SOCIAL MEDIA AND YOUTH: USES, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS (A CASE STUDY OF SOUTHERN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN)
By MUHAMMAD BILAL NAWAZ
Supervised By DR. ABDUL WAJID KHAN
A dissertation submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
in Media Studies
DEPARTMENT OF MEDIA STUDIES The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
2017
In the name of Allah, the most Gracious and the most Merciful
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, Muhammad Bilal Nawaz, Ph.D scholar in the Department of Media Studies at The
Islamia University of Bahawalpur do solemnly declare that the thesis entitled, “Social
Media and Youth: Uses, Problems and Prospects (A case study of Southern
Punjab)” submitted by me in partial fulfillment of the requirement of Ph.D in the subject of Media Studies is my original work. It shall also not be submitted to obtain any degree to any other university or institution.
Muhammad Bilal Nawaz
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FORWARDING CERTIFICATE
The research entitled “Social Media and Youth: Uses, Problems and Prospects (A case study of Southern Punjab)” by Muhammad Bilal Nawaz in the partial fulfillment of the requirement, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Media
Studies, under my guidance and supervision, is forwarded for further necessary action.
Dr. Abdul Wajid Khan
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APPROVAL CERTIFICATE
The research entitled “Social Media and Youth: Uses, Problems and Prospects (A case study of Southern Punjab)” written by Muhammad Bilal Nawaz is accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctorate of
Philosophy in Media Studies.
Supervisor:
Dr. Abdul Wajid Khan ______Assistant Professor Department of Media Studies The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
External Examiner-I: ______
External Examiner-II: ______
Chairman: ______
Date: ______
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DEDICATED TO
My loving Mother a minaret of love, affection and kindness, who enlightened me a learning spirit by which
I am learning much, from her lap till now.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All praises for ALMIGHTY ALLAH, who enables us to know about certain unknown things in the universe and helps us to overcome a lot of difficulties. I am immeasurably indebted to ALMIGHTY ALLAH, the propitious, the benevolent and sovereign whose blessing and glory flourished my thoughts, giving me loving supervisor, talented teachers, affectionate parents, sweet sisters, caring wife and unique friends.
All respect for the HOLY PROPHET MUHAMMAD (PBUH) who clearly mentioned the difference of right and wrong path, to ensure the success in our lives. My each and every breath, my each and every gesture throughout my transient life has ever been grateful to the HOLY PROPHET (PBUH) who is the only paragon of guidance and knowledge for all humanity.
I was fortunate to have worthy Dr. Abdul Wajid Khan as my supervisor. Simply speaking this study has only been completed owing to his guidance based on his global exposure to media studies. I am deeply indebted and wish my utmost appreciation and gratitude to him for his encouragement, technical discussion, inspiring guidance, remarkable suggestions, keen interest and constructive criticism which enabled me to complete this research study. He has broadened my professional horizon and supported me throughout the course of study. I am greatly indebted to you sir for guiding me through.
Words are lacking to express my special gratitude and sincere thanks to my honorable teachers who are no doubt responsible for my academic growth in Mass Communication and Media Studies. I would like to pay tribute to my teachers Prof Dr. Muhammad Shamsuddin, (Former, Dean Faculty of Arts, University of Karachi and Ex-Chairman, Mass Communication, IUB), Prof Dr. Zahangir Kabir,(Chairman, Journalism and Media Studies, Manarat International University, Bangladesh, Ex Chairman, Media Studies, IUB), Dr. Sajjad Ahmad Paracha (Chairman, Department of Media Studies, IUB), Dr. Ghulam Shabir (Professor, Media Studies IUB and Ex-Chairman Department of Communication Studies, BZU-Multan) and Dr. Muhaammad Shehzad (Assistant Professor, Media Studies IUB).They encouraged me and en-lighted the goal of my life.
I am also thankful to my teacher Dr. Muhammad Akbar Ali Shah (Associate Professor Department of Statistics, IUB) for his special guidance and cooperation in research expertise and consistent encouragement, guidance and strategic command at every step for a quality work. His kind support, understanding, and patience were of immense help to me.
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I am highly grateful to my Ph.D fellows; Sir Naeem Gul (Assistant Professor, Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Peshawar) Shehla Jabeen (Lecturer, Lahore College for Women University) Malik Adnan (Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, University of Gujrat) Usman Farooq, Sobia Ghous, Umair Chaudhary and Abdul Ghani. Their kind support, understanding and patience were of immense help to me.
Fruitful thanks and deep sense appreciation for my friends Syed Aamir Abbas Rizvi (Ph.D Fellow, Communication Studies, BZU-Multan) and Muhammad Waseem their company will ever haunt me in life and their way of encouragement, support, constructive criticism and their loving behavior will be ever source of guidance, happiness and success in my life.
Words don’t come easy for me to mention the feelings of obligations toward my magnanimous family. I am more earnestly obliged to my adorable father Saeed Ahmed Khan who always raised his hands for my success and gave me an environment to achieve this goal, my angelic mother who enlightened me with a learning spirit from her lap till now, my sisters, younger brother Muhammad Azhar Nawaz and my wife whose prayers, sympathies, stress my way towards success. Whatever I am is purely due to the efforts of my family. Thanks for your marvelous help, strenuous efforts and prayers done by all of you for my unbreakable success.
In the end I am again much thankful to Almighty ALLAH who enabled me to complete my research work. (Alhamdulillah)
Muhammad Bilal Nawaz
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Author’s Declaration………………………………………………………... i
Forwarding Certificate…………….………………………………………... ii
Approval Certificate………………..………………………………………... iii
Dedication………………………….………………………………………... iv
Acknowledgments……….………….………………………………………... v
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………. vii
List of Tables………………………………………………………………… x
List of Appendices…………………………………………………………… xvii
Chapter 1 – Introduction
1 Introduction………………………………………………………... 2
1.1 Statement of the Problem …………………………………….…… 3
1.2 Rationale of the Study……………………………………..……… 4
1.3 Rationale for the Selection of Social Media………………………. 5
1.4 Definition of Youth………………………………………..……… 9
1.5 Rationale for the Study on Youth……….………………………... 9
1.6 Youth and Social Media……………………………………...…… 10
1.7 Rationale for the Study in Southern Punjab, Pakistan……….…….. 13
Chapter 2 – Development of Social Media
2.1 Internet……………………………………………………………... 15
2.2 Internet in Pakistan………………………………………………… 15
2.3 Social Networking Sites…………………………………………… 16
2.4 MySpace…………………………………………………………… 18
2.5 Facebook…………………………………………………………... 18
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2.6 YouTube…………………………………………………………… 19
2.7 Skype………………………………………………………………. 20
2.8 Twitter……………………………………………………………... 21
2.9 Social Media in Pakistan…………………………………………... 21
2.10 Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA)……………………. 23
Chapter 3 – Literature Review
3.1 International Studies on Social Media……………………………... 25
3.2 Studies on Social Media in Pakistan………………………………. 36
3.3 Studies on Youth with Social Media………………………………. 39
3.4 Studies on Social Media and U&G Theory………………………... 40
Chapter 4 – Theoretical Framework
4.1 Uses and Gratifications Theory……………………………………. 44
4.2 Social Learning Theory……………………………………………. 45
Chapter 5 – Materials and Methods
5.1 Introduction………………………………………………………... 47
5.2 Objectives of the Study…………………………………………..... 47
5.3 Hypotheses…………………………………………...... 48
5.4 Independent Variable…………………………………………...... 48
5.5 Dependent Variables………………………………………………. 49
5.6 Operationalization of the Variables………………………………... 49
5.7 Limitations of the Study…...………………………………………. 49
5.8 Punjab: The Study Province……………………………………….. 50
5.9 South Punjab……………………………………………………….. 51
5.10 Research Design…………………………………………………… 51
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5.11 Survey Method…………………………………………………….. 51
5.12 Study Area…………………………………………………………. 51
5.13 Population for the Study…………………………………………… 51
5.14 Sampling Technique……………………………………………….. 52
5.15 Sample of the Study...... …………………………………………… 52
5.16 Pilot Study/Questionnaire Screening………………………………. 53
5.17 Data Collection……………………………………………………. 53
5.18 Coding……………………………………………………………... 54
5.19 Data Processing (SPSS Analysis)………………………………….. 54
Chapter 6 – Results and Findings
6.1 Social Demographics of the Research Participants………..……… 56
6.2 Frequency Tables………………………………………………….. 61
6.3 Cross Tabulation…………………………………………………… 127
Chapter 7 – Discussion and Conclusion
7.1 Summary of the Results…….…………………………………...… 138
7.2 Hypotheses Testing………………………………………………... 142
7.3 Hurdles and Problems Faced in Research…..……………………... 148
7.4 Suggestions for Further Research.…………………….…………... 148
7.5 Recommendations for Policy Makers and Government…………… 149
BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………...... 150
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………… 164
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 6.1.1 Gender 56 Table 6.1.2 Age 57 Table 6.1.3 Education 58 Table 6.1.4 Internet Facility 59 Table 6.1.5 Employment Status 60 Table 6.2.1 On which social media site you have an account? 61 Table 6.2.2 How often do you login on your account? 62 Table 6.2.3 How many hours daily you spend on social media? 64 Table 6.2.4 You are free to use social media of your own choice 66 Table 6.2.5 For what motives do you use social media? 68 Table 6.2.6 What information have you revealed about yourself on 69 your social media account profile page? Table 6.2.7 Do you feel addiction to use social media? 70 Table 6.2.8 What is the main source of your information about events 72 and happenings? Table 6.2.9 How many social media sites do you use usually? 74 Table 6.2.10 In which time do you use social media sites? 76 Table 6.2.11 What sort of information you are getting from social 77 media? Table 6.2.12 Social media is introducing new fashion trends in society 79 Table 6.2.13 Which medium you choose to contact your friends and 81 relatives mostly? Table 6.2.14 What sorts of contents are widely accessed by you using 82 social media? Table 6.2.15 Do you update your status daily using social media 84 website? Table 6.2.16 Do you send any friend request to unknown people? 86 Table 6.2.17 Do you accept friend request after viewing the profile? 88 Table 6.2.18 What is the major purpose of using social media? 90 Table 6.2.19 Social media is decreasing your social interactions with 91 neighbors Table 6.2.20 Social media is decreasing your social interactions with 93 relatives Table 6.2.21 Social media is decreasing your social interactions with 95 family
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Table 6.2.22 Social media is decreasing your social interactions with 97 friends Table 6.2.23 Due to social media your participation in social activities 99 (like birthday and other activities) is decreasing Table 6.2.24 Due to use of social media your domestic events is 101 affecting Table 6.2.25 Have you any fake account by opposite gender name? 103 Table 6.2.26 Have you confronted or identified any fake account? 105 Table 6.2.27 Do you think that people are misusing the social media 107 creating rumors/disinformation and propagation? Table 6.2.28 Social media is a good source of religious information 109 Table 6.2.29 What do you think why social media is becoming popular 111 among youth day by day? Table 6.2.30 Social media is working as a tool of creating awareness on 112 different issues Table 6.2.31 Social media has helped you developing a closer 114 relationship with your friends Table 6.2.32 Do you think social media is source of more effective 116 communication than other media? Table 6.2.33 Are the following habits being affected by the use of social 118 media? Table 6.2.34 Have you attended any event (exhibition, protest, sale, or 119 any discount offer from any out let) which came to your knowledge by social media? Table 6.2.35 Have you started depending on audio video calling 121 facilities of social media more than telecommunication services? Table 6.2.36 Social media affecting your daily life style. 123 Table 6.2.37 What is your opinion about the utility of social media in 125 our society? Table 6.3.8.1 Education 127 Table 6.3.8.2 Age 128 Table 6.3.9.1 Internet Facility 129 Table 6.3.14.1 Gender 130 Table 6.3.14.2 Age 131 Table 6.3.14.3 Education 132 Table 6.3.14.4 Employment Status 133 Table 6.3.25.1 Gender 134
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Table 6.3.35.4 Employment Status 135 Table 6.3.2.1 Gender 200 Table 6.3.2.2 Age 200 Table 6.3.2.3 Education 201 Table 6.3.2.4 Internet Facility 201 Table 6.3.2.5 Employment Status 202 Table 6.3.3.1 Gender 202 Table 6.3.4.1 Gender 203 Table 6.3.4.2 Age 203 Table 6.3.4.3 Education 204 Table 6.3.4.4 Internet Facility 204 Table 6.3.4.5 Employment Status 205 Table 6.3.7.1 Gender 205 Table 6.3.7.2 Age 206 Table 6.3.7.3 Education 206 Table 6.3.7.4 Internet Facility 207 Table 6.3.7.5 Employment Status 207 Table 6.3.8.1 Gender 208 Table 6.3.8.2 Age 208 Table 6.3.8.3 Education 209 Table 6.3.8.4 Internet Facility 209 Table 6.3.8.5 Employment Status 210 Table 6.3.9.1 Gender 210 Table 6.3.9.2 Age 211 Table 6.3.9.3 Education 211 Table 6.3.9.4 Internet Facility 212 Table 6.3.9.5 Employment Status 212 Table 6.3.11.1 Gender 213 Table 6.3.11.2 Age 213 Table 6.3.11.3 Education 214 Table 6.3.11.4 Internet Facility 214 Table 6.3.11.5 Employment Status 215
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Table 6.3.12.1 Gender 215 Table 6.3.12.2 Age 216 Table 6.3.12.3 Education 216 Table 6.3.12.4 Internet Facility 217 Table 6.3.12.5 Employment Status 217 Table 6.3.14.1 Gender 218 Table 6.3.14.2 Age 218 Table 6.3.14.3 Education 219 Table 6.3.14.4 Internet Facility 219 Table 6.3.14.5 Employment Status 220 Table 6.3.15.1 Gender 220 Table 6.3.15.2 Age 221 Table 6.3.15.3 Education 221 Table 6.3.15.4 Internet Facility 222 Table 6.3.15.5 Employment Status 222 Table 6.3.16.1 Gender 223 Table 6.3.16.2 Age 223 Table 6.3.16.3 Education 224 Table 6.3.16.4 Internet Facility 224 Table 6.3.16.5 Employment Status 225 Table 6.3.17.1 Gender 225 Table 6.3.17.2 Age 226 Table 6.3.17.3 Education 226 Table 6.3.17.4 Internet Facility 227 Table 6.3.17.5 Employment Status 227 Table 6.3.19.1 Gender 228 Table 6.3.19.2 Age 228 Table 6.3.19.3 Education 229 Table 6.3.19.4 Internet Facility 229 Table 6.3.19.5 Employment Status 230 Table 6.3.20.1 Gender 230 Table 6.3.20.2 Age 231
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Table 6.3.20.3 Education 231 Table 6.3.20.4 Internet Facility 232 Table 6.3.20.5 Employment Status 232 Table 6.3.21.1 Gender 233 Table 6.3.21.2 Age 233 Table 6.3.21.3 Education 234 Table 6.3.21.4 Internet Facility 234 Table 6.3.21.5 Employment Status 235 Table 6.3.22.1 Gender 235 Table 6.3.22.2 Age 236 Table 6.3.22.3 Education 236 Table 6.3.22.4 Employment Status 237 Table 6.3.23.1 Gender 237 Table 6.3.23.2 Age 238 Table 6.3.23.3 Education 238 Table 6.3.23.4 Internet Facility 239 Table 6.3.23.5 Employment Status 239 Table 6.3.24.1 Gender 240 Table 6.3.24.2 Age 240 Table 6.3.24.3 Education 241 Table 6.3.24.4 Internet Facility 241 Table 6.3.24.5 Employment Status 242 Table 6.3.25.1 Gender 242 Table 6.3.25.2 Age 243 Table 6.3.25.3 Education 243 Table 6.3.25.4 Internet Facility 244 Table 6.3.25.5 Employment Status 244 Table 6.3.26.1 Gender 245 Table 6.3.26.2 Age 245 Table 6.3.26.3 Education 246 Table 6.3.26.4 Internet Facility 246 Table 6.3.26.5 Employment Status 247
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Table 6.3.27.1 Gender 247 Table 6.3.27.2 Age 248 Table 6.3.27.3 Education 248 Table 6.3.27.4 Internet Facility 249 Table 6.3.27.5 Employment Status 249 Table 6.3.28.1 Gender 250 Table 6.3.28.2 Age 250 Table 6.3.28.3 Education 251 Table 6.3.28.4 Internet Facility 251 Table 6.3.28.5 Employment Status 252 Table 6.3.30.1 Gender 252 Table 6.3.30.2 Age 253 Table 6.3.30.3 Education 253 Table 6.3.30.4 Internet Facility 254 Table 6.3.30.5 Employment Status 254 Table 6.3.31.1 Gender 255 Table 6.3.31.2 Age 255 Table 6.3.31.3 Education 256 Table 6.3.31.4 Internet Facility 256 Table 6.3.31.5 Employment Status 257 Table 6.3.32.1 Gender 257 Table 6.3.32.2 Age 258 Table 6.3.32.3 Education 258 Table 6.3.32.4 Internet Facility 259 Table 6.3.32.5 Employment Status 259 Table 6.3.34.1 Gender 260 Table 6.3.34.2 Age 260 Table 6.3.34.3 Education 261 Table 6.3.34.4 Internet Facility 261 Table 6.3.34.5 Employment Status 262 Table 6.3.35.1 Gender 262 Table 6.3.35.2 Age 263
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Table 6.3.35.3 Internet Facility 263 Table 6.3.35.4 Employment Status 264 Table 6.3.36.1 Gender 264 Table 6.3.36.2 Age 265 Table 6.3.36.3 Education 265 Table 6.3.36.4 Internet Facility 266 Table 6.3.36.5 Employment Status 266 Table 6.3.37.1 Gender 267 Table 6.3.37.2 Age 267 Table 6.3.37.3 Education 268 Table 6.3.37.4 Internet Facility 268 Table 6.3.37.5 Employment Status 269
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix – A Profile of Punjab ….……………….……………………... 165
Appendix – B Pakistan Telecommunication Authority………………….. 196
Appendix – C Cross Tabulation………………………………………….. 199
Appendix – D Questionnaire……………………………………………... 270
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ABSTRACT
The current study aimed to explore and investigate the social media uses and gratifications among youth of Southern Punjab, Pakistan with regard to problems and prospects. The researcher aimed to investigate the social media usage behavior, preferences, gratification and motives of the youth aged between 17-25 years to measure the prospects and problems of social media usage patterns. It also aimed to investigate the dependency of the youth in terms of seeking relaxation, information, knowledge or other entertainment through different website of social media on internet. It was also measured that the level of impact of social media on social interactions, on religious information and level of trust and reliability over the information provided by social media websites. Survey research design has been utilized as a data collection tool by using pre constructed questionnaire screened after pilot study. A total of 1200 respondents were selected by purposive sampling technique from the three selected districts which are divisional headquarters of Southern Punjab, Pakistan as per population statistics given by Federal Bureau of Statistics and Punjab Development Statistics for probability of sample. Out of 1200 respondents 1000 respondents responded to questionnaire. The findings indicate that almost most of the respondents were having social media accounts but Facebook users were dominant as compared to other social networking sites. Most of the respondents shared to use social media between 2-4 hours per day. There was significant association between education and consideration of social media as a major source of information about different events and happenings. The photo sharing activity was the preferred activity by the majority of the youth groups as compared to other activities like accessing poetry, videos and quotations. The results supported the both theories Uses and Gratification and Social Learning as there was significant difference of usage patterns among youth belonging to different socio-demographic characteristics. They were interpreting social media contents differently for the sake of their gratifications by using social media. Similarly, the learning patterns through social media and getting its impact on the lifestyles, attitudes, and interaction patterns were significant. The hypotheses of the study were also cheeked through the statistical test chi-square. The study also identified a few areas for future researchers.
xviii | P a g e Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
There was a time when people have to wait for daily newspaper to observe concerning incidence of their near and universal. To obtain the information and update, community was dependent on newspaper, Radio or TV for dissimilar substances. Though, now community is more linked through the world all over because of the settlement of telephones/computers. As there is considerable development in communication tools, it has taken comfort to improve connection between public, relatives, friends plus additional common artists. Societies have swapped from the older communicational channels like newspaper, Radio and TV by consuming the facilities of highly developed media like messages, E-mails, Blogs, MySpace, Facebook, Twitter and so on, the advanced information outfits of allowing quick communication and logical cross sections. Social media is a new invention. This media is working through its platform including of YouTube, MySpace, Facebook and additional social networking sites.
Social networking has been deep rooted into our socialization before emerging as a technological tool of communication. Human beings always have to alive in social surroundings. To a significant degree, social networking sites have moved social networking to the internet. There are a variety of aspects which have encouraged us to think the insinuations of these technologies for policy making. One of these is the preparedness of operators to embrace social networking as a means of message and social networking in daily life span. The rising reliance on technology for essential communication also highlights the significance of examining in what way social networking is affecting every day practices. Social networkings sites such as Twitter, Facebook and Friendster are swaying the way operators set up maintains and farm a variety of communal relationship, from close companionships to informal associates (Bargh and McKenna, 2004).
Social media is altering every time, so, it seems in a variety of forms or applications like conversation / different Internet forums, wikis, weblogs, photograph sharing, video sharing, social update (Twitter), social sports, social interacting (like Facebook). Usage of social media generates enthusiasm to the operator and they are used more frequently than other media. This is reliable with McQuail’s view that one of the uniqueness of social media is connected to the amount of "playfulness", the
2 | P a g e Chapter 1: Introduction amount to which a present or possible user trusts that the social networking site will bring him/her a sense of pleasure and happiness (Sledgianowski and Kulviwat, 2009).
Social media, as presently working on the internet, has the benefit of being brief, directed, and immediate. As it has gained in admiration overall, social media is not new. By the extensive acceptance of individual PCs in during 1990s, facilities like newsgroups, chat rooms and immediate messaging were in the middle of the initial fascinations for users of the World Wide Web. What is different, though, is the attention that has been assumed to increasing forms of social media Facebook, YouTube and particularly Twitter as a means of not only making simulated societies, nevertheless as a way of immediately collaborating and moving to action followers of these societies. Earlier, communication on these networking sites had been measured unimportant, providing a means of either marketing to targeted groups or posting declarations telling normal individual actions (Thurlow, Lengel and Tomic, 2004).
In the end of 2006 while Twitter was launched, its makers affirmed that the reason of “tweets” was to inform your admirers what you were doing. Though, social media in the second era of the 21st century is used not just for playfulness, but for grave political and social communicating and giving calls to action that have stimulated in cooperation remonstration and uprising (Jackson and Lilleker, 2011).
Now youth use technology like the internet instead any other source in order to seek information or getting entertainment. Latest studies have revealed that communication expertise is growing exponentially with every age group and is flattering a foundation in our culture (Mishna, McLuckie and Saini, 2009).
1.1 Statement of the Problem
This research is an attempt to shade some light on the patterns of social media uses and purposes of uses by the youth of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. The foremost objective of this research is to investigate the uses, problems and prospects with regard to social media in connection with youth of Southern Punjab. This research is theoretically linked with uses and gratification approach and social learning theory as its framework to measure and investigate the phenomena.
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1.2 Rationale of the Study
Media and communication scholars have agreed in a consensus that a monumental move is happening in the media and communication behavior of young people (Valenzuela, Park and Kee, 2008).
A contemporary review research exposed that 27 percent of the Facebook related research which is the maximum portion explored the issues of social communication. Social relations through social media have gained supreme interest among the researchers. Benefits and magnetism of multimedia culture, integrating audiovisual, information and telecommunications services incite the youth to interchange news and deliberate concerns, both public and private (Acquisti and Gross, 2006).
There are a lot of social networking sites, with a variety of technical outfits, supporting an extensive variety of practices and interests. These social networking sites are becoming popular amongst students and experts and assist them in linking with every one, their native and the international public at large. The most prevalent social media site is Facebook which becomes the international occurrence for the last few years (Foregger, 2008). The majority of the users of Facebook are youth between 18-24 age limit (Valenzuela et al., 2008).
Latest improvements in the technical world have prepared the internet an inventive way for persons and relatives to converse. Social media have shaped a marvel on the internet that has increased fame over the past few years. Individuals use social networking sites like MySpace, Facebook and Twitter to make and maintain relations with other persons (Boyd and Ellison, 2007).
Social networking sites allow persons who use them to generate own profiles, though relating with other operators of the site. Users can upload photos, update their status, activities and send private or community messages to whomever they select. Now, social networking sites appear to be rising in fame quickly, particularly amongst youth (Pempek, Yermolayeva and Calvert, 2009).
According to a study that 72% of youth have an account on social media with 45% of undergraduates using social networking sites at least daily. Several young grownups use social media to converse with relatives, associates and even foreigners. Social
4 | P a g e Chapter 1: Introduction media have shaped different and non-personal methods for individuals to relate with others and young grownups have taken benefit of this technical development (Lenhart, Purcell, Smith and Zickuhr, 2010).
Increasing concern occurs amongst scholars concerning the effects of the social media on adolescence about possible dangers to security, well-being and ability growth. According to Facebook figures, there were almost 526 million every day active users. Now, Social networking is very popular among youth and continues to grow in admiration. Better use of computers and cellular phone to interconnect, responsibilities that have in the past required relational services and face-to-face communication, may be changing the means in which youth attain and practice skills that are essential to purpose in their everyday lives (Selfhout, Branje, Delsing, Bogt and Meeus, 2009).
Various efforts have been made specially to know the usage of social media. Therefore, concentration has been placed in advanced states like UK, USA and other European republics. Though, little has been done in developing country like Pakistan. While, a marvelous escalation in the usage of social media in Pakistan has also been witnessed but no study has been conducted so far for evaluating the usage of social media amongst the youth of Pakistan.
1.3 Rationale for the Selection of Social Media
Now, social media like Twitter, YouTube and Facebook have become popular mostly in youth. Social media have become element of the youths' lives and facilitate to make their relations with others. These relations are established on associated interests, connections and private relations. As a result, educational organizations have recognized the significance of social media and an increasing amount of educational groups are making accounts and linking groups through social media (Al-Daihani, 2010).
The exchange of news and options is further suitable than ever before due to the social media breakthrough. The world currently is a global village having no geographical, cultural or even linguistic limitations. Social media is strongly influencing global relations. These days international influence is as simple as few
5 | P a g e Chapter 1: Introduction clicks of a mouse. Anyone with a camera and essential information of internet; blogging and other social media tools can reach out to international audiences. Therefore, social media has emerged out as a main tool which can form history and it, as a result, deserves closer attention (Anouk, 2012).
According to a research there are main twelve categories which reflect the most important reasons for the use of social media. The following motives reveal the key factors for the user such as level of interest and attractiveness etc. concerning the use of social networking sites depending upon frequency which is resolute in the terms of proportion and number of count. These users have motives in finding and building associations with new people. By using social networking sites people imagine to be more sincere and reliable than they are in real world. It also facilitates the communication between those who hatred everyone in their lives (Barbie, 2009).
According to a study that researchers have establish the social networking sites as an inexpensive and professional method to remain in contact with a lot of associates at a time. It facilitates its users to know the activities of their other fellows and associates who are get in touch with them in numerous forms like: (a) meeting “old” fellows: typically this group includes those who were friends at their early days and not had been get in touch with onwards. (b) to keep in contact with those who had been studying with in school times or in graduations earlier than leaving to in a foreign country, or with those fellows who have been studying in other part of world (c) to contact those fellows who live in remote or city areas although living countryside (d) having communications by sharing tales, gossips, photos, visitor book etc. (e) having communications by associates you had not seen for a long time (Brandtzaeg and Heim, 2010).
Being a user of social networking sites to improve social aspects of society rather than mere focusing on making the new associations. One contributor mentioned that the key aspect of social networking sites is to make available the social support at what time somebody is being disheartened and desires commit suicide. Although others argue that it is a chit-chat platform as it provides the stance to be the part of society. Whereas other users give humor and fun as one the main reasons for the enormous use of social media. Through using the social media a user can have rapid access to the information like music, literature, cultural events, and present activities in the
6 | P a g e Chapter 1: Introduction nearby and to the new thoughts concerning politics and other matters (Haythornth, 2005).
The update information is intimately connected to the associates, neighbors, interests and other forms of information as compared to radio and television etc. Debates and discussions always remain the important element of the social networking platforms. Discussions generally took place by mutually expressing and sharing of the ideas. Participants more openly and vibrantly can also discuss those ideas which are not regularly discuss. These discussions involve the ideas of general interest and those which had been largely ignored. Users of social media can also have free access to the SMS (short massage services). Users of social networking sites report that it is a good activity to spend time as it provide the multiple tasks to do. Users of social networking sites are very excited to share different kind of content like pictures and videos etc. It has been researched that there are several types of fun which can entertain the users without being specific. Users regularly search others profile to know the update information associated to different people and such people generally aggravated by pure interests like Facebook users did (Catherine, Roxanne and Katia, 2007).
Social networking sites are generally used to have relations with family members. To stay in contact and to contribute in their conversation is an inspiring aspect to connect with family members. Researchers have found social networking sites as popular rendezvous that is why every user uses it according to his or her benefit and goals. Users of social networking sites belong to diverse cultures and they have their personal motives to use it depending upon its demography. For example singer, performer and photograph demonstrate endorse their effort via social online sites as it is one of the easy to get to and simply amicable online social media (Brandtzaeg et al., 2010).
According to a study it is determined that social networking sites are individual based social structures in which the people are connected with everyone by dissimilar forms of interdependency like relationship, common reimbursement, association of attitude and information. Human beings forever connect themselves to shape their social structures. Through the association they develop the sense of belonging that lead towards the configuration of social circle. Various factors such as time, resources are
7 | P a g e Chapter 1: Introduction key factors to enhance social structure which allow people to converse, cooperate with each other and freely expressing their thoughts association, science and technology, art, political views and history etc. There are numerous factors which lead towards the configuration of a platform of interaction and communication therefore benefiting the society as a whole (Abhyankar, 2011).
“The mass adoption of social networking sites points to an evolution in human social interaction”. A research work indicates that social networking is very ancient in its history than internet and mass communication. A social networking is usually comprises of three or four communities among which an information passes. Internet has provided the unlimited opportunities for communication. The social networking sites are causing a great shift in the design and purpose of internet as it is becoming a central tool for social communication. Acceptance of social networking sites at great level leads to the development of human social communication (Nicole, Cliff and Charles, 2009).
All social networking sites have several features depending upon its performance and structure. By providing different necessary information a user can easily make his profile and also link other forums for conversation. User can include new friends, status massages, post remarks and upload photos and audio or videos. There is a stipulation to create modify in user profile as well as user privacy can also be more protected when necessary. These days, mobile social networking has become the hottest trend. The majority cell phone users can access social networking sites through their cellular phones itself e.g. Facebook mobile (Toshie, 2008).
“Social media have become coordinating tools for almost all the world’s political activities”. In recent times these tools were utilized by masses to remove from power Tunisia’s president and to raise public voice in Egypt (Bahgat and Mahdi, 2012).
“A decade ago, the number of people who had access to the internet was 361 million; now it’s two billion. During the year 2000, (only) 133,900 people in Pakistan were using internet and during the year 2016, there are 34,342,400internet users in Pakistan. More than 27,000,000 Pakistani users on Facebook, Pakistan are included in top ten internet countries in Asia. The internet and cell phone in filtration rates in the state are 23.42% and 60.4% correspondingly. Considering these figures, technology
8 | P a g e Chapter 1: Introduction and eventually, social media can form the future of the nation (Internet usage stats, 2016).
Social media have gained fame among the researchers. People, irrespective of growing or developed country are using social media particularly; youth are more concerned with this type of connections. Very recently it is well evident that these kinds of communication have brought changes in every aspect of social lives, including political culture to private life or inter-personal relationships. As part of global village and in the age of internet, Pakistani people mostly young educated people are highly indulging social networking sites (SNSs) which are regarded as popular ways of communication.
1.4 Definition of Youth
According to United Nation youth is well-defined as an era through which someone formulates herself/himself to be an energetic and completely, accountable associate of the society. This is the era of conversion from domestic dependent early days to self- governing parenthood and incorporation in the society as an answerable citizen (United Nation, 2014).
Different states use particular age groups for defining the populace of youth. Here in Pakistan the population of 15-29 years is taken as youth. This age group is dependable with the description of youth taken by the Commonwealth (Youth Policy, 2008).
1.5 Rationale for the Study on Youth
Youth comprise a significant part of society. However, not considerable care was paid to them till the 1960s. Very little by way of study was done, and the attention in them in this period of time was provoked because they enthused a near revolution in the western countries. It may perhaps that the 1960s saw extensive student turmoil in European countries, which caused concern and depicted the concentration of the administrations. Urgent steps were taken to decide the disaster that was intimidating to overwhelm the whole world (Aassrec, 1988).
Youth is best understood as an era of change from reliance of early days to maturity’s freedom. That’s why, as a class adolescence is more unsolidified than other
9 | P a g e Chapter 1: Introduction permanent age-groups. However, age is the easiest way to describe this group, mainly in relation to education and service, as youth is frequently referred to a person among the ages of leaving essential education, and finding their first profession (Aassrec, 2005).
In this region, youth aged 15 to 24 years now comprise almost 17.4% of our populace. In 1990, this proportion has come down from 20.6 and is predictable to settle at 15.4 by the year 2025. In terms of figures, individuals in the middle group of 15-24, were almost 258 million in the 1950s; this figure went up to 494 million in 1980, and touched the number of 631 million during 1990 (Atal, 2005).
The countries with low proportion are Singapore 12.3%, Japan 12.8%, Australia 13.5%, and New Zealand 13.9%. The maximum proportion in central Asia is to be establishing in Bangladesh 23.5% followed by “Mongolia 20.7%, Iran 20.3%, and Vietnam 20.2%”. In Pakistan, Sri Lanka, India, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea comprise approximately 19% of their individual populaces (Population Reference Bureau, 2002).
From the last few years the profile of youth in Asia has undergone dramatic changes. Now youth establishes not only a substantial populace but similarly a very high proportion of the well-educated and cultured group in most of the emerging states including Pakistan.
1.6 Youth and Social Media
Social media is very popular among youth. Youth are in discussion and interaction with their relatives and friends using an extensive diversity of dissimilar media devices daily. Ten years back, young people may have only been in contact with associates and peer-groups when hanging out at school, or gathering up in town. Nowadays, youth can be getting in touch with immediate messaging, communal networks and different online games; Youth are growing up in a continuously linked society.
After their launch, social media sites like MySpace, Facebook, Ning and LinkedIn have accrued huge numbers of participants. Social media users have speedily made social networking and cyber-social communication a part of their daily practice.
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Online social relations, similar to real life social relations, tend to be based on one or several user character, including like actions, common interests, shared political views, like identities, associates in common, or social labels (i.e. concerning race, religion, class, sexuality, language, and background) (Jeff and Anne, 2011).
By mirroring the social fight of cliques, peer groupings, and other recognizable categorizations in school settings, social networking sites arrange their strategies to support active social networking among youth. There are a lot of social networking sites, with a variety of features and applications, which support a wide range of youth interests and needs. Though a lot of features are similar and even normal across the board (list of associates, relations, profile info, photo sharing, etc.), the use and completion of the technology and services they offer varies. Social networking sites also vary in how they incorporate tools for message and information sharing, like portable connectivity, status updates, blogging, and picture/video posting. A number of social media sites accommodate or give confidence varied youth audiences, as others attract youth based on commonalities, like race, sexual orientation, spiritual beliefs, political views, age range, geographic location or nationality (Jansen, Sobel and Cook, 2011).
For example, BlackPlanet.com and AsianSocialNetwork.com gratify specially to African American and Asian users respectively, and Gay.com markets to homosexual males. As we know, there are various types of social media: blogs, tweeting sites, social networking sites, community- oriented sites, personals, etc. Social media trends, usage patterns, and types of social media are frequently changing or reinventing themselves to attract youth. Often a site will try to incorporate as several options of functionality as probable, paying close concentration to the most preferred kind of activity (i.e. blogging, sharing, tweeting, photo “Liking”, etc.).Usage trends differ on race, age group, or social economic position (Backstrom, Huttenlocher, Kleinberg and Lan, 2006).
Since 2006, youth and young adult blogging decreased from 28% to 14%, and commenting on blogs has also seen a major decline from 76% to 52%, which includes youth commenting on blogs within social networking sites. On the other hand, youth, young adult, and mature usage of social media have considerably increased. Within the United States, 73% of wired the social media use trends and behaviors of young
11 | P a g e Chapter 1: Introduction adults are extremely parallel to that of youth. Seventy-two percent of online youth, ages 18 to 29 using social media, which is alike to the 73% of youth mentioned before, and considerably upper than the 40% of energetic adults age 30 and over. Young adults also differ from older adult in social networking site selection and how they maintain their profiles. For example, young social networking users are more possible to have and continue a profile on MySpace (66% of young adults vs. 36% of adults 30 and older), although both youth and young adults are less likely to use more professionally-oriented social networking sites like LinkedIn (7% of young adults vs. 19% of adults). Opposing to this trend is use of Facebook; youth and young adults under 30 and adults 30 and elder are similarly as likely to use Facebook (71% of youth and young adults as compared with 75% of adults).Youth currently use social networking websites. Also, while 55% of youth used social networking and diverse forms of social media in 2006, by February 2008 the percent had improved to 65% (Lenhart et al., 2010).
As youth’s use of social media increases, the fame of specific features inside different social networking sites has shifted. For example, daily messages to friends in social networks decreased from early-2008 to mid-2009. This incorporated sending bulletins, group messages or personal messages (Lenhart et al., 2010).
An additional developing social media tool is micro-blogging or status updating also recognize as tweeting. Though, tweeting appears less accepted among youth. While youth are the foremost users of approximately all other new media and social media Internet-based applications, the use of Twitter is less than other applications. Only 8% of energetic youth ages 12 to 17 use Twitter or “tweet.” Twitter use also varies depending on age; 10% of energetic youth ages 14 to 17 uses “tweet,” compared with only 5% of youth ages 12 to 13 years. There are also important gender differences. Girls aged 14 to 17 are more probable to use Twitter than their male counter parts; Thirteen percent of energetic girls ages 14 to 17 use Twitter, compared through 7% of boys of the same age. In contrast to youth, young adults are much higher Twitter users, or when it comes to updating their status. Over 33% of wired young adults 18 to 29 year olds post latest status updates or read the status updates of others (Lenhart et al., 2010).
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In general, apart from of some subgroup variations, it is obvious that youth is active leaders in the use of social media and are ongoing to mature as users. Furthermore, due to increasing access to the Internet and new media technology access to social media is becoming less restricted by the age, ethnic, geographic and financial digital divides.
1.7 Rationale for the Study in Southern Punjab, Pakistan
Punjab is the most recognized and settled province of Pakistan and the capital of this region is Lahore. Punjab is the earth of five rivers and population wise it is the biggest province of the country. South Punjab comprises of 3 divisions Bahawalpur, Multan and Dera Ghazi Khan, it has 11 districts. The whole area of these districts is 99572 km which makes up 48.5% of the entire region of Punjab. The percentage of urban population is visibly thin than rest of Punjab. The majority of the people are attached with agricultural production; major crops are cotton and wheat. Mango of Multan is famous all over Pakistan and exported worldwide (Govt of Punjab, 2014).
The geographic position strongly effect South Punjab's situation and the researcher also belongs to this region and therefore completely aware of its topography, media, culture, sociology, history and population (See appendix A for details).
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Chapter 2 DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL MEDIA
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DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL MEDIA
2.1 Internet
Internet has modernized the communications and computer world. The development of the telegraph, radio, phone and computer place the stage for this unparalleled combination of capabilities. Now, the internet is at once universal distribution ability, an instrument for information distribution and a medium for association and communication among persons and their computers with no regard for geographic place.
The most advanced type of communication accessible in the world nowadays is Internet. It has cheapened the transport of information to a spot that it has damaged not just the print medium but even technology that’s not even a decade old (such as CD and DVD’s).
The beginning of the internet can be traced to the start of the initial simulated earth satellite. In 1957, The USSR effectively launched Sputnik and The USA reacted with ARPA. Department of Defense started Advanced Research Projects Agency to set up US preeminence in science and technology appropriate to the forces and it was inside ARPA that the start for today's Internet was introduced (Baran, 1964).
2.2 Internet in Pakistan
In 1995, Internet introduced in Pakistan and first internet service started in Karachi. In the end of 1997 nine ISPs were ready to present services in other five cities. A huge number of ISPs appeared rapidly following the beginning of Internet (Wolcott and Goodman, 2000).
According to The World Bank study that Internet access in Pakistan over10.9 per cent in 2013 (Internet users (per 100 people)). According to ISPAK in 2014, there were approximately 25 million users in Pakistan (Internet Facts, 2014).
Now in Pakistan, economical Chinese cell phones that can connect to the internet have swamped the market. Anyone can even observe low-priced Chinese cell phones utilized by brick kiln workforce and the younger age group of these is already
15 | P a g e Chapter 2: Development of Social Media connecting to the internet. Hopefully within few years the audio-visual and text material might be provided through cellular phones to, potentially directly, three fourths of the population.
2.3 Social Networking Sites
An individual’s social network consists of all those people with whom they have an association. Online social networking is the activity by which a person communicates and extends their social network through internet tools. Generally online social networking takes place throughout social network sites (SNS) which consent to their users to make profiles and connect their profiles to others through a contacts list. Profiles, containing particulars about their owners may be openly observable on the internet, or access to a profile may be controlled using privacy settings (Nosko, 2010).
“Social networking sites are defined as web-based services that permit persons to create a public or semi-public profile inside a surrounded structure, eloquent a list of other users with whom they share a link, view and pass through their list of links and those prepared by others inside the structure”. In simple language, social networking sites allow users to make a profile with own information, picture, and additional information they would like to share. They interrelate with everyone by making their most recent updates or changes public (Boyd and Ellison, 2007).
SNS are websites where people link and make online communities to expand relations online. Social media are supposed to be a universal name for websites that allow users to share substance, media, pictures etc. The common ones are the well-known networking sites similar to Myspace, Facebook, Friendster, Flicker, YouTube etc. They are therefore described like media for social connections which employs extremely reachable and huge communication equipment (Rau, Gao and Ding, 2008).
Neil Selwyn described social networking sites as, “personal and personal sable spaces for online interaction and sharing of content based naturally on the preservation and sharing of ‘profiles’ where individual users can correspond to themselves to other users throughout the show of individual information, pictures, interests and so on”.
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Facebook, Twitter, Bebo are maybe the most excellent examples of social networking sites (Selwyn, 2009).
According to Burke, social networking sites as a free relationship of people who communicate through websites. The web enables users to make a huge number of relations with others, in spite of geological distance. Social networking sites are instruments for building virtual communities between individuals with similar culture, lifestyles, interests and behavior (Bolotaeva and Cata, 2010).
Social media and social networking are used interchangeably. Social media refers to software in the shape of web sites and other online communities, like social networking. Social media technology (SMT) as web-based and mobile applications that allow persons and institutions to make, connect and share thoughts or obtainable content in different forms of interactions in digital surroundings. Social media is online communities in which public interrelate with everyone (Davis, Deil, Rios and González, 2012).
Social media is a new world of networking, where people can swap thoughts, experiences and contacts. The term social networks and social media are used interchangeably. Websites are commonly used as a medium for online social networks, which provides significant potentials for business owners and customers (Young, 2011).
Online communities assumed that users using this structure would be able to attach through other users outside their pre-existing social group. Though, this early research recognized the ways in which offline and online networks run into one another. The accessible study suggests that the majority social network sites primarily support pre- existing social relationships. Online social network sites support both the preservation and solidification of obtainable offline social connection and make easy the formation of new ones (Boyd and Ellison, 2007).
Initially, online social networks give advantage for the users by creating a medium to converse and connect with friends, colleagues and relatives. Recently, online social networks have established application in e-commerce, particularly for advertisements and other business dealings. Examples of social networks applications are MySpace,
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Twitter, Facebook, Hi5, Flixster, LinkedIn, Bebo, Ning, Classmate and MyYearbook. There are attractive tools on SNSs which give platform for information sharing, photo/video-sharing, conversation boards, wall-postings, wikis, podcasts, e-mailing, immediate messaging, music-sharing and Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) to mention a few (Zheng, Wilkinson and Provost, 2008).
2.4 MySpace
MySpace is a social networking site with an interactive, user-submitted network of associates, private profiles, blogs, pictures and videos for youth and adults globally. It was started in during 2003. Its main office in USA initially MySpace shares its headquarters with its instant proprietor, Fox Interactive Media. It was the most accepted SNS in US till the end of 2006 (Rosenbush, 2005).
In 2008, Facebook became the popular social networking site in the Alexa rankings since after that, MySpace has seen an ongoing failure of association and there are different reasons for its collapse, counting the reality that it wedged to a doorway plan of structure an viewers about activity and song, while Twitter and Facebook repeatedly started latest features to recover the social networking practice (Robert, 2012).
Facebook provide more features counting age information, sex inform action, place of user, memorial and other information concerning user; this information is reachable by outside user and by the assist of certain information external user can examine one’s profile so sites counting more features are liked by users as a substitute of those websites which give less functionality and features.
2.5 Facebook
The largest and most accepted social networking site presently on the internet is Facebook, and the active members of this site are more than 800 million. It is started in early 2004 in the dorm rooms of Harvard University, Facebook was launched by Mark Zuckerberg, Dustin Moskovitz, Chris Huges and Eduardo Saverin as a way for students on campus to interrelate, share, and attach through their friends around campus. Primarily completely for students, Facebook is at the present accessible in
18 | P a g e Chapter 2: Development of Social Media more than 70 languages to anybody over the age of 12 through an e-mail address. This societal platform digitally people’s real-world social relations in a sage online surroundings (Safko, 2012).
After making an account, the users of Facebook can start adding friends to share content or information with. Sharing information is actually a substance of what is significant to the person users. Usually, people share what on their mind, what is occurrence in their daily routine and attractive links articles, videos and photos that they come across. They are also able to remark on what their online friends are doing by showing support, “Like”-ing their post, sharing what they have posted with their friends and of course read or study articles, pictures and videos (Lampe, Elison and Steinfield, 2007).
The users of Facebook are also able to relate with businesses and entities that they like. The users of Facebook are able to obtain information by “Like”-ing a Facebook page, given by those commerce and entities and communicate with them. They are also able to remark on their pages with stories, questions or remarks. There are various activities that take place on Facebook like as gaming, song, applications, proceedings, post; the list goes on and on. Personal messages sending are one of the options which the function is relatively similar to email. One more option will be posting a community message on friends’ wall. Facebook is regarding what is occurrence right now, what is going on in your life, what you are doing, and sharing it with those who mind and desire to know (Pempek et al., 2009).
In Pakistan, Facebook is most popular kind of social networking site. Its use is increasing in our society. Plenty of people are making account on Facebook with growing rate; this is the most famous type of social media which is easy to use for its users.
2.6 YouTube
In early 2005, YouTube founded by two friends Steve Chen and Chad Hurley. YouTube is the second biggest search engine. It is also very popular in Muslim majority states counting Egypt, Tunisia and Pakistan (Qualman, 2012).
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Chad Hurley says in BBC interview (2007) that YouTube is accessible for everybody who wants to see video and YouTube is facilitating to authorize everybody to share their videos and it also helpful to turn out to be a good presenter he said that it is platform for learning and increasing skills of video making.
Technical point of view, YouTube depends on accessibility of videos that can make its using cheap camcorders or cell phones and easy-to-use software. Moreover social point of view YouTube works as a social networking site resulting in interne communities, where people make and share information on similar channel (Patricia, 2007).
On YouTube majority of the recreational videos are formed and uploaded using cellular phones. Google declares that more than 25% of worldwide YouTube views come from mobile devices (YouTube Stats, 2013).
2.7 Skype
Skype is very popular free of charge services to communicating. It give economical way to correspond, Skype offer direct communicate worldwide to its users. Skype works on lots of feature to its users and utmost make easy all over the globe to connect the people.
Skype is a free of charge online service that allows its users to chat and communicate relatives and associates anyplace in the globe or send direct post through the internet so long as they are as well linked to Skype (Goes, 2011).
Skype an online communication program that uses equally Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and chat by Instant Messaging (IM) has absolutely taken the internet by storm. Skype started in 2003, it’s headquartered in Luxembourg and it was founded by Janus Friis and Niklas Zennström. This is an online communication device that you can utilize to speak to anybody anyplace in the globe Skype can be used for a direct messaging service, or as a phone using a particular Skype telephone or conventional headphones. Skype also works for video calls and conferences (Asabere, 2012).
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2.8 Twitter
With a 140-character limit, Twitter curved micro blogging into an information sharing feeling. Twitter started in March of 2006; Twitter has gained worldwide popularity. After its starting, Twitter is used by what seems to be most everybody, from celebrities like Lady Gaga and Ashton Kutcher to main corporations similar to Goggle and Apple. Even the head of the US has an active Twitter account (Safko, 2012).
Twitter users are to a great extent represented merely in a dozen countries. In North America Twitter is very popular where more than 45% of the users are placed. The majority of Twitter users are in San Francisco, New York and Tokyo. In spite of this amazing growth, Twitter is still much fewer extensive than the largest and admired US social network sites MySpace and Facebook (Java et al, 2007).
How it works
Twitter is a different type of social network site. Twitter is a new messaging service. At what time Twitter introduced and starts it was uncertain, comparing the undersized spurts of information swap to the singing of birds and pointing out that a lot of ring tones resonance similar to bird calls. The finest way to believe of Twitter is to imagine of it similar to transfer a text message to a group of citizens you might not recognize who concern about what you what you have to articulate. To get in progress, visit www.twitter.comto sign up where you will require reachable e-mail address to get started. There are three ways to use Twitter: on your computer, through a mobile app with ace cell phone or by sending an easy text message. Through the desktop computer website and Twitter app you are capable to tweet, follow people, study and retweet information, and construct your own Twitter subject or society. If you use Twitter throughout text messaging, you can send your tweets only throughout text messages (Jonathan, 2007).
2.9 Social Media in Pakistan
Social media is very popular in Pakistan. In this developing country majority of the people are using social network sites and applications throughout their cellular phones. The majority of the students has cellular phone for the reason that it’s
21 | P a g e Chapter 2: Development of Social Media economical and also has android capacity. Almost everyone had a cell phone in Pakistan; various contain more than two at a time. Even the majority cellular group also offers low-priced internet packages or a number of free of charge. In generally metropolitan cities of Pakistan everyone have their personal cellular phone and he or she are using social network and sharing activities, taking pictures, songs, movies throughout their cell phones. Now 3G and 4G are also enhanced and inspire the users for suffering social network sites and applications. In this country half of the population is uneducated however they are using social network as a source of interaction. Facebook is one of the popular social networking site in Pakistan. Majority of the people are using this site and update his or her status (Hussain, 2015).
With the beginning of the social media social networking over the internet has taken an entire different sense. Social networking is internationally disseminated online social structure which is comprised of unusual social webs that are leading in dissimilar areas of globe depending upon contribution of their user such as in New Zealand; Bebo is very popular, whereas Facebook is the most popular social networking site in Hong Kong. Friendster has been the most extensively used social networking sites in Singapore, whereas MySpace has been measured as international dominating site. Here in Pakistan a foremost change is being in the support of Facebook. “It seems that a few social web ‘invade’ certain countries and by charming over early user ménage to build devoted communities. Competitors then have to struggle as rising fight to compose users change to their networks”. Typically one third of Facebook users are 18-24 years old but there is quick conversion in demographics due to the rapid increasing age. Normally, social networking involves younger age groups less than 35 years which comprises their half of the users (Iftikhar, 2008).
While it comes to the attractiveness of SNS rising countries too are at the front position. In the circumstance of Pakistan social media is receiving difference day by day. According to a statistics there are more than thirty million users used social media daily in Pakistan and the number is growing quickly. Similarly there are 120 million adaptable endorsers in Pakistan that make it the fifth largest cellular phone showcase in Asia. Facebook is currently the mainly generally utilized social media site in Pakistan by nine million users in the state. It has been noticed that Facebook
22 | P a g e Chapter 2: Development of Social Media has more than one million followers a month and 44 thousand new customers amalgamation the site every time. Pakistan’s Facebook viewers have been noticed to be 70% male, 30% female as of 2013. Facebook has turned into one of the primary channels of communication among evacuee Pakistanis living in the UAE, Europe and the US and their families back home (Haque and Popalzai, 2013).
Pakistan that is all the time presented as per the expediency of the influential countries and in link with its ties to the political and socio spiritual commotion in the world, social media gives the civilians in the country a field to counter-offensive the half lies fed to the world by the western media. There has also been an appearance of a good number of thinker Pakistani bloggers who have been capable to demonstrate a dissimilar face of Pakistan that the world in general typically knows of.
2.10 Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA)
Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) was established in 1997 under the Telecommunication Act, 1996 to control the institution, operation and maintenance of telecommunication systems and the provision of telecom services in efficient manners (PTA, 2014). (See appendix B for details)
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Chapter 3 LITERATURE REVIEW
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LITERATURE REVIEW
A literature review is an essential part of any dissertation. This section presents the review of available associated literature. There are different terms are used when describe reviewing with topic review, state-of-the art review, although typically this traditionally word literature review is most frequent. Literature review recognizes affiliation, breach, challenge and discrepancy in research topic. Literature review is use in research all procedure counting back ground, context, theoretical and methodological way questionnaire evolving and also evaluate conclusion results and so on. Literature review justifies how and why you have complete study in the way you have. Literature review have a body of information to contrast with your study result this literature review is concern with the theoretical frame work on the uses, problems and prospects of social media among youth. Social media like Facebook, YouTube, MySpace, Skype, Twitter and these are the types of social media (Rubin, 2005).
In this section, the input of different authors and researchers are highlighted as a literature review and guideline for the study. A lot of studies have been conducted by dissimilar authors and research scholars for exploring impact of social networking sites particularly on youth and its relation to different factors. Different research institutes and centers have been functioning for formative the impacts of social media on youth. The related literature consist of several aspects are as under.
➢ International Studies on Social Media. ➢ Studies on Social Media in Pakistan. ➢ Studies on Youth with Social Media. ➢ Studies on Social Media and U&G Theory.
3.1 International Studies on Social Media
According to Hargittai (2007) those systematic differences among who use social media and those who avoid using them. This dissimilarity is based on interpreters of social networking sites usage with vital focus on Friendster, MySpace, Facebook and Xanga. An individual’s gender, race, civilization and parental learning environment all are essential factors which are connected with their usage. People with extra ability
25 | P a g e Chapter 3: Literature Review and control to use these sites typically become their users. Disparate contribution on the source of user’s background outcome in discrepancy in reception of such services which in the end leads to the digital favoritism.
According to result of a study of Urista, Dong and Kenneth (2009) based preliminary content analysis shows that there are various rationales behind the use of social media. The main reason is to get in touch with new friends (31%). The next important aspect is stay in contact with their associates (21%) while third motive is to be more socialist (14%). There are eleven diverse reasons and several secondary reasons are recognized which explain the individual motivation as inspiring aspect for the usage of social networking sites and create it perceptive that how to expand a prosperous social networking online.
In a study Buffardi and Campbell (2008) described that Facebook is planned in such a way to sustain the social functions of its users more efficiently. Facebook profile paged has precise and well distinct formats and use a fill-in-the-blank structure of personalization. The entire pages have exclusive features, like links to friends’ pages, relationship in effective groups and an electronic bulletin board which is recognized as well etc. in order to create it further social. Facebook pages also have diverse sections for owner’s self-presentation simplicity such as ‘About me’ which describes someone’s likes and dislikes. One more part titled ‘Quotes’ counting owner’s private quotes either from literature accepted customs and every day discussion etc. An uploaded picture is also a central element of self-presentations on Facebook. Albums are measured as an online picture gallery counting photo of associates, parties, tours etc.
Sonia (2010) described that Facebook has lots of features which pass on important social influence on youth. Personal wall is an area where information is established from others but it’s not absolutely private as other users are able to also write and view the information on it. Update of a friend is an option on the private wall by which associates who are listed in the FOAF folder can mark down on the wall. Those users who desire to place something on a Facebook user profile have to first obtain a Facebook account. Worldwide inform and personal entrance is an additional chance by which anybody is able to mark on user’s wall however it permits just the proprietor of the wall to observe the modifications. Worldwide inform/read is another option on
26 | P a g e Chapter 3: Literature Review individual wall which permits users to make further complicated access manage policies, restraining certain expressions or sayings to be posted to the wall. Tagging users in pictures has been measured as a valuable function on existing social networking sites. This act is reorganized automatically in the shape of news feed when somebody tags himself in a picture. User can be more directives in the case of information which is incorporated in their personal feed by decentralized settings. The news feed is an arguable aspect in Facebook which deals with its personal matters. Several users disagree that it’s not a secret element as it reveals their lots of actions on the social networking site.
Hugo (2007) states that every user maintains its private and essential information in the type of a “web page” recognized as user’s profile like the person’s educational conditions, place of living, his or her interests and association position etc. When a user changes his or her current status, a message appears at the top of profiles of other users.
Mitchell and Ybarra (2009) expressed that as the dependability increases on Facebook the danger of crime also strengthens. It supports its group users to tag everyone on into unfriendly activities and the raise of false information. It is also because of this reality that the actions what your users do with their own profiles also demonstrate on your profile.
According to West, Jane and Peter (2009) that generally the users of Facebook seek to attach to those persons with whom they have previous offline relationships relatively than unfamiliar citizens or people of outer networks. Facebook is a main tool of get in touch with especially amongst college students usage of Facebook is multiple and modifies as the necessities of life changes amongst people.
According to Lin and Qiu (2012) a number of users do not use it on a daily basis whereas others use it frequently. Several users who join Facebook for the sake of enjoyment relatively other use it for educational and managerial purposes. It is also pragmatic that students use it typically to get inform of their condition before and after the vacations. Most frequently Facebook is used for shearing information regarding functions and events, pictures and images and composition and other
27 | P a g e Chapter 3: Literature Review movies etc. Facebook has also been used to decide the areas of interests of the students and to obtain their reaction concerning their instructors and lectures.
According to Dickman, Dutton, Gioia, Oberhausen and Ravensberg (2006) that people connect social networking not essentially to construct new friends but to stay in relationship with their fellow who previously exist on other social networking sites and have a preference to use more time in sharing their thoughts with like-minded people in order to be more socialized.
Quan-Haase (2007) discovers that students who live in homes have fewer inclinations towards utilize of Facebook whereas others who live on their own are to a large extent probable to use it. There might be the numerous reasons for these differences in social manners like limitations forced by parents to the use of internet. Sharing the technology at residence with other relatives also leads to the restricted accessibility and minor opportunities to the use of online social sites whereas having access to internet at buddy’s or other relatives house brings a sensible increase in the use of social networking site. Students who have limited companionship in enlightening in states and much communication with their parents eventually have a lesser amount of desire to the use of online social sites whereas those who met with their associates on daily basis are more dynamic on online social sites particularly Facebook. Students who live on campus’ accommodation areas are also more personal with their institution fellows in everyday lives and have more online associations after using of Facebook.
Reynol (2011) states that those students who have less social relations with their fellows in real life also have the same inclinations in making the online relations as compared to others who are being fully facilitated by the online social services. This ultimately leads to the division of social system into two different levels of social approaches regarding the use of social networks while others get lesser benefits from these sites. It is also believed that social networking site play a significant part in improving the life style of their users by side stepping the constraints, which generally arise from a person’s physical surroundings. A research shows that students select different social networking site on the different social basis such as racial and ethnic back grounds well as level of literacy of their parents in the selection of better online
28 | P a g e Chapter 3: Literature Review social services. Membership of certain online communities reflects the user’s personality and his social relationships.
Bernhard, Jennette, Ann-Kathrin and Brittan (2009) show that as an entire Facebook is an attractive picture containing site which promotes social way of life. Use of Facebook technology during lecture in classroom atmosphere brings harmful outcomes for the users. Facebook encourages self-image casting and people who use these sites are considered as more artifacts. Facebook allows high level of inspection or surveillance. Facebook also has been allowing for as a vital evidence for all the unlawful behavior as it investigates the offenses by the users.
According to Fred Stutzman (2006) that Facebook allow users to register their political orientation which serves as in my opinion a very strong indicator of individuality. One can orient a whole social experience around the attitude of politics which shows that potentially sensitive information can also be openly shared. The Facebook allows students the capability to organize themselves by political orientation.
It was a distinguished study which was carried out by Ito et al (2008; 2010) who conducted an ethnographic research on youth commitment with new media and the new forms of education and commitment happening in new media. The study establishes that there are usually three phases of contribution that happen while young people connect in new media and networks. The researchers classify these phases as: 'hanging out', 'messing around', and 'gee king out'.
Ito et al (2008) also suggest that immature people initially go into social media environments as a friendship-driven focus, mostly as a space to 'hang out' with their peers. 'Hanging out' in social media environments is regularly much like 'hanging out' in a physical space, where youth share song, stories, sports event and other information other than this is done mostly through posting, linking or forwarding. 'Hanging out' can occasionally lead to 'messing around', which Ito et al. (2008) refers to as “the opening of a new intense, media-centric form of commitment". 'Messing around' is viewed as the temporary or mediator phase of 'hanging out' and is the attention driven involvement which involves tinkering, testing and examination with low investment and consequences.
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Further Ito et al (2010) states that the practice of 'geeking out' "mainly refers to an extreme dedication or commitment with media or technology in addition to high levels of specific information attached to substitute models of status and reliability and willingness to bend or break social or technical rules".
Ito et al (2010) concludes that in social media surroundings immature people are taking part in peer-based knowledge, which is determined by companionship and attention dynamics and by doing so they are mounting social competencies that they worth. Immature people are dynamically engaging, rising, determining and negotiating new media literacy. Moreover, immature people's contribution in social media spaces is no dissimilar from the standards found in those of adults as immature people are using the space to get a sense of independence and self-efficiency and to expand their position individuality and reputation among their peers.
According to a doctoral thesis of Arif (2014) in the latest revolution in Egypt and Tunisia social media played a central part in this revolution. Demonstrators used Facebook as a main resource of information in Egypt. Social media was the main source for following the latest development of the government officials. And in Libya, the administration occasionally disconnects community contact to the internet; both the governments try to block the uses of the social media throughout protests mostly unsuccessful.
Habib (2012) conducted a study to recognize the uses types of Facebook by university students of Bangladesh and establish that they are using it mainly for conversation and gossiping with associates. This result indicates the changing of interpersonal relations format between students but he unsuccessful to recognize the nature of the changes as the study depends only quantitative data.
Wang (2013) study shows that by making a flexible personality youth of China discover customs to unite to everyone and to set up a web of informal faith that extends further than particularistic guanine ties and strict institutions. This latest type of sociality gives youth a way to navigate Chinese culture not to cut off from or to insurgent against it. In doing so, youth are structuring the infrastructure of a social civilization by starting associations in which they start out as unfamiliar person, thus bypassing potentially preventive social labels and structures that might otherwise
30 | P a g e Chapter 3: Literature Review prevent links. Through semi-anonymous casual relations youth of China are mainly looking for discover their own social planet and to make touching relations not impressive political change. Relatively than attempting to transform politics youth of China are using these new forms of social commitment to transform their relations themselves and every one.
According to the Dr. June Ahn (2012) that youth 12 to18 years old were combine online survey of social media and their preference was MySpace and Facebook. They find out that Facebook at present boasts over 500 million members in 2011. The use of social media has grown-up significantly crosswise the America and all over the world. According to the nationwide and worldwide surveys 2010 report that 46 percent of the American peoples at this time use social media and also Pew Global Attitudes Project Among youth the acceptance of social media is even more extensive and youth who operate the social media are 73 percent are registered users of some social media society.
The study of Greenhow and Robelia's (2009) establish that high school students' use of social networking sites like MySpace has helped them expand 21st century competencies particularly in regards to technical facility and digital nationality. The researcher establish that students were rising communication, originality and equipment skills as participating in online social networks since SNS sites make easy the appointment of web page designs. This requires the capability to recognize how to use basic HTML to effort with imagery movies and audio archive to be able to troubleshoot and control information. These are cognitive actions that assist students expand "their own theoretical information and sense of capability". Youth engagement with personality work like identity configuration, self-discovery and personality appearance not merely helps them increase technical facility but also is a significant feature of digital nationality as they start to discover what their roles and responsibilities are inside a digital space.
According to the study of Selwyn (2009) students information education-related postings on Facebook and establish that students posted merely a slight amount of education-related information. Though, when education-related information did come into view students used the social networking site mainly to recount or reproduce on their university knowledge share sensible information concerning courses share
31 | P a g e Chapter 3: Literature Review educational information (e.g. show "entreaty and ethical support with regards to appraisal and learning) and teasing concerning their educational in competencies and/or disconnection. On the surface, it might come into view that students were not developing any necessary talent sets but Facebook provided the students with a positioned knowledge experience in the "individuality politics of being a student", one in which they could communicate their individuality of being a student, confront and query educational establishment and eloquent work out and appreciate the role conflicts they have as students all within a space among peers who have a common sympathetic. Developing skills like conflict resolution of student role and individuality within an educational structure is helpful because when students depart school and enter the workplace they have trained articulating, sympathetic and management role conflicts in a rational and effectual behavior.
Christine, Greenhow, Robelia and Hughes (2009) looked at the uses of social media and perceptions about Web 2.0 technologies among 11 to 16 year olds. The finding of the research established that students were before now engaging in high amounts of Web 2.0 technologies however a small number of students were engaging at a sophisticated level like deep level debate on topics or critical analysis. Interestingly, the research establish that 66% of students were impartial about or uninterested in using blogs in school and several favored more conventional technologies like PowerPoint. Though a considerable amount of students indicated that an significant Web 2.0 activity they would similar to see utilized in school and consider would have value in education and learning were more communicative activities that would permit them to connect to other schools and chat with other learners.
Moreover, Waycott, Bennett, Kennedy, Dalgarno and Gray (2010) establish students thought that the affordances of Web 2.0 technologies in education were its easiness of communication between teachers and classroom peers along with the expediency and control of managing their educational studies. Though, students mentioned that a concern they have with using social technologies for learning did not appreciate how to use some of the technologies for learning purposes.
Hartshore and Ajjan (2009) examined higher education students’ choice to accept Web 2.0 technologies to maintain their learning exterior of class. On their possess, students indicated they did not mean to use blogs, social networking or social
32 | P a g e Chapter 3: Literature Review bookmarking as an instructive tool or inside a learning circumstance even after acknowledging a number of the educational benefits of the tools. The researchers establish that the most important aspect that would influence students' adaptation of Web 2.0 tools as a supplementary learning environment was their professors' and peers' use of Web 2.0 technologies.
Stollak, Vandenberg and Burklund (2011) conducted a research to discover the connection of social media usage and its impact on educational presentation. The end result demonstrates exciting conclusion that there is a deep connection between the students GPA and the time they use in SNSs. They establish that students’, who use more time in social media are enjoying less GPA. But there are some restrictions have been recognized in the aforementioned study as they conducted the study with only 430 samples. Thus it is very hard to simplify the relations between SNSs and mark point upon the inadequate number of sample. An additional difficulty is that the research was run by on-line discussion where they unsuccessful to recognize the non- verbal performance of the respondents.
Jahan and Ahmed (2012) have been conducted a survey in Bangladesh perspective. They seek to recognize the student observation about the educational use of SNSs. The consequences point out an optimistic approach towards educational use of SNSs by the students. Even though there are a few differences in terms of students’ opinions on educational applications of SNSs these differences are mostly due to the information that the use of these sites in educational contexts is not well-defined.
Amy, Emily and Serge (2009) conducted a study and their study results illustrate that Facebook is changing the nature of social communications gradually like generating jealously and doubt in romantic relationships. Facebook exposure predicts jealousy over and beyond the private and association factors that enlarge its use considerably and also forecast Facebook connected jealousy.
Albrechtslund (2008) have proved that excessive adoption and the massive use of Facebook have been reduced to a greater extant due to the increasing dangers and problems concerning to the digital media.
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According to Christian (2011) a broad increment in privacy abuses leads to the reputation damage unwanted exposure and cyber-bullying. All these activities draw the attention of the researchers towards the misleading factors that the wrong use of social media so that they can prevent such misuses in a better way.
According to Shirky (2011) social media tools do not have a single predetermined effect. So, much effort to summarize their outcomes on political action is too often condensed to contesting anecdotes. If we look upon the breakdown of the Belarusian demonstrations to over throw Lukashenka as paradigmatic, we will view the Moldovan experience as and outlier and vice versa. Empirical studies on this question are also hard to find partly for the reason that these tools are so novel and partly as related examples are very infrequent. The cautious depiction of current quantitative efforts to respond the question do digital tools enhance democracy! Is that these tools perhaps do not impact in urgent and may be facilitating later on. Secondly, they have for the most part spectacular impacts in societies where public already restrain government actions.
According to a recent survey “Is Technology Networking Changing Childhood?’ by James (2009) the result of poll shows that 22% of youth log in about 10 times daily on social media and almost 50% of young people log on one occasion daily.
According to the Schurgin (2011) some mediums have been conducted wars of words for this reason. So it have compensation the capability to came in close the strangers to home several strangers having on these social networking sites with bogus names and false IDs and the victims of these representing persons often end up in an hurting condition. He used a new term Stalking that is raised to characters who follow other people. Inspecting their life proceedings frequently without the people’s information. Stalking is experiential numerous times as a hurting cause because it became several time leaks out significant and most personal solitude although citizens still often post information and proceedings concerning their personal life to their close ones family member and friends’ society. The main social media websites like Facebook happening as a service inside a university and group of university to stay pathway of people and their association position. And social media is also present various other functionality with holding proceedings and creating pages for business projects dissimilar types facilities.
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According to the Beattie (2013) the internet was intended for the free exchange of material, without borders and internet facility has surely changed life for the improved by share information and knowledge growth innovation and positive connectivity to the globe he discover out that more than 400 million Twitter users tweet daily whereas 500 terabytes data processes by Facebook per day. He said that in a psychological research that was published in the Public Library of Science Facebook has a differing effect on emotion and happiness of people.
According to the Lusk (2010) research sightsee the assistances of social media and talk about the risks and struggle to authorize adults to make convinced online experiences for adolescence. Lusk define that social media is effecting on adolescence in both ends positive as well as negative and for this matter the start series of research concerning social media impact the desire to introduce the instruction and theories to utilize social media for increasing skills among adolescence and also make empowers the youth and relations as well as their relations with their parents, their couples and meetings with strangers.
Huang and Capps (2013) according to their result that youth in the America these days are not only spending less time reading and less time than their complements in the past but also studying with less competence and less interest. Their information also mentioned that resulting negative impact on communal and financial prosperity. They dig out much reason behind this but the main reason is use of social media and social network sites they surveyed that college students have used MySpace and Facebook in many period.
Companionship and social ties are establish to represent mainly the user’s online appearance Walther, Westerman, Heide, Kimand and Tong (2008) also studied how self- depiction is provided during a user’s friendships. Walther et al establish that postings and remarks on a user’s SNS profile or photos provided by the user’s associates represent mostly what another perceives the user to be offline. This can cause troubles particularly when considering several employers keenly search prospect employees’ Facebook and other social networking sites.
Ruddock (2006) expresses that video recording of TV and radio transmit programs is suitable to watch and like these at other suitable time and again and again. Though, it
35 | P a g e Chapter 3: Literature Review can be subject to social and in some situation illegal liability for uploading the record to share with other people on the internet. YouTube provides video recording of different programs of Television channels after broadcasting. So the spectators can watch these programs at their suitable time and everywhere through YouTube. Corey affirmed that now youth had ranked YouTube as the top 10 most well-liked social networking site.
3.2 Studies on Social Media in Pakistan
According to Dr. Abdul Basit (2013) that Facebook is a platform that leak out the inner habits of youth in front of people that how they have the attitude towards the society, its bring out the work done by nature of human that have and might be good or bad in youth. The interest to research work getting lower rate among youth and youth is passive on social media shared information, curiosity and rush is becomes the habits of youth. No one have need to verify any information about a person and try to share the information on face book immediately, different group evolve the fake news against their rivals and share it on social media. And the most important influence that find out is intolerance and sectarianism.
Hassan’s (2009) study helped in considering obvious influences on youth’s daily life and socialization, communication and entertainment desires. Facebook being the most well-liked social networking site is becoming the new communication desire for the youth. Where it has provides convenience in socialization and communication there is still an enormous require becoming conscious and watchful towards its use in terms of publicizing yourself and all about yourself whether photos your movies etc.
Khan (2012) states that students whose age is from15 to 25 years mostly use social media for entertainment. 60% of male students usually used social media to obtain information. Students of bachelor class normally favor social media for entertainment.
According to Rahman, Batool, Saleem and Takrim (2012) social media can be helpful in enhancing the presentation of teachers. As in the modern world where they have access rather all-time access of phones, internet and social media if the edifying programs are propelled and planned on social media and interacting sites it will
36 | P a g e Chapter 3: Literature Review reduce the communication gap halts barriers and facilities the achievement of educational requirements also it will assist to resolve problems through socialization.
According to M.Phil thesis of Gilani (2014) that in Pakistan the usage of social media is increasing since last few years. Here in Pakistan, majority of the social media users belongs to youth. The previous observation of the socio-political growth of the humanity in Pakistan through conventional privileged and the tribe groups has considerably altered into the new occurrence of social media and online conferencing throughout social media.
According to Kamal, Tariq, Ishtiaq, Nawab and Idrees (2015) social media is the wastage of time and students spend more time to social media relatively than studies. Students do not get up early in the morning due to the uses of social media in night and miss their earlier classes. Unnecessary use of social media is accountable to less inclination towards education. The results also explain that the exposure of the students of university have effect on their educational presentation. Results also indicated that they are influenced to a large extent by the social media unenthusiastically because concentration there is focused on conversation and songs whereas their educational activities are neglected and left to suffer.
Hussain, Ahmad, Shafique and Raza (2015) these days social networking sites and applications are the essential part in our lives. It has positive and also negative effects in our youth. Most of the youth are addicted through this tool. The majority of the sites are also a reason of vulgarity this is the responsibility to government and cyber cell to take action and ban these sites. In 2013, during election in Pakistan, majority of the member of political parties converse through social network and inform others the political positions on their electorate. Several members of the political parties also communicate massages to other voters to cast votes and encourage others. In Pakistan most of the social networking sites are also working to aware community on political issues and also give them awareness. All parties are running their the election 2008 was possibly the first election in the history of Pakistan in which new media expertise was used by the government of Pakistan as well as by the political parties of the country. Lots of websites are still operational in the country for the political understanding of the common public.
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Batool and Akram (2014) state that social media has become an important part of the life of students. In spite of the realism that social networking boosts-up self- confidence, improves self-image, helps in modification and develops social ability, it has unconstructive impact on the education, physical condition, individuality and family relations of users; it creates physical separation, nervousness and sadness among several users. Further negative effects incorporated increase of propaganda a platform for cyber-bullying and online particulars that enlarge risks of identity stealing. A number of the male students misuse the social networking sites for harming others, whereas female were involved in creative actions such as sharing food recipes, educational conversation and style trends. In spite of the fact that students understand the negative impact of using social networking sites they continue to use it because they suppose what they are gaining overweighs the damage it causes. Social networking was clearly exposed to have positive and negative effects on the adolescence. The choice is up to them how to use these social networking sites.
According to a MS thesis of Nasir (2011) that Facebook has turn out to be a well- liked and extensively used social networking site amongst youth. It has been measured as an essential element of youth’s every day activities. It has turn out to be most excellent likely mean of socialization interface and pursuit action because of its broad level of connectivity and effectual services. Users typically like a post, remark, upload movies and chitchat with their associates and fellows etc. Facebook via competent applications provides easiness and comforts to its user’s lives that they can simply satisfy their different desires.
Zia, Paracha and Jan (2012) affirmed the status of YouTube among youth in Lahore. This research also shows that a number of adolescent using YouTube for entertainment and information purposes. Even though internet is one of the most lively media vehicles influencing the users than other communication vehicles so spectators are required to be attentive and use it wisely. This result reveals that YouTube has become a significant and essential element of adolescent daily activities. It is not astonishing that in a few of cases adolescence may go beyond the real act of watching it for entertainment so parents and elders are recommended stay attentive and check their activities. It is further recommended that effects of these entertainment movies must be targeted for research in future.
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3.3 Studies on Youth with Social Media
Rolfe and Gilbert (2006) states that technology is impacting youth relations in many ways youth nowadays is busier in their interpersonal relations than ever before and as a product they frequently have wider and deeper companionship networks.
According to DeGennaro (2008) these relations are essential to their growth and are frequently supported through contribution in social networking with tools like Twitter or Facebook. Though the digital methods youth use to connect with one another might not appear perfect or even recognizable to adults in their lives, these days’ youth are building and deepening relations with their peers through interactional technologies like immediate messaging, text and often through social networking applications.
Anne, Jane and Peter (2009) said it is predictable that youth ages 18-24 send and accept more than 100 texts in a day or around 3,200 in a month showing proof of engagement with their peers in a way that is new to several adults. Technology also impacts how adolescence learns. Youth these days are extremely busy and frequently learn separately or in teamwork with their peers via technology.
Rehman (2014) established that the usage of social networking sites influences interpersonal relations of youth of Bangladesh. In this study social networking sites influence on youth interpersonal relations have been examined only with their relatives their associates and their teachers. The usage of social networking sites brought a lot of changes in interpersonal relations between these students and relatives and it also helped youth to have further communication with their relatives. It is also factual with the interpersonal relations of their associates. This research confirms the implications of SNS on the interpersonal relations of youth.
Boyd (2007) explained that after interviewing hundreds young person users of social media and examine thousands of profile she has come to assessment that well-liked social networking site like Facebook and MySpace are divide the society into class system, race and several user reinstate the social network by these reasons and migrate from MySpace to Facebook. She states that the practice of youth on social media is focusing generally on MySpace. Boyd says that adolescence frequently connected MySpace to retain companionships with their pre-existing companion
39 | P a g e Chapter 3: Literature Review groups. Boyd evaluates as the Ghetto of the social website and takes attention for those less knowledgeable, less educated and mainly for educational sections. Facebook over took MySpace in the huge number of active users in 2008 transfer from MySpace to Facebook. Boyd says when citizens are in fact alienated then they do not share thoughts, feelings and people dislike communicating with each other and this can increase intolerance. Boyd challenging claims make a group of conversation they keen to potential concerns for those trying to fruitfully transmit messages through social media. Instead of handling social media like a huge and digital combination she suggests that sellers should be attentive and account for ethnic and racial divides on social media. She also draws the concentration to the political implication also careful in conversation. She find out politicians desire to enhance forms of public contribution through social media and should avoided exclusive of sure population by significant the useful figure out how to boost educational and ethnic groups to mix up in the practical world.
Grube (2012) explained that influence on youth social media is creating extra challenges such as solitude leakage that is not unreliable and unconfident the safety and information that can be using any one for any reason particularly cyber harassment and kidnapping the people and it is now seep out by social network sites that are unconfident and solitude is not slide on social media sites.
Turgeon (2011) argued that social media make teenager’s quick learner but it is also connected with a mass of emotional disorders. He finds out that a social media is preparation wheels for life. Facebook is also have a constructive impact on youth’s lives by support them be more adopted. His study discussed that affiliation among greatly Facebook use and self -love in younger’s one. But in another hand he put an instance that students who frequently checked Facebook during study time or class time they have also poor grades in their results.
3.4 Studies on Social Media and U&G Theory
The popularity of social media has fascinated several researchers (Valentine, 2011; Raine, 2008; Smock, Ellison, Foregger, 2008; Park, Kee, & Valenzuela, 2009) to examine the effects, uses, gratifications, attitudes, behaviors, individuality, privacy, and participation in social media. There are a number of researches conducted on the
40 | P a g e Chapter 3: Literature Review uses and gratifications of social media among diverse populations. As the theory projected the gratifications obtained and sought from social media vary from one individual to any more.
Anco and Cozma (2009) conducted a research that how the respondents befriended with the contenders through MySpace. They adopted the Uses and Gratification approach to decide the gratifications attained by the respondents from visiting the candidates’ profiles in the voting of 2008 in USA. Anco and Cozma’s research discovered that the social communication, information seeking assistance and entertainment as the motives for visiting the candidates’ profile on MySpace.
In addition, Raake and Bonds-Raake (2008) applied this approach to examine the impact of SNS on college students through comparing the mainly two well-liked sites in social networking sites (MySpace and Facebook). The research revealed that the majority of students used social networking sites platforms for various diverse reasons like establishing new companionships and maintaining old associates. Social communication making and maintaining old companionships and information seeking were the motives for using MySpace and Facebook sites among college students.
In user-generated tools such as MySpace, YouTube and Wikipedia Shao (2009) establish that the respondents sought entertainment, information and mode management gratifications from these tools. Shao’s research revealed that the persons make use of those tools for diverse objectives.
Raine (2008) explored the uses and gratifications obtained from using Facebook normally, as well as looking for political information on Facebook among youth. Raine’s research establish five vital motives for using Facebook usually among students, that is entertainment, social utility, convenience, information searching and leisure activity. Furthermore, the research establishes two motives related with using Facebook for political information social utility/entertainment and observation.
In the same way, Foregger (2008) adopted the uses and gratification point of view to discover the students’ use of Facebook and its gratifications obtained. Then Foregger developed a survey tool and circulated in 340 students. The students established different motives for appealing in Facebook counting passing time, sexual appeal,
41 | P a g e Chapter 3: Literature Review utilities and conservation, relationship, gathering, channel use, social contrast, networking and found/keep old ties.
Meimin (2008) states that the social element is the central (and most significant element) in applying the using the uses and gratifications model to social networking sites. Users who contribute in social networking sites in order to please socializing requirements naturally want to convene different people, maintain offline relations, and generate a sense of society.
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Chapter 4 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Theoretical framework provides the researcher with a framework of suitable theories of communication studies in the light of which a researcher try to explore, investigate and examine the proposed study. The theoretical framework grows out of the research center, guides the plan of person studies and makeup your study arrangements and journals. This study implemented Katz’s Use and Gratification and Bandura’s Social Learning Theory.
4.1 Uses and Gratifications Theory
Its basic thought is that people create and are aggravated by the wish to gratify a variety of requirements therefore the approach of uses and gratification is concerned to recognize how people utilize media to satisfy their desires. It is based on key factors that 1) Spectators is proactive and seeks media that gratify their desires 2) People decide what they would like to observe or study and 3) Different media struggle to gratify each individual’s desires.
This approach differs from other theoretical point of view in that it considers audience as active media users opposing to the obedient receivers of information. Customary media effects theories center on “what media do people” and consider spectators as the same whereas uses and gratification approach is more focused on “what public do with media” (katz, 1959).
It allows viewers own desires to employ media and react to the media which is based on their common and emotional environment. Uses and gratification approach also propose that the media struggles with other information recourses for gratifying the audience’s necessities (Katz & Blumer, 1974).
Katz and other intellectuals supposed that uses and gratifications is grounded in the thought that users have convinced motives for selecting media and deliberately decide a certain message basis that best fits their personal individual desires. This theory suggests that spectators have many media choices to decide from and proposes that the cause for choosing a precise media will differ from user to user (katz et al, 1974).
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Though, social media can maybe possess equally social and individual usefulness. They offer users with social assets and information that is helpful for engaging in society as well as assist gratifies modified requirements. Early on uses and gratification studies observe the reasons for choosing conventional media sources like Radio, TV and Newspaper as well as the satisfaction got from using every media (Palmgreen, Wenner and Rayburn, 1980).
4.2 Social Learning Theory
According to the social learning theory three elements counting individual learners, peers and situations, potentially influence individuals’ learning results (Bandura, 1977). Ainin also supported who “emphasized that person’s cognition and performance are prejudiced through surveillance and interrelating through peers and the circumstances (learning the ecological norms, policies, cultures). It is the person’s communication with the surroundings that causes their behavioral consequences. (Ainin, Naqshbandi, Moghavvemi and Jaafar, 2015).
Social learning theory views learning as a social procedure that persons will self- initiate, control learning and energetically build understanding by obtaining, making, and structuring information. Furthermore, the achieved learning results will strengthen person’s engagement in certain events (Yu, Tian, Vogel and Kwok, 2010).
Additional, social learning theory emphasizes learning’s communal origin and views learning as a social procedure in which persons interrelate with peers or models as well as circumstances. Individuals’ knowledge, though self-initiated frequently relies on the social background. Therefore, getting attractive knowledge results need social support from others and their understanding of conditions (DeAndrea, Ellison, LaRose, Steinfield and Fiore, 2012).
In the circumstances of social learning theory the use of social media is the situation that faces majority of the youth these days. The youth have an option of either using the condition to their benefit as they chase their goals or be driven into unconstructive use of the social networks.
45 | P a g e Chapter 5: Materials and Methods
Chapter 5 MATERIALS AND METHODS
46 | P a g e Chapter 5: Materials and Methods
MATERIALS AND METHODS
5.1 Introduction This section presents the detail of methodology used to achieve prerequisite goals of the present study.
5.2 Objectives of the Study The researcher has formulated following objectives for the present research;
1. To find out the social media usage patterns among youth in South Punjab, Pakistan 2. To explore the views of youth about different social media sites in South Punjab, Pakistan 3. To find out relationship between usage patterns of social media and its effects on the life style of youth 4. To find out the relationship between uses of social media and its impact on interaction patterns of youth with relatives, family and friends 5. To find out the relationship between usage of social media and its effects on religious activities 6. To know whether social media is popular and widely used social networking sites among youth? 7. To investigate and explore the motives behind social media usage among youth 8. To find out level of trust over the information received from social networking sites 9. To explore the frequency of status updating among youth while using social media 10. To determine to what extent youth of Southern Punjab prefer social network over traditional media 11. To determine reasons why the youth of Southern Punjab prefer to obtain information via social network 12. To dig out the time spending patterns of the youth of Southern Punjab, Pakistan on social media
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13. To identify the problems of the youth of Southern Punjab, Pakistan in using social media 14. To measure the level of dependency on social media with regard to audio video calling facility among youth 15. To examine the views of youth regarding social media as a tool of awareness 16. To investigate the misuses of social media accounts with regard to having or confronting fake accounts or accounts with the names of opposite gender
5.3 Hypotheses
H1: There would be significant association between education and consideration of social media as a major source of information about different events and happenings.
H2: It is more likely that the young respondents with lesser age group would more likely to think social media as major source of information as compared to other media.
H3: It is more likely that the available internet facility would determine the number of website accessed among youth.
H4: The photo sharing activity would be the preferred activity by the majority of the youth groups as compared to other activities like accessing poetry, videos and quotations.
H5: The female respondents would more likely to have accounts on social media with opposite gender names as compared to male respondents.
H6: The unemployed would more likely to depend on audio video calling facility provided by social media as compared to employed ones.
5.4 Independent Variable
“Usage of social media” is an independent variable of the study. It means the usage patterns of social media by the respondents.
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5.5 Dependent Variables
➢ Social media dependency ➢ Gratifications of social media (i.e. entertainment, knowledge/information seeking, education and awareness) ➢ Fashion trends ➢ Domestic events ➢ Interaction patterns ➢ Misuse of social media
5.6 Operationalization of the Variables
The major dependent and independent variables used in the study are defined below:
1. By usage to social media, the researcher intends to define the patterns and uses of social media among youth with regard to accessing social media websites. 2. Social media dependency refers to the reliability, credibility of social media in provision of different ways of accessing content. 3. Gratifications mean interpretation of social media content to be accessed by the youth as per their needs and requirements while using social media. 4. By fashion trends, the researcher means the communicated lifestyles of people as represented by the social media users in a way of adopting the latest fashion trends like dressing, hair style and other popular culture. 5. Domestic events mean gathering, wedding, birthday parties, family visits etc. 6. Interaction patterns: Change in interaction patterns with relatives, neighbors, friends and family in terms of time and visits. 7. Misuses of social media: Misuses means wrong use of social media with regard to ethical values of society.
5.7 Limitations of the study
Now social media has become a main tool playing the vital role in socialization particularly among youth. Social media establishes principles of behavior providing role models and communicates knowledge concerning all aspects of life. To study these issues the current research is concentrated simply the uses, problems and
49 | P a g e Chapter 5: Materials and Methods prospects of social media. Secondly, the main focus of this study is covering only the youth of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. In the present study major indicators of social media dependency in provision of variety of information covering all segments of life. But researcher is aware that social media is not the only sole media influencing public behavior, as there is a wide variety of other factors involved in socialization procedure. Families, friends, school, work place, mosque all influence persons and youth behavior and approach. It would unsuitable to propose that change in the behavior can be explained only by the usage of social media but for the research purpose the variable has been restricted to social media usages only as other factors are also contributing towards the social behaviors.
5.8 Punjab: The Study Province Punjab is the most populated province of the Pakistan and has a few most important cities of the country.
Profile of Punjab Character of Punjab Data
Capital Lahore
Population (Census,1998) 73,621,290
Area 205344 km²
Literacy Rate 59.6%
Main Languages Punjabi, Urdu, Saraiki, Pothohari
Status Province
Districts 36
Government Body Provincial Assembly
Assembly Seats 371
Governor Malik Refeeq Rajwana
Chief Minister Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif
Source: Government of Punjab, 2015
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5.9 South Punjab
South Punjab, Pakistan comprises of 3 divisions Bahawalpur, Multan and Dera Ghazi Khan it has 11 districts. The whole area of these districts is 99572 km which makes up 48.5% of the entire region of Punjab province. This demonstrates that area wise the South Punjab region is approximately the half of the Punjab province. Approximately, the population of South Punjab is 29.74 million (DFSP, 2010).
5.10 Research Design
Scientific methodology is mainly a set of rules, procedures and research design also determines the domain of generalization. This research study is going to deal with survey as its research design.
5.11 Survey Method
It is a method of collecting, analyzing and interpreting the data. It is a helpful procedure which provides more constructive information. To assess the uses, problems and prospects of social media uses among youth the researcher has selected the survey research design as its suitable technique of data compilation by keeping in view the need and nature of research study. Surveys are amongst the most common methods in the social sciences as well as in mass communication research.
5.12 Study Area
The present study is conducted in three selected districts of South Punjab. Administratively South Punjab is divided into 11 districts which are subdivided into tehsils/towns and towns are further subdivided into union councils.
In current study three selected districts are Multan, Bahawalpur and Dera Ghazi Khan which is divisional headquarters of South Punjab region.
5.13 Population for the study
The population of this study comprises all youth which are using social media aged 17 to 25 years and residing in South Punjab, Pakistan.
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5.14 Sampling Technique
In current study purposive sampling technique was used, the major objective of purposive sampling is to focus on particular individuality of a population that are of interest which will best allow you to reply your research questions.
5.15 Sample of the Study
A survey requires funds, time, support and material. Therefore, the researcher has applied sampling method to collect the data considering the definition of Wimmer and Dominick (1993). A survey was carried out from South Punjab, Pakistan. To classify the population, the technique of Purposive Sampling has been used. This is, to select youth from a large body of population available to the researcher. Since the researcher is looking for respondents with social media connections and a certain type, purposive sampling was followed. From the chosen districts a representative sample of 1200 youth respondents. A pre constructed questionnaire was used in the light of research objectives and the theoretical framework of the study to gather data and draw inferences. The sample allocation is designed in accordance with the total strength of the population in the perspective of the South Punjab’s total population in the chosen districts. For this reason, the statistics accessible on the official website of the Pakistan Federal Bureau of Statistics and Punjab Government official website are used in order to get the sample size. The probability of sample strength is according to the population strength. The percentage of the population living in selected district according to its size is chosen as a sample by obtaining its proportion in the whole sample.
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The sample distribution is as follows;
Selection of sample from selected districts according to their population
District Population Respondents per districts
3116851 Multan 430 43% 2433091 Bahawalpur 340 34% 1643118 Dera Ghazi Khan 230 23% Total Population of Selected 7193060 1000 districts
Source: (Pakistan Bauru of Statistics) Government of Pakistan
The above given percentage is obtained on the basis of selected districts total population divided by each district population, then according to its proportion sample size is determined in order to represent the true characteristics of the population.
5.16 Pilot Study/Questionnaire Screening
A pilot study was also conducted by the researcher in order to screen the questionnaire so that the questions posed by the researcher could be checked for errors and can be modified accordingly. After the pilot study, modifications and improvements were made in the questionnaire to confirm it. In this regard, fifty interviews were conducted as pre-testing. Throughout the process a few ambiguities were recognized. As a result after pre testing some of the changes were made some questions were customized. The questionnaire was also translated into national language (Urdu) for improved response rate and to keep away from problem.
5.17 Data Collection
In this study, survey was conducted as a tool for data compilation and questionnaire was circulated amongst the respondents and taken back after their responses. A few
53 | P a g e Chapter 5: Materials and Methods interviews were also conducted from respondents wherever it was essential as several of the respondents were uneducated and were not be able to read and answer the questionnaire. The data compilation was fulfilled by the researcher himself.
5.18 Coding
Consequently, everything in the questionnaire was pre-coded and then the data were entered into the MS Excel sheet of computer to develop a coding sheet.
5.19 Data Processing (SPSS Analysis)
The statistical analysis is utilized with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to examine the data collected from the research subjects for the correctness of obtained findings /results. The results of the study are presented in the form of figures and tables with explanation.
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Chapter 6 RESULTS AND FINDINGS
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RESULTS AND FINDINGS
6.1. Social Demographics of the Research Participants
Table 6.1.1: Gender:
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Male 638 63.8 63.8 63.8
Female 362 36.2 36.2 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
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Table 6.1.2: Age:
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
17-19 Years 285 28.5 28.5 28.5
20-22 Years 376 37.6 37.6 66.1
23-25 Years 339 33.9 33.9 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
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Table 6.1.3: Education:
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Under Matric / 123 12.3 12.3 12.3 Matriculation
Intermediate 298 29.8 29.8 42.1
Graduation 326 32.6 32.6 74.7
Post-Graduation 253 25.3 25.3 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
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Table 6.1.4: Internet Facility:
Valid Cumulative Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Land Line DSL 213 21.3 21.3 21.3
Wifi/Wireless 300 30.0 30.0 51.3
Cable Net 96 9.6 9.6 60.9
Mobile Data 391 39.1 39.1 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
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Table 6.1.5: Employment Status:
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Employed 383 38.3 38.3 38.3
Unemployed 617 61.7 61.7 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
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Data Analysis & Interpretation:
The researcher has drawn the following results after analyzing them into SPSS. The results are given under with interpretations/illustrations. The allocated total sample as per probability of sampling was calculated 1000 from the population. The researcher has drawn 1200 study’s sample to obtain true representation from the population. Out of which some respondents did not handed back the filled questionnaire while some were incomplete. So, the researcher coded 1000 questionnaires out of 1200 to generate results of the study.
6.2 Frequency Tables
Question No. 1
Table 6.2.1: On which social media site you have an account?
Websites/Applications Yes No
Facebook 958 (96%) 42 (4%)
Twitter 163 (16%) 937 (84%)
Skype 440 (44%) 560 (56%)
Viber 145 (15%) 855 (85%)
YouTube 542 (54%) 458 (46%)
WhatsApp 698 (70%) 302 (30%)
Others 471 (47%) 529 (53%)
The above table explains the responses of the youth about their social media sites accounts and it is clearly observable from the data given in the table that 96% respondents revealed that they have Facebook account as their priority used social media website. Similarly, WhatsApp was ranked second among the youth as social
61 | P a g e Chapter 6: Results and Findings media mobile application and 70% responded to have WhatsApp account on their mobiles. 54% youth participants were using YouTube having their personal accounts, and 44% youth participants told that they have Skype accounts. Twitter among social media sites and Viber as mobile application was less likely to be used by the youth as a means of interacting friends for social networking as 16% among the total sample were having their accounts on Twitter and 15% were using Viber.
Question No. 2
Table 6.2.2: How often do you login on your account?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Daily 807 80.7 80.7
Once a week 117 11.7 11.7
Often 76 7.6 7.6
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
The above table demonstrates the log on status of the youth respondents about their frequency of using social media websites. It can be easily perceived from the data presented in the table that more than 80% were using social media websites on daily basis. 12% reported to use them once in a week while only 8% revealed that they often use social media in their daily routine.
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The above figure shows the log on status of the youth by social media in their routines. The majority of the study respondents were using social media regularly for interacting with friends or for the entertainment purposes.
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Question No. 3
Table 6.2.3: How many hours daily you spend on social media?
Valid Cumulative Frequency Percent Percent Percent
1-2 Hours 171 17.1 17.1 17.1
2-4 Hours 483 48.3 48.3 65.4
4-7 Hours 229 22.9 22.9 88.3
More than 7 Hours 117 11.7 11.7 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
The above table represents the frequency of the respondents towards using social media. The findings reveal that 17% of the youth were using social media between 1-
2 hours/day, 48% were using between 2-4 hours/day and 23% were using social media for 4-7 hours/day as means of communication for social interaction. Only 12% youth respondents shared that they use social media for longer periods of time as more than 7 hours on daily basis.
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The above figure indicates the frequency of social media uses among the youth as it can be easily observed that a significant number of research respondents were using social media between 2-4 hour/day and between to 4-7 hours per day. While only
12% reported to access social media for more than 7 hours daily.
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Question No. 4
Table 6.2.4: You are free to use social media of your own choice.
Valid Cumulative Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Strongly Agree 451 45.1 45.1 45.1
Agree 242 24.2 24.2 69.3
Strongly Disagree 115 11.5 11.5 80.8
Disagree 149 14.9 14.9 95.7
Undecided 43 4.3 4.3 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
The above table indicates the responses of the youth towards their free uses of social media accounts of their choices without interruption of any influence of their parents or guardians. It was revealed that 45% were strongly agreed, 24% were agreed, 12% were strongly disagreed, 15% showed disagreement while only 4% revealed that they are undecided.
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The above figure indicates the responses of the youth towards their free uses of social media accounts of their choices without interruption of any influence of their parents or guardians. It was revealed that 45% were strongly agreed, 24% were agreed, 12% were strongly disagreed, 15% showed disagreement while only 4% revealed that they are undecided.
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Question No. 5
Table 6.2.5: For what motives do you use social media?
Motives to use social media Yes No
Education 555 (56%) 445 (44%)
Entertainment 877 (88%) 123 (12%)
Information 419 (42%) 581 (58%)
Global Contact 666 (67%) 334 (33%)
Communication 388 (39%) 612 (61%)
For Personal Identity 607 (61%) 393 (39%)
Others 967 (97%) 33 (3%)
The above table indicates the responses of the youth towards their motives behind uses of social media as it is clearly obvious from the data given in the table that majority 88% were using social media as means of entertainment. The youth seeking education by using social media were 56%, seeking information were 42%, for global contact were 67. Similarly, 39% revealed that they are using for as a way of communication with friends while 61% reported to have social media accounts for the sake of their personal identity in the society.
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Question No. 6
Table 6.2.6: What information have you revealed about yourself on your social media account profile page?
Posts Yes No
Photos 967 (97%) 33 (3%)
Date of Birth 484 (48%) 516 (52%)
Workplace if any 958 (96%) 42 (4%)
Address/Home Phone No. 19 (2%) 981 (98%)
Cell Phone No. 28 (3%) 972 (97%)
Other Information 36 (4%) 964 (96%)
The above table explains the responses of the youth research participants towards the profile statuses shown in different social media accounts or on mobile phone applications being used for social networking. The findings revealed that 97% were sharing photos on their concerned social media page for profile. 48% told that they have also mentioned date of birth status on their profiles. 96% revealed that they have shared their workplaces while only 2% shared to mention their addresses on their profiles on social media websites. Similarly sharing of cell number was quite low on the social media sites by the youth. With regard to other information some reported to share their living and matrimonial statuses, some revealed they have shared their family details etc.
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Question No. 7
Table 6.2.7: Do you feel addiction to use social media?
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Yes 858 85.8 85.8 85.8
No 142 14.2 14.2 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
The above table explains the outcomes of the respondents among youth to share their feelings regarding social media usage as their addiction. The findings indicated that majority 86% of the youth groups shared that they feel as they are addicted towards social media uses. While only 14% of the respondents shared not to have any addiction to use social networking websites.
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The above figure shows the results of the respondents among youth to share their feelings regarding social media usage as their addiction. The findings indicated that majority 86% of the youth groups shared that they feel as they are addicted towards social media uses. While only 14% of the respondents shared not to have any addiction to use social networking websites.
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Question No. 08
Table 6.2.8: What is the main source of your information about events and happenings?
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
TV 209 20.9 20.9 20.9
Social Media 644 64.4 64.4 85.3
Newspapers 124 12.4 12.4 97.7
Others 23 2.3 2.3 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
The above table illustrates the responses of the respondents concerning a major source of information about different events and happenings. The findings indicated that social media ranked first as 64% shared the view as social media is a main source of information for them about different events and happenings. 21% among all respondents shared TV medium as a major source of information. Similarly, 12% reported as newspapers are great source of information for them while only 2% shared other means of information for them.
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The above figure demonstrates the responses of the respondents about a major source of information about different events and happenings. The findings indicated that social media ranked first as 64% shared the view as social media is a main source of information for them about different events and happenings. 21% among all respondents shared TV medium as a major source of information. Similarly, 12% reported as newspapers are great source of information for them while only 2% shared other means of information for them.
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Question No. 09
Table 6.2.9: How many social media sites do you use usually?
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
1-2 Websites 730 73.0 73.0 73.0
3-5 Websites 219 21.9 21.9 94.9
More than 5 51 5.1 5.1 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
The above table explains the results regarding number of social media sites accessed by the youth usually. It was revealed that majority 73% shared that they used 1-2 social media websites for social interaction while 23% shared they access between 3-5 websites of social media normally. Only 5% reported to have access to more than 5 social media websites.
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The above figure shows the results regarding number of social media sites accessed by the youth usually. It was revealed that majority 73% shared that they used 1-2 social media websites for social interaction while 23% shared they access between 3-5 websites of social media normally. Only 5% reported to have access to more than 5 social media websites.
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Question No. 10
Table 6.2.10: In which time do you use social media sites?
Social Media Timing Yes No
Morning 343 (34%) 657 (66%)
Afternoon 266 (27%) 734 (73%)
Night 854 (85%) 146 (15%)
Midnight 417 (42%) 583 (58%)
The above table shows the findings of the responses of youth with regard to their timings of social media uses in their routine life. It can be easily observed from the data given in the table that 34% were using social media in the morning time. 27% shared that they use it during after noon. Similarly, 85% shared to use it in the night while 42% were using the social media during midnight time intervals.
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Question No. 11 Table 6.2.11: What sort of information you are getting from social media?
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Constructive 589 58.9 58.9 58.9
Destructive 304 30.4 30.4 89.3
Both 107 10.7 10.7 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
The above table illustrates the responses of the respondents regarding the type of information using social media as 59% revealed they seek constructive information from social media websites while 30% revealed that they seek destructive information like scandals, scams or any negative material. Only 11% reported to have both type of information during their social media usages.
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The above table demonstrates the responses of the respondents about the type of information using social media as 59% revealed they seek constructive information from social media websites while 30% revealed that they seek destructive information like scandals, scams or any negative material. Only 11% reported to have both type of information during their social media usages.
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Question No. 12
Table 6.2.12: Social media is introducing new fashion trends in society
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Strongly Agree 483 48.3 48.3 48.3
Agree 339 33.9 33.9 82.2
Strongly Disagree 115 11.5 11.5 93.7
Disagree 42 4.2 4.2 97.9
Undecided 21 2.1 2.1 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
The above table indicates the response of the youth regarding social media is introducing new fashion trends in society. It was revealed that 48% were strongly agreed, 34% were agreed, 12% were strongly disagreed, 4% showed disagreement while only 2% revealed that they are undecided towards this notion.
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The above figure indicates the response of the youth regarding social media is introducing new fashion trends in society. It was revealed that 48% were strongly agreed, 34% were agreed, 12% were strongly disagreed, 4% showed disagreement while only 2% revealed that they are undecided towards this notion.
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Question No. 13
Table 6.2.13: Which medium you choose to contact your friends and relatives mostly?
Medium of Contact Yes No
Landline Phone 250 (25%) 750 (75%)
Cell Phone 844 (84%) 156 (16%)
Facebook 181 (18%) 819 (82%)
Twitter 47 (5%) 953 (95%)
Viber 172 (17%) 828 (83%)
WhatsApp 452 (45%) 548 (55%)
Any other 528 (53%) 472 (47%)
The above table shows the findings regarding the contact medium among the youth respondents for social interaction. It was found that 25% were suing landline phones.
84% were using cell phones, 18% using Facebook, 5% were using Twitter, 17% were using Viber application, and 45% told that they use WhatsApp for contacting friends while 53% revealed other modes of communication for social interactions.
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Question No. 14
Table 6.2.14: What sorts of contents are widely accessed by you using social media?
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Videos 132 13.2 13.2 13.2
Poetry 157 15.7 15.7 28.9
Photos 484 48.4 48.4 77.3
Quotations 227 22.7 22.7 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
The above table explains the responses of the respondents with regard to accessing different sorts of contents. It was revealed that 13% were accessing videos, 16% were getting poetry through social media and 48% were downloading or viewing photos while 23% were seeking for quotations.
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The above figure demonstrates the responses of the respondents with regard to accessing different sorts of contents. It was revealed that 13% were accessing videos,
16% were getting poetry through social media and 48% were downloading or viewing photos while 23% were seeking for quotations.
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Question No. 15
Table 6.2.15: Do you update your status daily using social media website?
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Yes 165 16.5 16.5 16.5
No 835 83.5 83.5 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
The table above shows the responses with regard to posting their status on daily basis it was found that majority 85% were not updating their statuses on daily basis while
17% reported to update their statuses on daily basis.
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The table above figures the responses with regard to posting their status on daily basis it was found that majority 85% were not updating their statuses on daily basis while
17% reported to update their statuses on daily basis.
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Question No. 16
Table 6.2.16: Do you send any friend request to unknown people? Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Yes 216 21.6 21.6 21.6
No 784 78.4 78.4 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
With regard to sending request to any unknown person majority 78% of the respondents reported that they don’t send request to unknown on social media while
22% revealed that they do such activity for making new friends on social media.
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The above figure indicates with regard to sending request to any unknown person majority 78% of the respondents reported that they don’t send request to unknown on social media while 22% revealed that they do such activity for making new friends on social media.
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Question No. 17
Table 6.2.17: Do you accept friend request after viewing the profile?
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Yes 894 89.4 89.4 89.4
No 106 10.6 10.6 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
The above table shows the results with regard to accepting unknown friend request on social media (Facebook) and it was found that majority 89% said that they accept the friend request without verifying the profiles of the persons sending them request.
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The above figure shows the results with regard to accepting unknown friend request on social media (Facebook) and it was found that majority 89% said that they accept the friend request without verifying the profiles of the persons sending them request.
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Question No. 18
Table 6.2.18: What is the major purpose of using social media?
Purposes Yes No
To remain in contact with friends 880 (88%) 120 (12%)
To kill the time 539 (54%) 461 (46%)
To seek information 971 (97%) 29 (3%)
To get entertainment 703 (70%) 297 (30%)
Others 600 (60%) 400 (40%)
The above table represents the major motives or purposes of youth to use social media. It was found that 88% shared that they use social media to remain get in touch with associates, 54% revealed that they just use social media for time killing, 97% shared that they seek information only while 70% said that they get entertained with social media while 60% shared other reasons of social media like listening to music, studying movies reviews, getting videos and news etc.
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Question No. 19
Table 6.2.19: Social media is decreasing your social interactions with neighbors.
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Strongly Agree 359 35.9 35.9 35.9
Agree 235 23.5 23.5 59.4
Strongly Disagree 114 11.4 11.4 70.8
Disagree 211 21.1 21.1 91.9
Undecided 81 8.1 8.1 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
The above table indicates the responses of the youth concerning social media are decreasing your social interactions with neighbors. It was revealed that 36% were strongly agreed, 24% were agreed, 11% were strongly disagreed, 21% showed disagreement while only 8% revealed that they are undecided towards this notion.
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The above figure indicates the response of the youth regarding social media is decreasing your social interactions with neighbors. It was revealed that 36% were strongly agreed, 24% were agreed, 11% were strongly disagreed, 21% showed disagreement while only 8% revealed that they are undecided towards this notion.
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Question No. 20
Table 6.2.20: Social media is decreasing your social interactions with relatives.
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Strongly Agree 314 31.4 31.4 31.4
Agree 267 26.7 26.7 58.1
Strongly Disagree 247 24.7 24.7 82.8
Disagree 133 13.3 13.3 96.1
Undecided 39 3.9 3.9 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
The above table indicates the response of the youth regarding social media is decreasing your social interactions with relatives. It was revealed that 31% were strongly agreed, 27% were agreed, 25% were strongly disagreed, 13% showed disagreement while only 4% revealed that they are undecided towards this notion.
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The above figure indicates the response of the youth regarding social media is decreasing your social interactions with relatives. It was revealed that 31% were strongly agreed, 27% were agreed, 25% were strongly disagreed, 13% showed disagreement while only 4% revealed that they are undecided towards this notion.
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Question No. 21
Table 6.2.21: Social media is decreasing your social interactions with family.
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Strongly Agree 93 9.3 9.3 9.3
Agree 107 10.7 10.7 20.0
Strongly Disagree 447 44.7 44.7 64.7
Disagree 298 29.8 29.8 94.5
Undecided 55 5.5 5.5 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
The above table indicates the response of the youth regarding social media is decreasing your social interactions with family. It was revealed that 9% were strongly agreed, 11% were agreed, 45% were strongly disagreed, 30% showed disagreement while only 6% revealed that they are undecided towards this notion.
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The above figure indicates the response of the youth regarding social media is decreasing your social interactions with family. It was revealed that 9% were strongly agreed, 11% were agreed, 45% were strongly disagreed, 30% showed disagreement while almost 6% revealed that they are undecided towards this notion.
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Question No. 22
Table 6.2.22: Social media is decreasing your social interactions with friends.
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Strongly Agree 427 42.7 42.7 42.7
Agree 214 21.4 21.4 64.1
Strongly Disagree 155 15.5 15.5 79.6
Disagree 161 16.1 16.1 95.7
Undecided 43 4.3 4.3 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
The above table indicates the response of the youth concerning social media is decreasing your social interactions with friends. It was revealed that 43% were strongly agreed, 21% were agreed, 16% were strongly disagreed, 16% showed disagreement while only 4% revealed that they are undecided towards this notion.
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The above figure indicates the response of the youth concerning social media is decreasing your social interactions with friends. It was revealed that 43% were strongly agreed, 21% were agreed, 16% were strongly disagreed, 16% showed disagreement while only 4% revealed that they are undecided towards this notion.
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Question No. 23
Table 6.2.23: Due to social media your participation in social activities (like birthday and other activities) is decreasing.
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Strongly Agree 57 5.7 5.7 5.7
Agree 43 4.3 4.3 10.0
Strongly Disagree 518 51.8 51.8 61.8
Disagree 343 34.3 34.3 96.1
Undecided 39 3.9 3.9 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
The above table indicates the responses of the youth; about due to social media participation in their social activities (like birthday and other activities) is decreasing.
It was revealed that 6% were strongly agreed, 4% were agreed, 52% were strongly disagreed, 34% showed disagreement while only 4% revealed that they are undecided towards this notion.
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The above figure indicates the responses of the youth, regarding due to social media participation in their social activities (like birthday and other activities) is decreasing.
It was revealed that 6% were strongly agreed, 4% were agreed, 52% were strongly disagreed, 34% showed disagreement while only 4% revealed that they are undecided towards this notion.
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Question No. 24
Table 6.2.24: Due to use of social media your domestic events is affecting.
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Strongly Agree 41 4.1 4.1 4.1
Agree 60 6.0 6.0 10.1
Strongly Disagree 593 59.3 59.3 69.4
Disagree 272 27.2 27.2 96.6
Undecided 34 3.4 3.4 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
The above table indicates the responses of the youth, about due to social media domestic events are affecting. It was revealed that 4% were strongly agreed, 6% were agreed, 59% were strongly disagreed, 27% showed disagreement while only 3% revealed that they are undecided towards this notion.
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The above figure indicates the responses of the youth, regarding due to social media domestic events are affecting. It was revealed that 4% were strongly agreed, 6% were agreed, 59% were strongly disagreed, 27% showed disagreement while only 3% revealed that they are undecided towards this notion.
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Question 25
Table 6.2.25: Have you any fake account by opposite gender name?
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Yes 71 7.1 7.1 7.1
No 929 92.9 92.9 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
In response to question having fake accounts with the names of opposite gender it was revealed that 93% shared that they don’t have fake accounts on social media while 7% indicated to have account with the names of opposite gender.
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The above figure shows the results in response to question having fake accounts with the names of opposite gender it was revealed that 93% shared that they don’t have fake accounts on social media while 7% indicated to have account with the names of opposite gender.
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Question No. 26
Table 6.2.26: Have you confronted or identified any fake account?
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Yes 63 6.3 6.3 6.3
No 937 93.7 93.7 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
With regard to having any identification of fake account it was revealed that 94% shared not to have identified such accounts on social media while only 6% shared that they have confronted with such fake accounts.
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The above figure indicates the responses with regard to having any identification of fake account it was revealed that 94% shared not to have identified such accounts on social media while only 6% shared that they have confronted with such fake accounts.
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Question No. 27
Table 6.2.27: Do you think that people are misusing the social media creating rumors/disinformation and propagation?
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Yes 772 77.2 77.2 77.2
No 228 22.8 22.8 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
Regarding the misuses of social media or creating or propagating rumors/disinformation it was revealed that majority shared that people propagate through social media as well as create rumors/disinformation while 23% shared that they don’t think so.
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The above figure shows the results regarding the misuses of social media or creating or propagating rumors/disinformation it was revealed that majority shared that people propagate through social media as well as create rumors/disinformation while 23% shared that they don’t think so.
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Question No. 28
Table 6.2.28: Social media is a good source of religious information.
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Strongly Agree 248 24.8 24.8 24.8
Agree 288 28.8 28.8 53.6
Strongly Disagree 169 16.9 16.9 70.5
Disagree 232 23.2 23.2 93.7
Undecided 63 6.3 6.3 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
The above table indicates the response of the youth regarding social media is good source of religious information. It was revealed that 25% were strongly agreed, 29% were agreed, 17% were strongly disagreed, 23% showed disagreement while only 6% revealed that they are undecided towards this notion.
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The above figure indicates the response of the youth regarding social media is good source of religious information. It was revealed that 25% were strongly agreed, 29% were agreed, 17% were strongly disagreed, 23% showed disagreement while only 6% revealed that they are undecided towards this notion.
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Question No. 29
Table 6.2.29: What do you think why social media is becoming popular among youth day by day?
Reason of Popularity Yes No
Easy accessibility 658 (66%) 342 (34%)
Free of cost or cheaper by price 494 (49%) 506 (51%)
Anyone can express his views 629 (63%) 371 (37%)
Making personal identity 298 (30%) 702 (70%)
The above table shows the responses of the respondents towards reasons of becoming social media as popular among youth. The results indicated that 66% shared it is due to easy accessibility, 49% said due to its free of cost and cheaper price, 63% revealed that on social media everyone can express his views while 30% shared that for the sake of making personal identity they use social media as a good reason of becoming popular.
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Question No. 30
Table 6.2.30: Social media is working as a tool of creating awareness on different issues.
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Strongly Agree 645 64.5 64.5 64.5
Agree 173 17.3 17.3 81.8
Strongly Disagree 64 6.4 6.4 88.2
Disagree 91 9.1 9.1 97.3
Undecided 27 2.7 2.7 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
The above table indicates the response of the youth regarding social media is working as a tool of creating awareness on different issues. It was revealed that 65% were strongly agreed, 17% were agreed, 6% were strongly disagreed, 9% showed disagreement while only 3% revealed that they are undecided towards this notion.
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The above figure indicates the response of the youth regarding social media is working as a tool of creating awareness on different issues. It was revealed that 65% were strongly agreed, 17% were agreed, 6% were strongly disagreed, 9% showed disagreement while only 3% revealed that they are undecided towards this notion.
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Question No. 31
Table 6.2.31: Social media has helped you developing a closer relationship with your friends.
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Strongly Agree 358 35.8 35.8 35.8
Agree 404 40.4 40.4 76.2
Strongly Disagree 117 11.7 11.7 87.9
Disagree 93 9.3 9.3 97.2
Undecided 28 2.8 2.8 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
The above table indicates the response of the youth regarding social media has helped you developing a closer relationship with your friends. It was revealed that 36% were strongly agreed, 40% were agreed, 12% were strongly disagreed, 9% showed disagreement while only 3% revealed that they are undecided towards this notion.
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The above figure indicates the response of the youth regarding social media has helped you developing a closer relationship with your friends. It was revealed that
36% were strongly agreed, 40% were agreed, 12% were strongly disagreed, 9% showed disagreement while only 3% revealed that they are undecided towards this notion.
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Question No. 32
Table 6.2.32: Do you think social media is source of more effective communication than other media?
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Yes 858 85.8 85.8 85.8
No 142 14.2 14.2 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
The above table illustrates the findings of the responses of youth about effectiveness of social media than other media sources. It was revealed that majority 86% shared social media as most effective source as compared to other media while only 14% denied this notion.
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The above table shows the findings of the responses of youth regarding effectiveness of social media than other media sources. It was revealed that majority 86% shared social media as most effective source as compared to other media while only 14% denied this notion.
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Question No. 33
Table 6.2.33: Are the following habits being affected by the use of social media?
Habits being Affected Yes No
TV Viewing 524 (52%) 476 (48%)
Newspaper Reading 369 (37%) 631 (63%)
Magazine Reading 599 (60%) 401 (40%)
Listening to Music 273 (27%) 727 (73%)
Visiting Friends 546 (55%) 454 (45%)
Exercise/Workout 433 (43%) 567 (57%)
The above table demonstrates the responses of the respondents with regard to different habits and media exposure due to social media usages among youth. It was revealed that 52% shared that due to social media their TV viewing habit is affected.
37% shared newspapers, 60% shared magazine reading, 27% shared that their music listening has been reduced due to social media. Similarly, 55% revealed their interactions with friends has been reduced due to social media excessive usage while
43% shared that their exercise/workout has disturbed due to social media exposure.
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Question No. 34
Table 6.2.34: Have you attended any event (exhibition, protest, sale, or any discount offer from any out let) which came to your knowledge by social media?
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Often 274 27.4 27.4 27.4
Rarely 412 41.2 41.2 68.6
Once 125 12.5 12.5 81.1
Never 189 18.9 18.9 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
The table above reveals the findings about the information of events, protests or discount which they came to know via social media. It was revealed that 27% shared often they have found such type of information on social media. 41% said rarely they have found such news. In the same way, 13% told they have attended one time after getting it from social media while 19% revealed that they have never found anything relation got any event or exhibition or discount price on any outlet neither they have found such type of information on social media pages.
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The figure above reveals the findings about the information of events, protests or discount which they came to know via social media. It was revealed that 27% shared often they have found such type of information on social media. 41% said rarely they have found such news. In the same way, 13% told they have attended one time after getting it from social media while 19% revealed that they have never found anything relation got any event or exhibition or discount price on any outlet neither they have found such type of information on social media pages.
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Question No. 35
Table 6.2.35: Have you started depending on audio video calling facilities of social media more than telecommunication services?
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Excessively 140 14.0 14.0 14.0
To some Extent 681 68.1 68.1 82.1
Never 179 17.9 17.9 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
The above table explains the results of the respondents with regard to their use of social media for contacting friends for free calling or video chats as greater than other telecommunication services like cellular mobiles. The results indicated that 14% shared that they excessively use social media for calling, 68% shared to some extent while 18% told that they never had done such type of communication using any social media account.
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The above figure demonstrates the results of the respondents with regard to their use of social media for contacting friends for free calling or video chats as greater than other telecommunication services like cellular mobiles. The results indicated that 14% shared that they excessively use social media for calling, 68% shared to some extent while 18% told that they never had done such type of communication using any social media account.
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Question No. 36
Table 6.2.36: Social media affecting your daily life style.
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Strongly Agree 207 20.7 20.7 20.7
Agree 149 14.9 14.9 35.6
Strongly Disagree 378 37.8 37.8 73.4
Disagree 209 20.9 20.9 94.3
Undecided 57 5.7 5.7 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
The above table indicates the response of the youth regarding social media is affecting their daily life style. It was revealed that 21% were strongly agreed, 15% were agreed,
38% were strongly disagreed, 21% showed disagreement while only 6% revealed that they are undecided towards this notion.
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The above figure indicates the response of the youth regarding social media is affecting their daily life style. It was revealed that 21% were strongly agreed, 15% were agreed, 38% were strongly disagreed, 21% showed disagreement while only 6% revealed that they are undecided towards this notion.
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Question No. 37
Table 6.2.37: What is your opinion about the utility of social media in our society?
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Positive 740 74.0 74.0 74.0
Negative 260 26.0 26.0 100.0
Total 1000 100.0 100.0
The above table explains the results of respondents with regard to utility of social media in our society as a positive or negative. The findings indicate that majority 74% shared that the utility of social media is positive form them while 26% shared it is negative.
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The above figure shows the results of respondents with regard to utility of social media in our society as a positive or negative. The findings indicate that majority 74% shared that the utility of social media is positive form them while 26% shared it is negative.
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6.3 Cross Tabulation
Question No. 8:
What is the main source of information about events and happenings?
Table 6.3.8.1: Education
What is the main source of information about events and happenings? Social TV Newspapers Others Total Media Under Matric / 32 77 14 0 123 Matriculation 26.0% 62.6% 11.4% .0 % 100.0% 76 170 41 11 298 Intermediate 25.5% 57.0% 13.8% 3.7% 100.0% 9 264 41 12 326 Graduation 2.8% 81.0% 12.6% 3.7% 100.0% 92 133 28 0 253 Post-Graduation 36.4% 52.6% 11.1% .0% 100.0% 209 644 124 23 1000 Total 20.9% 64.4% 12.4% 2.3% 100.0%
The above table represents the cross tabulation of education and sources of information about different events and happenings. The date presented in the table indicates that social media was considered as the major source of information about different events and happenings. Education was the contributing factor determining the social media as the leading sources of information as compared to other sources like TV, newspapers or others. As it can be easily perceived from the findings that graduate level youth was more likely to share that social media is the dominant source of information for them as compared to other sources. In this way, it can be safely said that education was the influential variable with regard to consideration of social media as leading source of information.
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Table 6.3.8.2: Age
What is the main source of information about events and happenings? Yes No Total 285 0 285 17-19 Years 100.0% .0% 100.0% 338 38 376 20-22 Years 89.9% 10.1% 100.0% 235 104 339 23-25 Years 69.3% 30.7% 100.0% 858 142 1000 Total 85.8% 14.2% 100.0%
The above mentioned table demonstrates the cross tabulation of age group and sources of information about different events and happenings. The data indicates that age groups were also determining the behavior of the youth towards social media consideration as major and dominant source of information. As it can be seen that the youth aged between 17-19 years were more likely to share social media as chief source of information while among the higher age group this ratio was little lower but the difference was significant among them.
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Question No. 9:
How many social media sites you use usually?
Table 6.3.9.1: Internet Facility
How many social media sites you use usually? 1-2 Websites 3-5 Websites More than 5 Total 124 87 2 213 Land Line DSL 58.2% 40.8% .9% 100.0% 173 127 0 300 Wi-Fi/Wireless 57.7% 42.3% .0% 100.0% 96 0 0 96 Cable Net 100.0% .0% .0 % 100.0% 337 5 49 391 Mobile Data 86.2% 1.3% 12.5% 100.0% 730 219 51 1000 Total 73.0% 21.9% 5.1% 100.0%
The above table represents the cross tabulation of internet facility and social media sites accessing among youth of southern Punjab. As the table data communicates in a vivid manner that there was difference of accessing number of social media websites among youth having different types of internet facility. As the land line/DSL users were less likely to access the more than 5 social media sites similarly, youth having cable and Wi-Fi were also unable to access more sites. But the findings quite interestingly revealed that those having mobile data connection on their cellular phones were accessing more social media sites as compared to other devices available to them for internet access.
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Question No. 14:
What sorts of contents widely accessed by you using social media?
Table 6.3.14.1: Gender
What sorts of contents widely accessed by you using social media? Videos Poetry Photos Quotations Total 132 157 340 9 638 Male 20.7% 24.6% 53.3% 1.4% 100.0% 0 0 144 218 362 Female .0% .0% 39.8% 60.2% 100.0% 132 157 484 227 1000 Total 13.2% 15.7% 48.4% 22.7% 100.0%
The above table denotes the cross tabulation of gender and widely accessed social media sites among the youth. As the data shows that among almost 53% were sharing photos while among females 40% were sharing photos on social media sites which were lesser as that of their counterparts. The overall results conveyed that photo sharing activity was higher among all respondents as compared to video sharing/downloading, accessing quotations or poetry using social media.
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Table 6.3.14.2: Age
What sorts of contents widely accessed by you using social media? Videos Poetry Photos Quotations Total 17-19 105 72 108 0 285 Years 36.8% 25.3% 37.9% .0% 100.0% 20-22 1 72 152 151 376 Years .3% 19.1% 40.4% 40.2% 100.0% 23-25 26 13 224 76 339 Years 7.7% 3.8% 66.1% 22.4% 100.0% 132 157 484 227 1000 Total 13.2% 15.7% 48.4% 22.7% 100.0%
The above table of age group and accessing social media content shows clear cut indication that age group was also influencing the content accessing behavior as lesser age group were more likely to share poetry as they were dominantly sharing photos on social media as their preference activity. Similarly, the higher age group youth were less likely to share poetry their tendency towards photo sharing and quotation sharing while using social media.
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Table 6.3.14.3: Education
What sorts of contents widely accessed by you using social media? Videos Poetry Photos Quotations Total Under Matric / 28 15 71 9 123 Matriculation 22.8% 12.2% 57.7% 7.3% 100.0% 54 37 169 38 298 Intermediate 18.1% 12.4% 56.7% 12.8% 100.0% 9 80 123 114 326 Graduation 2.8% 24.5% 37.7% 35. % 100.0% Post- 41 25 121 66 253 Graduation 16.2% 9.9% 47.8% 26.1% 100.0% 132 157 484 227 1000 Total 13.2% 15.7% 48.4% 22.7% 100.0%
The education and widely accessed contents on social media by youth cross tabulation shows that youth with less education level was more likely to share quotation on different social media sites as compared to higher educated youth respondents. The overall picture conveniently communicates photo sharing as their dominant and frequently activity accessing or sharing photos on social media.
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Table 6.3.14.4: Employment Status
What sorts of contents widely accessed by you using social media? Videos Poetry Photos Quotations Total 103 140 140 0 383 Employed 26.9% 36.6% 36.6 % .0% 100.0% 29 17 344 227 617 Unemployed 4.7% 2.8% 55.8% 36.8% 100.0% 132 157 484 227 1000 Total 13.2% 15.7% 48.4% 22.7% 100.0%
The above table denotes the cross tabulation of employment status and widely accessed content on social media by youth of southern Punjab. It is vivid and clear from the data given in the table that almost majority of the participants/respondents were sharing and accessing photos as the leading activity on social media as compared to accessing videos, poetry and quotations while using social media sites.
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Question No. 25:
Have any fake account by opposite gender name?
Table 6.3.25.1: Gender
Videos Poetry Total 2 636 638 Male 0.3% 99.7% 100.0% 69 293 362 Female 19.1% 80.9% 100.0% 71 929 1000 Total 7.1% 92.9% 100.0%
The above table shows the cross tabulation of gender and their fake accounts with opposite gender names. The data presented in the table in a clear cut manner conveys that females were having more fake accounts on social media. The overall picture communicates that majority denied to have fake accounts or accounts with opposite gender names on social media sites.
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Question No. 35:
Have you started depending on audio video calling facilities of social media more than telecommunication services?
Table 6.3.35.4: Employment Status
Have you started depending on audio video calling facilities of social media more than telecommunication services? To some Excessively Never Total Extent 0 374 9 383 Employed .0% 97.7% 2.3% 100.0% 140 307 170 617 Unemployed 22.7% 49.8% 27.6% 100.0% 140 681 179 1000 Total 14.0% 68.1% 17.9% 100.0%
The above table illustrates the cross tabulation of employment status and dependency on social media on provision of audio video facility and its usage among youth of southern Punjab. The data shows that employed were less likely to avail audio video calling facility provided by some social media sites/applications as compared to unemployed who were more likely to share their dependency on this facility as being used by them.
Apart from above mentioned findings with the demographic variables which were highly associated towards the hypothesized statements of the researcher. The detailed cross tabulation of other variables is being given in the appendixes section for more understandings of the readers. (See appendix C for details)
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Chapter 7 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Media has become an integral part of our lives now we are living in computer mediated communication world. Our ways of life as well as lifestyles are highly influenced through the information communicated by different media sources.
The current study aimed to explore and investigate the social media uses and gratifications among youth of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Southern Punjab is less privileged area of Punjab province as compare to other regions of the province. The reason to focus this area was to determine the communication patterns and social media usage patterns among the youth.
The researcher aimed to investigate the social media usage behavior, preferences, gratification and motives of the youth aged between 17-25 years to measure the prospects and problems of social media usage patterns. It also aimed to investigate the dependency of the youth in terms of seeking relaxation, information, knowledge or other entertainment through different website of social media on internet. The researcher also focused on demographic variables like age, gender, education, employment status and type of internet facility to draw conclusions from their usage patterns. This research also measured the level of impact of social media on social interactions, on religious information and level of trust and reliability over the information provided by social media websites. Moreover, how social media is going to influence the fashion trends among the youth of Southern Punjab region. The researcher also explored the misuse of social media sites by fake IDs or names with opposite genders to examine the problems and issues relating to social media usage. Last but not the least, this research also investigated the reasons behind extensive use of social media including the status updating frequency, especially, on Facebook to measure the level of dependency on social media sites for social interaction or other motives.
The researcher has reviewed a significant number of studies based on uses of social media and its impact focusing on youth. The crux of those studies conducted on national and international level is given in detail manner in the chapter of literature review. This research study is based on uses and gratification theory of the media and social learning theory as its theoretical framework.
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In accordance with the need and nature of research work the researcher has utilized survey research by considering as a suitable research plan for the purpose of data collection and analysis. Primarily, the focus of the study was youth and their social media behavior with regard to problems and challenges. The youth of Southern Punjab was selected as study’s population to draws the sample for the analysis. The researcher used purposive sampling method to take the sample from the population. Three selected districts which are divisional headquarters of Southern Punjab, Pakistan were visited to draw sample of youth aged between 17-25 years old. The sample allocation and probability was done by considering the population strength of the selected districts as per statistics given by Federal Bureau Statistics of Pakistan and Punjab Development Statistics. By calculating the percentage of each selected districts in the total population of Southern Punjab the probability of sample was taken into account. A total of 1200 respondents sample was determined by the researcher to collect the responses of the individuals using social media. For the data collection, a pre-constructed questionnaire was used to record the responses of the respondents. The questionnaire was developed and updated after conducted pilot study of 100 respondents to screen the questionnaire. The questionnaire was translated into Urdu language for the convenience of the research respondents so they may answer the questions asked in the questionnaire quite easily. The researcher himself visited the selected districts for the purpose of data collection. The responses of the youth respondents were coded into a coding sheet developed in MS Excel and then it was processed into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for the analysis to draw tables and figures by generating the results and findings.
7.1 Summary of the Results
Out of 1200 respondents, 1000 responded the questionnaire that was using social media with different frequencies. Out of 1000, 638 were male while 362 were females in the total sample. Similarly, the other demographic variables details are given in the findings. The findings indicated that almost most of the respondents were having social media accounts but Facebook users were dominant as compared to other social networking sites. Majority of the youth were using social media sites with higher frequency in their daily routines. Most of the respondents shared to use social media between 2-4 hours per day while even some were using social media for more than 7
138 | P a g e Chapter 7: Discussion and Conclusion hours per day but their number was only 117 in the total sample. Moreover, a higher number of respondents shared their opinion towards their free uses of social media accounts of their choices without interruption or any influence of their parents or guardians.
A significant majority were using social media sites for the sake of entertainment, personal identity and for global contact as revealed by the respondents. A clear majority were showing the information like photos, date of birth and place of work on their social media profiles. Furthermore, almost most the respondents also shared that they are addicted to use social media as well as they were considering the social media as a dominant source of information about different events happenings. The most of the youth respondents were accessing 1-2 social websites which were dominant in their usage patterns. It was also revealed by the findings that most users were using social media in night as their preferred time of use. As per results, it was revealed by majority that they are getting positive information from using social media sites. Similarly, it was also considered by the most of the respondents that social media is introducing new fashion trends in society. Cell phones and WhatsApp were the leading ways to for contacts among most of the social media users in South Punjab region.
The finding also showed that videos, photos and quotations were the leading content being accessed by the most of the respondents using social networking sites on the internet. The most of the respondents shared that they don’t update their status on daily basis on social media sites. The youth respondents were not sending friend request to unknown people. Similarly, they were also accepting the friends request after viewing profile of the friends sending them friend requests. In response to question about the major reasons of using social media, majority shared that to remain in contact with friends, to seek information and entertainment as their major reasons of using social media sites. Besides, almost a significant number of respondents responded that due to social media their interaction with the neighbors, friends, family and relatives has been decreased. But they also shared that their participation in different activities like events and birthdays is not influenced due to social media use. A clear majority tend to agree with the notion that social media has affected their domestic events. Almost most of the respondents and social media users in Southern
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Punjab were not having fake IDs or names with opposite genders for cheating others nor have they found or confronted with such fake IDs. With the negative uses of social media majority revealed that social media is being misused by creating rumors/disinformation or propagating negatively. Even a great number of respondents considering social media are a good source of religious information too. It was also discovered that due to freely expression of thoughts and easy and cheaper accessibility of social media it has become popular among youth. Moreover, social media has also facilitating them to create awareness about different issues. It has also helped them to develop a closer relationship with friends. Majority was considering social media as most effective tool as compared to other media forms. TV viewing, magazine reading and interaction with friends has also been decreased due to social media usage among youth. Most of the youth respondents shared that they have not attended any exhibition, event or party after getting informed by social media. The video calling facility by using social media was not so much common and frequent among the youth of South Punjab, Pakistan. Most of the respondents declared social media as blessing for being dominant source of information.
The demographic variables were also contributing towards difference of opinions among youth with regards to problems and challenges of social media usage. There was significant association between education and consideration of social media as a major source of information about different events and happenings. The age groups was also determining the nature of social media usages among youth as the young respondents with lesser age group were more likely to think social media as major source of information as compared to other media. Furthermore, the available internet facility was also influencing the number of website accessed among youth. Similarly, the unemployed were more likely to depend on audio video calling facility provided by social media as compared to employed ones. The photo sharing activity was the preferred activity by the majority of the youth groups as compared to other activities like accessing poetry, videos and quotations. Quite interestingly, the female respondents were more likely to have accounts on social media with opposite gender names as compared to male respondents.
The above findings also supports significantly that the youth respondents belonging to different socio-economic background were differently interpreting the social media
140 | P a g e Chapter 7: Discussion and Conclusion uses which is going to support the uses and gratifications theory presented by Blumer & Katz. The youth members with different age groups were accessing different content on social media as well as their patterns and preferences were not the same. The education variable was also significantly contributing towards social media uses as higher educated were more probable to use social media for education purposes and seeking information rather to spend their time watching entertainment content on social networking sites. Similar, social learning theory is also being supported by the results as most of the respondents were also learning latest fashion trends and life styles after exposing to social media sites. Even some of respondents also shared that social media is blessing as becoming popular and dominant source of learning for them by providing almost all sorts of information. The youth respondents not only acquiring information but as well as due to social media content they were getting influence like most of the respondents shared that their interactions with friends, peers, relatives and neighbors has been decreased due to heavy usages of social networking sites but on the other hand they were getting information about different events and happening from social media exposure.
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7.2 Hypotheses Testing
H1:
There would be significant association between education and consideration of social media as a major source of information about different events and happenings.
The findings also supported this proposed statement of the researcher that education was the leading and contributing variable governing the use of social media as major source of information.
Statistical Testing:
Respondents X N Sample P Conclusion
Graduate 264 327 0.181321 Significant
Under Matric/ 77 123 0.101074 - Matriculation
Difference = p (1) - p (2) Estimate for difference: 0.181323 95% lower bound for difference: 0.101094 Test for difference = 0 (vs > 0): Chi Square value = 3.72 P-Value = 0.000 Fisher's exact test: P-Value = 0.000
The statistical analysis shows that there was significant association between education and consideration of social media as major sources of information about different events and happenings as compared to other sources like TV, newspaper and others. As the chi square application of the test indicates the calculated P-value>0.05 which means the difference was significant. Therefore, the research hypothesis has approved and null has been disapproved.
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H2:
It is more likely that the young respondents with lesser age group would more likely to think social media as major source of information as compared to other media.
The obtained finings clearly communicated the picture that age group was also a responsible variable which was defining social media usage behavior as a major source of information. The results also supported this proposed statement of the researcher.
Statistical Testing:
Respondents X N Sample P Conclusion
17-19 years 285 285 0.132131 Significant
23-25 years 235 339 0.011131 -
Difference = p (1) - p (2) Estimate for difference: 0.306785 95% lower bound for difference: 0.265586 Test for difference = 0 (vs > 0): Chi Square Value = 12.25 P-Value = 0.000 Fisher's exact test: P-Value = 0.000
The statistical analysis also supported the above said notion that age group was also influencing the social media usage behavior towards considering it as major source of information as compared to other sources. As the P-value>0.05 which indicated the significant difference of opinion among lesser age group of youth and higher age group of youth. So, this hypothesis stands approved and the null disapproved.
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H3:
It is more likely that the available internet facility would determine the number of website accessed among youth.
The findings obtained from the respondents indicated the strong support towards this hypothesized statement that youth having the mobile data connection on their cellular phones were more likely to visit more than 5 social media sites as compared to other internet facilities which clearly means that available internet facility was also a leading variable determining the user’s behavior towards social media.
Statistical Testing:
Respondents X N Sample P Conclusion
Mobile data 337 391 0.458791 Significant
Land Line/DSL 124 213 0.002141 -
Difference = p (1) - p (2) Estimate for difference: 0.115930 95% lower bound for difference: 0.0863220 Test for difference = 0 (vs > 0): Chi Square Value = 6.44 P-Value = 0.000 Fisher's exact test: P-Value = 0.000
The statistical analysis also supported this hypothesis and the obtained calculations were in strong support of the research hypothesis as the P-value of chi square test was greater than 0.05 which means the difference was significant. Hence, the research hypothesis stands approved.
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H4:
The photo sharing activity would be the preferred activity by the majority of the youth groups as compared to other activities like accessing poetry, videos and quotations.
The findings revealed that photos sharing/accessing activity was the prevailing activity among youth of Southern Punjab which supports the researcher proposition with regard to widely accessed content on social media. The results support the hypothesized statement strongly.
Statistical Testing:
Respondents X N Sample P Conclusion
Photos 484 1000 0.004710 Significant
Videos 131 1000 0.0356214 -
Difference = p (1) - p (2) Estimate for difference: 0.126922 95% lower bound for difference: 0.1111231 Test for difference = 0 (vs. > 0): Chi Square Value = 8.43 P-Value = 0.000 Fisher's exact test: P-Value = 0.000
The statistical analysis clearly demonstrates that there was a significant difference between preferences of photo sharing activity over other activities among youth while using social networking media sites. The P-Value of the chi square test clearly communicates significant preference of photo sharing as compared to videos sharing, poetry or quotation sharing on social media. Thus the research hypothesis is approved.
145 | P a g e Chapter 7: Discussion and Conclusion
H5:
The female respondents would more likely to have accounts on social media with opposite gender names as compared to male respondents.
The obtained findings strongly supported this notion that females were having more fake accounts as compared to male respondents on social media which approves the research hypothesis as there was significant difference among males and females with regard to having fake accounts.
Statistical Testing:
Respondents X N Sample P Conclusion
Male 2 638 0.023471 -
Female 69 362 0.002311 Significant
Difference = p (1) - p (2) Estimate for difference: 0.187473 95% lower bound for difference: 0.153322 Test for difference = 0 (vs > 0): Chi Square Value = 9.03 P-Value = 0.000 Fisher's exact test: P-Value = 0.000
The statistical analysis of the findings clearly depicts the significant difference among males and females with reference to have fake accounts on social media. The Chi Square application resulted in differentiating significant difference. The P-value >0.05 and thus the research hypothesis stands true and approved strongly.
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H6:
The unemployed would more likely to depend on audio video calling facility provided by social media as compared to employed ones.
The obtained results supported the proposed statement of the researcher with regard to audio video calling facility that unemployed would more likely to depend on audio video calling facility provided by social media as compared to employed ones.
Statistical Testing:
Respondents X N Sample P Conclusion
Employed 0 383 0.114133 -
Unemployed 140 617 0.002311 Significant
Difference = p (1) - p (2) Estimate for difference: 0.226904 95% lower bound for difference: 0.199170 Test for difference = 0 (vs > 0): Chi Square Value = 13.46 P-Value = 0.000 Fisher's exact test: P-Value = 0.000
The Chi Square statistical test also supported the difference of audio video calling facility consumption among employed and unemployed as employed were less likely to avail this facility provided by social media sites/applications while this degree of usage among the unemployed was more than that of employed ones. The P-value was >0.05 and the difference were significant among the employed and unemployed with regard to audio video facility utilization.
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7.3 Hurdles and Problems Faced In Research
The researcher also faced a numerous problems especially in data collection. The Southern Punjab, Pakistan is under developing area as compared to other areas of Punjab Province as literacy rate is quite low and most of the people belong to labor class and linked with agriculture profession. There is not research culture and it was difficult for the researcher to get their consent to respond to the questionnaire. Even some denied responding while this attitude was also observed in educated individuals to because some of them also did not returned the questionnaire after responding it some did not filled complete questionnaire by responding all the questions in the questionnaire. The travel was not easy as most of the region transport facility was difficult to access particularly in Dera Ghazi Khan District.
7.4 Suggestions for Further Research
After compilation of the results and findings on the social media usage patterns among youth of Southern Punjab, Pakistan the researcher has recommended the following areas for the future researchers for further research on the topic;
✓ This research study can be extended to other provinces of the Pakistan with regard to measure the uses and gratification of social media among youth. ✓ The similar study can be conducted on the usage patterns of teenagers and school going students who are addicted to social media uses. ✓ The further research can also explore the impact of social media on different groups of population by focusing its uses and misuses among users. ✓ How social media is being used by different institutions and agencies as a tool of awareness by becoming so much popular and famous among its users in Pakistan. ✓ In the country like Pakistan the impact of social media on behavior change and mental health can also be explored. ✓ Impact of social media as a learning outcome for promotion of education and as an informative tool can also be investigated. ✓ The research study on social media as a tool of election campaigning and on voting behavior can also be conducted in future.
148 | P a g e Chapter 7: Discussion and Conclusion
✓ How people of misusing social media violating the ethics as it has become unbridle among users and people can share everything which they want to disseminate in the context of code of ethics. ✓ How social media is being harnessing to promote health communication especially with regard to Polio eradication in Pakistan.
7.5 Recommendations for Policy Makers and Government
The researcher has also suggested some recommendations to improve the legal use of social media among its users in Pakistan;
✓ The government should take radical steps to formulate a uniform code of ethics to use social media to avoid its misuse and other violation of ethics. ✓ PTA should also monitor and control the traffic with regard to legal usage of social media among the users in an effective manner. ✓ Hate speech and propagation of anti-state material should be banned on social media and it should be regularly monitored by the concerned authorities. ✓ There should be legislation on cybercrimes to control the misuses of social media. ✓ The government should take advanced measures to promote the legal and right uses of social media and it should be the part of curriculum in schools, colleges and universities to avoid any issues. ✓ Seminars and awareness sessions should be conducted at institutional and community level to disseminate and promote positive uses of social media.
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163 | P a g e Appendices
APPENDICES
164 | P a g e Appendix – A: Profile of Punjab
Appendix – A PROFILE OF PUNJAB
165 | P a g e Appendix – A: Profile of Punjab
APPENDIX-A: PROFILE OF PUNJAB
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PROFILE OF PUNJAB
Punjab is the most developed and populous province of Pakistan and Lahore is the provincial capital and Punjab's main cultural, historical, administrative and economic center. The Punjab province of Pakistan is by far the country's most populous and prosperous region and is home to the Punjabis and various other groups. Neighboring areas are Sindh to the south, Balochistan and KPK Province to the west, Pakistani administered Azad Kashmir, Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir and Islamabad to the north and Indian Punjab and Rajasthan to the east. The main languages are the Punjabi, Urdu and Saraiki. The provincial capital is Lahore. The name Punjab literally translates from the Persian words Pañj, meaning "five" and Āb meaning "water". Thus "Punjab" can be translated as "(the) five waters"- and hence the land of the five rivers, referring to the Indus, Ravi, Sutlej, Chenab and Jhelum rivers. Punjabi is a major language of the Punjab. Punjabis are heterogeneous group with different communities and tribes. The dialects spoken in different regions of the land have a common vocabulary and a shared heritage. The shared heritage also extends to a common faith, Islam. The people of Punjab have also a shared spiritual experience, which has been disseminated by Tassawwaf and can be witnessed on the occasion of the remembrance-fairs held on the Urs of Sufi Saints.
Religions
Muslim 97 percent, Christian, Hindu, and other 3 percent.
People
The people of Punjab ethnically belong to a pluralistic pattern of life but they have a common identity. They have one common faith, Islam and they proudly share its glorious traditions in their thought and conduct. In their religious sensibility, in folklore, in regional and domestic culture and in their hopes and aspirations the people have a common identity. The dialects spoken in different regions of the land have a common vocabulary and a shared heritage. The people of Punjab also have a shared spiritual experience which has been disseminated by Tassawwaf and can be witnessed on the occasion of the remembrance festivals held on the Urs of great Sufi Saints.
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DISTRICTS
THERE ARE 36 DISTRICTS IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN.
1. Attock 13. Kasur 25. Okara
2. Bahawalnagar 14. Khanewal 26. Pakpattan
3. Bahawlpur 15. Khushab 27. Rahim Yar Khan
4. Chakwal 16. Lahore 28. Rajanpur
5. Bhakkar 17. Layyah 29. Rawalpindi
6. Dera Ghazi Khan 18. Lodhran 30. Sahiwal
7. Faisalabad 19. Mandi Bahauddin 31. Sargodha
8. Gujranwala 20. Mianwali 32. Sheikhupura
9. Gujrat 21. Multan 33. Sialkot
10. Hafizabad 22. Muzaffargarh 34. Toba Tek Singh
11. Jhang 23. Narowal 35. Vehari
12. Jhelum 24. Nankana Sahib 36. Chiniot
Geography
Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province at 205,344 km2 (79,284 sq mi) after Balochistan and is located at the northwestern edge of the geologic Indian plate in South Asia. The province is bordered by Kashmir (Azad Kashmir, Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir) to the north-east, the Indian states of Punjab and Rajasthan to the east, the Pakistani province of Sindh to the south, the province of Balochistan to the southwest, the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, and the Islamabad Capital Territory to the north.
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The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the historical capital of the wider Punjab region. Other important cities include Bahawalpur, Gujrat, Multan, Faisalabad, Sheikhupura, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Jhelum and Rawalpindi. Undivided Punjab is home to six rivers, of which five flows through Pakistani Punjab. From west to east, these are: the Indus, Jhelum, Beas, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. Nearly 60% of Pakistan's population lives in the Punjab. It is the nation's only province that touches every other province; it also surrounds the federal enclave of the national capital city at Islamabad. This geographical position and a large multi-ethnic population strongly influence Punjab's outlook on national affairs and induces in Punjab a keen awareness of the problems of the Pakistan's other important provinces and territories. In the acronym P-A-K-I-S-T-A-N, the P is for PUNJAB.
The province is a mainly a fertile region along the river valleys, while sparse deserts can be found near the border with Rajasthan and the Sulaiman Range. The region contains the Thar and Cholistan deserts. The Indus River and its many tributaries traverse the Punjab from north to south. The landscape is amongst the most heavily irrigated on earth and canals can be found throughout the province. Weather extremes are notable from the hot and barren south to the cool hills of the north. The foothills of the Himalayas are found in the extreme north as well.
Language
The main language of the province is Punjabi, Sairaki and Hindko classified as dialects of Punjabi by some linguists and as distinct languages by some others, have recently been standardized. The national census of Pakistan has tabulated the prevalence of Saraiki and Hindko speakers since 1981.
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DISTRICTS OF PUNJAB
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History
Ancient History
Punjab during Mahabharata times was known as Panchanada. Punjab was part of the Indus Valley Civilization, more than 4000 years old. The main site of the Indus Valley Civilization in Punjab was the city of Harrapa. The Indus Valley Civilization spanned much of what is today Pakistan and eventually evolved into the Indo-Aryan civilization. The arrival of the Indo-Aryans led to the flourishing of the Vedic civilization along the length of the Indus River. This civilization shaped subsequent cultures in South Asia and Afghanistan. Although the archaeological site at Harappa was partially damaged when engineers constructing the Lahore-Multan railroad used brick from the Harappa ruins for track ballast, an abundance of artifacts have nevertheless been found. Punjab was part of the great ancient empires including the Gandhara Mahajanapadas, Achaemenids, Macedonians, Mauryas, Kushans, Guptas and Hindu Shahi. Agriculture flourished and trading cities (such as Multan and Lahore) grew in wealth. Punjab was part of the Vedic Civilization. Due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attack and influence from the west. Invaded by the Persians, Greeks, Kushans, Scythians, Turks, and Afghans, Punjab witnessed centuries of foreign invasions. The city of Taxila, founded by son of Taksh the son Bharat who was the brother of Ram. It was reputed to house the oldest university in the world, Takshashila University, one of the teachers was the great Vedic thinker and politician Chanakya. Taxila was a great centre of learning and intellectual discussion during the Maurya Empire. It is a UN World Heritage site, valued for its archaeological and religious history.
Greek, Central Asians and Persian Empires
Mahmud and Ayaz
The Sultan is to the right, shaking the hand of the sheykh, with Ayaz standing behind him. Mahmud of Ghazni appointed Malik Ayaz as the ruler of Lahore, Punjab during the Ghaznavid era.
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The northwestern part of the South Asia, including Punjab, was repeatedly invaded or conquered by various foreign empires, such as those of Tamerlane, Alexander the Great and Genghis Khan. Having conquered Drangiana, Arachosia, Gedrosia and Seistan in ten days, Alexander crossed the Hindu Kush and was thus fully informed of the magnificence of the country and its riches in gold, gems and pearls. However, Alexander had to encounter and reduce the tribes on the border of Punjab before entering the luxuriant plains. Having taken a northeasterly direction, he marched against the Aspii (mountaineers), who offered vigorous resistance, but were subdued. Alexander then marched through Ghazni, blockaded Magassa, and then marched to Ora and Bazira. Turning to the northeast, Alexander marched to Pucela, the capital of the district now known as Pakhli. He entered Western Punjab, where the ancient city of Nysa (at the site of modern day Mong) was situated. A coalition was formed against Alexander by the Cathians, the people of Multan, who were very skillful in war. Alexander invested many troops, eventually killing seventeen thousand Cathians in this battle, and the city of Sagala (present-day Sialkot) was razed to the ground. Alexander left Punjab in 326 B.C. and took his army to Persia and Susa.
Arrival of Islam
The Punjabis followed a diverse plethora of faiths, mainly comprising Hindus, when the Muslim Umayyad army led by Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Southern Punjab in 712, by defeating Raja Dahir. The Umayyad Caliphate was the second Islamic caliphate established after the death of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). It was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, whose name derives from Umayya ibn Abd Shams, the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph. Although the Umayyad family originally came from the city of Mecca, their capital was Damascus. Muhammad bin Qasim was the first to bring message of Islam to the population of Punjab. Over the next millennium Punjab was part of Muslim Empires consisting of Afghans, Pashtoon, and Turkic in cooperation with local Punjabi tribes and others, which facilitated a millennium long Islamic dominance across South Asia and with its peak during large parts of the Mughal Empire. During the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni, the province became an important centre with Lahore as its second capital of the Ghaznavid Empire based out of Afghanistan.
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Mughal Empire
The Mughals controlled the region from 1524 until around 1739 and would also lavish the province with building projects such as the Shalimar Gardens and the Badshahi Mosque, both situated in Lahore. Muslim soldiers, traders, architects, theologians and Sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world to the Islamic Sultanate in South Asia and some may have settled in the Punjab. Following the decline of the Mughals, the Shah of Iran and founder of the Afsharid dynasty in Persia, Nader Shah crossed the Indus and sacked the province in 1739. Later, the Afghan conqueror Ahmad Shah Durrani, incidentally born in Panjab, in the city of Multan made the Punjab a part of his Durrani Empire lasting until 1762.
Afghan Empire
The founder of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Durrani an ethnic Pashtun (Afghan) established the first united Afghan Kingdom (Greater Afghanistan) that during its greatest extent included modern-day Afghanistan, some western fringes of Punjab and northeastern Iran. Many ethnic Afghan or Pashtun tribes have made Pakistan's Punjab their home over the centuries. These tribes include the Khugyanis known as Khakwanis, Alizais, Tareens, Durranis, Mullazais, Niazis, Khattaks, Yousafzais, Sadozais, Tahirkheli, Utmanzais, Bangash, Mashwani, Lodhis, Kakars, Kakazais and Barakzais to name a few.
Maratha Empire
The Millennium long period of Muslim Empires were coming to an end and a turbulent period would follow. In 1758, the general of the Hindu Maratha Empire, Raghunath Rao invaded Lahore and Attock. Timur Shah Durrani who was the son and viceroy of Ahmad Shah Abdali and was already weakened by Sikh army and was drove out of Punjab with the important and necessary help of Sikhs. Lahore, Multan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Kashmir and other subahs on the south and eastern side of Peshawar, were under the Maratha rule for the most part. In Punjab and Kashmir, the Marathas were now major players. The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 1761, Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded the Maratha territory of Punjab and captured remnants
174 | P a g e Appendix – A: Profile of Punjab of the Maratha Empire in Punjab and Kashmir regions and re-consolidated control over them.
Sikh Empire
In mid fifteenth century, the religion of Sikhism was born. During the Mughal Empire, due to the strong and righteous approach many Hindus increasingly adopted Sikhism. These became a formidable military force against the Mughal Era and later against the Afghan Empire. After fighting Ahmad Shah Durrani in the later eighteenth century, the Sikhs took control of Punjab and managed to establish the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, which lasted from 1799 to 1849. The capital of Ranjit Singh's empire was Lahore and the empire also extended into Afghanistan and Kashmir.
British Empire
Maharaja Ranjit Singh's death in the summer of 1839 brought political chaos and the subsequent battles of succession and the bloody infighting between the factions at court weakened the state. Relationships with neighboring British territories then broke down, starting the First Anglo-Sikh War; this led to a British official being resident in Lahore and the annexation in 1849 of territory south of the Satluj to British India. After the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849, the Sikh Empire became the last territory to be merged into British India. Some parts of Pakistani Punjab also served as the centre of resistance in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
Independence
The predominantly Muslim population of Western Punjab supported the Muslim League and Pakistan Movement. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India while Muslim refugees from India settled in the Western Punjab and Sindh. In 1947 the Punjab province of British India was divided along religious lines into West Punjab and East Punjab. Western Punjab was assimilated into the new country of Pakistan, while East Punjab became a part of modern-day India. This led to massive rioting as both sides committed atrocities against fleeing refugees. The British Punjab, of which Punjab (Pakistan) forms a
175 | P a g e Appendix – A: Profile of Punjab major region today, was home to a large minority population of Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus unto 1947 apart from the Muslim majority. At the time of independence in 1947, due to the ensuing horrendous exchange of populations, the Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus migrated to India and Punjabi Muslims were uprooted similarly from their homes in East Punjab which now forms part of India.
Recent History
Since the 1950s, Punjab industrialized rapidly. New factories were established in Lahore, Multan, Gujrat, Gujranwala and Sialkot. Agriculture continues to be the largest sector of Punjab's economy. The province is the breadbasket of the country as well as home to the largest ethnic group in Pakistan. As a result most rural areas are dominated by a small set of feudalistic land-owning families. In the 1950s there was tension between the eastern and western halves of Pakistan. In order to address the situation, a new formula resulted in the abolition of the province status for Punjab in 1955. It was merged into a single province West Pakistan. In 1972, after East Pakistan seceded and became Bangladesh, Punjab again became a province.
Punjab witnessed major battles between the armies of India and Pakistan in the wars of 1965 and 1971. Since the 1990s Punjab hosted several key sites of Pakistan's nuclear program such as Kahuta. It also hosts major military bases such as at Sargodha and Rawalpindi. The peace process between India and Pakistan, which began in earnest in 2004, has helped pacify the situation. Trade and people-to-people contacts through the Wagah border are now starting to become common. Indian Sikh pilgrims visit holy sites such as Nankana Sahib. Starting in the 1980s, large numbers of Punjabis migrated to the Middle East, Britain, Spain, Canada and the United States for economic opportunities, forming the large Punjabi Diaspora. Business and cultural ties between the United States and Punjab are growing.
Climate
In Punjab warm winters, often accompanied by rain, by mid-February the temperature begins to rise; springtime weather continues until mid-April, when the summer heat sets in. The onset of the southwest monsoon is anticipated to reach Punjab by May, but since the early 1970s the weather pattern has been irregular. The spring monsoon
176 | P a g e Appendix – A: Profile of Punjab has either skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted. June and July are oppressively hot. Although official estimates rarely place the temperature above 46°C, newspaper sources claim that it reaches 51°C and regularly carry reports about people who have succumbed to the heat. Heat records were broken in Multan in June 1993, when the mercury was reported to have risen to 54°C. In August the oppressive heat is punctuated by the rainy season, referred to as barsat, which brings relief in its wake. The hardest part of the summer is then over, but cooler weather does not come until late October. Recently the province experienced one of the coldest winters in the last 70 years. Experts are suggesting that this is because of global warming. Punjab's region temperature ranges from −2° to 45°C, but can reach 47°C (117°F) in summer and can touch down to −5°C in winter. Climatically, Punjab has three major seasons:
➢ Hot weather (April to June) when temperature rises as high as 110°F. ➢ Rainy season (July to September). Average rainfall annual ranges between 96 cm sub-mountain region and 46 cm in the plains. ➢ Mild weather (October to March). Temperature goes down as low as 40°F.
The biradari, which literally means brotherhood is an important unit of Punjabi society, and includes people claiming descent from a common ancestor. The biradaris collectively form larger units known as tribes. Historically, these tribes were endogamous, but latterly, especially in the large cities, there is considerable intermarriage between members of different tribes and differences are getting blurred. Important within the Punjab include Jats, Arains, Gujjars, Awans, Rajputs, Gakhars, Khokhars, Sheikhs, Aheers, Kambohs, Mughals, Maliks, Niazis, Khosas, Dogars, Ranghars, Mirani, Qureshis, and Syeds. Other smaller tribes are the Rawns, Khetran, and Rehmanis (MuslimLabana).
Religion
The population of Punjab (Pakistan) is estimated to be 97.21% Muslim. The largest non-Muslim minority is Christians and make up 2.31% of the population.
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Government of Punjab (Pakistan)
The Government of Punjab is a provincial government in the federal structure of Pakistan, is based in Lahore, the capital of the Punjab Province. The Chief Minister of Punjab (CM) is elected by the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab to serve as the head of the provincial government in Punjab, Pakistan. The current Chief Minister is Shahbaz Sharif, who became the Chief Minister of Punjab third time in the history. The Provincial Assembly of the Punjab is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives of the province of Punjab, which is located in Lahore in eastern Pakistan. The Assembly was established under Article 106 of the Constitution of Pakistan as having a total of 371 seats, with 66 seats reserved for women and eight reserved for non-Muslims.
Economy
Punjab has the largest economy in Pakistan, contributing most to the national GDP. The province's economy has quadrupled since 1972. Its share of Pakistan's GDP was 54.7% in 2000 and 59% as of 2010. It is especially dominant in the Service & Agriculture sectors of the Pakistan Economy. Despite lack of a coastline, Punjab is the most industrialized province of Pakistan; its manufacturing industries produce textiles, sports goods, Heavy machinery, electrical appliances, surgical instruments, Cement, Vehicles, Auto Parts, I.T, Metals, Sugar mill plants, Aircraft, Cement Plants, Agriculture Machinery, Bicycles and Rickshaws, Floor coverings, and Processed foods. In 2003, the province manufactured 90% of the paper and paper boards, 71% of the fertilizers, 69% of the sugar and 40% of the cement of Pakistan.
Despite its tropical wet and dry climate, extensive irrigation makes it a rich agricultural region. Its canal-irrigation system established by the British is the largest in the world. Wheat and cotton are the largest crops. Other crops include rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo. Livestock and poultry production are also important. Despite past animosities, the rural masses in Punjab's farms continue to use the Hindu calendar for planting and harvesting. Punjab contributes about 76% to annual food grain production in the country. Cotton and rice are important crops. They are the cash crops that contribute
178 | P a g e Appendix – A: Profile of Punjab substantially to the national exchequer. Attaining self-sufficiency in agriculture has shifted the focus of the strategies towards small and medium farming, stress on barani areas, farms-to-market roads, electrification for tube-wells and control of water logging and salinity.
Punjab has also more than 68 thousand industrial units. The small and cottage industries are in abundance. There are 39,033 small and cottage industrial units. The number of textile units is 14,820. The ginning industries are 6,778. There are 7,355 units for processing of agricultural raw materials including food and feed industries. Lahore and Gujranwala Divisions have the largest concentration of small light engineering units. The district of Sialkot excels in sports goods, surgical instruments and cutlery goods. Punjab is also a mineral rich province with extensive mineral deposits of Coal, Iron, Gas, Petrol, Rock salt (with the second largest salt mine in the world), Dolomite, gypsum, and silica-sand. The Punjab Mineral Development Corporation is running over a hundred economically viable projects. Manufacturing includes machine products, cement, plastics, and various other goods.
The incidence of poverty differs between the different regions of Punjab. With Northern and Central Punjab facing much lower levels of poverty than Western and Southern Punjab. Those living in Southern and Western Punjab are also a lot more dependent on agriculture due to lower levels of industrialization in those regions.
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Education
Universities in Punjab
• Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi • Government College University, Lahore • Government College University, Faisalabad • Bahauddin Zakriya University Multan • The Islamia University of Bahawalpur • Kinnaird College for Women University, Lahore • University of Health Sciences, Lahore • Lahore College for Women University, Lahore • Women University, Multan • Women University,Bahawalpur • National College of Arts, Lahore • National Textile University, Faisalabad • University of Agriculture, Faisalabad • University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi • University of Education, Lahore • University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore • University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila • University of Health Sciences, Lahore • University of Gujrat, Gujrat • University of the Punjab, Lahore • University of Sargodha, Sargodha • University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore • Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore • Ghazi University D.G.Khan
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Private Universities in Punjab
• Hajvery University, Lahore • Beaconhouse National University, Lahore • Forman Christian College, Lahore • GIFT University, Gujranwala • Imperial College of Business Studies, Lahore • Institute of Management Sciences, Lahore • Lahore School of Economics, Lahore • Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore • Minhaj International University • University of Management and Technology, Lahore • University of Central Punjab, Lahore • University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad • University of Lahore, Lahore • University of South Asia, Lahore • University College Lahore, Lahore • National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences, Lahore • Akhuwat University, Dera Ghazi Khan
Culture
Punjab has been the cradle of civilization since times immemorial. The ruins of Harappa show an advanced urban culture that flourished over 8000 years ago. Taxila, another historic landmark also stands out as a proof of the achievements of the area in learning, arts and crafts. The ancient Hindu Katasraj temple and the Salt Range temples are regaining attention and much-needed repair. The structure of a mosque is simple and it expresses openness. Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran decorate mosques and mausoleums in Punjab. The inscriptions on bricks and tiles of the mausoleum of Shah Rukn-e-Alam (1320 AD) at Multan are outstanding specimens of architectural calligraphy. The earliest existing building in South Asia with enameled tile-work is the tomb of Shah Yusuf Gardezi (1150 AD) at Multan. A specimen of the sixteenth century tile-work at Lahore is the tomb of Sheikh Musa Ahangar, with its brilliant blue dome. The tile-work of Emperor Shah Jahan is of a richer and more
181 | P a g e Appendix – A: Profile of Punjab elaborate nature. The pictured wall of Lahore Fort is the last line in the tile-work in the entire world.
Fairs and Festivals
The culture of Punjab derives its basis from the institution of Sufi saints. The Sufi saints spread Islam and preached and lived the Muslim way of life. People have festivities to commemorate these traditions. The fairs and festivals of Punjab reflect the entire gamut of its folk life and cultural traditions. These mainly fall in following categories:
Religious and Seasonal Fairs and Festivals
Religious fairs are held on special days of Islamic significance like Eidul-Adha, Eid- ul-Fitr, Eid-e-Milad-un-Nabi, Ashura, Laylat al-Qadr and Jumu'ah-tul-Wida. The main activities on these special occasions are confined to congregational prayers and rituals. Melas are also held to mark these occasions.
Devotional Fairs (Urs)
Punjab is famous for various shrines of Sufi saints. The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially folk and appealing. It forms a part of the folk music through mystic messages. The most important urs are: urs of Data GanjBuksh at Lahore, urs of HazratSultan Bahu at Jhang, urs of HazratShah Jewna at Jhang, urs of HazratMian Mir at Lahore, urs of Baba FaridGanj Shakar at Pakpattan, urs of Hazrat Bahaudin Zakria at Multan, urs of Sakhi Sarwar Sultan at Dera Ghazi Khan, urs of Shah Hussain at Lahore, urs of Hazrat Bulleh Shah at Kasur, urs of Hazrat Imam Bari (Bari Shah Latif) at Rawalpindi-Islamabad and urs of Shah Inayar Qadri (the murrshad of Bulleh Shah) in Lahore. A big fair/mela is organized at Jandiala Sher Khan in district Sheikhupura on the Mausoleum of Syed Waris Shah who is the most loved Sufi poet of Punjab due to his classic work known as Heer Ranjha. The shrine of Heer Ranjha in Jhang has been one of the most visited shrines in Punjab.
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Industrial and Commercial Fairs
Exhibitions and Annual Horse Shows in all Districts and National Horse and Cattle Show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. National Horse and Cattle Show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronizes agricultural products and livestock through the exhibitions of agricultural products and cattle but is also a colorful documentary on the rich cultural heritage of the Province with its strong rural roots.
Major Attractions
The province is home to many well-known historical sites including the Shalimar Gardens, Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in the northwest was once a major centre of Buddhist and Hindu influence. Many important Sikh shrines are in the Pakistani portion of Punjab, including the birthplace of the first Guru: Guru Nanak (born at Nankana Sahib). There is also the largest salt mine in Asia situated the Khewra Salt Mines. Khewra salt mines is an attraction for visitors accompanied by guides due to the fact that the mines itself is very large and complex interconnected pass ways are like a maze. There is a small but beautiful Mosque inside the mines made from salt stone. The mines have a good reputation with the patients of Asthma as breathing inside the mines help to permanently cure the Asthma and some other diseases related to respiratory system. There are few famous hill stations in the province include Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro.
Music and Dance
Classical music forms, such as Hindustani classical music, are an important part of the cultural wealth of the Punjab. The Muslim musicians have contributed a large number of ragas to the repository of classical music. The most common instruments used are the Tabla and Harmonium. Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lonawala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Gamoo Tahli
183 | P a g e Appendix – A: Profile of Punjab wala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, Arif Lohar, Ahmad Nawaz Cheena and Hamid Ali Bela are well-known. In the composition of classical ragas, there are such masters as Malika-i-Mauseequi (Queen of Music) Roshan Ara Begum, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan, Salamat Ali Khan and Ustad Fateh Ali Khan. Alam Lohar has made significant contributions to folklore and Punjabi literature, by being a very influential Punjabi folk singer from 1930 until 1979. For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moods: the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons. Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi depict the joy of living. Love legends of Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahenwal and Saiful Mulk are sung in different styles. For the most popular music from the region, bhangra, the names of Abrar-Ul-Haq, ArifLohar, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Jawad Ahmed, Legacy and Malkoo are renowned.
184 | P a g e Appendix – A: Profile of Punjab
MAP OF SOUTH PUNJAB
185 | P a g e Appendix – A: Profile of Punjab
Geographic Boundaries of South Punjab
There is no definitive and formal definition or geographic boundary of the South Punjab as it is not a formal entity. However, it is generally accepted that the South Punjab consists of the following three (3) Divisions which are further sub-divided into eleven (11) districts of the Punjab province.
Division and Districts of South Punjab
1. Bahawalpur Division
i. Bahawalpur district
ii. Bahawalnagar district
iii. Rahim Yar Khan district
2. Dera Ghazi Khan Division
i. Dera Ghazi Khan district
ii. Layyah district
iii. Muzaffargarh district
3. Multan Division
i. Multan district
ii. Khanewal district
iii. Lodhran district
iv. Vehari district
186 | P a g e Appendix – A: Profile of Punjab
Table: Growth of Population in South Punjab: 1958-1998
Item 1951 1961 1972 1981 1998
Total Population of the 20,541 25,464 37,607 47,292 73,621 Punjab Province (Million)
Population of South Punjab 5,407 7,168 10,412 13,824 22,586 (Million)
Population of South Punjab as 26.32% 28.15% 27.69% 29.23% 30.68% percentage of Total
Population of South Punjab
Pakistan has official conducted five population censuses since independence. The first census was carried out in 1951 and subsequent censuses were carried out in 1961, 1972, 1981 and 1998. The census due in 2008 was not been carried out. As per the 1951 census the total population of Punjab province was 20.54 Million. The population of South Punjab at that time was 5.41 Million or 26.32% of the population of the Punjab. In 1961, the population of South Punjab as a percentage of the total Punjab population increased from 26.32% to 28.15%. In 1972, there was a slight dip in the total share to 27.69%. In 1981, the percentage share for South Punjab increased it 29.23%. In 1998, the South Punjab population share increased to 30.68% when the population mark was 22,586,000. It is evident that population of South Punjab has increased at a faster vis-à-vis population of rest of the province.
Area of South Punjab
The three (3) divisions and eleven (11) districts of South Punjab have a total land mass of 99,573 Square Kilometers which is 48.5% of the area of the entire province of Punjab (205,345 Square Kilometers).
MULTAN
Multan is a city in south Punjab, Pakistan. It is Pakistan's fifth largest city by population and has an area of 133 square kilometers. The city is located on the banks of the Chenab River in the geographic center of the country. Multan is known as the
187 | P a g e Appendix – A: Profile of Punjab
City of Sufis or City of Saints and Madinat-ul-Auliya because of the large number of shrines and Sufi saints from the city. The city is blanketed with bazaars, mosques, shrines, and ornate tombs. It is the birthplace of Fariduddin Ganj shakar (popularly known as "Baba Farid"), recognized as the first major poet of the Punjabi language. Multan is located in a bend created by five rivers of central Pakistan. The Sutlej River separates it from Bahawalpur and the Chenab River from Muzaffar Garh. The city has grown to become an influential political and economic center for the country, with a dry port and excellent transport links. Multan is famous for its crops: wheat, cotton and sugar cane, mangoes, citrus, guavas, and pomegranates.
Towns
▪ Shah RukanAlam Town
▪ Sher Shah Town
▪ Bosan Town
▪ Musa Pak Shaheed Town
▪ Shujabad Town
▪ Jalalpur Pirwala Town
188 | P a g e Appendix – A: Profile of Punjab
MULTAN DISTRICT AT GLANCE
Area 3720Sq.Kms.
Population – 1998 3116851 persons
Male 1635768 (52.48%)
Female 1481083 (47.52%)
Sex Ratio (males per 100 females) 110.4
Population Density 837.9 per Sq. Km
Urban Population 1314748 (42.18 %)
Rural Population 1802103 (57.82 %)
Average Household Size 7.2
Literacy Ratio (10 +) 43.4%
Male 53.25 %
Female 32.28%
Population – 1981 1970075 persons
Average Annual Growth Rate (1981 - 98) 2.73%
Total Housing Units 433362
Pacca Housing Units 215429 (49.71%)
Housing Units having Electricity 301527 (69.58 %)
Housing Units having Piped Water 93825 (21.65 %)
Housing Units using Gas for Cooking 125548 (28.97 %)
189 | P a g e Appendix – A: Profile of Punjab
BAHAWALPUR
Bahawalpur is a city located in Punjab province of Pakistan. The city used to be the capital of the Bahawalpur princely state, now the Bahawalpur District. It is the 13th most populous metropolitan area of Pakistan.
History
The princely state of Bahawalpur was founded in 1802 by Nawab Mohammad Bahawal Khan II after the break-up of the Durrani Empire. The city is over 4.51 kilometers long. Nawab Mohammad Bahawal Khan III signed a treaty with the British on 22 February 1833, guaranteeing the independence of the Nawab. The state acceded to Pakistan on 7 October 1947 when Nawab Sadiq Muhammad Khan Abbasi V Bahadur decided to join Pakistan fifty days after independence.
Economy
The main crops for which Bahawalpur is recognized are cotton, sugarcane, wheat, sunflower seeds, rape / mustard seed and rice. Bahawalpur mangoes, citrus, dates and guavas are some of the fruits exported out of the country. Vegetables include onions, tomatoes, cauliflower, potatoes and carrots. Being an expanding industrial city, the government has revolutionized and liberties various markets allowing the caustic soda, cotton ginning and pressing, flour mills, fruit juices, general engineering, iron and steel re-rolling mills, looms, oil mills, poultry feed, sugar, textile spinning, textile weaving, vegetable ghee and cooking oil industries to flourish.
Solar Park
Near the city the Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park is being erected, a photovoltaic power station named after Quaid-e-Azam, the founder of Pakistan. It is the first ever utility scale solar power plant in the country and is to have a capacity of 1,000 MW when finished in 2016. A first phase was brought online in April 2015 and opened by Pakistan’s Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and Chinese President, Xi Jinping.
190 | P a g e Appendix – A: Profile of Punjab
Sports
Bahawal Stadium is the multipurpose stadium, home to Bahawalpur Stags. It hosted a sole international match, a test match between Pakistan and India in 1955.
Clockwise from top: Darbar Mahal, a former palace of the Nawabs of Bahawalpur, Noor Mahal, Farid Gate, Sadiq Dane High School, Entrance of Dring Stadium and Bahawal Victoria Hospital.
191 | P a g e Appendix – A: Profile of Punjab
BAHAWALPUR DISTRICT AT A GLANCE
Area 24830Sq.Kms.
Population – 1998 2433091 persons
Male 1278775 (52.56%)
Female 1154316 (47.44 %)
Sex Ratio (males per 100 females) 110.8
Population Density 98.0 per Sq. Km
Urban Population 665304 (27.34 %)
Rural Population 1767787 (72.66 %)
Average Household Size 6.9
Literacy Ratio (10 +) 35.0%
Male 44.86 %
Female 23.95%
Population – 1981 1453438 persons
Average Annual Growth Rate (1981 - 98) 3.08%
Total Housing Units 354356
Pacca Housing Units 164666 (46.47%)
Housing Units having Electricity 176982 (49.94 %)
Housing Units having Piped Water 56860 (16.04 %)
Housing Units using Gas for Cooking 39837 (11.24 %)
Administrative Units
Tehsils 05
Union Councils 108
Mauzas 1216
Municipal Committees 04
Town Committees 03
Cantonment 01
192 | P a g e Appendix – A: Profile of Punjab
DERA GHAZI KHAN
Dera Ghazi Khan is a geographically central city of Pakistan at the junction of all four provinces of Pakistan. The city is the headquarters of Dera Ghazi Khan Division, which consists of the Dera Ghazi Khan, Rajanpur, Muzaffargarh and Layyah districts.
Dera Ghazi Khan is a mid-country city located on the junction of all the four provinces of Pakistan i.e. Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan and Khyber Pukhtunkhwa. Due to its location, it has been once in the list of prospective capitals of Pakistan. It has beautiful and unique landscape including the Indus River, Green Fields, Pachad Desert and the Sulemaan Mountains. Dera Ghazi Khan Tehsil, Taunsa Sharif and a tribal belt/political area spread along with western side of the district. Following flash floods in 1908 which partially destroyed the original city in 1910, the present-day city was established around 10 miles (16 km) away from the old town near Drahma.
After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India while many Muslims refugees from India settled down in the Dera Ghazi Khan District. Many Hindus and Sikhs from Dera Ghazi Khan settled in Delhi found Derawal Nagar along with the migrants from Dera Ismail Khan. Similarly, Muslims from different parts of India migrated to Pakistan and settled in different cities of Pakistan including Dera Ghazi Khan. This further increased the cultural diversity of Dera Ghazi Khan.
Dera Ghazi Khan City is administratively subdivided into seven Union Councils. The majority of the population is poor but they have been ruled by the rich landlords and chiefs of Baloch tribes which played significant role in the national and provincial politics. Some of these feudal, who use the title Sardar for themselves, include former President of Pakistan Farooq Leghari, Governors of Punjab Zulfiqar Ali Khosa and Latif Khosa, Chief Minister of Punjab Dost Muhammad Khosa, Former Chief Secretary of Punjab, Nasir Mehmood Khosa, Former Inspector General Police of Punjab, Tariq Khosa, and present Supreme Court Judge Asif Khosa.
Sangh Mela, is a Vaisakhi fair during March and April, is celebrated in Sakhi Sarwar by people coming from Jhang and Faisalabad for centuries. This festival is celebrated by Hindus and Muslims especially at the time of wheat harvesting. In some
193 | P a g e Appendix – A: Profile of Punjab places it is known as Basant. Throughout history, a large number of followers coming from different religions became the followers of Sakhi Sarwar. Sohan Halwa is traditional sweet made by boiling a mixture of water, sugar, milk and wheat flour (coarse pieces)/corn flour until it becomes solid. Daily Jang is published from Dera Ghazi Khan along with many local newspapers in Urdu, Saraiki and Balochi languages.
194 | P a g e Appendix – A: Profile of Punjab
DERA GHAZI KHAN DISTRICT AT A GLANCE
Area 11922 Sq.Kms.
Population – 1998 1643118 persons
Male 853782 (51.96 %)
Female 789336 (48.04 %)
Sex Ratio (males per 100 females) 108.2
Population Density 137.8 per Sq. Km
Urban Population 228839 (13.93 %)
Rural Population 1414279 (86.07 %)
Average Household Size 7.9
Literacy Ratio (10 +) 30.6 %
Male 42.1 %
Female 18.1 %
Population – 1981 943663 persons
Average Annual Growth Rate (1981 - 98) 3.31 %
Total Housing Units 209255
Pacca Housing Units 59228 (28.30 %)
Housing Units having Electricity 117121 (55.97 %)
Housing Units having Piped Water 40770 (19.48 %)
Housing Units using Gas for Cooking 10240 (4.89 %)
Administrative Units
Tehsils 02
Union Councils 59
Mauzas 826
Municipal Committee 01
Town Committee 01
195 | P a g e Appendix – B: Pakistan Telecommunication Authority
Appendix – B PAKISTAN TELECOMMUNICATION AUTHORITY
196 | P a g e Appendix – B: Pakistan Telecommunication Authority
PTA (PAKISTAN TELECOMMUNICATION AUTHORITY)
The Pakistan Telecommunication Ordinance 1994 established the primary regulatory framework for the telecommunication industry including the establishment of an authority. Thereafter, Telecommunication (Re-Organization) Act no XVII was promulgated in 1996 that aimed to reorganize the telecom sector of Pakistan. Under Telecom Reorganization Act 1996, Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) was established to regulate the establishment, operation and maintenance of telecommunication systems, and the provision of telecom services.
PTA has its headquarters at Islamabad and zonal offices located at Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta, Rawalpindi and Muzaffarabad.
Functions and Responsibilities
PTA's Functions Include:
➢ To regulate the establishment, operation and maintenance of telecommunication systems and provision of telecommunication services in Pakistan. ➢ To receive and expeditiously dispose of applications for the use of radio- frequency spectrum. ➢ To promote and protect the interests of users of telecommunication services in Pakistan. ➢ To promote the availability of a wide range of high quality, efficient, cost effective and competitive telecommunication services throughout Pakistan. ➢ To promote rapid modernization of telecommunication systems and telecommunication services. ➢ To investigate and adjudicate on complaints and other claims made against licensees arising out of alleged contraventions of the provisions of this Act, the rules made and licenses issued there under and take action accordingly. ➢ To make recommendations to the Federal Government on policies with respect to international telecommunications, provision of support for participation in international meetings and agreements to be executed in relation to the routing of international traffic and accounting settlements.
197 | P a g e Appendix – B: Pakistan Telecommunication Authority
➢ To perform such other functions as the Federal Government may assign from time to time.
Responsibilities of Authority
In exercising its functions and powers under the Act, the authority shall ensure that? Rights of licensees are duly protected; all of its decisions and determinations are made promptly, in an open equitable, nondiscriminatory, consistent and transparent manner; All applications made to it are disposed of expeditiously; The persons affected by its decisions or determination are given a due notice thereof and provided with an opportunity of being heard; It encourages, except subject to the exclusive right of the company in basic telephone service, fair competition in the telecommunication sector; and the interest of users of telecommunication services are duly safeguarded and protected.
Zonal Offices
➢ Karachi ➢ Lahore ➢ Peshawar ➢ Quetta ➢ Rawalpindi ➢ Muzaffargarh ➢ Gilgit ➢ Multan
198 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Appendix – C CROSS TABULATION
199 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
6.3 CROSS TABULATION
Question No. 2:
How often do you login on your account?
Table 6.3.2.1: Gender
How often do you login on your account? Daily Once a week Often Total 627 9 2 638 Male 98.3% 1.4% .3% 100.0% 180 108 74 362 Female 49.7% 29.8% 20.4% 100.0% 807 117 76 1000 Total 80.7% 11.7% 7.6% 100.0%
Table 6.3.2.2: Age
How often do you login on your account?
Daily Once a week Often Total
285 0 0 285 17-19 Years 100.0% .0% .0% 100.0%
262 114 0 376 20-22 Years 69.7% 30.3% .0% 100.0%
260 3 76 339 23-25 Years 76.7% .9% 22.4% 100.0%
807 117 76 1000 Total 80.7% 11.7% 7.6% 100.0%
200 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.2.3: Education
How often do you login on your account? Daily Once a week Often Total Under Matric / 118 0 5 123 Matriculation 95.9% .0% 4.1% 100.0% 279 0 19 298 Intermediate 93.6% .0% 6.4% 100.0% 209 117 0 326 Graduation 64.1% 35.9% .0% 100.0% 201 0 52 253 Post-Graduation 79.4% .0% 20.6% 100.0% 807 117 76 1000 Total 80.7% 11.7% 7.6% 100.0%
Table 6.3.2.4: Internet Facility
How often do you login on your account? Daily Once a week Often Total 149 14 50 213 Land Line DSL 70.0% 6.6% 23.5% 100.0% 247 27 26 300 Wifi/Wireless 82.3% 9.0% 8.7% 100.0% 96 0 0 96 Cable Net 100.0% .0% .0% 100.0% 315 76 0 391 Mobile Data 80.6% 19.4% .0% 100.0% 807 117 76 1000 Total 80.7% 11.7% 7.6% 100.0%
201 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.2.5: Employment Status
How often do you login on your account? Daily Once a week Often Total 383 0 0 383 Employed 100.0% .0% .0% 100.0% 424 117 76 617 Unemployed 68.7% 19.0% 12.3% 100.0% 807 117 76 1000 Total 80.7% 11.7% 7.6% 100.0%
Question No. 3:
How many hours daily you spend on social media?
Table 6.3.3.1: Gender
How many hours daily you spend on social media? More Gender 1-2 Hours 2-4 Hours 4-7 Hours than 7 Total Hours 135 483 12 8 638 Male 21.2% 75.7% 1.9% 1.3% 100.0% 36 0 217 109 362 Female 9.9% .0% 59.9% 30.1 % 100.0% 171 483 229 117 1000 Total 17.1% 48.3% 22.9% 11.7% 100.0%
202 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Question No. 4:
You are free to use social media of your own choice?
Table 6.3.4.1: Gender
You are free to use social media of your own choice? More 1-2 Hours 2-4 Hours 4-7 Hours than 7 Total Hours 36 177 72 0 285 Male 12.6% 62.1% 25.3% .0% 100% 38 186 76 76 376 Female 10.1% 49.5% 20.2% 20.2% 100% 97 120 81 41 339 Total 28.6% 35.4% 23.9% 12.1% 100%
Table 6.3.4.2: Age
You are free to use social media of your own choice? More than 1-2 Hours 2-4 Hours 4-7 Hours Total 7 Hours 36 177 72 0 285 17-19 Years 12.6% 62.1% 25.3% .0% 100% 38 186 76 76 376 20-22 Years 10.1% 49.5% 20.2% 20.2% 100% 97 120 81 41 339 23-25 Years 28.6% 35.4% 23.9% 12.1% 100% 171 483 229 117 1000 Total 17.1% 48.3% 22.9% 11.7% 100%
203 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.4.3: Education
You are free to use social media of your own choice? More than 1-2 Hours 2-4 Hours 4-7 Hours Total 7 Hours Under Matric / 41 56 26 0 123 Matriculation 33.3% 45.5% 21.1% .0% 100.0% 76 127 95 0 298 Intermediate 25.5% 42.6% 31.9% .0% 100.0% 2 208 38 78 326 Graduation .6% 63.8% 11.7% 23.9% 100.0% Post- 52 92 70 39 253 Graduation 20.6% 36.4% 27.7% 15.4% 100.0% 171 483 229 117 1000 Total 17.1% 48.3% 22.9% 11.7% 100.0%
Table 6.3.4.4: Internet Facility
You are free to use social media of your own choice? More than 1-2 Hours 2-4 Hours 4-7 Hours Total 7 Hours Land Line 61 30 97 25 213 DSL 28.6% 14.1% 45.5% 11.7% 100.0% 104 50 92 54 300 Wifi/Wireless 34.7% 16.7% 30.7% 18.0% 100.0% 0 96 0 0 96 Cable Net .0% 100.0% .0% .0% 100.0% 6 307 40 38 391 Mobile Data 1.5% 78.5% 10.2% 9.7% 100.0% 171 483 229 117 1000 Total 17.1% 48.3% 22.9% 11.7% 100.0%
204 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.4.5: Employment Status
You are free to use social media of your own choice? More than 1-2 Hours 2-4 Hours 4-7 Hours Total 7 Hours 0 383 0 0 383 Employed .0% 100.0% .0% .0% 100.0% 171 100 229 117 617 Unemployed 27.7% 16.2% 37.1% 19.0% 100.0% 171 483 229 117 1000 Total 17.1% 48.3% 22.9% 11.7% 100.0%
Question No. 7:
Do you feel addiction to use social media?
Table 6.3.7.1: Gender
Do you feel addiction to use social media? Yes No Total 606 32 638 Male 95.0% 5.0% 100.0% 252 110 362 Female 69.6% 30.4% 100.0% 858 142 1000 Total 85.8% 14.2% 100.0%
205 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.7.2: Age
Do you feel addiction to use social media? Yes No Total 285 0 285 17-19 Years 100.0% .0% 100.0% 338 38 376 20-22 Years 89.9% 10.1% 100.0% 235 104 339 23-25 Years 69.3% 30.7% 100.0% 858 142 1000 Total 85.8% 14.2% 100.0%
Table 6.3.7.3: Education
Do you feel addiction to use social media? Yes No Total Under Matric / 101 22 123 Matriculation 82.1% 17.9% 100.0% 279 19 298 Intermediate 93.6% 6.4% 100.0% 279 47 326 Graduation 85.6% 14.4% 100.0% 199 54 253 Post-Graduation 78.7% 21.3% 100.0% 858 142 1000 Total 85.8% 14.2% 100.0%
206 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.7.4: Internet Facility
Do you feel addiction to use social media? Yes No Total 149 64 213 Land Line DSL 70.0% 30.0% 100.0% 234 66 300 Wifi/Wireless 78.0% 22.0% 100.0% 96 0 96 Cable Net 100.0% .0% 100.0% 379 12 391 Mobile Data 96.9% 3.1% 100.0% 858 142 1000 Total 85.8% 14.2% 100.0%
Table 6.3.7.5: Employment Status
Do you feel addiction to use social media? Yes No Total 383 0 383 Employed 100.0% .0% 100.0% 475 142 617 Unemployed 77.0% 23.0% 100.0% 858 142 1000 Total 85.8% 14.2% 100.0%
207 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Question No. 8:
What is the main source of your information about events and happenings?
Table 6.3.8.1: Gender
What is the main source of your information about events and happenings? Social TV Newspapers Others Total Media 163 463 12 0 638 Male 25.5% 72.6% 1.9% .0% 100.0% 46 181 112 23 362 Female 12.7% 50.0% 30.9% 6.4% 100.0% 209 644 124 23 1000 Total 20.9% 64.4% 12.4% 2.3% 100.0%
Table 6.3.8.2: Age
What is the main source of your information about events and happenings? Social TV Newspapers Others Total Media 141 72 72 0 285 17-19 Years 49.5% 25.3% 25.3% .0% 100.0% 9 302 42 23 376 20-22 Years 2.4% 80.3% 11.2% 6.1% 100.0% 59 270 10 0 339 23-25 Years 17.4% 79.6% 2.9% .0% 100.0% 209 644 124 23 1000 Total 20.9% 64.4% 12.4% 2.3% 100.0%
208 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.8.3: Education
What is the main source of your information about events and happenings? Social TV Newspapers Others Total Media Under Matric / 32 77 14 0 123 Matriculation 26.0% 62.6% 11.4% .0% 100.0% 76 170 41 11 298 Intermediate 25.5% 57.0% 13.8% 3.7% 100.0% 9 264 41 12 326 Graduation 2.8% 81.0% 12.6% 3.7% 100.0% Post- 92 133 28 0 253 Graduation 36.4% 52.6% 11.1% .0% 100.0% 209 644 124 23 1000 Total 20.9% 64.4% 12.4% 2.3% 100.0%
Table 6.3.8.4: Internet Facility
What is the main source of your information about events and happenings? Social TV Newspapers Others Total Media 16 159 32 6 213 Land Line DSL 7.5% 74.6% 15.0% 2.8% 100.0% 28 217 50 5 300 Wifi/Wireless 9.3% 72.3% 16.7% 1.7% 100.0% 0 96 0 0 96 Cable Net .0% 100.0% .0% .0% 100.0% 165 172 42 12 391 Mobile Data 42.2% 44.0% 10.7% 3.1% 100.0% 209 644 124 23 1000 Total 20.9% 64.4% 12.4% 2.3% 100.0%
209 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.8.5: Employment Status
What is the main source of your information about events and happenings? Social TV Newspapers Others Total Media 138 245 0 0 383 Employed 36.0% 64.0% .0% .0% 100.0% 71 399 124 23 617 Unemployed 11.5% 64.7% 20.1% 3.7% 100.0% 209 644 124 23 1000 Total 20.9% 64.4% 12.4% 2.3% 100.0%
Question No. 9:
How many social media sites you use usually?
Table 6.3.9.1: Gender
How many social media sites you use usually? 1-2 Websites 3-5 Websites More than 5 Total 599 39 0 638 Male 93.9% 6.1% .0% 100.0% 131 180 51 362 Female 36.2% 49.7% 14.1% 100.0% 730 219 51 1000 Total 73.0% 21.9% 5.1% 100.0%
210 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.9.2: Age
How many social media sites you use usually? 1-2 Websites 3-5 Websites More than 5 Total 177 108 0 285 17-19 Years 62.1% 37.9% .0% 100.0% 252 73 51 376 20-22 Years 67.0% 19.4% 13.6% 100.0% 301 38 0 339 23-25 Years 88.8% 11.2% .0% 100.0% 730 219 51 1000 Total 73.0% 21.9% 5.1% 100.0%
Table 6.3.9.3: Education
How many social media sites you use usually? 1-2 Websites 3-5 Websites More than 5 Total Under Matric / 100 23 0 123 Matriculation 81.3% 18.7% .0% 100.0% 184 114 0 298 Intermediate 61.7% 38.3% .0% 100.0% 275 0 51 326 Graduation 84.4% .0% 15.6% 100.0% 171 82 0 253 Post-Graduation 67.6% 32.4% .0% 100.0% 730 219 51 1000 Total 73.0% 21.9% 5.1% 100.0%
211 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.9.4: Internet Facility
How many social media sites you use usually? 1-2 Websites 3-5 Websites More than 5 Total 100 23 0 123 Land Line DSL 81.3% 18.7% .0% 100.0% 184 114 0 298 Wifi/Wireless 61.7% 38.3% .0% 100.0% 275 0 51 326 Cable Net 84.4% .0% 15.6% 100.0% 171 82 0 253 Mobile Data 67.6% 32.4% .0% 100.0% 730 219 51 1000 Total 73.0% 21.9% 5.1% 100.0%
Table 6.3.9.5: Employment Status
How many social media sites you use usually? 1-2 Websites 3-5 Websites More than 5 Total 383 0 0 383 Employed 100.0% .0% .0% 100.0% 347 219 51 617 Unemployed 56.2% 35.5% 8.3% 100.0% 730 219 51 1000 Total 73.0% 21.9% 5.1% 100.0%
212 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Question No. 11:
What sort of information you are getting from social media?
Table 6.3.11.1: Gender
What sort of information you are getting from social media? Positive Negative Both Total 573 65 0 638 Male 89.8% 10.2% .0% 100.0% 16 239 107 362 Female 4.4% 66.0% 29.6% 100.0% 589 304 107 1000 Total 58.9% 30.4% 10.7% 100.0%
Table 6.3.11.2: Age
What sort of information you are getting from social media? Positive Negative Both Total 182 102 1 285 17-19 Years 63.9% 35.8% .4% 100.0% 195 144 37 376 20-22 Years 51.9% 38.3% 9.8% 100.0% 212 58 69 339 23-25 Years 62.5% 17.1% 20.4% 100.0% 589 304 107 1000 Total 58.9% 30.4% 10.7% 100.0%
213 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.11.3: Education
What sort of information you are getting from social media? Positive Negative Both Total Under Matric / 87 32 4 123 Matriculation 70.7% 26.0% 3.3% 100.0% 165 114 19 298 Intermediate 55.4% 38.3% 6.4% 100.0% 214 76 36 326 Graduation 65.6% 23.3% 11.0% 100.0% 123 82 48 253 Post-Graduation 48.6% 32.4% 19.0% 100.0% 589 304 107 1000 Total 58.9% 30.4% 10.7% 100.0%
Table 6.3.11.4: Internet Facility
What sort of information you are getting from social media? Positive Negative Both Total 65 89 59 213 Land Line DSL 30.5% 41.8% 27.7% 100.0% 118 136 46 300 Wifi/Wireless 39.3% 45.3% 15.3% 100.0% 96 0 0 96 Cable Net 100.0% .0% .0% 100.0% 310 79 2 391 Mobile Data 79.3% 20.2% .5% 100.0% 589 304 107 1000 Total 58.9% 30.4% 10.7% 100.0%
214 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.11.5: Employment Status
What sort of information you are getting from social media? Positive Negative Both Total 383 0 0 383 Employed 100.0% .0% .0% 100.0% 206 304 107 617 Unemployed 33.4% 49.3% 17.3% 100.0% 589 304 107 1000 Total 58.9% 30.4% 10.7% 100.0%
Question No. 12:
Social media is introducing new fashion trends in society.
Table 6.3.12.1: Gender
Social media is introducing new fashion trends in society Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 483 87 6 41 21 638 Male 75.7% 13.6% .9% 6.4% 3.3% 100.0% 0 252 109 1 0 362 Female .0% 69.6% 30.1% .3% .0% 100.0% 483 339 115 42 21 1000 Total 48.3% 33.9% 11.5% 4.2% 2.1% 100.0%
215 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.12.2: Age
Social media is introducing new fashion trends in society Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 17-19 167 108 0 10 0 285 Years 58.6% 37.9% .0% 3.5% .0% 100.0% 20-22 171 151 36 17 1 376 Years 45.5% 40.2% 9.6% 4.5% .3% 100.0% 23-25 145 80 79 15 20 339 Years 42.8% 23.6% 23.3% 4.4% 5.9% 100.0% 483 339 115 42 21 1000 Total 48.3% 33.9% 11.5% 4.2% 2.1% 100.0%
Table 6.3.12.3: Education
Social media is introducing new fashion trends in society Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree Under Matric / 42 35 6 23 17 123 Matriculation 34.1% 28.5% 4.9% 18.7% 13.8% 100.0% 146 133 19 0 0 298 Intermediate 49.0% 44.6% 6.4% .0% .0% 100.0% 191 76 38 17 4 326 Graduation 58.6% 23.3% 11.7% 5.2% 1.2% 100.0% Post- 104 95 52 2 0 253 Graduation 41.1% 37.5% 20.6% .8% .0% 100.0% 483 339 115 42 21 1000 Total 48.3% 33.9% 11.5% 4.2% 2.1% 100.0%
216 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.12.4: Internet Facility
Social media is introducing new fashion trends in society Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree Land Line 45 104 63 1 0 213 DSL 21.1% 48.8% 29.6% .5% .0% 100.0% 63 155 52 13 17 300 Wifi/Wireless 21.0% 51.7% 17.3% 4.3% 5.7% 100.0% 96 0 0 0 0 96 Cable Net 100.0% .0% .0% .0% .0% 100.0% 279 80 0 28 4 391 Mobile Data 71.4% 20.5% .0% 7.2% 1.0% 100.0% 483 339 115 42 21 1000 Total 48.3% 33.9% 11.5% 4.2% 2.1% 100.0%
Table 6.3.12.5: Employment Status
Social media is introducing new fashion trends in society Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 365 0 0 18 0 383 Employed 95.3% .0% .0% 4.7% .0% 100.0% 118 339 115 24 21 617 Unemployed 19.1% 54.9% 18.6% 3.9% 3.4% 100.0% 483 339 115 42 21 1000 Total 48.3% 33.9% 11.5% 4.2% 2.1% 100.0%
217 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Question No. 14:
What sorts of contents are widely accessed by you using social media?
Table 6.3.14.1: Gender
What sorts of contents are widely accessed by you using social media? Videos Poetry Photos Quotations Total 132 157 340 9 638 Male 20.7% 24.6% 53.3% 1.4% 100.0% 0 0 144 218 362 Female .0% .0% 39.8% 60.2% 100.0% 132 157 484 227 1000 Total 13.2% 15.7% 48.4% 22.7% 100.0%
Table 6.3.14.2: Age
What sorts of contents are widely accessed by you using social media? Videos Poetry Photos Quotations Total 105 72 108 0 285 17-19 Years 36.8% 25.3% 37.9% .0% 100.0% 1 72 152 151 376 20-22 Years .3% 19.1% 40.4% 40.2% 100.0% 26 13 224 76 339 23-25 Years 7.7% 3.8% 66.1% 22.4% 100.0% 132 157 484 227 1000 Total 13.2% 15.7% 48.4% 22.7% 100.0%
218 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.14.3: Education
What sorts of contents are widely accessed by you using social media? Videos Poetry Photos Quotations Total Under Matric / 28 15 71 9 123 Matriculation 22.8% 12.2% 57.7% 7.3% 100.0% 54 37 169 38 298 Intermediate 18.1% 12.4% 56.7% 12.8% 100.0% 9 80 123 114 326 Graduation 2.8% 24.5% 37.7% 35.0% 100.0% 41 25 121 66 253 Post-Graduation 16.2% 9.9% 47.8% 26.1% 100.0% 132 157 484 227 1000 Total 13.2% 15.7% 48.4% 22.7% 100.0%
Table 6.3.14.4: Internet Facility
What sorts of contents are widely accessed by you using social media? Videos Poetry Photos Quotations Total 2 0 132 79 213 Land Line DSL .9% .0% 62.0% 37.1% 100.0% 7 0 219 74 300 Wifi/Wireless 2.3% .0% 73.0% 24.7% 100.0% 0 38 58 0 96 Cable Net .0% 39.6% 60.4% .0% 100.0% 123 119 75 74 391 Mobile Data 31.5% 30.4% 19.2% 18.9% 100.0% 132 157 484 227 1000 Total 13.2% 15.7% 48.4% 22.7% 100.0%
219 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.14.5: Employment Status
What sorts of contents are widely accessed by you using social media? Videos Poetry Photos Quotations Total 103 140 140 0 383 Employed 26.9% 36.6% 36.6% .0% 100.0% 29 17 344 227 617 Unemployed 4.7% 2.8% 55.8% 36.8% 100.0% 132 157 484 227 1000 Total 13.2% 15.7% 48.4% 22.7% 100.0%
Question No. 15:
Do you update your status daily using social media website?
Table 6.3.15.1: Gender
Do you update your status daily using social media website? Yes No Total 55 583 638 Male 8.6% 91.4% 100.0% 110 252 362 Female 30.4% 69.6% 100.0% 165 835 1000 Total 16.5% 83.5% 100.0%
220 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.15.2: Age
Do you update your status daily using social media website? Yes No Total 0 285 285 17-19 Years .0% 100.0% 100.0% 39 337 376 20-22 Years 10.4% 89.6% 100.0% 126 213 339 23-25 Years 37.2% 62.8% 100.0% 165 835 1000 Total 16.5% 83.5% 100.0%
Table 6.3.15.3: Education
Do you update your status daily using social media website? Yes No Total Under Matric / 38 85 123 Matriculation 30.9% 69.1% 100.0% 19 279 298 Intermediate 6.4% 93.6% 100.0% 54 272 326 Graduation 16.6% 83.4% 100.0% 54 199 253 Post-Graduation 21.3% 78.7% 100.0% 165 835 1000 Total 16.5% 83.5% 100.0%
221 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.15.4: Internet Facility
Do you update your status daily using social media website? Yes No Total 64 149 213 Land Line DSL 30.0% 70.0% 100.0% 76 224 300 Wifi/Wireless 25.3% 74.7% 100.0% 0 96 96 Cable Net .0% 100.0% 100.0% 25 366 391 Mobile Data 6.4% 93.6% 100.0% 165 835 1000 Total 16.5% 83.5% 100.0%
Table 6.3.15.5: Employment Status
Do you update your status daily using social media website? Yes No Total 0 383 383 Employed .0% 100.0% 100.0% 165 452 617 Unemployed 26.7% 73.3% 100.0% 165 835 1000 Total 16.5% 83.5% 100.0%
222 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Question No. 16:
Do you send any friend request to unknown people?
Table 6.3.16.1: Gender
Do you send any friend request to unknown people? Yes No Total 5 633 638 Male .8% 99.2% 100.0% 211 151 362 Female 58.3% 41.7% 100.0% 216 784 1000 Total 21.6% 78.4% 100.0%
Table 6.3.16.2: Age
Do you send any friend request to unknown people? Yes No Total 0 285 285 17-19 Years .0% 100.0% 100.0% 144 232 376 20-22 Years 38.3% 61.7% 100.0% 72 267 339 23-25 Years 21.2% 78.8% 100.0% 216 784 1000 Total 21.6% 78.4% 100.0%
223 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.16.3: Education
Do you send any friend request to unknown people? Yes No Total Under Matric / 8 115 123 Matriculation 6.5% 93.5% 100.0% 38 260 298 Intermediate 12.8% 87.2% 100.0% 107 219 326 Graduation 32.8% 67.2% 100.0% 63 190 253 Post-Graduation 24.9% 75.1% 100.0% 216 784 1000 Total 21.6% 78.4% 100.0%
Table 6.3.16.4: Internet Facility
Do you send any friend request to unknown people? Yes No Total 76 137 213 Land Line DSL 35.7% 64.3% 100.0% 70 230 300 Wifi/Wireless 23.3% 76.7% 100.0% 0 96 96 Cable Net .0% 100.0% 100.0% 70 321 391 Mobile Data 17.9% 82.1% 100.0% 216 784 1000 Total 21.6% 78.4% 100.0%
224 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.16.5: Employment Status
Do you send any friend request to unknown people? Yes No Total 0 383 383 Employed .0% 100.0% 100.0% 216 401 617 Unemployed 35.0% 65.0% 100.0% 216 784 1000 Total 21.6% 78.4% 100.0%
Question No. 17:
Do you accept friend request after viewing the profile?
Table 6.3.17.1: Gender
Do you accept friend request after viewing the profile? Yes No Total 638 0 638 Male 100.0% .0% 100.0% 256 106 362 Female 70.7% 29.3% 100.0% 894 106 1000 Total 89.4% 10.6% 100.0%
225 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.17.2: Age
Do you accept friend request after viewing the profile? Yes No Total 285 0 285 17-19 Years 100.0% .0% 100.0% 340 36 376 20-22 Years 90.4% 9.6% 100.0% 269 70 339 23-25 Years 79.4% 20.6% 100.0% 894 106 1000 Total 89.4% 10.6% 100.0%
Table 6.3.17.3: Education
Do you accept friend request after viewing the profile? Yes No Total Under Matric / 121 2 123 Matriculation 98.4% 1.6% 100.0% 279 19 298 Intermediate 93.6% 6.4% 100.0% 290 36 326 Graduation 89.0% 11.0% 100.0% 204 49 253 Post-Graduation 80.6% 19.4% 100.0% 894 106 1000 Total 89.4% 10.6% 100.0%
226 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.17.4: Internet Facility
Do you accept friend request after viewing the profile? Yes No Total 154 59 213 Land Line DSL 72.3% 27.7% 100.0% 253 47 300 Wifi/Wireless 84.3% 15.7% 100.0% 96 0 96 Cable Net 100.0% .0% 100.0% 391 0 391 Mobile Data 100.0% .0% 100.0% 894 106 1000 Total 89.4% 10.6% 100.0%
Table 6.3.17.5: Employment Status
Do you accept friend request after viewing the profile? Yes No Total 383 0 383 Employed 100.0% .0% 100.0% 511 106 617 Unemployed 82.8% 17.2% 100.0% 894 106 1000 Total 89.4% 10.6% 100.0%
227 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Question No. 19:
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with neighbors.
Table 6.3.19.1: Gender
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with neighbors Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 359 167 9 59 44 638 Male 56.3% 26.2% 1.4% 9.2% 6.9% 100.0% 0 68 105 152 37 362 Female .0% 18.8% 29.0% 42.0% 10.2% 100.0% 359 235 114 211 81 1000 Total 35.9% 23.5% 11.4% 21.1% 8.1% 100.0%
Table 6.3.19.2: Age
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with neighbors Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 17-19 177 33 70 5 0 285 Years 62.1% 11.6% 24.6% 1.8% .0% 100.0% 20-22 180 34 0 156 6 376 Years 47.9% 9.0% .0% 41.5% 1.6% 100.0% 23-25 2 168 44 50 75 339 Years .6% 49.6% 13.0% 14.7% 22.1% 100.0% 359 235 114 211 81 1000 Total 35.9% 23.5% 11.4% 21.1% 8.1% 100.0%
228 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.19.3: Education
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with neighbors Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree Under Matric / 19 10 15 58 21 123 Matriculation 15.4% 8.1% 12.2% 47.2% 17.1% 100.0% 91 131 57 19 0 298 Intermediate 30.5% 44.0% 19.1% 6.4% .0% 100.0% 184 2 0 120 20 326 Graduation 56.4% .6% .0% 36.8% 6.1% 100.0% Post- 65 92 42 14 40 253 Graduation 25.7% 36.4% 16.6% 5.5% 15.8% 100.0% 359 235 114 211 81 1000 Total 35.9% 23.5% 11.4% 21.1% 8.1% 100.0%
Table 6.3.19.4: Internet Facility
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with neighbors Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree Land Line 0 127 42 32 12 213 DSL .0% 59.6% 19.7% 15.0% 5.6% 100.0% 0 102 69 101 28 300 Wifi/Wireless .0% 34.0% 23.0% 33.7% 9.3% 100.0% 96 0 0 0 0 96 Cable Net 100.0% .0% .0% .0% .0% 100.0% 263 6 3 78 41 391 Mobile Data 67.3% 1.5% .8% 19.9% 10.5% 100.0% 359 235 114 211 81 1000 Total 35.9% 23.5% 11.4% 21.1% 8.1% 100.0%
229 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.19.5: Employment Status
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with neighbors Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 348 32 0 3 0 383 Employed 90.9% 8.4% .0% .8% .0% 100.0% 11 203 114 208 81 617 Unemployed 1.8% 32.9% 18.5% 33.7% 13.1% 100.0% 359 235 114 211 81 1000 Total 35.9% 23.5% 11.4% 21.1% 8.1% 100.0%
Question No. 20:
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with relatives.
Table 6.3.20.1: Gender
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with relatives Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 285 198 127 24 4 638 Male 44.7% 31.0% 19.9% 3.8% .6% 100.0% 29 69 120 109 35 362 Female 8.0% 19.1% 33.1% 30.1% 9.7% 100.0% 314 267 247 133 39 1000 Total 31.4% 26.7% 24.7% 13.3% 3.9% 100.0%
230 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.20.2: Age
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with relatives Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 17-19 140 34 105 6 0 285 Years 49.1% 11.9% 36.8% 2.1% .0% 100.0% 20-22 145 36 38 120 37 376 Years 38.6% 9.6% 10.1% 31.9% 9.8% 100.0% 23-25 29 197 104 7 2 339 Years 8.6% 58.1% 30.7% 2.1% .6% 100.0% 314 267 247 133 39 1000 Total 31.4% 26.7% 24.7% 13.3% 3.9% 100.0%
Table 6.3.20.3: Education
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with relatives Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree Under Matric / 0 55 61 7 0 123 Matriculation .0% 44.7% 49.6% 5.7% .0% 100.0% 91 131 57 19 0 298 Intermediate 30.5% 44.0% 19.1% 6.4% .0% 100.0% 149 2 50 86 39 326 Graduation 45.7% .6% 15.3% 26.4% 12.0% 100.0% Post- 74 79 79 21 0 253 Graduation 29.2% 31.2% 31.2% 8.3% .0% 100.0% 314 267 247 133 39 1000 Total 31.4% 26.7% 24.7% 13.3% 3.9% 100.0%
231 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.20.4: Internet Facility
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with relatives Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree Land Line 12 128 44 17 12 213 DSL 5.6% 60.1% 20.7% 8.0% 5.6% 100.0% 17 133 97 26 27 300 Wifi/Wireless 5.7% 44.3% 32.3% 8.7% 9.0% 100.0% 96 0 0 0 0 96 Cable Net 100.0% .0% .0% .0% .0% 100.0% 189 6 106 90 0 391 Mobile Data 48.3% 1.5% 27.1% 23.0% .0% 100.0% 314 267 247 133 39 1000 Total 31.4% 26.7% 24.7% 13.3% 3.9% 100.0%
Table 6.3.20.5: Employment Status
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with relatives Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 284 34 53 12 0 383 Employed 74.2% 8.9% 13.8% 3.1% .0% 100.0% 30 233 194 121 39 617 Unemployed 4.9% 37.8% 31.4% 19.6% 6.3% 100.0% 314 267 247 133 39 1000 Total 31.4% 26.7% 24.7% 13.3% 3.9% 100.0%
232 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Question No. 21:
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with family.
Table 6.3.21.1: Gender
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with family Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 57 68 447 46 20 638 Male 8.9% 10.7% 70.1% 7.2% 3.1% 100.0% 36 39 0 252 35 362 Female 9.9% 10.8% .0% 69.6% 9.7% 100.0% 93 107 447 298 55 1000 Total 9.3% 10.7% 44.7% 29.8% 5.5% 100.0%
Table 6.3.21.2: Age
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with family Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 17-19 0 20 176 81 8 285 Years .0% 7.0% 61.8% 28.4% 2.8% 100.0% 20-22 42 22 150 157 5 376 Years 11.2% 5.9% 39.9% 41.8% 1.3% 100.0% 23-25 51 65 121 60 42 339 Years 15.0% 19.2% 35.7% 17.7% 12.4% 100.0% 93 107 447 298 55 1000 Total 9.3% 10.7% 44.7% 29.8% 5.5% 100.0%
233 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.21.3: Education
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with family Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree Under Matric / 35 45 1 37 5 123 Matriculation 28.5% 36.6% .8% 30.1% 4.1% 100.0% 0 0 184 95 19 298 Intermediate .0% .0% 61.7% 31.9% 6.4% 100.0% 58 22 156 85 5 326 Graduation 17.8% 6.7% 47.9% 26.1% 1.5% 100.0% Post- 0 40 106 81 26 253 Graduation .0% 15.8% 41.9% 32.0% 10.3% 100.0% 93 107 447 298 55 1000 Total 9.3% 10.7% 44.7% 29.8% 5.5% 100.0%
Table 6.3.21.4: Internet Facility
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with family Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree Land Line 12 14 75 74 38 213 DSL 5.6% 6.6% 35.2% 34.7% 17.8% 100.0% 43 52 70 130 5 300 Wifi/Wireless 14.3% 17.3% 23.3% 43.3% 1.7% 100.0% 0 0 96 0 0 96 Cable Net .0% .0% 100.0% .0% .0% 100.0% 38 41 206 94 12 391 Mobile Data 9.7% 10.5% 52.7% 24.0% 3.1% 100.0% 93 107 447 298 55 1000 Total 9.3% 10.7% 44.7% 29.8% 5.5% 100.0%
234 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.21.5: Employment Status
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with family Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 0 31 326 13 13 383 Employed .0% 8.1% 85.1% 3.4% 3.4% 100.0% 93 76 121 285 42 617 Unemployed 15.1% 12.3% 19.6% 46.2% 6.8% 100.0% 93 107 447 298 55 1000 Total 9.3% 10.7% 44.7% 29.8% 5.5% 100.0%
Question No. 22:
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with friends.
Table 6.3.22.1: Gender
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with friends Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 427 115 36 53 7 638 Male 66.9% 18.0% 5.6% 8.3% 1.1% 100.0% 0 99 119 108 36 362 Female .0% 27.3% 32.9% 29.8% 9.9% 100.0% 427 214 155 161 43 1000 Total 42.7% 21.4% 15.5% 16.1% 4.3% 100.0%
235 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.22.2: Age
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with friends Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 17-19 175 31 77 2 0 285 Years 61.4% 10.9% 27.0% .7% .0% 100.0% 20-22 178 68 8 122 0 376 Years 47.3% 18.1% 2.1% 32.4% .0% 100.0% 23-25 74 115 70 37 43 339 Years 21.8% 33.9% 20.6% 10.9% 12.7% 100.0% 427 214 155 161 43 1000 Total 42.7% 21.4% 15.5% 16.1% 4.3% 100.0%
Table 6.3.22.3: Education
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with friends Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree Under Matric / 25 16 41 31 10 123 Matriculation 20.3% 13.0% 33.3% 25.2% 8.1% 100.0% 127 76 57 19 19 298 Intermediate 42.6% 25.5% 19.1% 6.4% 6.4% 100.0% 184 37 8 97 0 326 Graduation 56.4% 11.3% 2.5% 29.8% .0% 100.0% Post- 91 85 49 14 14 253 Graduation 36.0% 33.6% 19.4% 5.5% 5.5% 100.0% 427 214 155 161 43 1000 Total 42.7% 21.4% 15.5% 16.1% 4.3% 100.0%
236 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.22.4: Employment Status
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with friends Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 383 0 0 0 0 383 Employed 100.0% .0% .0% .0% .0% 100.0% 44 214 155 161 43 617 Unemployed 7.1% 34.7% 25.1% 26.1% 7.0% 100.0% 427 214 155 161 43 1000 Total 42.7% 21.4% 15.5% 16.1% 4.3% 100.0%
Question No. 23:
Due to social media usage your participation in social activities (like birthday and other activities) is decreasing.
Table 6.3.23.1: Gender
Due to social media usage your participation in social activities (like birthday and other activities) is decreasing Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 20 6 518 55 39 638 Male 3.1% .9% 81.2% 8.6% 6.1% 100.0% 37 37 0 288 0 362 Female 10.2% 10.2% .0% 79.6% .0% 100.0% 57 43 518 343 39 1000 Total 5.7% 4.3% 51.8% 34.3% 3.9% 100.0%
237 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.23.2: Age
Due to social media usage your participation in social activities (like birthday and other activities) is decreasing Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 17-19 0 0 177 108 0 285 Years .0% .0% 62.1% 37.9% .0% 100.0% 20-22 9 0 185 181 1 376 Years 2.4% .0% 49.2% 48.1% .3% 100.0% 23-25 48 43 156 54 38 339 Years 14.2% 12.7% 46.0% 15.9% 11.2% 100.0% 57 43 518 343 39 1000 Total 5.7% 4.3% 51.8% 34.3% 3.9% 100.0%
Table 6.3.23.3: Education
Due to social media usage your participation in social activities (like birthday and other activities) is decreasing Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree Under Matric / 12 10 45 32 24 123 Matriculation 9.8% 8.1% 36.6% 26.0% 19.5% 100.0% 0 19 165 114 0 298 Intermediate .0% 6.4% 55.4% 38.3% .0% 100.0% 5 0 191 115 15 326 Graduation 1.5% .0% 58.6% 35.3% 4.6% 100.0% Post- 40 14 117 82 0 253 Graduation 15.8% 5.5% 46.2% 32.4% .0% 100.0% 57 43 518 343 39 1000 Total 5.7% 4.3% 51.8% 34.3% 3.9% 100.0%
238 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.23.4: Internet Facility
Due to social media usage your participation in social activities (like birthday and other activities) is decreasing Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree Land Line 12 40 60 101 0 213 DSL 5.6% 18.8% 28.2% 47.4% .0% 100.0% 41 3 84 163 9 300 Wifi/Wireless 13.7% 1.0% 28.0% 54.3% 3.0% 100.0% 0 0 96 0 0 96 Cable Net .0% .0% 100.0% .0% .0% 100.0% 4 0 278 79 30 391 Mobile Data 1.0% .0% 71.1% 20.2% 7.7% 100.0% 57 43 518 343 39 1000 Total 5.7% 4.3% 51.8% 34.3% 3.9% 100.0%
Table 6.3.23.5: Employment Status
Due to social media usage your participation in social activities (like birthday and other activities) is decreasing Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 0 0 383 0 0 383 Employed .0% .0% 100.0% .0% .0% 100.0% 57 43 135 343 39 617 Unemployed 9.2% 7.0% 21.9% 55.6% 6.3% 100.0% 57 43 518 343 39 1000 Total 5.7% 4.3% 51.8% 34.3% 3.9% 100.0%
239 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Question No. 24:
Due to use of social media your domestic events is affecting?
Table 6.3.24.1: Gender
Due to use of social media your domestic events is affecting? Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 5 23 556 20 34 638 Male .8% 3.6% 87.1% 3.1% 5.3% 100.0% 36 37 37 252 0 362 Female 9.9% 10.2% 10.2% 69.6% .0% 100.0% 41 60 593 272 34 1000 Total 4.1% 6.0% 59.3% 27.2% 3.4% 100.0%
Table 6.3.24.2: Age
Due to use of social media your domestic events is affecting? Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 17-19 0 0 213 72 0 285 Years .0% .0% 74.7% 25.3% .0% 100.0% 20-22 38 5 185 147 1 376 Years 10.1% 1.3% 49.2% 39.1% .3% 100.0% 23-25 3 55 195 53 33 339 Years .9% 16.2% 57.5% 15.6% 9.7% 100.0% 41 60 593 272 34 1000 Total 4.1% 6.0% 59.3% 27.2% 3.4% 100.0%
240 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.24.3: Education
Due to use of social media your domestic events is affecting? Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree Under Matric / 1 13 55 30 24 123 Matriculation .8% 10.6% 44.7% 24.4% 19.5% 100.0% 0 0 203 95 0 298 Intermediate .0% .0% 68.1% 31.9% .0% 100.0% 40 7 191 78 10 326 Graduation 12.3% 2.1% 58.6% 23.9% 3.1% 100.0% Post- 0 40 144 69 0 253 Graduation .0% 15.8% 56.9% 27.3% .0% 100.0% 41 60 593 272 34 1000 Total 4.1% 6.0% 59.3% 27.2% 3.4% 100.0%
Table 6.3.24.4: Internet Facility
Due to use of social media your domestic events is affecting? Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree Land Line 12 12 113 74 2 213 DSL 5.6% 5.6% 53.1% 34.7% .9% 100.0% 28 39 105 118 10 300 Wifi/Wireless 9.3% 13.0% 35.0% 39.3% 3.3% 100.0% 0 0 96 0 0 96 Cable Net .0% .0% 100.0% .0% .0% 100.0% 1 9 279 80 22 391 Mobile Data .3% 2.3% 71.4% 20.5% 5.6% 100.0% 41 60 593 272 34 1000 Total 4.1% 6.0% 59.3% 27.2% 3.4% 100.0%
241 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.24.5: Employment Status
Due to use of social media your domestic events is affecting? Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 0 0 383 0 0 383 Employed .0% .0% 100.0% .0% .0% 100.0% 41 60 210 272 34 617 Unemployed 6.6% 9.7% 34.0% 44.1% 5.5% 100.0% 41 60 593 272 34 1000 Total 4.1% 6.0% 59.3% 27.2% 3.4% 100.0%
Question No. 25:
Have you any fake account by opposite gender name?
Table 6.3.25.1: Gender
Have you any fake account by opposite gender name? Yes No Total 2 636 638 Male .3% 99.7% 100.0% 69 293 362 Female 19.1% 80.9% 100.0% 71 929 1000 Total 7.1% 92.9% 100.0%
242 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.25.2: Age
Have you any fake account by opposite gender name? Yes No Total 0 285 285 17-19 Years .0% 100.0% 100.0% 0 376 376 20-22 Years .0% 100.0% 100.0% 71 268 339 23-25 Years 20.9% 79.1% 100.0% 71 929 1000 Total 7.1% 92.9% 100.0%
Table 6.3.25.3: Education
Have you any fake account by opposite gender name? Yes No Total Under Matric / 2 121 123 Matriculation 1.6% 98.4% 100.0% 19 279 298 Intermediate 6.4% 93.6% 100.0% 0 326 326 Graduation .0% 100.0% 100.0% 50 203 253 Post-Graduation 19.8% 80.2% 100.0% 71 929 1000 Total 7.1% 92.9% 100.0%
243 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.25.4: Internet Facility
Have you any fake account by opposite gender name? Yes No Total 47 166 213 Land Line DSL 22.1% 77.9% 100.0% 24 276 300 Wifi/Wireless 8.0% 92.0% 100.0% 0 96 96 Cable Net .0% 100.0% 100.0% 0 391 391 Mobile Data .0% 100.0% 100.0% 71 929 1000 Total 7.1% 92.9% 100.0%
Table 6.3.25.5: Employment Status
Have you any fake account by opposite gender name? Yes No Total 0 383 383 Employed .0% 100.0% 100.0% 71 546 617 Unemployed 11.5% 88.5% 100.0% 71 929 1000 Total 7.1% 92.9% 100.0%
244 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Question No. 26:
Have you confronted or identified any fake account?
Table 6.3.26.1: Gender
Have you confronted or identified any fake account? Yes No Total 2 636 638 Male .3% 99.7% 100.0% 61 301 362 Female 16.9% 83.1% 100.0% 63 937 1000 Total 6.3% 93.7% 100.0%
Table 6.3.26.2: Age
Have you confronted or identified any fake account? Yes No Total 0 285 285 17-19 Years .0% 100.0% 100.0% 0 376 376 20-22 Years .0% 100.0% 100.0% 63 276 339 23-25 Years 18.6% 81.4% 100.0% 63 937 1000 Total 6.3% 93.7% 100.0%
245 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.26.3: Education
Have you confronted or identified any fake account? Yes No Total Under Matric / 1 122 123 Matriculation .8% 99.2% 100.0% 19 279 298 Intermediate 6.4% 93.6% 100.0% 0 326 326 Graduation .0% 100.0% 100.0% 43 210 253 Post-Graduation 17.0% 83.0% 100.0% 63 937 1000 Total 6.3% 93.7% 100.0%
Table 6.3.26.4: Internet Facility
Have you confronted or identified any fake account? Yes No Total 44 169 213 Land Line DSL 20.7% 79.3% 100.0% 19 281 300 Wifi/Wireless 6.3% 93.7% 100.0% 0 96 96 Cable Net .0% 100.0% 100.0% 0 391 391 Mobile Data .0% 100.0% 100.0% 63 937 1000 Total 6.3% 93.7% 100.0%
246 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.26.5: Employment Status
Have you confronted or identified any fake account? Yes No Total 0 383 383 Employed .0% 100.0% 100.0% 63 554 617 Unemployed 10.2% 89.8% 100.0% 63 937 1000 Total 6.3% 93.7% 100.0%
Question No. 27:
Do you think that people are misusing the social media creating rumors and propagation?
Table 6.3.27.1: Gender
Do you think that people are misusing the social media creating rumors and propagation? Yes No Total 503 135 638 Male 78.8% 21.2% 100.0% 269 93 362 Female 74.3% 25.7% 100.0% 772 228 1000 Total 77.2% 22.8% 100.0%
247 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.27.2: Age
Do you think that people are misusing the social media creating rumors and propagation? Yes No Total 265 20 285 17-19 Years 93.0% 7.0% 100.0% 334 42 376 20-22 Years 88.8% 11.2% 100.0% 173 166 339 23-25 Years 51.0% 49.0% 100.0% 772 228 1000 Total 77.2% 22.8% 100.0%
Table 6.3.27.3: Education
Do you think that people are misusing the social media creating rumors and propagation? Yes No Total Under Matric / 18 105 123 Matriculation 14.6% 85.4% 100.0% 279 19 298 Intermediate 93.6% 6.4% 100.0% 276 50 326 Graduation 84.7% 15.3% 100.0% 199 54 253 Post-Graduation 78.7% 21.3% 100.0% 772 228 1000 Total 77.2% 22.8% 100.0%
248 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.27.4: Internet Facility
Do you think that people are misusing the social media creating rumors and propagation? Yes No Total 161 52 213 Land Line DSL 75.6% 24.4% 100.0% 204 96 300 Wifi/Wireless 68.0% 32.0% 100.0% 96 0 96 Cable Net 100.0% .0% 100.0% 311 80 391 Mobile Data 79.5% 20.5% 100.0% 772 228 1000 Total 77.2% 22.8% 100.0%
Table 6.3.27.5: Employment Status
Do you think that people are misusing the social media creating rumors and propagation? Yes No Total 363 20 383 Employed 94.8% 5.2% 100.0% 409 208 617 Unemployed 66.3% 33.7% 100.0% 772 228 1000 Total 77.2% 22.8% 100.0%
249 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Question No. 28:
Social media is a good source of religious information.
Table 6.3.28.1: Gender
Social media is a good source of religious information Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 246 280 88 24 0 638 Male 38.6% 43.9% 13.8% 3.8% .0% 100.0% 2 8 81 208 63 362 Female .6% 2.2% 22.4% 57.5% 17.4% 100.0% 248 288 169 232 63 1000 Total 24.8% 28.8% 16.9% 23.2% 6.3% 100.0%
Table 6.3.28.2: Age
Social media is a good source of religious information Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 17-19 177 2 36 70 0 285 Years 62.1% .7% 12.6% 24.6% .0% 100.0% 20-22 37 155 38 146 0 376 Years 9.8% 41.2% 10.1% 38.8% .0% 100.0% 23-25 34 131 95 16 63 339 Years 10.0% 38.6% 28.0% 4.7% 18.6% 100.0% 248 288 169 232 63 1000 Total 24.8% 28.8% 16.9% 23.2% 6.3% 100.0%
250 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.28.3: Education
Social media is a good source of religious information Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree Under Matric / 44 24 34 21 0 123 Matriculation 35.8% 19.5% 27.6% 17.1% .0% 100.0% 91 55 76 57 19 298 Intermediate 30.5% 18.5% 25.5% 19.1% 6.4% 100.0% 45 166 0 115 0 326 Graduation 13.8% 50.9% .0% 35.3% .0% 100.0% Post- 68 43 59 39 44 253 Graduation 26.9% 17.0% 23.3% 15.4% 17.4% 100.0% 248 288 169 232 63 1000 Total 24.8% 28.8% 16.9% 23.2% 6.3% 100.0%
Table 6.3.28.4: Internet Facility
Social media is a good source of religious information Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree Land Line 4 45 63 57 44 213 DSL 1.9% 21.1% 29.6% 26.8% 20.7% 100.0% 4 76 102 99 19 300 Wifi/Wireless 1.3% 25.3% 34.0% 33.0% 6.3% 100.0% 19 77 0 0 0 96 Cable Net 19.8% 80.2% .0% .0% .0% 100.0% 221 90 4 76 0 391 Mobile Data 56.5% 23.0% 1.0% 19.4% .0% 100.0% 248 288 169 232 63 1000 Total 24.8% 28.8% 16.9% 23.2% 6.3% 100.0%
251 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.28.5: Employment Status
Social media is a good source of religious information Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 208 175 0 0 0 383 Employed 54.3% 45.7% .0% .0% .0% 100.0% 40 113 169 232 63 617 Unemployed 6.5% 18.3% 27.4% 37.6% 10.2% 100.0% 248 288 169 232 63 1000 Total 24.8% 28.8% 16.9% 23.2% 6.3% 100.0%
Question No. 30:
Social media is working as a tool of creating awareness on different issues.
Table 6.3.30.1: Gender
Social media is working as a tool of creating awareness on different issues Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 572 17 28 19 2 638 Male 89.7% 2.7% 4.4% 3.0% .3% 100.0% 73 156 36 72 25 362 Female 20.2% 43.1% 9.9% 19.9% 6.9% 100.0% 645 173 64 91 27 1000 Total 64.5% 17.3% 6.4% 9.1% 2.7% 100.0%
252 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.30.2: Age
Social media is working as a tool of creating awareness on different issues Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 17-19 213 72 0 0 0 285 Years 74.7% 25.3% .0% .0% .0% 100.0% 20-22 223 38 38 77 0 376 Years 59.3% 10.1% 10.1% 20.5% .0% 100.0% 23-25 209 63 26 14 27 339 Years 61.7% 18.6% 7.7% 4.1% 8.0% 100.0% 645 173 64 91 27 1000 Total 64.5% 17.3% 6.4% 9.1% 2.7% 100.0%
Table 6.3.30.3: Education
Social media is working as a tool of creating awareness on different issues Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree Under Matric / 70 28 17 8 0 123 Matriculation 56.9% 22.8% 13.8% 6.5% .0% 100.0% 222 76 0 0 0 298 Intermediate 74.5% 25.5% .0% .0% .0% 100.0% 196 0 47 83 0 326 Graduation 60.1% .0% 14.4% 25.5% .0% 100.0% 157 69 0 0 27 253 Post-Graduation 62.1% 27.3% .0% .0% 10.7% 100.0% 645 173 64 91 27 1000 Total 64.5% 17.3% 6.4% 9.1% 2.7% 100.0%
253 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.30.4: Internet Facility
Social media is working as a tool of creating awareness on different issues Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree Land Line 128 57 2 14 12 213 DSL 60.1% 26.8% .9% 6.6% 5.6% 100.0% 132 113 6 34 15 300 Wifi/Wireless 44.0% 37.7% 2.0% 11.3% 5.0% 100.0% 96 0 0 0 0 96 Cable Net 100.0% .0% .0% .0% .0% 100.0% 289 3 56 43 0 391 Mobile Data 73.9% .8% 14.3% 11.0% .0% 100.0% 645 173 64 91 27 1000 Total 64.5% 17.3% 6.4% 9.1% 2.7% 100.0%
Table 6.3.30.5: Employment Status
Social media is working as a tool of creating awareness on different issues Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 383 0 0 0 0 383 Employed 100.0% .0% .0% .0% .0% 100.0% 262 173 64 91 27 617 Unemployed 42.5% 28.0% 10.4% 14.7% 4.4% 100.0% 645 173 64 91 27 1000 Total 64.5% 17.3% 6.4% 9.1% 2.7% 100.0%
254 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Question No. 31:
Social media has helped you developing a closer relationship with your friends.
Table 6.3.31.1: Gender
Social media has helped you developing a closer relationship with your friends Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 321 295 9 13 0 638 Male 50.3% 46.2% 1.4% 2.0% .0% 100.0% 37 109 108 80 28 362 Female 10.2% 30.1% 29.8% 22.1% 7.7% 100.0% 358 404 117 93 28 1000 Total 35.8% 40.4% 11.7% 9.3% 2.8% 100.0%
Table 6.3.31.2: Age
Social media has helped you developing a closer relationship with your friends Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 17-19 177 36 36 36 0 285 Years 62.1% 12.6% 12.6% 12.6% .0% 100.0% 20-22 111 113 76 48 28 376 Years 29.5% 30.1% 20.2% 12.8% 7.4% 100.0% 23-25 70 255 5 9 0 339 Years 20.6% 75.2% 1.5% 2.7% .0% 100.0% 358 404 117 93 28 1000 Total 35.8% 40.4% 11.7% 9.3% 2.8% 100.0%
255 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.31.3: Education
Social media has helped you developing a closer relationship with your friends Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree Under Matric / 38 64 6 15 0 123 Matriculation 30.9% 52.0% 4.9% 12.2% .0% 100.0% 91 150 19 19 19 298 Intermediate 30.5% 50.3% 6.4% 6.4% 6.4% 100.0% 125 83 78 40 0 326 Graduation 38.3% 25.5% 23.9% 12.3% .0% 100.0% Post- 104 107 14 19 9 253 Graduation 41.1% 42.3% 5.5% 7.5% 3.6% 100.0% 358 404 117 93 28 1000 Total 35.8% 40.4% 11.7% 9.3% 2.8% 100.0%
Table 6.3.31.4: Internet Facility
Social media has helped you developing a closer relationship with your friends Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree Land Line 12 144 27 15 15 213 DSL 5.6% 67.6% 12.7% 7.0% 7.0% 100.0% 28 170 51 38 13 300 Wifi/Wireless 9.3% 56.7% 17.0% 12.7% 4.3% 100.0% 57 39 0 0 0 96 Cable Net 59.4% 40.6% .0% .0% .0% 100.0% 261 51 39 40 0 391 Mobile Data 66.8% 13.0% 10.0% 10.2% .0% 100.0% 358 404 117 93 28 1000 Total 35.8% 40.4% 11.7% 9.3% 2.8% 100.0%
256 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.31.5: Employment Status
Social media has helped you developing a closer relationship with your friends Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 278 105 0 0 0 383 Employed 72.6% 27.4% .0% .0% .0% 100.0% 80 299 117 93 28 617 Unemployed 13.0% 48.5% 19.0% 15.1% 4.5% 100.0% 358 404 117 93 28 1000 Total 35.8% 40.4% 11.7% 9.3% 2.8% 100.0%
Question No. 32:
Do you think social media is a source of more effective communication than other media?
Table 6.3.32.1: Gender
Do you think social media is a source of more effective communication than other media? Yes No Total 606 32 638 Male 95.0% 5.0% 100.0% 252 110 362 Female 69.6% 30.4% 100.0% 858 142 1000 Total 85.8% 14.2% 100.0%
257 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.32.2: Age
Do you think social media is a source of more effective communication than other media? Yes No Total 285 0 285 17-19 Years 100.0% .0% 100.0% 338 38 376 20-22 Years 89.9% 10.1% 100.0% 235 104 339 23-25 Years 69.3% 30.7% 100.0% 858 142 1000 Total 85.8% 14.2% 100.0%
Table 6.3.32.3: Education
Do you think social media is a source of more effective communication than other media? Yes No Total Under Matric / 101 22 123 Matriculation 82.1% 17.9% 100.0% 279 19 298 Intermediate 93.6% 6.4% 100.0% 279 47 326 Graduation 85.6% 14.4% 100.0% 199 54 253 Post-Graduation 78.7% 21.3% 100.0% 858 142 1000 Total 85.8% 14.2% 100.0%
258 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.32.4: Internet Facility
Do you think social media is a source of more effective communication than other media? Yes No Total 149 64 213 Land Line DSL 70.0% 30.0% 100.0% 234 66 300 Wifi/Wireless 78.0% 22.0% 100.0% 96 0 96 Cable Net 100.0% .0% 100.0% 379 12 391 Mobile Data 96.9% 3.1% 100.0% 858 142 1000 Total 85.8% 14.2% 100.0%
Table 6.3.32.5: Employment Status
Do you think social media is a source of more effective communication than other media? Yes No Total 383 0 383 Employed 100.0% .0% 100.0% 475 142 617 Unemployed 77.0% 23.0% 100.0% 858 142 1000 Total 85.8% 14.2% 100.0%
259 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Question No. 34:
Have you attended any event (exhibition, protest, sale, or any discount offer from any out let) which came to your knowledge by social media?
Table 6.3.34.1: Gender
Have you attended any event (exhibition, protest, sale, or any discount offer from any out let) which came to your knowledge by social media? Often Rarely Once Never Total 58 412 17 151 638 Male 9.1% 64.6% 2.7% 23.7% 100.0% 216 0 108 38 362 Female 59.7% .0% 29.8% 10.5% 100.0% 274 412 125 189 1000 Total 27.4% 41.2% 12.5% 18.9% 100.0%
Table 6.3.34.2: Age
Have you attended any event (exhibition, protest, sale, or any discount offer from any out let) which came to your knowledge by social media? Often Rarely Once Never Total 108 145 0 32 285 17-19 Years 37.9% 50.9% .0% 11.2% 100.0% 114 147 76 39 376 20-22 Years 30.3% 39.1% 20.2% 10.4% 100.0% 52 120 49 118 339 23-25 Years 15.3% 35.4% 14.5% 34.8% 100.0% 274 412 125 189 1000 Total 27.4% 41.2% 12.5% 18.9% 100.0%
260 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.34.3: Education
Have you attended any event (exhibition, protest, sale, or any discount offer from any out let) which came to your knowledge by social media? Often Rarely Once Never Total Under Matric / 38 0 12 73 123 Matriculation 30.9% .0% 9.8% 59.3% 100.0% 114 165 19 0 298 Intermediate 38.3% 55.4% 6.4% .0% 100.0% 40 153 80 53 326 Graduation 12.3% 46.9% 24.5% 16.3% 100.0% Post- 82 94 14 63 253 Graduation 32.4% 37.2% 5.5% 24.9% 100.0% 274 412 125 189 1000 Total 27.4% 41.2% 12.5% 18.9% 100.0%
Table 6.3.34.4: Internet Facility
Have you attended any event (exhibition, protest, sale, or any discount offer from any out let) which came to your knowledge by social media? Often Rarely Once Never Total Land Line 88 60 52 13 213 DSL 41.3% 28.2% 24.4% 6.1% 100.0% 142 56 34 68 300 Wifi/Wireless 47.3% 18.7% 11.3% 22.7% 100.0% 0 96 0 0 96 Cable Net .0% 100.0% .0% .0% 100.0% 44 200 39 108 391 Mobile Data 11.3% 51.2% 10.0% 27.6% 100.0% 274 412 125 189 1000 Total 27.4% 41.2% 12.5% 18.9% 100.0%
261 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.34.5: Employment Status
Have you attended any event (exhibition, protest, sale, or any discount offer from any out let) which came to your knowledge by social media? Often Rarely Once Never Total 0 322 0 61 383 Employed .0% 84.1% .0% 15.9% 100.0% 274 90 125 128 617 Unemployed 44.4% 14.6% 20.3% 20.7% 100.0% 274 412 125 189 1000 Total 27.4% 41.2% 12.5% 18.9% 100.0%
Question No. 35:
Have you started depending on audio video calling facilities of social media more than telecommunication services?
Table 6.3.35.1: Gender
Have you started depending on audio video calling facilities of social media more than telecommunication services? To some Excessively Never Total Extent 32 510 96 638 Male 5.0% 79.9% 15.0% 100.0% 108 171 83 362 Female 29.8% 47.2% 22.9% 100.0% 140 681 179 1000 Total 14.0% 68.1% 17.9% 100.0%
262 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.35.2: Age
Have you started depending on audio video calling facilities of social media more than telecommunication services? To some Excessively Never Total Extent 0 272 13 285 17-19 Years .0% 95.4% 4.6% 100.0% 114 204 58 376 20-22 Years 30.3% 54.3% 15.4% 100.0% 26 205 108 339 23-25 Years 7.7% 60.5% 31.9% 100.0% 140 681 179 1000 Total 14.0% 68.1% 17.9% 100.0%
Table 6.3.35.3: Internet Facility
Have you started depending on audio video calling facilities of social media more than telecommunication services? To some Excessively Never Total Extent Land Line 28 167 18 213 DSL 13.1% 78.4% 8.5% 100.0% 63 165 72 300 Wifi/Wireless 21.0% 55.0% 24.0% 100.0% 0 96 0 96 Cable Net .0% 100.0% .0% 100.0% 49 253 89 391 Mobile Data 12.5% 64.7% 22.8% 100.0% 140 681 179 1000 Total 14.0% 68.1% 17.9% 100.0%
263 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.35.4: Employment Status
Have you started depending on audio video calling facilities of social media more than telecommunication services? To some Excessively Never Total Extent 0 374 9 383 Employed .0% 97.7% 2.3% 100.0% 140 307 170 617 Unemployed 22.7% 49.8% 27.6% 100.0% 140 681 179 1000 Total 14.0% 68.1% 17.9% 100.0%
Question No. 36:
Social media is affecting your daily life style.
Table 6.3.36.1: Gender
Social media is affecting your daily life style Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 0 12 369 200 57 638 Male .0% 1.9% 57.8% 31.3% 8.9% 100.0% 207 137 9 9 0 362 Female 57.2% 37.8% 2.5% 2.5% .0% 100.0% 207 149 378 209 57 1000 Total 20.7% 14.9% 37.8% 20.9% 5.7% 100.0%
264 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.36.2: Age
Social media is affecting your daily life style Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 17-19 68 0 181 0 36 285 Years 23.9% .0% 63.5% .0% 12.6% 100.0% 20-22 105 69 158 42 2 376 Years 27.9% 18.4% 42.0% 11.2% .5% 100.0% 23-25 34 80 39 167 19 339 Years 10.0% 23.6% 11.5% 49.3% 5.6% 100.0% 207 149 378 209 57 1000 Total 20.7% 14.9% 37.8% 20.9% 5.7% 100.0%
Table 6.3.36.3: Education
Social media is affecting your daily life style Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree Under Matric / 8 5 53 34 23 123 Matriculation 6.5% 4.1% 43.1% 27.6% 18.7% 100.0% 95 19 91 74 19 298 Intermediate 31.9% 6.4% 30.5% 24.8% 6.4% 100.0% 35 73 170 46 2 326 Graduation 10.7% 22.4% 52.1% 14.1% .6% 100.0% Post- 69 52 64 55 13 253 Graduation 27.3% 20.6% 25.3% 21.7% 5.1% 100.0% 207 149 378 209 57 1000 Total 20.7% 14.9% 37.8% 20.9% 5.7% 100.0%
265 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.36.4: Internet Facility
Social media is affecting your daily life style Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree Land Line 73 63 0 62 15 213 DSL 34.3% 29.6% .0% 29.1% 7.0% 100.0% 96 51 14 100 39 300 Wifi/Wireless 32.0% 17.0% 4.7% 33.3% 13.0% 100.0% 0 0 76 20 0 96 Cable Net .0% .0% 79.2% 20.8% .0% 100.0% 38 35 288 27 3 391 Mobile Data 9.7% 9.0% 73.7% 6.9% .8% 100.0% 207 149 378 209 57 1000 Total 20.7% 14.9% 37.8% 20.9% 5.7% 100.0%
Table 6.3.36.5: Employment Status
Social media is affecting your daily life style Strongly Strongly Agree Disagree Undecided Total Agree Disagree 0 0 313 70 0 383 Employed .0% .0% 81.7% 18.3% .0% 100.0% 207 149 65 139 57 617 Unemployed 33.5% 24.1% 10.5% 22.5% 9.2% 100.0% 207 149 378 209 57 1000 Total 20.7% 14.9% 37.8% 20.9% 5.7% 100.0%
266 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Question No. 37:
What is your opinion about the utility of social media in our society?
Table 6.3.37.1: Gender
What is your opinion about the utility of social media in our society? Positive Negative Total 632 6 638 Male 99.1% .9% 100.0% 108 254 362 Female 29.8% 70.2% 100.0% 740 260 1000 Total 74.0% 26.0% 100.0%
Table 6.3.37.2: Age
What is your opinion about the utility of social media in our society? Positive Negative Total 249 36 285 17-19 Years 87.4% 12.6% 100.0% 228 148 376 20-22 Years 60.6% 39.4% 100.0% 263 76 339 23-25 Years 77.6% 22.4% 100.0% 740 260 1000 Total 74.0% 26.0% 100.0%
267 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.37.3: Education
What is your opinion about the utility of social media in our society? Positive Negative Total Under Matric / 110 13 123 Matriculation 89.4% 10.6% 100.0% 241 57 298 Intermediate 80.9% 19.1% 100.0% 215 111 326 Graduation 66.0% 34.0% 100.0% 174 79 253 Post-Graduation 68.8% 31.2% 100.0% 740 260 1000 Total 74.0% 26.0% 100.0%
Table 6.3.37.4: Internet Facility
What is your opinion about the utility of social media in our society? Positive Negative Total 121 92 213 Land Line DSL 56.8% 43.2% 100.0% 205 95 300 Wi-Fi/Wireless 68.3% 31.7% 100.0% 96 0 96 Cable Net 100.0% .0% 100.0% 318 73 391 Mobile Data 81.3% 18.7% 100.0% 740 260 1000 Total 74.0% 26.0% 100.0%
268 | P a g e Appendix – C: Cross Tabulation
Table 6.3.37.5: Employment Status
What is your opinion about the utility of social media in our society? Positive Negative Total 383 0 383 Employed 100.0% .0% 100.0% 357 260 617 Unemployed 57.9% 42.1% 100.0% 740 260 1000 Total 74.0% 26.0% 100.0%
269 | P a g e Appendix – D: Questionnaire
Appendix – D QUESTIONNAIRE
270 | P a g e Appendix – D: Questionnaire
Social Media and Youth: Uses, Problems and Prospects A Case Study of Southern Punjab
Dear Respondent,
Thanks for your willingness to participate in this research. This questionnaire is part of research towards a Ph.D. degree (Media Studies) in “The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan”. Your cooperation will be highly appreciated for yielding information on the topic. This questionnaire would not be used for commercial purposes and it aims at helping the researcher to complete the Ph.D. degree. You are requested to cooperate and fill the questionnaire about the topic. This information and suggestions will be proved helpful for youth and national interest. All the information provided by you in this regard will be used only for research purpose. Your cooperation will be highly appreciated. You are requested to cooperate. Your co-operation will make this research more authentic and will help the researcher in reaching to a meaningful conclusion on the topic.
I hope that you will be able to participate in this study.
Yours sincerely,
Muhammad Bilal Nawaz
Ph.D. Fellow (Media Studies) The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan E-mail: [email protected]
271 | P a g e Appendix – D: Questionnaire
Eligible respondent i) Youth between ages of 17 to 25 years. ii) Residency in Southern Punjab. iii) User of Social Media. Note: Please tick () the box that comes closest to your views and fill in the banks where necessary.
Part I: Personal Information
Name (Optional) ..…………………….. District……………..…………
1. Gender
(a) Male (b) Female
2. Age
(a) 17 to 19 (b) 20 to 22
(c) 23 to 25
3. Education
(a) Under Matric/Matriculation (b) Intermediate
(c) Graduation (d) Post-Graduation
4. Marital Status
(a) Married (b) Unmarried
5. Internet Facility
(a) Land line DSL (b) Wi-Fi/ Wireless
(a) Cable net (b) Mobile data
6. Employment Status
(a) Employed (b) Unemployed
272 | P a g e Appendix – D: Questionnaire
Part II: Patterns Using of Social Media
Q No: 1.
On which social media site you have an account?
(a) Facebook (b) Twitter
(c) Skype (d) YouTube
(e) WhatsApp (f) Other
Q No: 2.
How often do you login on your account?
(a) Daily (b) Once a week
(c) Often
Q No: 3.
How many hours daily you spend on social media?
(a) 1 to 2 hours (b) 2 to 4 hours
(c) 4 to 7 hours (d) More than 7 hours
Q No: 4.
You are free to use social media of your own choice?
(a) Strongly agree (b) Agree
(c) Strongly disagree (d) Disagree
(e) Undecided
273 | P a g e Appendix – D: Questionnaire
Q No: 5.
For what motives do you use social media?
❖ Education (a) Yes (b) No
❖ Entertainment (a) Yes (b) No
❖ Information (a) Yes (b) No
❖ Global contact (a) Yes (b) No
❖ Communication (a) Yes (b) No
❖ For personal Identity (a) Yes (b) No
Q No: 6.
What information have you revealed about yourself on your social media account profile page?
(a) Photos (b) Date of birth
(c) Work place (if any) (d) Address/Home phone number
(e) Cell phone number (f) Other information
Q No: 7.
Do you feel addiction to use social media?
(a) Yes (b) No
Q No: 8.
What is the main source of your information about events and happenings?
(a) T.V (b) Social Media
(c) Newspaper (d) Any other
274 | P a g e Appendix – D: Questionnaire
Q No: 9.
How many social media sites you use usually?
(a) 1 to 2 Social Media sites
(b) 3 to 5 Social Media sites
(c) More than 5 Social Media sites
Q No: 10.
In which time do you use social media sites?
(a) Morning (b) Afternoon
(c) Night (d) Midnight
Q No: 11.
What sort of information you are getting from social media?
(a) Constructive (b) Distractive
(c) Both
Q No: 12.
Social media is introducing new fashion trends in society.
(a) Strongly agree (b) Agree
(c) Strongly disagree (d) Disagree
(e) Undecided
Q No: 13.
Which medium you choose to contact your friends and relatives mostly?
(a) Land line phone (b) Cell phone
(c) Facebook (d) Twitter
(e) Viber (f) WhatsApp
(f) Any other
275 | P a g e Appendix – D: Questionnaire
Q No: 14.
What sorts of contents are widely accessed by you using social media?
(a) Videos (b) Poetry
(c) Photos (d) Quotations
Q No: 15.
Do you update your status daily using social media website?
(a) Yes (b) No
Q No: 16.
Do you send any friend request to unknown people?
(a) Yes (b) No
Q No: 17.
Do you accept friend request after viewing the profile?
(a) Yes (b) No
Q No: 18.
What is the major purpose of using social media?
❖ To remain in contact with friends (a) Yes (b) No
❖ To kill the time (a) Yes (b) No
❖ To seek information (a) Yes (b) No
❖ To get entertainment (a) Yes (b) No
❖ Other please specify______(a) Yes (b) No
276 | P a g e Appendix – D: Questionnaire
Q No: 19.
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with neighbors.
(a) Strongly agree (b) Agree
(c) Strongly disagree (d) Disagree
(e) Undecided
Q No: 20.
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with relatives.
(a) Strongly agree (b) Agree
(c) Strongly disagree (d) Disagree
(e) Undecided
Q No: 21.
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with family
(a) Strongly agree (b) Agree
(c) Strongly disagree (d) Disagree
(e) Undecided
Q No: 22.
Social media is decreasing your social interactions with friends.
(a) Strongly agree (b) Agree
(c) Strongly disagree (d) Disagree
(e) Undecided
277 | P a g e Appendix – D: Questionnaire
Q No: 23.
Due to social media usage your participation in social activities (like birthday and other activities) is decreasing
(a) Strongly agree (b) Agree
(c) Strongly disagree (d) Disagree
(e) Undecided
Q No: 24.
Due to use of social media your domestic events is affecting?
(a) Strongly agree (b) Agree
(c) Strongly disagree (d) Disagree
(e) Undecided
Q No: 25.
Have you any fake account by opposite gender name?
(a) Yes (b) No
Q No: 26.
Have you confronted or identified any fake account?
(a) Yes (b) No
Q No: 27.
Do you think that people are misusing the social media creating rumors / disinformation and propagation?
(a) Yes (b) No
278 | P a g e Appendix – D: Questionnaire
Q No: 28.
Social media is a good source of religious information.
(a) Strongly agree (b) Agree
(c) Strongly disagree (d) Disagree
(e) Undecided
Q No: 29.
What do you think why social media is becoming popular among youth day by day?
(a) Easy accessibility (b) Free of cost or cheaper by price
(c) Anyone can express his views (d) Making personal identity
(e) Undecided
Q No: 30.
Social media is working as a tool of creating awareness on different issues.
(a) Strongly agree (b) Agree
(c) Strongly disagree (d) Disagree
(e) Undecided
Q No: 31.
Social media has helped you developing a closer relationship with your friends.
(a) Strongly agree (b) Agree
(c) Strongly disagree (d) Disagree
(e) Undecided
Q No: 32.
Do you think social media is a source of more effective communication than other media?
(a) Yes (b) No
279 | P a g e Appendix – D: Questionnaire
Q No: 33.
Are the following habits being affected by the use of social media?
(a) T.V watching (b) Newspaper reading
(c) Magazine reading (d) Listening to music
(e) Visiting friend (f) Exercise / Workout
Q No: 34. Have you attended any event (Exhibition, Protest, Sale or any discount offer from any out let) which came to your knowledge by social media? (a) Often (b) Rarely
(c) Once (d) Never
(e) Undecided
Q No: 35. Have you started depending on audio video calling facilities of Social Media more than telecommunication services? (a) Excessively (b) To some extent
(c) Never
Q No: 36.
Social media affecting your daily life style.
(a) Strongly agree (b) Agree
(c) Strongly disagree (d) Disagree
(e) Undecided
Q No: 37.
What is your opinion about the utility of social media in our society?
(a) Positive (b) Negative
280 | P a g e