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Artikel NKS Zw-Kleur-V25.Indd 1 3 Middeleeuwse Kastelen in veelvoud Nieuwe studies over oud erfgoed Middeleeuwse Kastelen in veelvoud Nieuwe studies over oud erfgoed Redactie: H. L. Janssen W. Landewé Nederlandse Kastelenstichting Wijk bij Duurstede, 2009 4 5 Th e present book is the second volume in the Academic Studies Series, published by the Dutch Inhoudsopgave Castle Foundation (Nederlandse Kastelenstichting). Series editor: Prof. drs. H.L. Janssen. Inleiding en verantwoording 7 H.L. Janssen en W. Landewé ‘Montferland’ en de consequenties 13 De vroege burchten bij Alpertus van Metz S.A.J.J. Aarts Het grafelijke kasteel van Geertruidenberg (1323-1547) 61 Deze publicatie is mede to stand gekomen dankzij bijdragen van: Historisch en archeologisch onderzoek B. Zijlmans Het Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds, Amsterdam Het kasteel Coevorden 101 15e en 16e eeuwse inventarissen als bron voor de bouwgeschiedenis H.L. Janssen Het huis te Heenvliet 133 Onderzoek naar de bouwfasering en architectuur en studie naar functie en gebruik E.D. Orsel en L.J. Smals De Stichting Dr. Hendrik Muller’s Vaderlandsch Fonds, ‘s Gravenhage Huis Hatert 173 Woontoren of compact torenkasteel? R.J.W.M. Gruben Groesbeek 193 De morfologische ontwikkeling van een eenvoudige woontoren R.J.W.M. Gruben, J.R. Mooren en S.A.L. Peters Het kasteel van Loon op Zand De M.A.O.C. Gravin van Bylandt Stichting, ‘s Gravenhage. 215 De verbouwing van een 14e-eeuwse woontoren tot appartementencomplex in 1663 D.B.M. Hermans en E.D. Orsel Het kasteel Tongelaar 253 Een imposante laat 14e-eeuwse poorttoren van een herbouwd kasteel D.B.M. Hermans en E.D. Orsel ‘Steenhuizen’ rond Zwolle 277 Omslag & boek ontwerp: Veronica Dénis, Nika Grafi sche Vormgeving. Werkeren en Kranenburg onderzocht vanuit archeologisch-historisch perspectief Vormgeving: Alphons te Beek. M.D.J. Klomp Architectonische en cultuurhistorische betekenissen van datum- en naamstenen 297 ISBN-13 978 90 74205 03 0 op 16e eeuwse buitenplaatsen NUR 648 H. Ronnes en T. Vanderhoeven Burchten met een boodschap 309 © Nederlandse Kastelenstichting, Wijk bij Duurstede, 2009 Kastelen en kuisheid in de Middelnederlandse literatuur W. Landewé All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this Abstracts 329 book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. 5 4 6 7 Inleiding en verantwoording H. L. Janssen en W. Landewé n Inleiding enkele jaren is daarvoor echter de zogenaamde Grote Reeks in het leven geroepen, die zowel De Nederlandse Kastelenstichting beschouwt het bundels artikelen als monografieën, zowel Ne- als één van haar belangrijkste taken het weten- derlands- als Engelstalig, zal bevatten. Het eerste schappelijk onderzoek naar kastelen en landhui- deel in deze reeks is inmiddels verschenen.2 zen te bevorderen. Zij heeft in het kader hiervan een bijzonder hoogleraarschap voor de studie en De huidige bundel verschijnt als tweede deel het onderwijs in de Materiële cultuur van de mid- in deze Grote Reeks. De bundel richt zich op de deleeuwen, in het bijzonder de Kastelenkunde in middeleeuwse en vroeg-moderne periode en het leven geroepen, dat thans in de vorm van een bevat een selectie uit recent onderzoek. Er zijn leeropdracht voor een halve dag per week wordt elf artikelen opgenomen, waarin een breed spec- vervuld aan de Universiteit van Leiden. Het trum aan disciplines en onderwerpen aan de orde onderzoek naar middeleeuwse kastelen is in Ne- komen. Kwantitatief het talrijkst vertegenwoor- derland echter nog geen massaal beoefende dis- digd zijn de disciplines bouwgeschiedenis en cipline en de beoefening ervan is dan ook vooral archeologie, maar ook de geschiedenis, opgevat een zaak van wetenschappers voor wie het onder- in de oorspronkelijke betekenis als de studie van zoek naar kastelen geen primaire activiteit is. de geschreven bronnen, kunstgeschiedenis en Dit wil niet zeggen, dat de resultaten die het historische letterkunde zijn vertegenwoordigd. oplevert, van weinig belang zouden zijn. Het Qua behandelde onderwerpen valt een duidelijke betekent wel dat publicatie niet altijd vanzelf- kwantitatieve overheersing te constateren van sprekend is en dat de resultaten ervan op zijn de individuele bouwgeschiedenis van afzonder- best zeer verspreid en moeilijk vindbaar zijn, lijke kastelen en hun inpassing in de architec- omdat ze meestal worden vastgelegd in lijvige tuurgeschiedenis. Een kwantitatief bescheidener rapporten, die in een kleine oplage verschijnen. rol speelt het historische, kunsthistorische en Daarom streeft de Nederlandse Kastelenstichting literatuur-historische onderzoek. In deze bun- ernaar, een platform te zijn voor het onderzoek del is dat vertegenwoordigd door artikelen over naar kastelen en landhuizen in de ruimste zin. de rol van de kastelen bij het ontstaan van de De stichting biedt op verschillende manieren vroeg-middeleeuwse territoria uit de 9e-12e publicatiemogelijkheden. In de eerste plaats eeuw, de symboolfunctie van het kasteel in de via een reeks rijk geïllustreerde monografieën mentaliteitsgeschiedenis van de middeleeuwen en van afzonderlijke kastelen en landhuizen, de de interpretatie van bouwfragmenten in de vorm zogenaamde Kleine Reeks, bestemd voor een van datumstenen als uiting van het toenemende breed publiek. In deze reeks zijn thans boekjes zelfbewustzijn van families vanaf de 16e eeuw. verschenen over Middachten, Amstenrade, Fo- Het op al deze terreinen gedane onderzoek dat in gelsanghstate en Zwijnsbergen.1 In de tweede deze bundel het licht ziet, geeft een redelijk re- plaats richt de Nederlandse Kastelenstichting presentatief overzicht van de onderzoeksactiviteit zich op publicaties met een primair wetenschap- in Nederland, zoals die hierboven is weerge- pelijke invalshoek. Voorheen gebeurde dat in de geven.3 De in deze bundel opgenomen artikelen reeks Castellogica. Verkenningen en Mededelingen zullen hieronder, thematisch geordend, nader van de Nederlandse Kastelenstichting, I (1983- worden besproken. Hierbij wordt speciale aan- 1988), II (1988-1992), III (1993-1999). Sinds dacht besteed aan de nieuwe inzichten, die aan de 6 7 8 9 hier gepubliceerde artikelen kunnen worden kasteelbouw in Nederland. Dat beeld is gebaseerd bouwhistorische onderzoek. De op basis daarvan na 1264. Evenals de toren in Holtrop kende de ontleend. op een in 1996 gerealiseerde synthese, die gericht uitgevoerde architectuurhistorische analyse toren in Groesbeek enige latere herbouwfasen. was op de bouwkundige, chrono-typologische maakt het mogelijk de zaaltoren van Heenvliet te De laatste herbouw van de toren in Groesbeek n De bouwgeschiedenis van ontwikkeling van nieuw gebouwde kastelen, in classificeren als een residentiële toren met twee vond plaats in baksteen rond het midden van de afzonderlijke kastelen feite dus een geschiedenis van gerealiseerde bouwlagen, gebouwd rond 1230. De toren was 14e eeuw (vergroot tot 10,5x9 m binnen een bouwconcepten.4 voorzien van ronde hoektorens en de primaire weermuur van 19 m in het vierkant), de laatste Het talrijkst zijn studies naar de bouwgeschie- De hier opgenomen artikelen vullen dit toegang werd afgesloten met een valhek. Deze fase van de toren in Holtrop in natuursteen in de denis van afzonderlijke kastelen. De belangrijk- bestaande beeld niet alleen aan, maar corrigeren aspecten maken de toren uitzonderlijk. Orsel en 13e eeuw. ste disciplines, waarmee dit onderzoek kan het ook. Zo kan nu op basis van onderzoeks- Smals tonen aan dat parallellen voor deze Met de houten torens in Groesbeek en Holtrop worden uitgevoerd, zijn het archeologisch en het resultaten worden aangenomen, dat het bis- architectuur alleen worden gevonden elders in is waarschijnlijk het onderste sociale spectrum bouwhistorisch onderzoek. In enkele gevallen schoppelijke kasteel Coevorden in de bouwfase, West-Europa, vooral in Frankrijk en Engeland op gedocumenteerd van de kastelen van de lage adel betreft het nieuw onderzoek aan nog gedeeltelijk daterend uit het begin van de 15e eeuw (Janssen), het sociale niveau van de vorsten en de hoge adel. in het Nederrijnse gebied. Opmerkelijk is de late bestaande objecten (Heenvliet, Hatert, Tongelaar, behoorde tot de grote, landsheerlijke, vierkante Deze architectuur is dan ook een indicatie voor datering van de houten toren in Groesbeek, die Loon op Zand), in andere gevallen gaat het om kastelen. Hetzelfde blijkt te gelden voor het laat aanspraken op macht en prestige op een in zijn ontstaansfase ruim twee eeuwen later kan archeologisch onderzoek naar objecten, waarvan 14e-eeuwse, grafelijke Hollandse kasteel Geer- vorstelijk niveau. De bouwheer was Hugo van worden gedateerd dan de toren in Holtrop. De tot nu toe het uiterlijk (Geertruidenberg, Wer- truidenberg (Zijlmans). Heenvliet, die als jongere broer van de heer van toren in Groesbeek is waarschijnlijk verbonden keren, Kranenburg) en soms zelfs het bestaan Andere artikelen gaan in op bewaard gebleven, Voorne, burggraaf van Zeeland, waarschijnlijk de met de ambtelijke activiteiten van de houtvester (Groesbeek) onbekend was. afzonderlijke kasteeltorens, die tot nu toe nog pretentie had te behoren tot hetzelfde sociale van het nabije Reichswald. Oorspronkelijk Het is echter niet alleen bouwhistorisch en arche- niet of in beperkte mate aan een gedetailleerd niveau als de burggraven van Zeeland en de werden deze functionarissen benoemd door de ologisch onderzoek,
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