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Women in Tribal Society: Balancing Multiple Roles in a Family

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Women in Tribal Society: Balancing Multiple Roles in a Family Journal of Cultural and Social Anthropology Volume 1, Issue 4, 2019, PP 01-12 ISSN 2642-8237 Women in Tribal Society: Balancing Multiple Roles in a Family Shreyasi Bhattacharya1*, Suresh Chandra Murmu2 1Research Scholar, PG. Department of Anthropology, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, India 2Assistant Professor, PG. Department of Anthropology, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, India *Corresponding Author: Shreyasi Bhattacharya, Research Scholar, PG. Department of Anthropology, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, India. ABSTRACT Women in India always carry out their „dual responsibilities‟ in and outside the domicile. Their roles hold significance not only in economic activities, but also in non-economic bustles. Tribal women inhabiting in the interior pockets of India occupy an economically significant place in their respective households and society in general. The present study corroborates the premise that women status is high when they contribute substantially to primary subsistence activities. Although they lack control of material and social resources, their contribution to subsistence economy give them important and irreversible position. It tries to ccomprehend the status and position of women in the studied society, accesses their extent of participation in different economic activities and also examines their role and responsibilities in household care and maintenance. The study has been conducted in three villages namely Pahadpur, Tileighutu and Dighia Beda in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. All the three villages are multi-ethnic in composition where scheduled tribes like Santal, Munda and Ho (Kalha) live together. The empirical data have been collected from the field using anthropological methods like observation (both participant and non- participant), interview, and focused group discussion. Few voices have also been recorded to present the inner feelings of these women in different economic activities. In a nutshell, it is understood that women can merely be appreciated on their individual stipulations. Burden and responsibility of women are huge, as woman has double play either for being a mother in the household or a woman in the other womanly responsibilities. Equality between men and women will not be a waste of time effort if women act upon her ability to be competitive with men to their womanhood. Keywords: Tribal women, role, status, economic activities, household INTRODUCTION maximum utilization of her man power. Therefore, development of the nation in true India as a whole is characterised by sharp sense cannot be achieved without proper gender disparities, although women‟s status development and empowerment of the women varies considerably by region. On virtually all population. The contribution of women to frontiers of human societal pursuits economic, society cannot be ignored as they constitute educational, scientific, legal, political, official almost one-half of the total population of the and religious sphere Indian women suffer world that accounted for around 496 million as profoundly. For all time there are socio-cultural against total population of 1027 million. In a factors, which validate for the status of women country like India this becomes doubly essential in particular society. It is always culture (a set of as India traditionally has been a country which collective experiences of ideas, norms, values worships its women only in temples, but its and beliefs associated with a people) with its women are completely marginalized in all other gender role inequalities and socialisation (the sectors. Perhaps this philosophy was well intricate process through which culture is accepted by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, he had transmitted from one generation to another) given a brief statement that, “when a woman determines the position of women in a society. moves forward, then the entire family and Gender roles are socially constructed. The village moves forward, and when the village family structure in India is patriarchal, patrilocal moves then the entire nation moves.” and patrilineal. For any country, participation of women in the development process is of utmost According to the International Labour necessity as they comprise of a half of the Organization (ILO): population percentage. It is an established fact “Societies cannot afford to ignore the potentials that the development of a nation depends on of female labour in reducing poverty and the Journal of Cultural and Social Anthropology V1 ● 14 ● 2019 1 Women in Tribal Society: Balancing Multiple Roles in a Family need to search for innovative ways of lowering exchange (mutual aid groups) and communal economic, social and political barriers. Society‟s service ventures. These social networks are ability to accept new economic roles for women important for the local economies. This cultural and the economy‟s ability to create decent jobs acceptance of the fact of their raised status gives to accommodate them are the key prerequisites them a voice in household affairs that is almost to improving labour market outcomes for equal to their husbands. The present study women as well as for economic development as corroborates the premise that women status is a whole (ILO, 2008).” high when they contribute substantially to primary subsistence activities. Although they Women in her life have relatively heavier lack control of material and social resources, responsibilities than men. Double play of their contribution to subsistence economy give women today has not only responsibilities at them important and irreversible position. home as a housewife, but also out of door as career woman. In a simple way the roles of OBJECTIVES women can be understood as: Keeping in view the above perspectives the Being a citizen of the country with regards to present study tries to: civil rights and politics; it includes fair deal Comprehend the status and position of to female labor force participation, also women in the studied society called as external function. Access their extent of participation in Being a mother in a family and wife in the different economic activities & husband-wife household, also called as Examine their role and responsibilities in internal function. household care and maintenance These internal and external functions are Area of Study and Methods used foundation for woman, especially for those who have career, so woman has to be capable of The study is conducted in three villages namely Pahadpur, Tileighutu and Dighia Beda in the managing roles to prevent two-side roles Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. All the three negligence. villages are multi-ethnic in composition where Equal participation of women with men in scheduled tribes like Santal, Munda and Ho decision making, free expression of their views (Kalha) live together. But in Tielighutu village a and participation in the community life help handful number of weaving as well as caste them to get recognized in the society. The power families reside here. The Prime occupation of of expression and ability to solve problems most of the households is settled agriculture. through their views and ideas, make women Besides agriculture, tribals in these villages capable of getting attention from everyone. The supplement their source of living by daily wage financial independence along with employment labouring, small scale business and government opportunity makes a woman capable of employment. As per 2011 census, the asserting her voice in community as well as in population of the Pahadpur village is 572 (male- the family. 302 & female-270), Tileighutu 362 (male-172 & female-190) and Dihiabeda is 539 (male-259 & Role of women is not only of importance in female-280) [District Census Handbook economic activities, but her role in noneconomic Mayurbhanj, Census, 2011]. activities is equally important. Women‟s role as wives, mothers, organizers and as the basic The empirical data have been collected from the foundation of other dimensions of social life is field using anthropological methods like of utmost importance. The tribal women in these observation (both participant and non- areas occupy an economically significant place participant), interview, and focused group that is reflected in the generally high position discussion. Agricultural operation specially and the importance that they have. The socio- weeding and household activities were observed economic equality of sexes can be observed in to understand women‟s involvement in the field. the attitudes and practices concerning marriage, Semi-structured interview schedule was used for divorce and household harmony. interview of key informants in the three villages. Six (06) focused group discussion were Women exhibit ingenuity, creativity and conducted by forming 10 to 12 women group initiative in solving their daily problems of (two in each village). Few voices have also been sustenance and survival and often demonstrate recorded to present the inner feelings of the organizational skills as revealed during labour women in different economic activities. 2 Journal of Cultural and Social Anthropology V1 ● 14 ● 2019 Women in Tribal Society: Balancing Multiple Roles in a Family DISCUSSIONS AND RESULTS resources – human, tangible and intangible. Men are preferred by the regulations of the Status of Women in Society organizations inside which gender dealings Social status is a comparative phrase. happen, and that they take pleasure in and Considering social vigour, it also keeps varying implement power in imposing these possessions.
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