Acknowledgement The Centre for Global Development Research (CGDR) is extremely thankful to the Socio‐Economic Research Davison of the Planning Commission, Government of India for assigning this important and prestigious study. We also thankful to officials of Planning Commission including Members, Adviser (HUD), Adviser (SER), Deputy Secretary (SER), and Senior Research Officer (SER) for their interest in the study and necessary guidance at various stages of the study. We are also extremely thankful to those who have helped in facilitating the survey and providing information. In this context we wish to thank the Chief Minister of Delhi; local leaders including Members of Parliament; Members of Legislative Assembly of Delhi; Councillors of Municipal Corporation of Delhi and New Delhi Municipal Corporation; Pradhans and community leaders of slums across Delhi. Special thanks are due to the officials of JJ slum wing, MCD, Punarwas Bhawan, New Delhi; officials of Sewer Department of MCD; various news reporters and Social workers for their contribution and help in completing the research. We are also highly thankful to officials of numerous non‐government organisations for their cooperation with the CGDR team during the course of field work. We acknowledge with gratitude the intellectual advice from Professor K.P. Kalirajan on various issues related to the study. Thanks are also due to Mr. S. K. Mondal for his contribution in preparation of this report. We are also thankful to Ms Mridusmita_Bordoloi for her contribution in preparing case studies. This report is an outcome of tireless effort made by the staff of CGDR led by Mr. Indrajeet Singh. We wish to specially thank the entire CGDR team. The acknowledgement would remain incomplete without thanking Dr. Kanhaiya Singh who volunteered to guide the study at all stages and ensured a successful completion of the report with so much of detail about the slum life in Delhi and sound strategies to rehabilitate them. Finally, but not the least, we are extremely thankful to all the respondents, who took out time to answer lengthy questionnaires. We are extremely confident that this report would go a long way in helping the policy makers in their effort of making Delhi a ‘world class city’. The report would also be helpful to academicians and researchers in understanding the problems of urban poor at large and especially in the context of National Capital. Chhaya Singh Director (CGDR) This document is intellectual property of Centre for Global Development Research Private Limited, New Delhi prepared with the help of SER Grant extended by the Planning Commission of India. No part of the document can be copied without a written permission of CGDR Page i Slums of Delhi Table of Contents Acknowledgement i Table of contents iii List of figures x List of tables xii List of annexure xv Executive Summary ES‐i 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Slums in Delhi 2 1.2 Need for a socio‐economic study 2 1.3 Objectives of the proposed study 3 1.4 Scope of the proposed study 3 1.5 Structure of the report 3 2 Methodology 5 2.1 Secondary survey 5 2.2 Primary survey 5 2.2.1 Sampling and sample selection 6 2.2.2 Sample description 7 3 Delhi slum clusters: a profile 9 3.1 Growth of slums in Delhi 9 3.1.1 Distribution of existing slum clusters and slum population across regions of Delhi 11 3.1.2 Growth of existing slum clusters across regions of Delhi over time 11 3.2 Economic value of slum clusters 14 3.2.1 Land ownership of slum clusters 14 3.2.2 Property rental in and around slums 14 3.3 Infrastructure facilities in slum clusters 15 3.3.1 Roads 16 3.3.2 Street light 16 3.3.3 Common toilet facility 17 3.3.4 Drinking water 18 3.3.5 Accessibility to amenities 19 3.4 Sanitation and waste disposal 20 3.4.1 Sanitation: cleaning and sweeping 20 3.4.2 Waste collection inside slum clusters and disposal 21 3.4.3 Drainage and waste water disposal 22 3.5 Medical facilities and interventions 22 3.5.1 Household illness and treatment 23 3.5.2 Immunisation and heath check up camps 25 3.5.3 Coverage/ penetration of immunisation camps 25 3.5.4 Coverage/ penetration of health check up camps 26 3.6 Literacy improvement program 27 3.7 Crime and law and order problems 27 3.8 Organisations (government and non government) working in slum clusters 28 3.9 Awareness about slum improvement programs 31 3.10 Summary and conclusion 31 4 People and social structure 34 October 2011 Page ii 4.1 Who are the slum migrants? 34 4.1.1 Most slum migrants are villagers and a few are slum hoppers 34 4.1.2 Eighty five per cent of slum migrants come from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar 35 4.1.3 Seventy per cent of slum migrants come from 35 backward districts 36 4.1.4 Varying stretch of slum life 37 4.2 Identity proofs of slum dwellers 38 4.2.1 Ration card holders 38 4.2.2 Photo card holders 39 4.3 Household characteristics 39 4.3.1 Household head 40 4.3.2 Household size 41 4.3.3 Child worker in households 42 4.4 Demography structure of slum population 42 4.4.1 Age distribution 42 4.4.2 Gender distribution 43 4.4.3 Marital status 44 4.5 Social and religious structure of slum clusters 46 4.5.1 Overwhelming population of slum belong to majority religion 46 4.5.2 Majority slum population belongs to deprived class of society 46 4.6 Education and awareness about value of education 47 4.6.1 School going children 48 4.6.2 Affordability as major constraint to higher education 53 4.7 Awareness and affordability about social security 54 4.7.1 Healthcare related security 54 4.7.2 General medical insurance 54 4.7.3 Employees state insurance corporation (ESIC) facility 54 4.7.4 Smart card 54 4.7.5 Life insurance policy 56 4.7.6 Pension 56 4.8 Social problems of slum life 57 4.9 Concluding observations 58 5 Housing condition and amenities 60 5.1 Housing conditions 60 5.1.1 Type of dwellings 60 5.1.2 Construction floors 62 5.1.3 Number of rooms 62 5.1.4 Floor areas 63 5.2 Household amenities 64 5.2.1 Household source of drinking water 64 5.2.2 Household electricity supply 65 5.2.3 Cooking space and cooking fuel 66 5.2.4 Household toilet 67 5.2.5 Waste water disposal 68 5.3 Concluding observations 69 6 Occupation and means of livelihood 70 6.1 Status of employment and means of income of household heads 70 This document is intellectual property of Centre for Global Development Research Private Limited, New Delhi prepared with the help of SER Grant extended by the Planning Commission of India. No part of the document can be copied without a written permission of CGDR Page iii Slums of Delhi 6.1.1 Occupations of household heads 71 6.2 Status of gainful employment in population and resulting dependency 72 6.2.1 Employment pattern in the entire population 72 6.2.2 Dependency ratio 74 6.3 Distance of work place 74 6.4 Type of job markets for slum dwellers 75 6.5 Concluding observations 77 7 Cost of dwelling ownership of slum dwelling 78 7.1 Dwelling ownership 78 7.2 Cost incurred in owning a slum dwelling 79 7.3 Distribution of houses by cost of owning 80 7.3.1 Pucca houses 80 7.3.2 Semi ‐ pucca houses 80 7.3.3 Kutcha houses 82 7.4 Current purchasing price of slum dwelling 82 7.5 Concluding remarks 83 8 Drivers of migration to slum life 85 8.1 Rural‐urban influx and insecure tenure 85 8.1.1 Land less labour move from rural sector to cities 86 8.1.2 Disparate search of jobs and livelihood 87 8.2 Population pushed to poverty find shelter in slums 87 8.2.1 Unaffordable accommodation 88 8.3 Potential employment avenues provide confidence 88 8.4 Concluding remarks 89 9 Economic gains to slum migrants 91 9.1 Satisfaction based direct indicators of gains 91 9.1.1 Coming to Delhi and leading life from slum was a right decision 91 9.1.1.1 Reasons for satisfaction 92 9.1.1.2 Reasons for dissatisfaction 93 9.1.2 Desire to go back 93 9.1.3 Attractions of slum life 94 9.1.4 Benefits of welfare measures 94 9.2 Economic indicators of gains 95 9.2.1 Increase in household income 95 9.2.2 Increase in household assets 96 9.2.3 Increase in household consumption expenditure 96 9.2.4 Increase in savings 100 9.3 Concluding remarks 101 10 Willingness to move and willingness to pay for resettlement 102 10.1 General unwillingness to move away from present locality 102 10.1.1 Causes of poor willingness to move to faraway place 103 10. 2 Uncertainties of slum life: a problem of tenure 104 10.2.1 Jittery future plans 104 10.2.2 Only a few can move out of their own effort 104 10.3 Willingness to pay against resettlement 107 10.3.1 Average affordability: the amount a household would be willing to pay 108 10.3.1.1 Average view of households 108 10.3.1.2 Average view of community leaders 108 10.3.2 Distribution of the amounts the households would be willing to pay 109 October 2011 Page iv 10.3.2.1 Views of the household heads on monthly instalments 109 10.3.2.2 Views of the household heads on affordable one‐time payment towards resettlement 110 10.3.2.3 Views of community heads on monthly instalment 111 10.3.2.4 Views of community heads on affordable one‐time payment towards resettlement 112 10.4 Conclusions and remarks 113 11 Government plans for slum 114 11.1 Planning process for Delhi and slum development 114 11.1.1 Master plans for Delhi: journey from mpd‐62 to mpd‐2021 114 11.2 National housing & habitat policy‐2007 117 11.3 Government schemes covering slum rehabilitation 117 11.3.1 Delhi government action for slum development: Bhagidari with slum Dwellers 118 11.3.2 Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) 118 11.3.3 Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) 119 11.3.4 Other policies concerning slum development 120 11.4 Concluding