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Familienstiftung Rudolf G. Bindschedler

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Familienstiftung Rudolf G. Bindschedler Familienstiftung Rudolf G. Bindschedler Münzverträge, Münzkonventionen und ausgepräg- te Münzen Auszug aus: «Allgemeine Angaben und vorläufige Ergebnisse zur Geschichte der Familie Bindschedler» Stand der Forschung 2010 Seite 1 von 34 HMB Bindschedler Familiengeschichte Verfasst durch: Martin Bindschedler, Zürich Familienstiftung Rudolf G. Bindschedler Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Münzverträge, Münzkonventionen und ausgeprägte Münzen .................................................................. 3 1.1 Rechnungsmünzen und ausgeprägte Münzen im 9. bis 15. Jahrhundert ........................................ 3 1.2 Zürcher Münzkreis vom 13. bis 14. Jahrhundert .............................................................................. 4 1.3 Rechnungsmünzen und ausgeprägte Münzen um 1300 .................................................................. 6 1.4 Ausgeprägte Münzen und deren ungefähren Werte im 15. Jahrhundert ......................................... 6 1.5 Ausgeprägte Münzen und deren ungefähren Werte im 16. Jahrhundert ......................................... 9 1.6 Ausgeprägte Münzen und deren ungefähren Werte im 17. Jahrhundert ....................................... 13 1.7 Ausgeprägte Münzen und deren ungefähren Werte im 18. Jahrhundert ....................................... 17 1.8 Münzen Meyer von Knonau (1844) ................................................................................................. 17 1.9 Ausgeprägte Münzen und deren Werte während der Helvetik 1798-1803 ..................................... 19 1.10 Ausgeprägte Münzen und deren Werte während der Mediation 1803 bis 1813 ............................ 20 1.11 Münzwesen während der Restauration 1815 bis 1830 ................................................................... 24 1.12 Münzwesen während der Regeneration 1815 bis 1848 ................................................................. 25 1.13 Währungsumstellung 1850/1851 .................................................................................................... 25 1.14 Ausgeprägte Münzen und deren Werte bis 1851/1852 .................................................................. 29 1.15 Umrechnung der alten Schweizer Sorten 1850/1851 ..................................................................... 30 1.16 Das neue Schweizergeld 1850 ....................................................................................................... 32 1.17 Fremdwährungen, Münzwert um 1830 bis 1834 ............................................................................ 32 1.18 Reichsmünzgesetz, Deutsches Reich 1871 ................................................................................... 34 Seite 2 von 34 HMB Bindschedler Familiengeschichte Verfasst durch: Martin Bindschedler, Zürich Familienstiftung Rudolf G. Bindschedler 1 Münzverträge, Münzkonventionen und ausgeprägte Münzen In der Folge wird auf einige wichtige Münzverträge und Münzkonventionen eingegangen und die ausgepräg- ten Münzen und deren Werte beziehungsweise Verhältnisse zueinander untersucht. Die Angaben sind zum Teil widersprüchlich. Es war zum Teil sehr schwierig, eindeutige und verlässliche Angaben zu finden. Trotz sorgfältiger Arbeit sind die nachfolgenden Tabellen immer mit einer gewissen Vorsicht zu betrachten. Hin- weise auf Fehler oder noch nicht ausgewertete Literatur- oder Quellenangaben sind jederzeit willkommen. 1.1 Rechnungsmünzen und ausgeprägte Münzen im 9. bis 15. Jahrhundert In der Folge soll auf die ersten Münzen eingegangen werden, die in Zürich geprägt wurden. Es handelt sich um den Denar, den Halbbrakteat und den Brakteat beziehungsweise Fraumünsterbrakteat. Im zerfallenden Merowingerreich erschöpfte sich der Vorrat an Gold und die aus der Spätantike hervor- gegangene Goldwährung wurde durch eine Einheitswährung auf Silberbasis ersetzt, welche in den nächsten Jahrhunderten das Münzsystem bestimmte. Der Denar, zurückgehend auf den altrömischen Denar, wurde wohl bereits unter den Merowingern (7./8. Jahrhundert) geprägt. Doch erst unter Pippin I. und Karl dem Grossen wurde der Denar, eine Pfennigmünze, zur wichtigsten Münze des Mittelalters. Das Gewicht des Denars betrug erst 1.20 bis 1.37 g, unter Karl dem Grossen 1.44 bis 1.79 g.1 Unter den Merowingern wurden 25 Silbersolidi pro Pfund Silber geschlagen. Pipin I. bestimmte, dass auf das Pfund nicht mehr als 22 Silbersolidi gehen sollten, wovon einer für den Münzmeister vorgesehen war. Karl der Grosse schliesslich bestimmte, dass lediglich noch 20 Silbersolidi pro Pfund geschlagen werden sollten. Das heisst nun pro Pfund 15-löthigem Silber sollten 20 Silbersolidi zu 12 Denar ausgebracht werden (1 Silbersolidus = 12 Denare).2 Unter den Nachfolgern von Karl dem Grossen entwertete sich der Denar laufend, doch hatte dies keine grösseren Auswirkungen auf die Lebenskosten der Bevölkerung, da sie meist Selbstversorger waren und der Tausch von Ware gegen Ware noch bestimmend war.3 Vom späten 9. bis zu Beginn des 11. Jahrhunderts sind nur wenige Zürcher Denare bekannt4. Gewicht und Feingehalt wurden geringer, die Gepräge unklarer und die Identifizierung der Münzen demzufolge schwieriger.5 Die bescheidenen Bedürfnisse in den lokalen Märkten führten zur Ausprägung der Halbbrakteaten, einer Übergangsform zwischen Denar und Brakteaten, und finden sich im ganzen Gebiet des Deutschen Reiches. Der Name stammt von dem dünnen, geprägten Silberblech, welches trotzdem beidseitig geprägt ist. Die Zürcher Halbbrakteaten wiegen zwischen 0.32 bis 0.60 g und es gingen 572 Stück auf die feine Mark.6 Ab etwa Mitte des 11. Jahrhunderts erhielt die Fraumünsterabtei das Münzrecht,7 genauer lässt sich dies nicht mehr bestimmen, da keine Urkunden überliefert sind. Den Halbbrakteaten folgten die Brakteaten, die im gesamten Deutschen Reich zum üblichen Zahlungsmittel wurden. Die Fraumünsterbrakteaten wurden für etwa 300 Jahre (von Mitte des 11. bis Ende des 14. Jahrhunderts) das kurante Geld in Zürich und Umge- bung. Eine Vielzahl von verschiedenen Typen wurde ausgebracht, die meist anhand des Gewichtes oder der Gestalt nach identifiziert werden können:8 1. Typ: Adler mit Schriftzug «Zurich» oder Kreuz mit Kreis. (Ende 12. Jahrhundert) 2. Typ: Schriftbratkteat zweiseitig geprägte runde oder einseitig geprägte viereckig (12./13. Jahrhundert) 3. Typ: Abbildung der Stiftsheiligen (Ende 12. bis Mitte 14. Jahrhundert) 4. Typ: gekrönter männlicher Kopf (Ende 13. Jahrhundert) 5. Typ: Äbtissin (Mitte 14. Jahrhundert bis nach 1425) 1 Hürlimann Hans: Zürcher Münzgeschichte. Kommissionsverlag Berichthaus Zürich. Zürich, 1966. S.21 2 Altherr Hans: Das Münzwesen der Schweiz bis zum Jahre 1798 auf Grundlage der eidg. Verhandlungen und Vereinbarungen. Diss. Hohe philosophische Fakultät Bern. Buchdruckerei Stämpfli &Cie, 1910. S.4-5 3 Hürlimann Hans: Zürcher Münzgeschichte. Kommissionsverlag Berichthaus Zürich. Zürich, 1966. S.22 4 Hürlimann Hans: Zürcher Münzgeschichte. Kommissionsverlag Berichthaus Zürich. Zürich, 1966. S.22-26 5 Hürlimann Hans: Zürcher Münzgeschichte. Kommissionsverlag Berichthaus Zürich. Zürich, 1966. S.28 6 Hürlimann Hans: Zürcher Münzgeschichte. Kommissionsverlag Berichthaus Zürich. Zürich, 1966. S.30 7 Hürlimann Hans: Zürcher Münzgeschichte. Kommissionsverlag Berichthaus Zürich. Zürich, 1966. S.27-28 8 Hürlimann Hans: Zürcher Münzgeschichte. Kommissionsverlag Berichthaus Zürich. Zürich, 1966. S.32-38 Seite 3 von 34 HMB Bindschedler Familiengeschichte Verfasst durch: Martin Bindschedler, Zürich Familienstiftung Rudolf G. Bindschedler Die im Mittelalter am häufigsten verwendete Münze war der Pfennig, der in verschiedenen Varianten und von wechselndem Gewicht über die Jahrhunderte hinweg geschlagen wurde. Der Name Pfennig oder Pfenning stammt gemäss Altherr (1910)9 und Anderen (zum Beispiel Coraggioni, Müller) vom keltischen Wort «Pen» (Kopf) ab, indem die Gallier den bei ihnen noch vorhandenen römischen Denare nach dem auf demselben dargestellten Kopfe der Roma oder der Kaiser in der Volkssprache «pennek» (Kopfstück) nannten. Bei Klimpert (1896)10 heisst es, dass der Pfennig oder Pfenning mit dem englischen «Penny» gleich bedeutend sei und mittelhochdeutsch «Phenninc», althochdeutsch der «Phenninc» oder «Phennic», ursprünglich «Phantinc» (geschlagenes Stück edlen Metalls) heisse und vom althochdeutschen «Phant» (Pfand) stamme. Lateinisch wird er als «denarius» bezeichnet. Damit wird das geprägte Geldstück als Pfandwert aufgefasst. Weitere Erklärungen, wie die Herkunft «Brakteat» (Pfännchen), wurden von Altherr (1910) verworfen. Bewusst minderwertig geprägte Pfennige einiger Münzstätten zum Zweck der Bereicherung und/oder der Konkurrenzierung anderer Münzkreise, erschütterten das Vertrauen in die eigenen Währungen immer wieder. Nach dem Greshamschen Gesetz verdrängt das «schlechte Geld das Gute». Die Verdrängung des guten Geldes durch Schlechtes versuchte man durch Münzverrufungen fremder Münzen zu verhindern. Eine sehr gute Übersicht zur Wertentwicklung des Zürcher Pfennigs von 1238 bis 1425 findet sich bei Schwarz (1940)11. Ausserdem weist er darauf hin, dass die bei Schnyder beziehungsweise QZW (1937)12 angegebenen Werte für den Zürcher Pfennig fehlerhaft seien. Nachfolgend eine kleine Zusammenfassung der Wertentwicklung, die eindrücklich den Wertverfall des Pfennigs zeigt. Im Jahre 1238 gingen noch 600 Pfennig (0.40 g/Stk., Feingehalt 980) auf die feine Mark Silber, im Jahre 1376 schon 1 488 Steblerpfennig pro feine Mark und im Jahre 1425 schliesslich 2 978 Stück (0.24 g, Feingehalt 333): Jahr Stk/feine Mark Art Feingehalt Gewicht 1238 ca.600 Pfennig
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