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Television and Partisan Politics in Palestine WestminsterResearch http://www.westminster.ac.uk/research/westminsterresearch Enhancing Democratic Communication? Television and Partisan Politics in Palestine Bahjat A. Abuzanouna School of Media, Arts and Design This is an electronic version of a PhD thesis awarded by the University of Westminster. © The Author, 2012. This is an exact reproduction of the paper copy held by the University of Westminster library. The WestminsterResearch online digital archive at the University of Westminster aims to make the research output of the University available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the authors and/or copyright owners. Users are permitted to download and/or print one copy for non-commercial private study or research. Further distribution and any use of material from within this archive for profit-making enterprises or for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. Whilst further distribution of specific materials from within this archive is forbidden, you may freely distribute the URL of WestminsterResearch: (http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/). In case of abuse or copyright appearing without permission e- mail [email protected] Enhancing Democratic Communication? Television and Partisan Politics in Palestine Bahjat A. Abuzanouna PhD 2012 Enhancing Democratic Communication? Television and Partisan Politics in Palestine Bahjat A. Abuzanouna A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Westminster for the degree of Doctoral of Philosophy January 2012 Enhancing Democratic Communication? Television and Partisan Politics in Palestine Abstract Against the political backdrop of the Palestinian conflict and Israeli occupation, this thesis focuses on the most important media in the Palestinian context, television, which has the widest reach and influence among Palestinians. The main aim of the thesis is to investigate the question of how far, in the perceptions of Palestinians, the two television channels – Palestine TV and Al-Aqsa TV – are contributing to the development of a new democratic political state through participative communication processes. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected in the Gaza Strip between December 2009 and July 2010 through a survey questionnaire of 500 Gazans, semi-structured and unstructured interviews and focus groups with a range of participants, from university students and human rights activists, to journalists and non-governmental organization (NGO) employees. The thesis investigates the perceptions of different sectors of Palestinian society and media workers about their access to the television channels, their views on media reliability, freedom of expression, the watchdog role of television, their opinions on the status of democracy and human rights, and other issues related to media functions and democracy in Palestine. Three functions of the media - as a forum for discussion and debate; as provider of information and as a watchdog, critiquing the powers that be – are explored. The thesis examines how the media perform in providing the functions of democratic communication through exploring the relationship between the Palestinian Authority and Hamas governments and the two television channels Palestine Television and Al-Aqsa. The key findings of the research were, in the view of many respondents, that the two television channels, Palestine TV and Al-Aqsa TV, were controlled by the two political parties - Fatah and Hamas respectively and that this has compromised the media’s function to promote democratic communication and the democratic process. The thesis argues that the two political factions are trying to manipulate the public and conceal information that affects their power. As a result, the political parties have polarized the emerging public sphere. The lack of freedom of expression and access to information has prevented the establishment of a democratic space essential to create a coherent political system and on which to base a democratic society that respects human rights. The thesis concludes by suggesting, however, in the transition to democracy, the existence of partisan media may be able to fulfil a role in contributing to the democratization of Palestine. The two television channels do provide limited functions of democratic communication to their own factions, so between them they may benefit Palestinian society in the progress towards the development of independent media. Table of Contents Table of contents ……………………………………………………………………I Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………...……IV Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Forging democracy in a conflict zone ………………………………..…….1 1.2 The nature of the Palestinian society ………………………………………10 1.3 Media and democracy in Palestine ……………………………………..….11 1.4 Research questions and thesis structure …………………………………...15 Chapter 2: Theoretical framework 2.0 Introduction ……………………………………………………………….22 2.1 The media effect research …………………………………………………22 2.2 Active audience research ………………………………………………….25 2.3 Exploring the relationship between media and democracy ……………….29 2.4 Media and the freedom of information …………………………………....31 2.5 Media as watchdog in democracy ………………………………………....33 2.6 Media and democracy: the political and social contexts ………………….35 2.7 Television and the public sphere …………………………………………..38 2.8 Television and state-building ……………………………………………...40 2.9 Media control and censorship: the Arab context ..………………………...42 2.10 Contribution of independent media to democracy ……………………….46 2.11 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………..…51 Chapter 3: Palestinian media and democracy in historical context 3.0 Introduction ………………………………………………………………..53 3.1 Ottoman hegemony and Palestinian media 1876-19 17 …………………...53 3.2 Democracy versus censorship: British Mandate 1917-1948 ……………...57 3.3 Media under Egyptian rule of Gaza 1948-1967 …………………………..62 3.4 Palestinian media and Jordanian rule 1948-1967 …………………………63 3.5 Media and Palestinian diaspora 1948-1994………………………………..65 3.6 Media and Israeli occupation 1967-1994…………………………………..67 3.7 Media under Palestinian Authority ………………………………………..73 3.8 Conclusion …………………………………………………………….......78 Chapter 4: Methodology 4.0 Introduction ………………………………………………………………....81 4.1 Research challenges: media research in a war zone …………………….….82 4.2 Socio-political contexts of Palestinian society ……………………………..83 4.3 Focus Groups pilot study ……………………………………………….…..86 4.4 Focus Groups as a social laboratory: recruitment difficulties ………….…..86 4.5 Recruitment of participants for focus groups ……………………………….88 4.6 Focus groups: methodology and difficulties ……………………………......90 4.7 Groups as a social laboratory ………………………………………….…....91 4.8 Interviews …………………………………………………………….……..92 4.9 Unstructured interviews ……………………………………………….........95 4.10 Social survey …………………………………………………………........96 4.11 Strengths and limitations of research methodologies ……………………...97 I 4.12 Conclusion …………………………………………………………….......98 Chapter 5: The Survey: Findings and analysis 5.0 Introduction ………………………………………………………..………..99 5.1 Mapping media consumption in Gaza ……………………………………...100 5.2 Television, politics and democracy in Palestine …………………………...103 5.3 Television independence and freedom…………………………..................111 5.4 Television as a public sphere ……………………………………………....114 5.5 Television control and censorship ………………………………………….116 5.6 Television as a fourth estate ………………………………………………..120 5.7 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………….....122 Chapter 6: Focus groups: Data analysis 6.0 Introduction ………………………………………………………………....124 6.1 Key themes and sub-themes ………………………………………………...124 6.2 Theme 1: Palestinian television and public participation ………………......125 6.3 Theme 2: Political dimensions of television in Palestine ………………......132 6.4 Theme 3: Television performance and promotion of democracy ………......139 6.5 Theme 4: Television as a fourth estate: monitoring government actions.......145 6.6 Theme 5: Television and the project of state-building ………………….......153 6.7 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………..159 Chapter 7: Discussion: Media and democracy in a conflict zone 7.0 Introduction ……………………………………………………………….....163 7.1 Audiences in stateless Palestine ……………………………………………..163 7.2 Democracy and freedom of expression under Palestinian law ……………...165 7.3 Violation of freedom of expression in Palestine ………………………….....170 7.4 Effects of Israeli blockade on the Palestinian media ………………………..174 7.5 Suppressing journalists and media institutions in Palestine ………………...177 7.6 The role of independent media in building a democratic Palestinian state.....179 7.7 Media as a fourth estate: contributing to democracy and human rights ….....182 7.8 Freedom of information as a human right in the Palestinian context …….....186 7.9 Media and liberation ………………………………………………………...189 7.10 Conclusion ……..…………………………………………………………..193 Chapter 8: Conclusion: Democratic communication and partisan media ……..195 Appendix 1: Survey questionnaire English ……………………………………………………………………...204 Arabic ……………………………………………………………………....207 Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………….209 II Illustrations Illustration 1: Television’s perceived reliability …………………………………...103 Illustration 2: The perceived state of democracy and human rights in Palestine ….104 Illustration 3: Role of television in promoting democracy ………………………...108 III Acknowledgements I am heartily thankful to my supervisor Professor Daya Thussu for his guidance, encouragement and unflinching support throughout this project. Above all and most importantly,
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