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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19218-7 - The Cambridge World History: Volume I I: A World with Agriculture, 12,000 Bce–500 Ce Edited by Graeme Barker and Candice Goucher Index More information Index Abang Minko 491 Aguadulce 518 Abéké rock shelter 491 ’Ain Ghazal 15, 213, 228 Abu Hureyra 136, 222 architecture 229, 248–52, 256–60 Ache (Paraguay) 102 burials and social status 252–4 achira (Canna edulis) 518 changing environment 246–7 acorn 319, 326, 367, 522 chronology 243 Adler, Daniel 224 East Field 245 aDNA see ancient DNA human statues 231, 232, 254–6 Adrar Bous (Ténéré desert) 474 size and setting 243–5 adzuki bean 361, 367 social organization 247–56 Aegean 143 Aiterhofen (Bavaria) 596 Afar 172 Akkermans, Peter 12, 238 Africa Akonéte 491 agricultural origins in 20–1 Akumbu 512 cereals 477 Albright, William Foxwell 187 crop cultivation 78–9, 479, 489 alcohol 25, 83, 221 domestic livestock 492–4 Ali Kosh 5, 298, 301 herding and farming 477–8, 492–6 almond 83 Iron Age 490 alpaca 162 Late Stone Age (LSA) 474, 479, 482–3, 487, Alpine foreland 586 489, 490, 491, 492, 494 architecture 570–1 linguistic history 55, 59–79 gardens 580 nomadism 173–4 mixed cattle farming 168 Pastoral Neolithic phase 479–80 settlements 162, 561 population movement 472–3 Alps 141, 574 pottery 476, 479, 487–9, 490, 494–6, 503–4, Alsónyék-Bátaszék 557, 568 510–11 Ama 367 rain forest cultivation 489–92 Amaranthus spp. 350 spread of agriculture 51–3, 472–3 Amazon basin 515 dispersal from 30 see also West Africa agricultural practices 535 and Sahel Amblard-Pison, Sylvie 506, 510 African rice (Oryza glaberrima) 483, 484 Americas 22 see also rice agroforestry 532 age, importance placed on 143–4 animal domestication 162 agriculture climate change 521–2 definition 1–2, 94 companion planting 532 theories on the emergence of 216–19 crop rotation 532 transitions 104–5, 146, 270–3, 457–9, 539 domestication of landscapes 528–35 Agta 102 fallowing 532 612 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19218-7 - The Cambridge World History: Volume I I: A World with Agriculture, 12,000 Bce–500 Ce Edited by Graeme Barker and Candice Goucher Index More information Index fire and forest clearance 528, 530 remains of wild 573–4 geography of domestication 514–18 zooarchaeological methods 167–9 see also history of domestication 518–23 livestock; and under names of indivi- managed forests 529 dual species mixed cropping 532 Anyang 313 raised fields (chinampas) 534–5 oracle bones 18, 332 sequential planting 532 Aota (Niigata prefecture) 362 terraces 533–4 apricot 330, 367 Valdivia period 524–6 Arbon Bleiche 3, 141, 571, 576 water management 528, 532–3 houses 573–4 zonation 532 archaeobotany 67, 78 see also Mesoamerica; North America; South flotation system 314–15, 332, 336, 338, 349–50, America 361 Ammerman, Albert J. 26 archaeogenetics 9–10, 26–7 Amsa-dong 148 ancient Europeans 40–8 An Son 421–2 contemporary Europeans 31–40 anaemia 111, 120–1, 605 phylogeographic approach 26–31 Anatolia 236 see also ancient DNA; mitrochondrial DNA dairy farming 169 architecture human origins 37, 42 Alpine Foreland 570–1 ancient DNA (aDNA) 9, 40–8, 99, 101, 122 Japan: horse 13–14 middle Yayoi 368–9 and lactase persistence gene 171 late Yayoi 372 pig 20 Near East: Andarayan (Taiwan) 428 Natufian 131, 222 Andean highlands Pre-Neolithic 228–9 irrigation 533 Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 131–4, raised fields 534 222–4, 234 Andhra Pradesh 282 Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) 224–8, Andronovo culture 181–2, 183 248–52, 256–60 animal(s) Pre-Pottery Neolithic C (PPNC) 228, animal traction 582 250–2 changing relations 378–9 public buildings 152–3 China 330 South Asia: disease transmission 114 Mesolithic 276 domestication 2, 7–8, 161, 162, 164–5, Neolithic 81, 275, 293 263, 270 Tichitt, drystone 506, 509 hunting of wild 206, 578 Xinglonggou 343–9 see also houses husbandry 111, 220, 378, 581 Arizona 154–6 iconic significance 132 Arkaim settlement 181 Japan 382 Armelagos, George G. 105, 119 ownership and prestige 141 arrowroot 329, 518 patterns of slaughter 167, 182 artefacts see tools and artefacts pottery 441–2 Asa Koma 477, 478 remains and environmental change 246–7 ashmounds 282–4 representations 230–1 Asmara (Eritrea) 479 sacrifice of 181–2, 584 Asouti, E. 240 spread of 16, 432–9 Assefa, Shiferaw 77 vocabularies for 62–4, 67–71, 76, 80–1, 89 asthma 104 wild: Astragalus sp. 350 Brzes´s´c´c´ Kujawski 605 Atbasar 177 Mehrgarh period i 293, 299–301 Athens 201 northwestern South Asia 269–70 Atlit-Yam (Israel) 220 613 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19218-7 - The Cambridge World History: Volume I I: A World with Agriculture, 12,000 Bce–500 Ce Edited by Graeme Barker and Candice Goucher Index More information Index auroch 179 hulled two-row 292–3, 297 Australia 431 naked six-row (Hordeum vulgare) 292–3, 297 Avise, John 27 pre-domestication, Southwest Asia 17 avocado 518 use in alcohol 25 Ayako, Shibutani 362 wild: Fertile Crescent 297 Babb, Jeff 119 South Asia 16, 269, 274, 292–3, 297–9 Baden culture cemetery (Budakalász) 586 Barnard, Alan 583 badger 573 barnyard millet (Echinochola utilis) 18, 361 Baida 418 Barton, Huw 18–20 Baijia-Dadiwan culture 336 Bar-Yosef, Ofar 223 Baiyinchanghan (Linxi) 336, 342 Bashidang 146, 323 Bajpur 279 basketry 230, 292 Balandino 181 Basques 36, 38 Balaresque, Patricia et al. 37 Basta 254 Balatonszárszó-Kis-erdei-dülö 557 Batanes Islands 430, 435, 442 Balkans beads dairy farming methods 170 carnelian and amazonite 509 goldwork 139–41 greenstone (Brittany) 565 Balsas teosinte 514–15 ostrich eggshell 494 Baluchistan 272 beans Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) Africa 483 483, 491 Americas 85, 151, 154, 518, 520, 541, 544 Bambata Cave (Zimbabwe) 493 China 17, 319, 322, 332, 350 bamboo 19, 406, 416 India 86, 275, 285 Ban Chiang 423, 425 Japan 18, 322, 354, 361, 367, 404 Ban Lum Khao 425 Korea 322 Ban Na Di 422 bear 573, 605 Ban Non Wat 423, 425–6 beaver 605 Banabasa 279 Bedouin 172, 173 bananas 19, 81, 329, 416, 419 beer 221 see also barley cultivation (New Guinea) 417, 445, 458, Begash (Kazakhstan) 177, 330 462–3, 468 Begazy-Dandybaevsky culture 182 domestication 24, 417 Bellwood, Peter 19, 414, 442 words for 80–1 Benefica 495 Bangladesh Benue-Kwa, dispersal 76 copper 307 Berbers 172, 508 flint 307 bezoar 16, 299 rice 280–1 Bezuapan 152 Bani River 205 Bieniek, Aldona 596, 605–7 Banning, Edward B. 224 Binford, Lewis 217 Bannu basin 267 bioarchaeology 11–12, 93, 126–7 baobab tree (Adansonia digitata) 483, 489 abnormal variation (palaeopathology) 100–2 Baoulé cattle 485 methods and data 98–9 Barbujani, Guido 34 normal variation 99–100 barley principles 97–8 domesticated: birds 605 Central Europe 605 Birimi 484 China 330–1 Bismarck Archipelago 50, 81 Japan 354, 361, 367, 404 Blombos Cave (South Africa) 493 South Asia 18, 269, 292–3, 297–9 blood (as secondary product) 165 Southwest Asia 15 Bogaard, Amy 12 genetic origins 297–8 Bogucki, Peter 23, 605 614 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19218-7 - The Cambridge World History: Volume I I: A World with Agriculture, 12,000 Bce–500 Ce Edited by Graeme Barker and Candice Goucher Index More information Index Bolan River 290, 297 Brown, Cecil 85 Bølling/Allerød interstadial 129 browntop millet 86, 275, 278 bone 230, 231 brucellosis 114 alveolar loss 111 Brzes´c´ Kujawski (Poland) 23, 589 fractures 110, 115–18 burials 596, 599 industry 230 clay pits 601 ornaments 231, 609 houses 590–1, 597, 599 periosteal reaction 111 Linear Pottery settlement 591–7 tools 177, 230, 231, 278, 338 Brzes´c´ Kujawski Group 590–1, 593 weapons 278 animal economy 590–1, 605 see also skeletal evidence burials 602 Borneo 50, 416 crops 605–7 climate 411 end of 610 cultural sequence 432–4 household composition 608 geography 413 houses 590–1, 600–1, 608 swiddening 439, 442 landscape modification (sedimentary Boserup, Esther 199–200 analysis) 607 Botai culture 177–81 Lengyel sites 597–610 pottery 180 long-distance contacts 609–10 bottle gourd (Legenaria sp.) 205, 328, 361, material culture 601, 602–4 418, 469 transegalitarian society 608 Bou Khzama ii 501 buckwheat 354, 361 Brahmagiri 282 Buddhism 354 Brahmani River 280 Budihal 282 Braidwood, Ann 5 ashmounds 283 Braidwood, Linda 216–17 buffalo, wild 269, 293 Braidwood, Robert 2, 213, 216–17 Buhaya (Tanzania) 488 breadfruit 80–1, 468 building materials 275 see also architecture Breasted, James Henry 187 Bulbeck, David 434 Bridges, P.S. 117 bulrush millet 205 Brillat-Savarin, Jean Anthelme 94 Buokem hills (Ghana) rock bristly foxtail millet 86 shelters 484 British Isles burdock 361 burial monuments 563–5 Burger, Joachim et al. 105 causewayed enclosures 581 burial monuments/tombs dairy farming 168–9, 170–2 Britain 563–5 jadeitite axes 576 Europe 142–3, 158, 578 Brittany 563, 565 Iberia 565, 578 jadeitite axes 576 Japan 375–6 Broederstroom site 496 Korea 150–1, 158 Bronze Age 3 Tichitt 499 expansion of pastoralism 166–7 burial mounds 392, 397, 509–10, globalization 330 544, 549 Kazakhstan 181–3 burials rice consumption (MSEA) 426 Americas: South Asia 262 Ecuador 524 urban culture (Levantine) 189 Las Pircas (Nanchoc) 544 broomcorn millet (Panicum Southwest North America 154 miliaceum) 17, 18, 145, 310, Valdivia (Real Alto) 525–6 316–22, 329, 331, 335–6, 338, Central Asia: 349–51, 367 Andronovo 181–2 wild progenitor (Panicum miliaceum var.
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  • Early “Neolithics” of China: Variation and Evolutionary Implications

    Early “Neolithics” of China: Variation and Evolutionary Implications

    Boise State University ScholarWorks Anthropology Faculty Publications and Presentations Department of Anthropology Summer 2017 Early “Neolithics” of China: Variation and Evolutionary Implications Shengqian Chen Renmin University of China Pei-Lin Yu Boise State University This document was originally published by University of Chicago Press in Journal of Anthropological Research. Copyright restrictions may apply. doi: 10.1086/692104 Early “Neolithics” of China: Variation and Evolutionary Implications SHENGQIAN CHEN, School of History, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872 PEI-LIN YU, Department of Anthropology, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA. Email: [email protected] The growth and significance of scientific research into the origins of agriculture in China calls for fresh examination at scales large enough to facilitate explanation of cultural evolutionary processes. The Paleolithic to Neolithic transition (PNT) is not yet well-understood because most archaeo- logical research on early agriculture cites data from the more conspicuous and common early Neo- lithic sites. In this, the first of two papers, we synthesize a broad range of early Neolithic archae- ological data, including diagnostic artifacts, settlement patterns, site structure, and biological remains, to consider agriculture as a system-level adaptive phenomenon. Although farming by this period was already well-established in much of North China and the middle Yangtze River basin, echoes of the foraging past can be found in the persistence of hunting-related artifacts in North China’s Loess Plateau and aquatic-based intensification and vegeculture in South China. Our analysis of the growing body of Chinese data and projections using Binford’s hunting and gathering database indicate that agriculture was differentially developed, adopted, or resisted by foragers according to measurable, predictable initial conditions of habitat that influenced diet breadth.