Lengyel (Hungary) 557 China 330–1 island South East Asia 432–6 Europe 572, 573, 581 Japan: Britain 168–9 Jomon 366 Cyprus 237 Yayoi 366, 369, 371–2, 377, 403 Poland (Kuyavia) 605, 610 Kenya 479–80 Japan 379 mainland Southeast Asia 420, 422–3, 425 South Asia 263, 270, 274 and social status 252–4, 577–8, 586 northwestern 300–1, 304–5 South Asia: savanna India 282, 283 Mehrgarh period i 295 Southwest Asia 15, 83, 220 Mehrgarh period ii 304 genetic analysis 16, 300–1 see also DNA Southwest Asia: herding 162 Natuﬁan 129 hunting of 220 subﬂoor (PPNB) 135, 234, 252–4, 366 iconic depiction of 141 Burkina Faso 474 linguistic evidence of 62–4, 68, 83, 89 Burma 439 origins 43 burning skulls 230, 234 Africa 491 wild New Guinea 455, 458, 462 Europe 573 North America 529 northwestern South Asia 269, 293, 300–1 see also swidden agriculture Southwest Asia 220 Burung (Sulawesi) 429 Cauvin, Jacques 218, 230 Busby, George B.J. et al. 37 Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi L. 26, 31, 35 bushbuck 206 Çayönü 213 Butzer, Karl 221 Cementerio de Nanchoc mounds 544, 549 Bwambé-Sommet 491 ceramics see pottery Byrd, Brian 234 Cerastium glomeratum 350 cereals 25 calcite 609 for alcohol 163 Cambodia by-products 110–11 geography 413 nutritional value 25 swiddening 439 and ritual 138 579–80 camels 176 as staple , 316 Canarium 21, 418, 491 sticky 130 217 Canarium schweinfurthii 491 wild , Caoxieshan 326 see also names of individual species 528 caprines see goats Cerro Juanaqueña site (Chihuahua) 19 carbon steel 489 cesspits 154–5 157 carp 573 Chaco Canyon , 474 cassava 85 Chad 163 Çatalhöyük 213, 228, 232 chaff 350–1 cats 198 absence of 336 cattle Chahai (Fuxin) burials 141 Chalcolithic (Copper) Age 166–7 calves 168, 169–70 expansion of pastoralism 305–8 consumption 168 Mehrgarh

616

Index

South Asia 278 chital deer 278 Southwest Asia 215 Chogha Bonut 301 Chama Alcove site 155 Chogha Mish 301 Chamberlain, Andrew 103, 118 Cholistan survey 272 charcoal 491 Chubu 360 Chengtoushan 326, 329 Chulmun culture 148 chenopod 22, 522 Chuodun 326 Chenopodium spp. 162, 350 Cishan 320 chestnut tree (Castana crenata) 405, 408 Cishan-Beifudi culture 336 chestnuts 18, 359, 367, 405 cities 186 chickens/fowl abandonment of 200 China 145, 439 decision-making 196–203 island Southeast Asia 429, 439 definition 193 Japan 379 and their hinterlands 192–6 Jenne-jeno 206 social structure 190–1 origins 439 territorial states 194 Chifeng 336, 339, 351–2 city-states 193–4 Chifumbaze Complex 494 Clark, Grahame 435 Chilbuene 495 Clegg, Michael T. 298 Childe, Gordon 4–5, 15, 186, 210, 216, 539 climate chile pepper 518 island Southeast Asia 411–13 China monsoonal system 312–13, 335, 338 agricultural communities 145–6, 157 variability in 197, 200 agricultural transition 146 climate change 1, 216 archaeological research history 8.2 KA event (South Asia) 267 313–15 Americas 521–2, 542–3, 551 barley 330–1 Niger delta 484 beancrops 17, 319, 322, 332, 350 Southwest Asia 4, 189, 214–16 burials 145, 335 trends 197 chickens 145, 439 West Asia 129 climate 312–13, 335, 338 coca 541, 544 culinary traditions 315–16 coca leaves 549 diet 145, 329, 331 coconut 80–1 dispersal from 419, 429–30 coffee 479 dogs 145 Cohen, Mark N. 102, 105–6, 119 domesticated animals 330–1 Colocasia esculenta 417 ecological diversity 310 Colorado 154–6 ‘five grains’ 18, 331–2 common bean 520, 541 maize 316, 331 communal compounds 145, 154, 156 millet 18, 145–6, 310, 316–23, 328–9, 335–6, communities 349–52 China 145–6, 157 nuts 325–6, 350 definition 125 pigs 17, 145, 146, 323, 328 Europe 137–44, 157 potato 331 evidence of 127–8 rice cultivation 17–18, 323–9, 332 Korea 148–51 settlements 335–8 Mesoamerica 151–3 swiddening 439 West Asia 128–37, 157 textile production 328 conflict 142, 173–4 tubers 319 Confucius, Classic of Rites 332 urbanism 188 copper 177, 272, 306, 574–6, 578, 602–4, 609 Western influence 329–31 see also Chalcolithic Age wheat 330–1, 332 corn (Zea maize) 440 see also Xinglonggou Corsica 47

617

Index

cotton dental evidence see teeth Americas 517, 518, 541, 544 Dhar Néma (Mauritania) 477, 499, 501, 505, 509 South Asia 10, 263, 270, 285 Dhar Tagant 507, 509 Coulanges, Fustel de 187 Dhar Tichitt (Mauritania) 21, 477, 499, 505, 506, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) 21, 483, 484, 489 507, 509, 512 Coxcatlán 520–1 Dhar Walata 477, 499, 505, 507, 509 craft production 16, 153 Dia Shoma 512 Crane-Kramer, Gillian M.M. 105, 119 diet Crawford, Gary 315, 360–1 and agriculture 11–12, 105–7 Crete 137 China 145, 329, 331 Crickley Hill 142 definition 94 crop systems eastern India 278 double cropping system 275 effects of 107–12, 120–1, 380, 604 failure 200 Europe 138, 141, 604 linguistic evidence of 65–7, 68, 77–8, 81, 83–4 Holocene 24 mixed cropping 532 hunter-gatherer 102–3 rotation 199, 532 Japan 380 Cso˝szhalom-Polgár 569, 572 millets in 321–2 cucumber (Cucumis sp.) 83, 87, 418 skeletal changes and 108–13 Cucurbitaceae 496 Southwest Asia 247 Cueva da los Vampiros site 518 stable isotope 24, 112–13 Cuiry-les-Chaudardes 572 dill 138 cumin 83 Dillehay, Tom 22 cursus monuments 563–5 Dioscorea alata 417 see also yam Cushites 59 disease proto- 67–71 degenerative 103 Cuzco 534 infectious 103, 107, 113–14, 121, 380–1 Cyprus 220, 234 nutritional deficiency 107, 108 Neolithic expansion 236–8 parasitic infection 103, 380 respiratory 113 Da But sites 420 sexually transmitted 102 Dabar Kot 307 skeletal indicators 100–2 Dadiwan 320 vectors 474, 482 Daikai (Hyogo prefecture) 366, 403 dispersal dairy products 65, 134, 137, 171, 579, 596 animals 16, 432–9 dairying 48, 65, 165–6, 167–72, 182 crops/plants 329–31, 468–9 Africa 171–2 human 26–48, 414–16, 419 China 330 language 51–3, 73–4, 76–7, 429–30 Europe 137, 168, 170, 596 ditches Levant 221 cultivation 445 lipid residue techniques 168–9 drainage 464–6 modern 166 around villages 141–2, 335, 344, 366–7, Daisen (Osaka prefecture) 359 397–400, 561, 565, 601–2, 608 Dakhlet el Atrouss-I 507 Djiganyai 501 Damb Sadaat i 307 DNA see ancient DNA (aDNA); mitrochon- Damdama 275, 276 drial DNA (mtDNA) Daulatabad 268 dog 162 Daxi period (middle Yangtze) 326, 327, 329 China 145 Daxinganling 335 Japan 379 mountains 336 mainland Southeast Asia 422, 423 Daxinzhuang 323 sacrifice of 182 deer 269, 276, 278, 293, 377, 378–9, 573, 605 dolmens 150–1, 578 Denham, Tim 19 domestication, definition 219

618

Index

Dong Nai drainage system 421 Erlitou 332 Donghulin 320 Ethiopian highlands, crop cultivation 479 Dongodien 479 Etsuji 366 donkey 83 Europe drainage 421, 464–6 animal husbandry 581 drought 200 burial practices 577–8 Durrington Walls (Stonehenge) 568 crop cultivation 579–81 households’ material culture 574–7 early farming communities (EFC) 487, 494–6 houses 567–71 see also early Iron Age Neolithic 555–67 Early Iron Age (EIC) 487, 490, 491, 492, 494 southeast 555 East Africa see also individual countries and regions early pastoralist sites 486–7 Evenki 174 livestock 486 Evershed, Richard 168 material culture 486 evolutionary medicine 96–7 Easter Island 81 eastern India 276–81 families diet 278 extended groups 124, 136–7, 138, 143, 150, 152, Neolithic chronology 277 156, 194, 202, 248–52, 326, 525 pig 278 nuclear 12, 124, 194, 217, 234, 248–52, 326, 348 Ecuador farmers plant domestication 518 age at death 119 raised fields 535 communities of practice 12–13 settlements 524–6 co-operation and sharing 124–5, 248–52, 584 Egypt 202 diet and health 103–4, 120–1 Egyptians 189 fertility 104 Ehret, Christopher 10 growth problems 119 Eiichi, Fujimori 358, 359 interpersonal violence 117 einkorn wheat 15, 16, 269, 297, 298 respiratory disease 113 Elementeitan tradition 486–7 sense of time 584 Elsloo (Holland) 596 skull shape 111 emmer wheat 15, 16, 83, 269, 297, 298 tooth enamel defects 119–20 enclosures work-related health issues 114–17 banked 561–5 farming causewayed 581 early crop 23 ditched 141–2, 335, 344, 366–7, 397–400, 561, mixed 134, 161–4 565, 601–2, 608 Neolithic 23 earthen walled 194 reasons for switch to 104–5 earthwork 146, 158 southern Deccan development of 273 palisaded 561–5 feathergrass (Stipa pennata) 605–7 Eneolithic cultures 177, 181 FeJx site (Lake Besaka) 478 Engels, Friedrich 187 fern roots 419 England 581 Fertile Crescent 210, 297 Enkapune ya Muto 482 fertility 102, 104, 118–19 enset 77–8, 479 fertility symbols 232–3 environment fertilization 199 changes 246–7 fields 152, 529 overfarming 200 raised 534–5 reconstruction methods 215 figs 83 variability 197, 200 Fiji 81 erect knotweed 522 finger millet 285, 479, 489 Erickson, Clark L. 199 fire, anthropogenic 22, 455, 527, 528 Eritrea 477 fish 573, 605

619

Index

fishing Fuller, Dorian Q. 16, 17, 240, 505 Africa 206, 474 Funiu mountains 335 China 326 Funnel Beaker culture 610 Europe 573, 578 Furuichi Omizo 376 Japan 379 South Asia 273, 278 Gallagher, Daphne 14 Southwest Asia 220 game 141 Flannery, Kent 5, 124–5, 133, 152, 154, 156, 217, Ganges basin, early cultivation 87–8 346, 348 Gangetic plains 273–6 flax 285 architecture 275 flint 307 Neolithic culture 275 ‘chocolate’ 595, 601, 609 pottery 275 flotation 314–15, 332, 336, 338, 349–50, 361 rice 273–6 flour foods 330 sedentism 273–6 fodder, supply of 161, 163 Ganj Dareh 301 fonio (Digitaria exilis) 21, 74, 483, 484 Gansu province 331 food intolerance 103, 105, 106 see also lactose garden egg 205 tolerance/intolerance gardening see horticulture food preparation gardens Asian 145, 315–16, 330 Amazon basin 535 culinary divide 17 Eastern Woodlands 529 women’s role in (Europe) 141, 153 Europe 23, 580–1, 582, 584, 599 food production grid (New Mexico) 155 Africa 59 Mesoamerica 529 cultivation vs. domestication 78–9 Nanchoc valley 543–4, 550 decisions and control of 186, 196–203 proto-Austronesian word for 80 India 85–90 urban 194 lexical evidence for 62–4, 80–1, 83–4 garlic 83 Xinglonggou 349–51 Garlowska, Emilia 604 forests Garrod, Dorothy 129 burning of 455, 458, 462 Garstang, John 213 Central Africa 489–92 gazelle 129, 130, 162, 219, 220, 269, 276, 292–3 Pleistocene New Guinea 455–7 Geduld (Namibia) 493 Southeast Asia 411 gender roles 136–7, 141, 153, 158–9 Formative period 151 genetic evidence 105 see also ancient DNA and fowling 578 mitochondrial DNA foxnuts (Euryale ferox) 326 Germany, Neolithic settlement 138 foxtail millet (Setaria italica) 17, 18, 80, 145, 310, Gexinqiao 418 316–22, 328–9, 331, 332, 335–6, 338, Ghana, ancient (Wagadu) 510 349–51, 367, 440 giant ragweed 522 wild progenitor (Setaria viridis) 317, 339 Gilgal I 130–1 France gluten 106 burial practices 577 goat grass, diploid 298 dairy farming methods 170 goats ditched enclosures 565 China 330 fruit 18, 279, 350, 367 dwarf 485–6 wild 476 Europe 573, 605 fruit trees Jenne-jeno 206 Americas 152, 516–17 Kazakhstan 176 China 328 mitochondrial DNA analysis 299–300 South Asia 279, 285 origins of domestication 299–300 Fujian province 328, 419 remains 247 Fula 172 South Asia 16, 274, 282

620

Index

Southwest Asia 15, 83, 162, 220, 237 Haeapugua 466 sub-Saharan Africa 479, 485–6, 491, 492–4, 495 Haginomoto site 389, 400 terms for 64, 68, 70–1, 83, 89 Haimenkou 331 wild, northwestern South Asia 16, 269, 293, Hajji Firuz Tepe 221 299–300 Hallan Cemi (Turkey) 130, 220 Gobedra (Ethiopia) 478 Hambledon Hill 142 Göbekli Tepe (Turkey) 132–3, 142, 221, 224–8, Han River 148, 325 234 Handoga (Djibouti) 478 Gobi desert 312 Hangzhou Bay 326 Gogo Falls 489 Hansen, Judith D.L. 103 Gogoshiis Qabe rock shelter (Somalia) 478 Happy Rest site (South Africa) 495 Golbai Sasan 277–9 Harappa 272 goldwork 139–41, 576 early Harappan period 272 Golson, Jack 19, 447, 451, 463 Ravi phase (3300–3000 bc) 272 Gopalpur 277–9 Harlan, Jack 477, 514 Gopher, Avi 232 Harris, David R. 440 Gorecki, Pawel 451 hartebeest 206 Gorman, Chester 418 Harunari, Hideji 403 gourds 67, 280, 469 harvest, reproducibility of 408 Americas 516–17, 529 harvesting, sickle 130 Panama 518 Hawaii 81 South Asia 280 health Southeast Asia 469 and agriculture 11–12, 96–7, 105–7 see also Cucurbitaceae Cypriot Neolithic 237 grain domestication of 79 deﬁnition 94 Dravidian names 86 and diet 11–12, 96–7, 107–12, 120–1, harvesting of 79 380, 604 lack of in Oceanic cultures 81 and environment 113–18 Niger–Congo words for 74–5 farmers 103 proto-Austronesian cultivation 80 hunter-gatherers 102–3 Southwest Asia 83 see also cereals; and under skeletal indicators 100–2, 105, 107–21 individual names of species hemp (Cannabis sativa) 17, 322–3, 330, grape 83 332, 361 grasses 335 Hemudu culture 146, 323, 325, 326, 328 Artemisia 405 Henry, Donald 218 Digitaria 484 herding 67–71, 157, 161 edible 458 Levant 134 panicoid 319 linguistic evidence of 83 wild 479, 492 movement 175–6 grasslands, burning of 458, 462 southern Africa 492–6 Great Hungarian Plain 578 heterophylla 350 Greece 137, 142, 144 Hidaka (Gunma prefecture) 369 secondary products revolution 169 Higgs, Eric 315 groundnut 21 see also Bambara groundnut Himiko, Queen 377 Gua Sireh (Borneo) 428 Hi-Naka (Fukuoka) 381 Guangdong province 328, 419–20 Hiroko, Koike 378 Guangxi province 328 Hiroshi Tsude 374 Guilá Naquitz 520–1 Hittites 189 Guitarrero Cave (Peru) 520 Hodaka 373 Gujarat 86 Hodh depression (Mauritania) 499 Hoenzaka (Osaka prefecture) 373 Haak, Wolfgang et al. 41 Hole, Frank 5 hackberry (Celtis) 484 Holl, A.F.C. 509

621

Index

Holocene 1 pit houses archaeobotany, China 320 Botai and Tersek 177 archaeogenetic research 9 Chulmun 148–50 climate 4, 214, 335 Nakanishi-Akitsu 400 environmental changes 312–13 Southwest North America 154–5 food available 24 Pre-Neolithic 229 foraging systems 17 Pre-Pottery Neolithic 228 hunter-gatherers 7, 15, 418 Pre-Pottery Neolithic B 226 landform changes 215 stilted and ground level (mainland Holy Cross mountains (Poland) 595, 601 Southeast Asia) 421–2 Homo erectus 313 storage 138, 148 Hong (Red) River 420, 421 subfloor burials 135, 234, 252–4, 366 Hongshan culture 336 Tierra Blanca (Nanchoc) 544, 548, 549 Hopf, Maria 297 Valdivia 525 Hornstaad-Hörnle 1A 138, 571 Hsiao-Chun Hung 419 horse 13–14, 162, 176–83, 379 Huai River 310 sacrifices 181–2 Huang Qixu 315 wild 179, 605 Huarpa 533 horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) 86, Hudson, Mark 377, 380–1 275, 278 Hughes, Philip 447 horticulture human behavioural ecology (HBE) theory 539 Europe 555, 566 human body, treatment and representation of island Southeast Asia 435, 464 143 mainland Southeast Asia 418 Hunamni 150 Nanchoc (Peru) 22, 543–4, 550, 552 Hungary 556 sub-Saharan Africa 472 hunter-gatherers 5–7, 15 see also gardens Africa, late Stone Age 482–3, 489, 490, 492, 494 Houli culture 336 bone size and shape 117 houses diet and health 102–3 ’Ain Ghazal 248–52 fertility 102, 118–19 Alpine foreland 570–1 Japan 18–19 Chengtoushan 327 life expectancy 102 courtyard mainland Southeast Asia 417–18 Mesoamerica 152 respiratory disease 113 Sha’ar Hagolan 136, 229 and rice cultivation 325 ‘cult’ 138–9 skull shape 111 investment in (Levantine MPPNB) 135–6, South Asia 268 248 vs. farmers 583 Las Pircas (Nanchoc) 544, 548, 549 hunting 141, 162, 164–5, 278, 419, 495, 578 longhouses Hurrians 189 Linear Pottery (Linearbandkeramik, LBK) Huysecom, Erik et al. 74 culture 137, 585, 593, 597 hyacinth bean 285 post-built (Kuahuqiao and Hemudu) Hyakkengawa-Sawada settlement (Okayama 326 prefecture) 366, 369, 371 post-framed (western Europe) 557, 559–61, Hyksos 189 568, 569–70 trapezoidal longhouses (Brzesć´ Kujawski Iberia 565, 578 Group) 573, 590–1, 600–1, 608 ice core (GISP2) analysis 215 lower Xiajiadian 351 Iceman (Ötzi), Chalcolithic Tyrolean 47, 141, Mumun period 148 574, 579 Natufian 222 Ikegami-Sone (Osaka prefecture) 367, 368 ovoid huts 326 Ikeshima-Fukumanji (Osaka) 369 Pengtoushan 326 Ileret 479

622

Index

India 16–17 hunting and gathering 382 agriculture, lexical evidence of 85–90 laurel forest culture 359 bean crops 86, 275, 285 matagi hunters 382 Eastern Wetlands traditions 277–9 paddy rice farming 353–4 pottery 275, 277, 281 early Yayoi period 366–7, 388–404 rice 278–9, 280–1, 323–5 introduction of 362–6 see also eastern India; Gangetic plains; Kofun period 379 savanna India late Yayoi period 370–3, 382, 389 Indonesia 80, 411 middle Yayoi period 367–9, 389 Indus civilization 262, 273, 274 storage facilities 373–4, 376 Indus River 267 technology 373 Indus valley 262 population increase 376 inequality 152 violence and warfare 377–8 Ingold, Tim 13, 164–6 japonica rice 330 Iraq 213, 216–17 Jarigole 480 Ireland 568 Jarmo 5, 213, 298, 301 stone walls 580 Jarrige, Jean-Francois 290, 293, 295, 307 Iron Age Java 416 mainland Southeast Asia 426 Jaz·dz·ewski, Konrad 590–1 South Asia 262, 276 Jenne-jeno 14, 203–7, 485 sub-Saharan Africa 487, 490, 491, 492, 494 Jerf el Ahmar 223, 230, 233 iron-smelting 201 Jericho 5, 132, 213, 216, 222–4, 228, 234 irrigation jewellery 143, 231, 421, 422–3 see also beads canal 369, 532, 533, 544, 550 Jhandi Babar 306 networks 194 Jhandi Babar A (Gomal plain) 272, 306 North America 529, 532–3 Jhusi 274 paddy ﬁeld 364, 369, 371, 376, 383, 406–9 Jiahu 322, 323 projects 312 Job’s Tears 329, 419, 440 small ditch 532 Jomon culture 18–19, 366–7 island Southeast Asia 411, 426–34 animal husbandry 378 appearance of domestic rice 20 cultivation 357–62 climate 411–13 dental caries 109 genetic diversity 49–51 farmers 380–1 landforms 413 landscape 405–6, 407–8 linguistic history 79–83 material culture 359, 405 Neolithic 413–17 periods 354, 387–8, 389–91, 394–7, 404, 405–6 isotope analysis 127, 145, 338 pottery 354, 360, 387, 394–7, 404, 408–9 Israelites 188–9 ritual 408–9 Italian 574 settlements 389–91, 405 Italy storage 408 dairy farming methods 170 technologies 406–7 ditched enclosures 565 Jones, Glynis et al. 298 Itazuke 356, 364 Jones, Martin 17 ivory 578 Juglans mandshurica 350

jack bean 518 Kabusanze 489 jade 341, 342–3 Kacchi plain 289–90 Jakkalsberg 493 Kadzi 495 Jalilpur 272 Kalundu 495 Japan 18–19 Kana 466 animals 382 Kaner, Simon 18 civil engineering projects 375–6 Kannonji-Honma site 405, 408 dryﬁeld agriculture and horticulture 367 Kanto 360

623

Index

Kantun 418 migration 18 Karako-Kagi (Nara) 356, 367, 368–9, 371, 379, 387, rice farming 364 388–9, 397 Körös culture 578 Karkarinchinkat 477, 505 Kosipe (New Guinea) 19 Karnataka 282 Krigbaum, John 433 Kashihara 387, 408 Kruger National Park 495 Kashiwa, Oyama 358 Kruszyn 599 Kasteelberg Hill (South Africa) 493 Kuahuqiao culture 326, 328 Katsuragi River 392 Kuchai 279 Kawanishi-Nenarigaki 403 Kudatini 283 Kazahari (Aomori prefecture) 360 kudzu (Pueraria lobata) 469 Kazakhstan 161 Kuijt, Ian 235 crop dispersal 330 Kuk Swamp (New Guinea) 19, 417, 437, 442, forced pastoralism 173 445–6 horses 176–83 burning 455, 462 nomadism/transhumance 174, ditches 464–6 176–7 geographical setting 446–7 pottery 177–9 history of research 447–50 steppes 164, 176–81 mound cultivation 462–4 Kemondo Bay, KM2 and KM3 pig rearing 467–8 sites 489 plant exploitation: Ken’ichi Yano 18 cultivation practices 460–1 Kent site (Kazakhstan) 183 Holocene–Pleistocene transition 457–9 Kenya, Savanna Pastoral Neolithic Pleistocene 454–7 tradition 70 statigraphy 450–1 Kenyon, Kathleen 5, 213, 223, 228 swidden cultivation 462 Kfar Ha-Horesh 227 tree fallowing 467 Khameswaripali 277–9 Kuma-Nishida 369 Khao Wang Prachan valley 442 Kumali rock shelter (Ethiopia) 479 Khirokitia culture 236 !Kung San 6 Khoe 51–2 Kuroimine 373, 379, 383 Khok Phnom Di 423–5, 439 Kutsukata (Miyagi prefecture) 369 Khorat plateau (Thailand) 422–3 Kuyavia (Kujawy) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 272 animal remains 595–6 Kikuchi, Yukiko 402 burials 596 Kili Gul Mohammad 268, 293–7, 302, crops 596 306, 307 diet 604 King, Roy 36 landscape 589 Kingwell-Banham, Eleanor 16, 289 LBK farmers 591–7 Kintampo sites 484, 485 Lengyel culture 597–610 Kivisild 35 pottery 594–6, 601 Kivu-Rusizi River 488 see also Brzes´c´ Kujawski Klein Africa (South Africa) 495 KwaZulu-Natal 495 kob 206 Kyushu 362, 364, 377, 387 Kodekal 282 Kofun period 354 La Draga (Spain) 568 Koldihwa 274, 275 La Joya 152 Kolima Sud 474, 510 La Pastora dolmen 578 Kolima Sud-Est 512 labour Konary 599, 605–7 control of 199 Korea division of 136–7 bean crops 322 organization of (urban) 201–2 burial monuments 150–1, 158 lacquer 361 communities 148–51, 157 lactose persistence 48

624

Index

lactose tolerance/intolerance 103, 105, 137, proto-Ijo–Congo 73 170–2 proto-Indo-European 88–9 Africa 172 proto-Khoekhoe 492 Europe 579 proto-Malayo-Polynesian 80–2 Laga Oda rock shelter 477, 478, 479 proto-Niger–Congo 71–3, 74 Lahuradewa 273–5 proto-Northern Sudanic 62–3, 65 Lake Balaton 556 proto-Omotic 77–8 Lake Bosumtwi 484 proto-Saharo-Sahelian 63, 65 Lake Constance 138 proto-Sahelian 63–7, 70–1 Lake Eyasi basin 483 proto-Semitic 83–4 Lake La Yeguada 518 proto-Southern Cushitic 481 Lake Titicaca basin 533, 534–5 proto-Volta–Congo 75 Lake Van 215 proto-Western Bantu 490 Lake Victoria 483 protolanguages 56 Lane, Paul 20 and relatedness 55–6 languages/language families 60–7 Sahelian 487 Andes 7 Sino-Tibetan 82–3 Atlantic–Congo 73 Sudanic 487 Austroasiatic 51, 83, 87 Trans-New Guinea 82 Austronesian 49, 79–83, 415, 429, 431 Urartian 84 Bantu 49, 51–3, 73–4, 76–7 Volta–Congo 73 Basque 90 Langweiler 8 (Merzbach) 570 Benue-Kwa 73 Laos, swiddening 439 Caucasian 84 lapis lazuli 271, 295, 302 cultural salience (of lexicon) 57–8 Lapita culture 81, 416, 434–6 dispersal 51–3, 73–4, 76–7, 415, 429–30, 431 Larsen, Clark Spencer 109, 380 Dogon 73 Larsen, Greger et al. 438 Dravidian 263 late Majiabang (lower Yangtze) 327 Eastern Bantu 487 Lawrence, T.E. 213 as evidence of crop cultivation 65–7, 76, LBK see Linear Pottery (Linearbandkeramik, 77–8 LBK) culture Hattic 84 leeks 83 Hurrian 84 Legge, Tony 167 Indo-Aryan 87, 263 legumes (pulses) 489, 516–17 Indo-European 88–9 Lekhahia 276 Indo-Hittite (period) 88 Lengyel culture 557 Japanese 381, 383 Kuyavia 597–610 Khoisan click 51–2 lentils 274 lexical change 56–7 Leopard Cave (Erongo mountains, Namibia) Mande 73 493 Munda 87, 263 Lesser Sunda Islands 411 Niger–Congo 59, 71 Levant 212 Nilo-Saharan 60–7, 70–1 agricultural communities 128–36 Omotic 77–8 animal domestication 220 Pama-Nungyan 431 animal husbandry 111 proto-Agaw-East-South Cushitic 68 ceramics 232–3 proto-Atlantic 73 climate 215 proto-Atlantic–Congo 73 dental health 108, 112 proto-Austronesian 19, 79–81 evidence of livestock 127, 130 proto-Bantu 76 olive oil production 221 proto-Cushitic 68–71 PPNA architecture 131–4 proto-Dravidian 86 primacy model 236 proto-Eastern Bantu (Mashariki) 487, 492 southern, Neolithic study 213

625

Index

Levant (cont.) Ludwigshafen (Lake Constance) 138 southern, Pre-Neolithic architecture 228–9 Ludwinowo (LBK settlement) 593, 596 trade 234 luffa 87 transition to farming 129 lupine 535 urbanism 188 Levantine Corridor 220 Maasai 165, 172, 173 Lévi-Strauss, Claude 584 Maasai Mara 483, 486 Li Bing 312 MacDonald, Kevin 21 Li, H.L. 322 Mahadaha 276 Liangzhu 327–8 Mahagara 275 Libya 65 mainland Southeast Asia 411, 417–26 LiDAR technology 195 animal domestication 438–9 Lilley, Malcolm C. 112 climate 411–13 lima bean 520 crop domestication 436–8 lime production 549–50 early Neolithic sites 419–20 Limpopo valley 496 horticulture 418 Linear Pottery (Linearbandkeramik, LBK) landforms 413 culture Neolithic 413–17, 421 burials 577–8, 596–7 pre-Neolithic 420–1 dispersal 594–5 rice farming 18–19 DNA 37, 41–4, 48 maize farmers 591–3 China 316, 331 gardens 580 cultivation 151–2 longhouses 585, 593, 597 lexical history 85 material culture 574, 594–6 Mexico 514, 526 settlements 137, 556, 559, 568, 569–70, 572–3, North America 22, 154 580, 581 nutrition 111 linguistics 10–11 see also languages origins 22, 514–15 little barley 522 Panama 518 little millet 86 Southwest Americas 154 Liu, Guoxiang 17 use in alcohol 25 Liu, Xinyi 17 see also teosinte livestock Majiayao culture (Linjia) 323 Bantu words for 76 Makowiecki, Daniel 605 Cushite words for 68–71 Makriyalos 142 dwarf species 485–6 malaria 121 feeding 163 Malayo-Polynesians 80–2 grazing 163 Mali 474 Nilo-Saharan words for 62–4 Manganji River 392 proto-Indo-European words for 89 Mangniu River 338 proto-Malayo-Polynesian words for 80–1 manioc 515, 517–18 see also under names of individual species Manning, Kate 505 llama 162 Manser, Jessica 433–4 llerén (Calathea allouia) 518 Maoshan 327–8 Loc Giang 421–2 Maros Cave (Ulu Leang) 429 Locust-bean tree (Parkia biglobosa) 483 marsh elder 22, 522 Lokori 480 Marston, John M. 198–9 Loma Alta 518 marten/polecat remains 573 long barrows 563–5, 610 Matarrubilla dolmen 578 Lorkiewicz, Wiesław 604 material culture 5, 127–8, 212, 222–33 lower Xiajiadian culture 336 Africa 476–7, 478, 486–7, 494, 510–11 Lubell, David et al. 113 China 145–6, 328, 336, 338, 341–3, 345 lucuma 520 Europe 5, 137–44, 566, 574–7, 584

626

Index

island Southeast Asia 20, 432–6 late Archaic/early Formative period 527–8 Japan 356, 372–3, 378–9 linguistic evidence of agricultural practices Kazakhstan 177–9 84–5 Korea 148–51 terracing 533 Lapita 81 water management 533 mainland Southeast Asia 419 Mesolithic (middle Stone Age) 3 Mesoamerica 151–3 DNA 41–8 Nanchoc valley (Peru) 544–51 South Asia 268, 275–6 Natufian 129, 222, 229–30 Mesopotamia 191 Nilo-Saharan 60 cities 193 pastoralists 164 effects of intensive farming 201 Pottery Neolithic (PN) 136–7, 228–9, irrigation 221 232–3 organization of production 201 Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 131–4, metallurgy 16, 306, 330, 354, 432, 487–8, 490 222–4, 230–1 and expansion of pastoralism 166–7 Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) 134, 136, Japan 354, 373 224–8, 231 Kazakhstan 177 Pre-Pottery Neolithic C (PPNC) 228, 231 Korea 150–1 proto-Oceanic 81 Neolithic Europe 139–41, 574–6 proto-Sudanic 62 South Asia 262 Southwest North America 154–6 sub-Saharan Africa 487, 494, 508 see also Yayoi 18, 356, 372–3 copper; Iron Age; iron-smelting Matola 495 Mexico Mayan urban centres 194 Central Balsas River valley 521 maygrass 522 early farmers 526–8 McElroy, Ann 96 highlands 151 McIntosh, Roderick J. 14, 187 plant domestication 22, 514 McIntosh, Susan 204, 206 raised fields (chinampa) 534 Meadow, Richard H. 297, 305 Mgombani 489 medical anthropology 96 mice 129, 130 Mediterranean islands 236–8 Micronesia 81 Mehrgarh 16, 267–71, 274 genetic diversity 49 ceramic production 303–4, 305–6, 307–8 middle Niger floodplain 203, 205, 206 Chalcolithic occupation 292 legacy of Tichitt tradition 510–12 period iii (Togau phase) 305–7 Miechowice 599 periods iv and v 307–8 crops 605–7 contact with other settlements 302 LBK settlement 593, 596 location 289–90 migration 9–10, 16 Neolithic occupation 290–2 Africa 480–2, 487, 490–1 period i 268, 292–301 Austronesian 20 period iia 267, 271, 295–7, 302–5 Bantu 76–7 period iib 305 from Europe to Near East 36 site 293–7, 302, 306 from Korea to China 18 subsistence economy changes 304–5 into Japan 364, 381, 383 Meiklejohn, Christopher 119 into Lake Turkana basin 480–2 Mekong River 422 South Asia 271, 295–7 Mellaart, James 213 Southeast Asia 434, 435 melons 67, 205, 328, 329, 367 milk/milking 165–6, 167, 581 Merzbach valley (Germany) 569–70 linguistic evidence 65 Mesoamerica mare’s 180 communities 151–3, 157 sustaining letdown 169–70 crops 151 see also dairy products; dairying; lactose early domestication 520–1 tolerance/intolerance

627

Index

millet(s) Morioka, Hideto 403 Africa 21, 491, 492, 495, 496, 499, 505 Morrell, Peter L. 298 China 145–6, 310, 316–23, 328–9, 335–6, 349–52 mortuary practices 128, 233–4, 236 island Southeast Asia 440 China 145 Japan 18, 354, 367, 404 Europe 144, 577–8 Kazakhstan 176 see also burials linguistic evidence 80 Moruo, Guo 313 mainland Southeast Asia 419, 442 mosquitoes 121 middle Niger 205 mounds non-shattering rachis 505 Amazon basin 535 South Asia 17, 263, 278, 284 burial 392, 397, 509–10, 544, 549, 561–5 spread 329 ceremonial 525–6 wild 205 cultivation 462–4 see also under names of individual species settlement 501, 557, 566, 569, 571–3 mint (Perilla frutescens) 329 shell 527 Mirabib (Namibia) 493 Mount Haruna (Gumma prefecture) 373 mitrochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Mount Kilimanjaro 480 admixture effect 36–7, 50 Mozambique 495 Africa 51–3 Mugumamp 464 ancient Europeans 40–8 Mumun period 148 and analysis of human dispersal patterns mungbean 86, 275 26–48 Munson, Patrick 499–501, 506, 508 chicken 439 Mureybat 222 contemporary Europeans 31–40 Murono-Miyayama mounded tomb founder analysis 30, 32–5, 37, 51 (Nakanishi-Akitsu) 392, 397 genetic dating 28–9 Murray, Tim 435 haplogroup H 43–6 Myres, Natalie M. et al. 37 haplogroup J 42 haplogroup K 42 N’Dama cattle 485 haplogroup L330 Nabatake (Saga prefecture) 364, 379 haplogroup N1a 41–4, 46 Nabta Playa 64, 67 haplogroup T 42 Naderi, Sean et al. 300 haplogroup U 41–2, 46–7 Naka-Kunryu (Fukuoka) 371 horse 13–14, 180 Nakanishi-Akitsu complex 367, 392–409 human–chimp split 29 buried forest 400–1 MSY variation 35–6, 46, 49 chronology of paddy ﬁelds 394–7 pig 20, 438 food consumption 403–4 Polynesian motif 49–51 forest life 404–5 Southeast Asia 49–51 irrigated rice cultivation 406–9 Mitsudera i 373, 376, 383 landscape 405–6 Miyamoto, Kazuo 364 population 403 Miyoshi, Nobuaki 402 village 397–400 Mizoguchi, Koji 367, 376 Nalepka, Dorota 607 moat building 426 Nam River valley 148 Modjeska, Nicholas 451 Nanchoc valley (Peru) 22 Mogollon mountains, SU site 154 burials 544 Monelirio dolmen 578 climate change 551 Mongol herders/pastoralists 173, 177 construction projects 549–50 Mongol Hordes 173 crops 520, 541, 544 monumental architecture 234, 563–5 El Palto phase 543–4 construction 158 see also burial monuments/ environmental parameters 542–3 tombs Las Pircas phase 544 Morelli, Laura et al. 37 Tierra Blanca phase 544–9, 550, 552

628

Index

Nantaizi (Keshiketeng) 336 North America Nanzhuangou 320 Eastern Woodlands 522, 529 Napachik (Manipur) 281 fields 529 Narhan 275 Great Plains 523 Narutaki (Wakayama prefecture) 373 plant domestication 85, 210, 522–3 Native Americans 85 southwest 154–6, 210 Natufian period transformation of landscapes 529–30 architecture 131, 222 North Horr 479 artefacts/material culture 129, 229–30 Northern Transvaal (Gauteng) 496 settlements 129, 222 Nowaczyk, Bolesław 607 status differentiation 233 nuts Ndondi Tossokel (Mali) 510–11 Africa 491 Near East see Southwest Asia China 325–6, 350 Neolithic (New Stone Age) 3 Japan 367, 404, 406 ‘broad spectrum subsistence’ model 217 oil palm 492 chronologies: South Asia 279 eastern India 277 see also individual species northwestern South Asia 267–70 savanna India 281–2 oak trees 404 South Asia 262–3 see also Mehrgarh Oaxaca valley 152 Southwest Asia 212–14 obsidian 124, 479, 486 definition 177–9, 210–12 oca 520 DNA 37, 41–4, 48 Oceania, linguistic history 79–83 ecological and social consequences octopus 379 of 238–9 Odisha (Orissa) 277, 280 expansion 236–8 Sundargarh district 280 ‘hilly flanks’ model 16, 216–17 Ohalo (Sea of Galilee) 11, 215 material culture 222–9 oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) 21, 76, 472, 483, 484, Oasis Propinquity Theory of 216 491, 492 oldest cultures 210–12 Okolisˇte (Bosnia) 572 post-processual models 218 okra 205 processual models 217 Oksbjerg, J. 368 Revolution 3–5, 15, 210, 216–19, 285 Ol Ngoroi 482 theories for 210–12 Oliga 490 transition 31–40, 270–3 olive oil production 221 Neon U-Loke 425 Olmec 152, 157 New Guinea 416, 445–6 Orkney 586 human origins 49–50 see also Kuk Swamp Orunwanje 95/1 (Namibia) 493 New Mexico 154–6 Osłonki 599, 600, 601–2, 608 Ngamuriak 486 copper artefacts 602–4 Niah Cave 19, 432–4 crops 605–7 Niger River 205 see also middle Niger violence 605 floodplain osteoarthritis 117 Nil Kham Maeng 426 osteomyelitis 111 Nilgai 278 osteopenia/osteoporosis 110–11 Nintoku, Emperor 375 Otsuka 369 Nishijinmachi 381 otter 573, 605 Nitra (Slovakia) 596 Ounjougou site (Mali) 74 Nkang 491 Outram, Alan 13, 125 Nkope Hill (Malawi) 495 nomadism 13, 120, 134, 173–4, 176–7, 181, 220, pacay (guama) 541 Non Pa Wai 426 paddy fields 17–18, 146, 327–8, 353–4, 362 noodles 330 agricultural tools 364, 366 Nor Mak La 426 chronology and key sites 354

629

Index

paddy fields (cont.) Peru 22 early 326, 362–6 water management 532 see also Nanchoc irrigation 364, 369, 371, 406–9 valley Nara basin 387–92 see also Nakanishi-Akitsu Peterson, Christian E. 348 complex Petrie, Cameron 16, 305 Pakistan 268 Petrovka culture 181–3 Pala, Maria 9 Philippines 80 Palaeolithic (Old Stone Age) 3 occupation 415 DNA 41–2, 44, 46 Phung Nguyen Complex 420–1 Palavoy 283 phylogeography 26–31 see also ancient DNA; palm starch 329 mitrochondrial DNA palms 518 phytolith analysis 127 Panama 518 pig Pandanus brosimus 455–7 Anatolia 220 Panga ya Saidi Cave 489 Brzesć´ Kujawski 605 Papua New Guinea 81 burials 422, 423 parasites 380 China 145, 146, 323, 328 Passy 563 Cyprus 237 pastoralism 2, 13–14, 89 domestication 20, 413–17, 573 African 171–2, 473, 479 eastern India 278 definition 161, 173 Europe 162, 573 meat 13, 164–5 island Southeast Asia 429 milch 13, 165–6, 167–72 Japan, Yayoi period 379, 382 mobility 161, 163–4, 173–6 mainland Southeast Asia 422, 423 nomadic 134, 174–6 New Guinea 467–8 ranchers 13, 166 origins 43 savanna India 282–3 Southeast Asia 17, 438–9 territoriality/environment 163–4 Southwest Asia 15, 220 transhumance 174–7 wild 605 Payne, Sebastian 167 words for 80–1, 89 pea 367 pigeon pea 16, 87, 278–9, 284 peach 328, 330, 367 pike 573 peanuts 85, 331, 520, 541 Piklihal 282 pear 367 Pikutkowo 599, 608 pearl millet pistachios 83 domesticated (Pennisetum glaucum) 285, 474, pitpit (Setaria spp.) 458 477, 484, 489, 491, 506 Pitted Ware culture (PWC) 46, 47 wild (P. glaucum violaceum) 477 plaster Pearsall, Deborah 22 skulls 135, 136, 231, 233, 235, 255 Peiligang culture 145–6, 320, 336 vessels 231 Peking Man 313 Pleistocene Ice Age 1 pellagra 111 China 319 Peña Roja site (Colombia) 519 climatic fluctuations 214 Pengtoushan culture 323, 326 hunter-gatherers 7, 15, 18–19 Pennington, Ruth 102 mainland Southeast Asia Peñon del Rio complex 535 417–18 pepper (Piper sp.) 418 New Guinea 454–7 perch 573 population 1 Periano Ghundai (Zhob) 272, 306, 307 rice domestication 325 perilla 361 Plog, Fred 346, 348 Perrier, Xavier et al. 436–7 ploughing persimmon 328 Europe 580 Person, Alain et al. 501 Nam River valley (Korea) 148

630

Index

ploughs 373, 581 eastern India 277, 281 plum 367 Gangetic plains 275 Poland northwestern 271, 272, 292, 302–6, 307–8 longhouses 573 Tichitt tradition 476, 510–11 sheep 581 tripod vessels 281 see also Brzesć´ Kujawski Urewe ware 488–9, 494–5 Polynesia, genetic diversity 49 Valdivia 524–6 population growth 200, 217 Xinglongwa 341 Possehl, Greg 302, 305, 306 Yayoi 355–6, 366, 376–7, 397 potato Yu’usu style (Kyushsu) 364 Americas 85, 517–18, 535 Zofipole style 594 China 331 Pottery Neolithic (PN) 136–7, 212–13, 232–3 Japan 404 architecture 228–9 pottery material culture 231 basket-marked 303, 306, 432–9 mortuary patterns 236 Boleráz style 573 ritual behaviour 236 Brzesć´ Kujawski Group 601 social organization 235–6 and burial rituals 441–2 Southwest Asia 231, 232–3 cord-impressed 275, 418–19, 420, 429–30, Pre-Neolithic Pottery Cultures (PNPC) 432–9 420–1 early Chinese Neolithic 335 Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) 212 early farming communities (early Iron Age) Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 130–4, 212, 215, 487, 494–6 219–20 earthenware 432 architecture 131–4, 222–4, 234 Faïta 510–11 material culture 230–1 and food preparation 315–16 sedentism 222–4 grey ware 277 Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) 134–6, 212 Hakra ware 272 agriculture 220 Ileret 479 animal husbandry 111, 220 island Southeast Asia 428 animal species 247 Neolithic 429–30, 432–6 architecture 224–8, 248–52, 256–60 Jomon 354, 360, 387, 404, 408–9 climate 215 Kalundu tradition 495 late period (LPPNB) 245–7 Kazakhstan 177–9 Levantine villages 152 Kechi Beg ware 307–8 material culture 231 Lapita 434–6 middle period (MPPNB) 245–57 LBK (Kuyavia) 594–6 mixed farming 134 Libya 65 plastered skulls 135, 136 lipid residue techniques 168–9 population growth 245 mainland Southeast Asia 441–2 pyrotechnology 231 early Neolithic 419–20 ritual 234–5, 252–4, 256–60 Holocene hunter-gatherer 418–19 social order 233–4 Neolithic 421, 422–3, 425 social organization 234–5 pre-Neolithic 420–1 trade 235 Malongo 490 Pre-Pottery Neolithic C (PPNC) 212, 221, 245, Matola/Silver Leaves ware 495 316 Nderit 479 animals 247 polychrome decoration (Mehrgarh iv and architecture 228, 250–2 v) 307–8 material culture 231 pre-Tichitt 503–4, 510–11 proto-Semites 83–4 red-slipped 430, 435 Prunus armeniaca 350 red ware 277, 303 public buildings 152–3 South Asia 262 Pueblo period 155

631

Index

pulses Southeast Asia 20, 87, 416, 419, 420, 425–6, Africa 495, 496 428–9, 442 Americas 520 species: cultivation of wild (West Asia) 130 Oryza glaberrima 205, 483, 484 Japan 367 Oryza rufipogon 429 South Asia 18, 263, 278, 284 Oryza rufipogon sensu stricto 326 pumpkin 85 Oryza sativa 280–1, 429 Purugganan, Michael D. 298 tools 364 Pyrus betuleafolia 350 wet cultivation 145, 146, 148, 326 Pyzel, Joanna 593 wild 17, 326, 429 yield 401–2, 403–4 Qilaotu mountains 338 see also paddy fields Qinghai province 331 Richards, Martin 9, 31, 112 Qinling mountains 335 Rindos, David 539 Qiujialing culture 327 ritual Quercus sp., Corylus 350 artefacts (PPNB) 231, 234–5 querns, rotary 330 buildings 152–3, 155–6, 256–60 quinoa 520, 535, 541 burials 252–4, 434–6, 441–2 cereal seeds and 25 Rach Nui 421–2 ‘congregations’ 138–9 Rahmatabad 268 Nanchoc valley 544 Rana Ghundai (Loralai) 272 practices 158, 233–5, 252–4 phase i–ii 306 shamanic (Real Alto) 525–6 phase iii–iv 307 Tichitt 509–10 rats 129 Roberts, Charlotte 11 Real Alto 518, 523, 524–6 rock carving 141 ceremonial mounds 525–6 roe deer 605 social organization 523 Roksandic, Mirjana et al. 117 red deer 605 Rome 201 Red Jungle Fowl 439 Ronen, Avraham 224 reedbuck 206 roots 19, 416, 516–18 reindeer 162, 165 Russia, forest steppes 164 religion 234–5 see also ritual Rwanda 489 Renfrew, Colin 26 rice Saami 36 African 21, 205, 483, 484 Sabaki River 483 artificial field systems 326 see also paddy Sabana de Bogotá (Colombia) 534 fields Saberi Faïta 510 ball 353 Sadr, Karim 494 China 87, 146, 310, 323–9, 332 sago 19, 468 and dental health 109 words for 80–1 flooding 376 sago palms 19, 416, 417, 419 India 278–9, 280–1, 323–5 Sahara Japan 353–4, 359–61, 377, 387 food production 59 early Yayoi period 366–7, 388–404 rainfall 473 introduction of 362–6 Sahel late Yayoi period 370–3, 389 material culture 476–7 middle Yayoi period 367–9, 389 millet domestication 21, 477, 499 nutrition 111 Sahlins, Marshall 581 pottery impressions 408–9 Saikachido (Kanagawa prefecture) 369 seed (words for) 80 Saisho, Daisuke 298 social implications 376–8 Salamini, Francesco et al. 298 South Asia 273–6, 278–9, 280–1, 323–5 Salque, Mélanie 596

632

Index

Samoa 81 Linear Pottery (Linearbandkeramik, LBK) San 51–2 see also Kung San 137, 556, 559, 568, 569–70, 572–3, 580, San Isidro site (Colombian Andes) 518 581, 591–7 San José Mogote 152–3 mounds/tells 501, 557, 566, 569, 571–3 Sanga cattle 485 Natufian 129, 222 Sanganakallu 282 pit-house (Southwest Americas) 154–5 Sannai Maruyama 378 raised platform 421–2 Sanzoudian 350–1 South Asia 301–2 Saragi site 409 Tichitt 499, 505–10 Sarai-Nahar-Rai 276 Yayoi: Sarawak 442 early 366–7, 388–404 Sardinia 47 middle (Japan) 367–9 Sardinians 36, 38 late 370–3 Sargary culture 182 see also villages Sasuke, Nakao 359, 361 Sha’ar Hagolan 136, 229, 232 savanna India Shabik’eschee Village 154–5 cattle 282, 283 ritual buildings 155–6 crop domestication 281–5 Shah-Maran 268 Neolithic chronology 281–2 Shangsan 326 pastoralism 282–3 Shawoli 320 sheep 282 Shea (Karité) (Vitellaria paradoxa) tree 483 Savanna Pastoral Neolithic tradition 486–7 sheep Sawada, Goichi 402 China 330–1 Scarcelli, Nora et al. 437 Europe 573, 581, 605 Schlangengraben valley (Germany) 569–70 genetic origins 300 Schwartz, Glenn M. 12, 238 Jenne-jeno 206 scurvy 110 Kazakhstan 176 seal (animal) 494 savanna India 282 seals 232–3, 307 selective breeding 172–3 sedentism 4, 11, 151–2 South Asia 16, 274, 300 and fertility 118–19 Southwest Asia 15, 83, 162, 220 Peru 544, 549, 551 sub-Saharan Africa 479, 485, 486, South Asia 262, 273–6, 280, 285–6, 290–2 493–4, 495 Southeast Asia 413, 420, 422 terms for 64, 70–1, 83, 89 Southwest Asia 217, 218, 222–9 wild 172–3 Tichitt 500 Levant 130 Semino, Ornella 35 northwestern South Asia 269, 293, 300 Senoi 51 Shelach, Gideon 348 Senuwar 275 shell artefacts 230, 231, 295, 422–3 Serengeti plains 483 shellfish 419, 474, 492, 494, 495, 578 Sergeevka 181 Shennong (the divine farmer) 332 sesame 263, 270 Sheri Khan Tarakai (Bannu basin) 262, 306 settlements Sherratt, Andrew 13, 166–8, 173, 321 alluvial fan 305 Shijiahe culture 327 Central Asia 181 Shijo-Shinano 400, 403 changes 124–5 Shimoyakebe (Tokyo) 362 China 335–8 shiso minto 361 Chulmun/Mumun 148–50 Shixia site 419 Ecuador 524–6 Shizitan 319 European 137–9, 559–61, 569–73, 591–7 Shum Laka rock shelter 490, 491 flat 557, 569, 584 Shunpei, Ueyama 359 Jomon settlements 389–91, 405 Siberia 162, 174 Levantine Pottery Neolithic 136–7 Silver Leaves site 496

633

Index

Sindh 268 Southeast Asia see island Southeast Asia; Sintashta culture 181 mainland Southeast Asia Sipplingen (Lake Constance) 138 Southwest Asia (Near East) 4, 7, 15–16 Situmpa 495 chronology 212–14 skeletal evidence consequences of Neolithic lifestyles 238–9 accidental injuries 117–18 domesticates 219 aging of 99 economic nature of the Neolithic 219–21 bone modifications 604 environment and climate 214–16 changes and living environment 20, 113–18 first villages 222–9 collection of data from 98–102 linguistic history 83–4 effect of diet 108–13, 141, 604, 608–9 material cultures 229–33 evidence of violence 117–18, 605 Neolithic cultures 210–12 growth retardation 108, 111, 119 regional cores and the expansion of the health indicators 100–2 Neolithic 236–8 indicators of response to agriculture 105, sedentism 222–9 107–21, 604, 608–9 social orders 233–6 stable isotope analysis 112–13, 141 see also theories on the Neolithic 216–19 skulls see also ’Ain Ghazal skulls soybeans cattle 138, 230, 234 China 17, 322, 332, 350 cribra orbitalia 108, 111, 118, 120–1, 604 Japan 18, 322, 361, 367 Niah Cave 433–4 Korea 322 plastering/painting 135, 136, 231, 233, 235, 255 Spengler, Oswald 187 porotic hyperostosis 108, 111, 118, 120–1 Spirit Cave 418 removal 135, 235, 254, 434 Spoegrivier (South Africa) 493 shape 111 Spriggs, Matthew 430–1 slave trade 508 squash 22, 85, 516–17 Smith, Bruce 218 Eastern Woodlands 529 Smólsk 594, 599 Ecuador 518 Soares, Pedro 9, 35 Mexican highlands 151 social interaction, evidence of 142 Panama 518 Soga River 392 pepo 522 soil, black palaeosol 405–6 Peru 541, 544 Solomon Islands 81 Southwest North America 154 Somba cattle 485 stable isotope analysis Soreq Cave (Israel) 215 crops 127, 145, 338 sorghum evidence of rice consumption 425–6 Africa 205, 479, 484, 489, 495, 496 oxygen 175 savanna India 285 skeletons 112–13, 127, 141, 154, 321–2, seeds (Nabta Playa) 67 351–2, 362 use in alcohol 25 speleothem analysis 215 South Africa 493 see also specific sites stag beetle 404 South America, raised fields 535 Starcˇevo culture 556, 568 South Asia 16–17 Stepleton enclosure (Hambledon Hill) 142 animals 263–4, 269–70, 278–9 Stone Age see Mesolithic; Neolithic; Chalcolithic culture 272 Palaeolithic domesticates 263–4, 269, 278–9 stone wall systems 580 monsoon 261–2 Stone, Glenn D. 201 Neolithic chronology 262–3 Stone-to-Metal Age (SMA) 490, 491 northwestern 269 Stonehenge 586 pottery 262, 271, 272, 275, 277, 281, 302–5 storage terracing 534 ceramic vessels 145, 148 transition to agriculture 270–3 exclusive 137, 138, 148, 152, 156–7, 372

634

Index

raised ﬂoor 366, 373–4 Tchissinga West 492 shared 150, 156, 367, 373–4 teeth storage pits 145, 148, 152, 154, 335, 346–9, 403, changes in shape 111–12 408, 496 enamel hypoplasia 108, 111, 119–20, 604 straw 163 gender differences 109 structures (Mehrgarh) 304 grooves 604 urban centre 198 isotopic record 175–6 Suberde 213 wear and disease 103, 107, 108–10, 380 Sudan, Atabi sites 477 tef 21, 479 Sugao, Yamanouchi 355 Tekkalokota 282 sugarcane 80–1, 446, 458, 468 Tell Abr 3, 223 Sugenya 486 Tell Aswad 254 Sugitani Chanobatake 353 Tell Ramad 254 Sulawesi 416 Tell-e Atashi 301 Sumatra 416 tells 557, 566, 569, 571–3, 584 geography 413 Temple, Daniel H. 109, 380 Summer, Alan 15 teosinte 22, 514–15 see also maize Sunazawa (Aomori prefecture) 369 Teotihuacan 194 sunﬂower 22, 522 Teouma cemetery 434–6 Sunshu Ao 312 tepary bean 520 Sur Jangal Tepe Abdul Hossein 301 phase i–ii 306 Tepe Guran 301 phase iii 307 Terasawa, Kaoru 401 Surab terracing 199, 533–4 phase ii 306 Tersek culture 177–9, 181 phase iii 307 textile production surplus 14, 157, 187–207, 540, 551 China 328 Suthiragasa, Nikhom 423 South Asia 262, 270 sweet potato 85, 467–8 Thailand swidden agriculture (slash and burn) 126, 145, climate 411 359, 417, 420, 439–41, 462, 490–1 dispersal from 419 foraging practices 418 Tabaqat al-Buma 136 geography 413 Tach Lac (Ha Tinh province) 421 Neolithic 422–5 Taihang 335 rice 442 Taiwan 80 swiddening 439 dispersal from 50–1, 429–30 Thar desert 286 Takaki, Sasaki 359 Thomas, Ken D. 305 Takeru, Akazawa 366 Thukela basin (KwaZulu-Natal) 494 Talheim 142 Tian Shan 174, 177 Tamade site (Gose city) 389–91, 392, 408 Tibet 331 Tambul 464 Tichitt tradition (West Africa) 499 Tamil Nadu 282 chronology: Tappeh Rahmatabad 301 pre-Tichitt (Tichitt phase 1, Akreijit Tareyanagi (Aomori prefecture) 369 phase) 500–6 taro (Colocasia esculenta L.) early Tichitt (phases 2 and 3, Khimiya/ island Southeast Asia 19, 416, 437, 440, 446, Goungou phases) 506–7 458, 462, 463, 468 classic Tichitt (phases 4–6, Nkahl/ South Asia 263, 280 Naghez/Chebka phases) 507 Taro, Okamoto 359 late Tichitt (phases 7 and 8, Arriane/ tattoos 435 Akjinjeir phases) 507–8 taurine cattle 485 origins of agriculture 499–505 Tayles, N. et al. 110–11 settlements 499, 505–10

635

Index

Tichitt tradition (West Africa) (cont.) reaping knives 150, 364, 366, 372–3, 400 sociopolitical definition 508–10 shell 230, 231, 295, 422–3, 430 trade networks 509 sickle blades 230, 372–3 Tichitt-Oulata-Néma 474, 477 slate spear points 429–30 Tierras Largas 152, 153 spades 364 Tilemsi valley 474, 477, 505 spade-shoes 372–3 timber 361 spindle whorls 150, 232, 328, 372–3, 421, 430 Tiwanaku 534–5 stamp seals 232 tobacco 517 stone 280, 417–18, 419, 441 Tobol River 181 adze 422–3, 430 Tokwa 274, 275–6 arrowheads 421 tombs see burial monuments/tombs axes 75–6, 142, 372–3, 530, 601 Tonga 81 bangles 421 tools and artefacts blades 280 antler axes (T-axes) 604, 605, 608, 609 bracelets 421 arrowheads 372–3, 421 flakes 280 bark cloth beaters 421, 430 jewellery 231 bone 177, 230, 231, 278, 338, 442 net sinkers fishing 150, 419, 430 chipped stone 230, 231–2, 335, 341–2, 360, reaping knives 372–3 510–11, 526 swords 150 clay balls 421 unifacial 544 clay bow pellets 421 vases 230 copper 591, 602–4 wooden 364, 530 dolerite 280 Torihama (Fukui prefecture) 362 edgeground axes 420 Toro (Shizuoka) 356, 362, 371 farming, Americas 530 Torroni, Antonio 32 figurines 143, 230–1, 232–3, 234, Toteng (Botswana) 493 236, 292 Totman 383 flaked stone 177, 486 Townsend, Patricia K. 96 flint 601 trade 234, 235, 302, 505, 508, 509 grinding 129, 319, 335, 338, 341–2, 372–3, transhumance 13, 174–7, 183, 302 419, 526 urban 198 ground stone 129, 177, 181, 229–30, Trebur (middle Rhine, Germany) 141 231–2, 421, 462, 486, 544, tree cotton (Gossypium arboreum) 263, 270, 285 595, 601 tree-rings 197 harpoons 278, 421 trees hoes/mattocks 364, 530 Americas 152, 516–17, 518, 529 iron 372–3 Castanopsis sp. 458 jadeitite axes 142, 574, 576 Casuarina tree fallowing 467 lunates 230 fruit 152, 279, 285, 328, 516–17 maceheads 150 management of 131, 279 microblades 177 Nakanishi-Akitsu 400–1, 404–5 microliths 229, 335, 338, 341–2 Nothofagus 457 movement of 142 Pandanus spp. (New Guinea) 455–7, picks 364 458, 462 planting/digging 275 West African 483–4 polished stone 335, 510–11 Tres Ventanas Cave 520 adzes 421 Trigger, Bruce 193–4 bars (Jomon type) 366 Truswell, A.S. 103 celts 230, 275, 278, 280 Tsavo 483 reaping knives 364, 366, 400 tsetse fly 482 pounding 129, 595 Tuareg 172, 173 quern stones 275, 372–3 tuberculosis (TB) 113, 121

636

Index

tubers Pre-Neolithic Pottery Culture (PNPC) Americas 516–18, 520 420–1 China 319 swiddening 439 South Asia 280 villages Southeast Asia 19, 416 Formative period 151–2 see also under individual names of species Neolithic 222–9 Turkana basin (Kenya) 479 northwestern South Asia 267–70 Turkey 213 origins of (theory) 217 animal domestication 220 PPN/PN 135–6 architecture 224, 228 see also settlements turkey 162 Vincˇa-Belo Brdo (Serbia) 557 turquoise 295 violence 19, 117, 584, 605, 608–9 turtle 605 Vita-Finzi, Claudio 321

Uivar (Romania) 569, 572 Wadh Lang’o 489 Ulu Leang (Sulawesi) 429 Wadi en-Natuf 129 Underhill, Peter 36 Wadi Faynan (Feinan) 16, 132, 223, 233 upper Khabur basin (Syria) 195 Warrawau 464, 466 Ur, Jason 195 water buffalo 146, 148, 150, 263, 270 Ural mountains 181 waterchestnuts (Trapa natans) 326, 367, 418 urban agriculture waterfowl 206 decision-making 196–203 Watgal 282 diversiﬁcation and intensiﬁcation Watson, Patty Jo 315 strategies 198–9 wax gourd 469 growth and sustainability 199–201 Webber’s Line 411 technologies 198 Weber, Max 187, 190, 196, 199–200 urban despotism 190–2, 196 Weber, Steven et al. 426 urban hinterland 192–6 weeds 126–7, 130, 138 urbanism 13–14 see also cities; urban control 68, 530 agriculture disturbance-tolerant (PPNB) 134 urd bean 86 isotope analysis 126–7, 130, 138 Urewe sites 488–9 West Africa Uryudo 367 agricultural practices, evolution of 74–7 Usenge 3, 489 cattle breeds 485 Utah 154–6 climate variability 197 Utnar 282 crops 21, 24, 76, 472, 483 Dahomey Gap 484 Vaihingen an der Enz 141, 569–70, 572, 576, environmental shift 59 580, 596 linguistic record 71–4 Valencina de la Concepción 577–8 Microlithic tradition 74 Vam Co Dong drainage system 421 urbanism 188 Vam Co Tay drainage system 421 wild food 484 VanDerwarker, Amber M. 152 wild plants 205 Vanuatu 81 see also Tichitt tradition Varna 574, 576, 586 West Asia, agricultural communities 128–37 vegecultural systems 415–17, 420, 439–41, 442 Westropp, Hodder 3, 7 Vietnam wheat burials 420 China 330–1, 332 dispersal from 419 Europe 605 Hoabinhian tools 417–18, 420 free threshing 269 Neolithic 421 genetic analysis of 298–9 pottery 441–2 hexaploid 298

637

Index

wheat (cont.) Africa 76, 80–1, 491 Japan 354, 404 greater (Dioscorea alata) 81, 437–8 nutritional deﬁciency 111 proto-Malayo-Polynesian word for 85 primitive 15, 83 South Asia 280 South Asia 16, 269, 274 Southeast Asia 416, 437–8, 440, 446, 458, Southwest Asia 15, 17, 83 462, 468 use in alcohol 25 West African (Dioscorea spp.) 483, 484 wild 16 Yangtze River 274, 310–12 see also names of individual species basin 323–9 wheeled vehicles 141, 582 rice cultivation 146 Whittle, Alasdair 9, 22 valley 87, 145, 146, 310 wild boar 378–9, 438 Yarmoukian Pottery Neolithic 245, 250–2, Wills, W.H. 154 257–60 Wilson, A.C. 26–7 Yashiro (Nagano prefecture) 369 Windé Koroji Ouest 474, 477 Yayoi wine 83, 221 animals 379 Wittfogel, Karl A. 186, 187, 191, 199 early phase 366–7, 388–404 women evidence of trade 372 central role 524, 525–6 farmers 380–1 depiction of 143 late phase 370–3, 382, 389 and ritual 525 material culture 356, 372–3 wool 161, 165–6, 167, 172–3, 581 middle phase 367–9, 389 Woolley, Sir Leonard 213 migration 18 work parties 153, 159 myth 376–8 Wuluoxipo 320 paddy ﬁelds 355–6, 362–73 period 354, 387 Xiachuan 319 settlements 366–73 Xiaohexi culture 336 Yellow River 310–12, 322, 329 Xiaoheyan culture 336 valley 145 Xihuatoxtla shelter 521, 526 yields, decline in 200 Ximen Bao 312 Yitai 335 Xincun site 419 Yoruba 194–5, 201–2 see also West Africa Xinglonggou 17, 320 Yoshinogari (Saga prefecture) architecture 343–9 356, 372 burials 345 Younger Dryas stadial 130, 215 houses 337–8 Yuezhuang 320 landscape 338–41 Yukio, Kobayashi 377 location 336–7 material culture 338, 341–3, 345 Zagajewice, 599 millet consumption 351–2 LBK settlement 593 millet production 349–51 Zagros mountains 216 storage 346–9 foothills 297 Xinglongwa culture 321 Zarqa River 243, 245, 248, 249 sites 336 see also Xinglonggou Zawi Chemi Shanidar 130 subcultures 336 zebu cattle 263, 270, 274, 300–1, 485 Xinjiang 331 Zengpiyan 418–19 Xinle 320 Zhang, C. 419 Xiong Haitang 315 Zhao Zhijun 17, 349 Xishuipo 323 Zhaobaogou culture 336 Zhaojiazhuang 330 Yahwism 188–90, 195 Zhoukoudian Cave 313 yam Zilum, Gajiganna phase iii site 485 aerial 77, 81 Zohary, Daniel 297

638