World Catalogue of Pergidae 9

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CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

Volume 34, Number 3

AN ANNOTATED SYSTEMATIC WORLD CATALOGUE OF THE PERGIDAE (HYMENOPTERA)

Stefan Schmidt

Zoologische Staatssammlung München Münchhausenstr. 21, 81247 Munich, Germany

and

David R. Smith

Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture c/o National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution P.O. Box 37012, MRC-168 Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA

The American Entomological Institute 3005 SW56th Avenue Gainesville, FL 32608-5047

2006

ISSN: 0569-4450

Table of Contents

Abstract...... 5 Introduction ...... 5 FAMILY PERGIDAE ROHWER...... 9 Subfamily Acordulecerinae MacGillivray ...... 10 Acordulecera Say ...... 10 Acorduloceridea Rohwer ...... 25 Anathulea Malaise...... 28 Busalus Smith...... 30 Ceratoperia Enderlein...... 30 Corynophilus Kirby...... 31 Enjijus Smith...... 31 Giladeus Brèthes ...... 32 Quetutus Smith...... 33 Sutwanus Smith...... 33 Tequus Smith...... 34 Truqus Smith...... 38 Subfamily Conocoxinae Rohwer ...... 38 Conocoxa Rohwer ...... 39 Lycosceles Konow...... 39 Nithulea Rohwer...... 40 Subfamily Euryinae Konow...... 40 Ancyloneura Cameron...... 41 Clarissa Kirby...... 43 Dalia Schmidt ...... 46 Diphamorphos Rohwer ...... 47 Eurys Newman ...... 48 Neoeurys Rohwer ...... 51 Polyclonus Kirby...... 56 Warra Benson ...... 57 Subfamily Loboceratinae Kirby...... 58 Aulacomerus Spinola...... 58 Hyperoceros Konow...... 66 Skelosyzygonia Malaise...... 66 Subfamily Parasyzygoniinae Smith ...... 67 Parasyzygonia Rohwer...... 67 Subfamily Perginae Ashmead...... 68 Tribe Cerealcini Benson...... 69 Cerealces Kirby...... 69 Xyloperga Shipp...... 70 Tribe Pergini Benson...... 74 Acanthoperga Shipp...... 74 Antiperga Benson...... 75 Paraperga Ashmead...... 76 Perga Leach ...... 77 Pergagrapta Benson...... 90 Pseudoperga Guérin-Méneville ...... 97 Subfamily Pergulinae Benson...... 102 Haplostegus Konow ...... 103 Pergula Morice ...... 107 Subfamily Perreyiinae Cameron ...... 108 Barilochia Malaise ...... 108

Camptoprium Spinola...... 109 Cladomacra Smith ...... 112 Decameria Lepeletier & Serville...... 114 Heteroperreyia Schrottky...... 125 Perreyia Brullé...... 128 Perreyiella Conde...... 135 Subfamily Philomastiginae Rohwer...... 138 Cerospastus Konow ...... 138 Ecopatus Smith ...... 139 Philomastix Froggatt ...... 139 Philoperra Smith...... 142 Subfamily Phylacteophaginae Rohwer ...... 142 Caloperga Naumann ...... 143 Leptoperga Riek...... 143 Phylacteophaga Froggatt ...... 143 Subfamily Pterygophorinae Cameron...... 149 Lophyrotoma Ashmead ...... 149 Pterygophorus Klug ...... 157 Subfamily Pteryperginae Benson...... 160 Pteryperga Benson...... 160 Subfamily Styracotechyinae Benson ...... 162 Styracotechys Benson...... 162 Subfamily Syzygoniinae Cameron...... 162 Incalia Cameron...... 163 Lagideus Konow...... 164 Paralypia Kirby...... 168 Syzygonia Klug...... 169 Food Plants ...... 172 Acronyms of Depositories ...... 178 References ...... 180 Index of Food Plants...... 198 Index...... 200

AN ANNOTATED SYSTEMATIC WORLD CATALOGUE OF THE PERGIDAE (HYMENOPTERA)

Stefan Schmidt1 and David R. Smith2

1Zoologische Staatssammlung München Münchhausenstrasse 21, 81247 Munich, Germany. 2Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture c/o National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution P.O. Box 37012, MRC-168, Washington, DC 20013-7012, U.S.A.

Abstract: The Pergidae are known only from the Western Hemisphere and the Australasian Region. Diversity is greatest in the Neotropical and Australasian regions with the majority of species occurring in South America. The 14 subfamilies, 59 genera, and 431 species are catalogued, with full information on original descriptions, synonymy, and taxonomic changes, subsequent references, recorded distributions, parasite and food plant data, and remarks on the biology and taxonomy of certain species. Three of the 14 subfamilies are common to both the Neotropical and Australasian regions. In the Australasian Region, there are 9 subfamilies, 26 genera, and 163 species of which 140 species occur in Australia and 23 are confined to Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. In the Western Hemisphere, there are 8 subfamilies, 33 genera, and 268 species.

Introduction

The Pergidae are, after the Tenthredinidae and the Argidae, the third largest family of Symphyta. Their morphology, habits, and food plants exhibit a diversity which is not found in any other family of the Symphyta. The Pergidae show a Gondwanan distribution, with the majority of species occurring in South America and Australia, but no species known from Africa. They are the dominant family in Australia and, with the Tenthredinidae and Argidae, are one of the major families in the Neotropics. In the Australasian Region, they occur in Australia (including Tasmania) and the islands of New Guinea and New Britain. The most northeastern records are Sulawesi and Indonesia with two species of Cladomacra described from Sulawesi. Only one introduced species (Phylacteophaga froggatti) occurs in New Zealand and New Caledonia but none are native to those countries. In the Western Hemisphere they occur from southeastern Canada through the eastern United States south to the southern tip of South America (Magallanes Province, Chile), with their greatest diversity in the Neotropics. In the West Indies only several species of the genus Acordulecera are known from Montserrat, St. Kitts, St. Vincent, and Dominica. Only one genus, Acordulecera with several species, occurs in Canada and the United States. Of the 14 subfamilies, three, Pergulinae, Philomastiginae, and Perreyiinae, are common to both the Australasian and Neotropical regions but no genera occur in both regions. Totals in this catalogue are 33 valid genera and 268 valid species for the Western Hemisphere and 26 valid genera and 163 valid species for the Australasian Region. Of the 163 Australasian species, 140 species occur in Australia and 23 species are confined to Indonesia (Sulawesi, West Papua) and Papua New Guinea. Biology and food plant data are still lacking for most pergid species, even though there is considerably more known than Smith’s (1979) catalogue indicated. Where known, habits are fascinating and varied. Food plants are extremely diverse and those for the Australasian fauna are much better known than for the Neotropics. Though many of the Australian species feed on various species of Eucalyptus (sensu lato), others have such divergent food plants as dead or 6 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3) dying leaves, aquatic ferns, and fungi. Most are external leaf feeders, though some are shoot borers (Enjijus) or leaf miners (Corynophilus and Phylacteophaga). Larvae of some Perreyia species travel in groups on the ground and eat dead or dying vegetation. Some Euryinae are saprophagous, live on or close to the ground, and are crepuscular or nocturnal. Adult habits are known for few, but maternal care is known in some Australian species of Perginae and Philomastiginae and the South American Syzygoniinae. Morphologically most are typically sawfly-like, but the form of the antenna varies considerably in number of segments and from simple to serrate and pectinate or even bipectinate. Sexual dimorphism is common and reflected in differences in type of antennae, colour, and size. Included are some of the few known apterous sawflies, those of the genus Cladomacra occurring in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia, and a species with brachypterous females, Clarissa tasbates, in Tasmania. Some pergids can be economically important because of their defoliation. Species of Tequus feed on potato in Peru and Bolivia, Cerospastus volupis defoliates Nothofagus in Chile and Argentina, a large number of species defoliate (Perginae) or mine in the leaves (Phylacteophaginae) of various species of Eucalyptus in Australia. In particular the leafminers of the genus Phylacteophaga have been of concern in New Zealand and New Caledonia since being introduced into those countries. Other species of Haplostegus, Enjijus, and Sutwanus feed on the foliage or are shoot borers of guava, Psidium spp., in Central and South America, and Acordulecera species defoliate oaks and hickories in the eastern North American deciduous forests. Some species are of concern to agriculture in Australia (Queensland), Brazil, and Uruguay where larvae are known to be poisonous to livestock if ingested. Two species are of potential value as biological control agents of invasive weeds in the United States. Lophyrotoma zonalis from Australia has been considered for release against Melaleuca quinquenervia in Florida, and Heteroperreyia hubrichi against the Brazilian Peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolius. Families, subfamilies, tribes, genera, and species in this catalogue are arranged alphabetically. All valid species are in bold. This is followed by reference to the original description which gives the reference, type locality, kind of type, type depository, and stages described. Synonyms and taxonomic changes are listed next, and the same information is provided for all synonyms. After the taxonomic part, subsequent references are presented in “Citations” and annotated with what information is included. The distribution section gives recorded countries; most of the larger countries include records for states or provinces. “Associations” include “Foes” or recorded parasitoids or predators of the species and “Hosts” including all recorded food plants by plant order and family. All distribution and association records are documented by a reference. A “Biology” and “Taxonomy” section may follow giving further notes on these aspects. The literature is complete through 2004, with a few early 2005 references. A list of over 350 references is at the end, followed by a table of food plants and indices to food plants and taxa. The present catalogue was initially produced in electronic format using the Biology and Systematic Information System (BASIS, version 2.2f) developed by Gary Gibson and Jennifer Read (Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada). No new names or new combinations occur in this catalogue except that we do not treat Perga affinis atrata and P. affinis insularis as distinct subspecies of P. affinis, and not P. dorsalis nitida and P. dorsalis rustica as distinct subspecies of P. dorsalis. We thank the people who contributed to this work by providing literature, in particular the staff of the following libraries and institutions: Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg (all Germany), CSIRO Black Mountain Library, Canberra, Australia, The University of Queensland Library, Brisbane, Australia, Smithsonian Institution Library, Washington, D.C., USA, and the National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland, USA. We appreciate reviews

of the following: N. M. Schiff, U.S. Forest Service, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA, M. G. Pogue and T. J. Henry, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Washington, D.C., USA, Greg Daniels, University of Queensland Insect Collection, Brisbane, Australia, and Ian Naumann, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Fisheries, Canberra, Australia. 8 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Table 1. Summary of number of species in the New World (NW), Australasia (AU), and total (Σ). In brackets number of species not occurring in Australia but confined to Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.

Taxon NW AU Σ Acordulecerinae 98 – 98 cont. Acordulecera 54 – 54 Pergini – 49 49 Acorduloceridea 15 – 15 Acanthoperga – 4(1) 4 Anathulea 4 – 4 Antiperga – 3 3 Busalus 1 – 1 Paraperga – 1 1 Ceratoperia 1 – 1 Perga – 19 19 Corynophilus 1 – 1 Pergagrapta – 14(3) 14 Enjijus 1 – 1 Pseudoperga – 8 8 Giladeus 3 – 3 Pergulinae 16 1 17 Quetutus 1 – 1 Haplostegus 16 – 16 Sutwanus 2 – 2 Pergula – 1 1 Tequus 14 – 14 Perreyiinae 82 6 88 Truqus 1 – 1 Barilochia 1 – 1 Conocoxinae 5 – 5 Camptoprium 12 – 12 Conocoxa 2 – 2 Cladomacra – 6(6) 6 Lycosceles 1 – 1 Decameria 35 – 35 Nithulea 2 – 2 Heteroperreyia 8 – 8 Euryinae – 59 59 Perreyia 12 – 12 Ancyloneura – 6(6) 6 Perreyiella 14 – 14 Clarissa – 13 13 Philomastiginae 3 3 6 Dalia – 1 1 Cerospastus 1 – 1 Diphamorphos – 4 4 Ecopatus 1 – 1 Eurys – 12 12 Philomastix – 3 3 Neoeurys – 20 20 Philoperra 1 – 1 Polyclonus – 1 1 Phylacteophaginae – 7 7 Warra – 2 2 Caloperga – 1 1 Loboceratinae 30 – 30 Leptoperga – 1 1 Aulacomerus 28 – 28 Phylacteophaga – 5 5 Hyperoceros 1 – 1 Pterygophorinae – 22 22 Skelosyzygonia 1 – 1 Lophyrotoma – 15(5) 15 Parasyzygoniinae 2 – 2 Pterygophorus – 7(2) 7 Parasyzygonia 2 – 2 Pteryperginae – 3 3 Perginae – 61 61 Pteryperga – 3 3 Cerealcini – 12 12 Styracotechyinae – 1 1 Cerealces – 1 1 Styracotechys – 1 1 Xyloperga – 11 11 Syzygoniinae 32 – 32 Incalia 4 – 4 Lagideus 23 – 23 Paralypia 4 – 4 Syzygonia 1 – 1

Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 9

FAMILY PERGIDAE ROHWER

Tenthredinidea, Stirps 2, Stirps 3 Leach, 1817: 115, 118. Tenthredinetae, Div. h, Div. 1 Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1823: 115, 118. Tenthredinidae (pt.) Kirby, 1882: 18-33, 89-97. Perreyiidae Ashmead, 1898: 225-227. Pterygophoridae Ashmead, 1898: 227-232. Cimbicini (pt.) Konow, 1905a: 2-3, 10-12. Lophyrini (pt.) Konow, 1905a: 2, 30-41. Tenthredinidae (pt.) Konow, 1905a: 1-3, 10-12, 30-41. Loboceridae Rohwer, 1911c: 226. Pergidae Rohwer, 1911c: 218. Tenthredinidae (pt.) Tillyard, 1926: 255. Acorduleceridae Ross, 1937: 55. CITATIONS: Froggatt 1890c [catalogue of described Hymenoptera of Australia: 691- 696]; Ashmead 1898 [key to genera, systematics - classification: 225-232]; Konow 1898 [systematics - classification: 247-248]; Konow 1905a [key to genera, systematics - classification: 1-2, 10-12, 30-41]; Rohwer 1911c [classification of Tenthredinoidea including Perreyiidae, Pterygophoridae, Pergidae, Loboceridae: 218-220, 225-226]; Morice 1919 [key to genera, new taxon, revision/review: 254-258, 261-300]; Tillyard 1926 [diagnosis: 265]; Benson 1934 [key, systematics - classification: 461-462]; Benson 1935 [key to genera, systematics - classification: 222-229]; Ross 1937 [phylogeny, systematics - classification: 34, 37-38]; Benson 1938c [distribution (range), key, systematics - classification: 357, 358, 376-382]; Costa Lima 1960 [key: 294, 249-250]; Riek 1970a [key to subfamilies: 217-218]; Riek 1970b [key, key to genera: 888]; Smith 1978 [world catalogue: 135-181]; Rasnitsyn 1988 [phylogeny, systematics: 117]; Smith 1990 [synopsis, America south of the United States: 7-200]; Naumann 1991 [behaviour, diagnosis, key, key to genera: 932, 934-935]; Schedl 1991 [behaviour, diagnosis, host plant, systematics - classification: 15]; Macdonald & Ohmart 1993 [biology, habitat, host plant, life history: 485-501]; Smith 1993 [behaviour, distribution (range), economic importance, host plant, illustration of female, illustration of male, life history, natural enemies, systematics - classification: 10-11, 23, 25, 27]; Smith 1995b [biology, diagnosis, economic importance, key, key to genera: 160, 161, 162, 167-172]; Vilhelmsen 1996 [phylogeny, structure, systematics - classification: 143-170]; Vilhelmsen 1997 [phylogeny, systematics - classification]; Vilhelmsen 2000a [phylogeny, structure, systematics - classification: 185-221]; Vilhelmsen 2000c [internal anatomy, musculature, phylogeny, structure: 105-138]; Vilhelmsen 2001 [phylogeny, systematics - classification: 393-442]; Schulmeister 2003a [phylogeny, systematics - classification]. TAXONOMY: Cameron (1878a: 2) proposed the family group name Pterygophorina including Pterygophorus for a subtribe within the family Tenthredinidae. Ashmead (1898: 225, 230-231) designated P. cinctus as the type species of Pterygophorus and was the first author who treated Pterygophoridae as a sawfly family, thus predating the introduction of the name Pergidae. In 1934, Benson combined the Pterygophoridae and the Perreyiidae of Rohwer (1911c) into the single family Pterygophoridae, and in 1938c he unified Pergidae and Pterygophoridae and used the name Pergidae for that family (Benson, 1938c: 10 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

355). Since Benson's major suprageneric revision, the family name Pergidae has been widely used in the literature and has been generally accepted. Recently Rasnitsyn (1988: 117) used the name Pterygophoridae for reasons of priority and synonymised the family name Pergidae, Ashmead 1898. However, in concordance with article 23.2 of fourth edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999) the “Principle of Priority is used to promote stability and it is not intended to be used to upset a long-accepted name in its accustomed meaning by the introduction of a name that is its senior synonym or homonym...”, we conserve the name Pergidae despite the existence of an older family group name. Furthermore, in 1999 an application was submitted to the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature to use its plenary powers to rule that the family group name Pergidae, Ashmead, 1898, be given precedence over Pterygophoridae, Cameron 1878 (case 3141). According to article 82 of the ICZN the use of the junior name is to be maintained while the case is under consideration.

Subfamily Acordulecerinae MacGillivray

Cimbicinae (pt.) Kirby, 1882: 31. Loboceratinae (pt.) Kirby, 1882: 79. Lobocerides (pt.) Cameron, 1883: 58-60. Lobocerinae (pt.) Ashmead, 1898: 228-229. Lobocerotides (pt.) Konow, 1898: 248. Pterygophorinae (pt.) Ashmead, 1898: 230. Lobocerotides (pt.) Konow, 1905a: 31-33. Acordulecerinae MacGillivray, 1906: 638. Acordulecerini Rohwer, 1911c: 226. Acorduleceridae Ross, 1937: 55. CITATIONS Konow 1900 [key to genera: 67-68]; Rohwer 1911c [key, systematics - classification: 218, 225-226]; Jörgensen 1913 [diagnosis, key: 284, 285]; Yuasa 1920 [illustration of immature stages, structure: 103, 150, pl. vii]; Benson 1935 [description of adult, distribution (range), key: 222]; Ross 1937 [diagnosis, key, new taxon, systematics - classification: 34, 35, 51, 55-56]; Benson 1938c [distribution (range), illustration of adult, key: 378, 380]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 175-181]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, key to genera, systematics - classification, taxonomy: 13, 147-191]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 26]; Smith 1995b [diagnosis, distribution (range), key: 171]; Connor& Taverner 1997 [ecology: 6-25]; Smith & Janzen 2003 [diagnosis: 322].

Acordulecera Say

Acordulecera Say, 1836: 209-210. Type species: Acordulecera dorsalis Say, by monotypy. Thulea Say, 1836: 213-214. Type species: Thulea nigra Say, by monotypy. Synonymy by Malaise, 1942: 116. Perantherix Westwood, 1874: 109. Type species: Perantherix pumilio Westwood, by monotypy. Synonymy by Ashmead, 1898: 229. Acorduleceros Konow, 1898: 250. Unjustified emendation; discovered by Smith, 1979: 19. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 11

Acordulocera: Enderlein, 1919: 121. Misspelling of genus name. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [systematics - classification: 31, 79]; Provancher 1882 [diagnosis: 289]; Cameron 1883 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 58]; Ashmead 1898 [key: 229]; Konow 1900 [key, taxonomy: 67, 68]; Konow 1905a [description, distribution (range), key, synonymy: 31, 32, 33]; Rohwer 1911a [type information: 73, 86, 91]; Rohwer 1911c [systematics - classification: 226]; Rohwer 1912b [diagnosis: 245-246]; Yuasa 1920 [larvae, structure: 103]; Ross 1929 [catalogue of North America: 12-13]; Benson 1935 [systematics - classification: 222]; Ross 1937 [diagnosis, distribution (range), systematics - classification: 56]; Benson 1938c [illustration of adult, systematics - classification: 374, 380]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 175-180]; Smith 1979 [catalogue of North America: 19-20]; Smith 1981 [key to genera: 275]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 26, 154, 195]; Smith 1990 [diagnosis, distribution (range), key, taxonomy: 155, 174-183]; Abe & Smith 1991 [synonymy, systematics - classification: 3, 64, 85]; Smith 1995b [diagnosis, distribution (range), illustration of adult: 160, 171]; Smith & Janzen 2003 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 324-325]; Smith 2005a [host plant, key to species, revision/review (West Indies): 99-107].

Acordulecera alboclypeata (Enderlein) Acordulocera alboclypeata Enderlein, 1919: 123. Type locality: Brazil: Santa Catarina. Holotype, by monotypy and original designation. Type probably lost. Described: ♀. Enderlein stated that the type is in the Stettiner Zoologisches Museum. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 175]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), type information: 176]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Santa Catarina [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera anantha Smith Acordulecera anantha Smith, 1981: 276-278. Type locality: Brazil: Distrito Federal (=Brasilia). Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: IBGE. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Smith 1990 [illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, distribution (range), type information: 176, 177, 184]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Distrito Federal (=Brasilia) [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera arcticornis (Konow) Acorduleceros arcticornis Konow, 1903b: 167-168. Type locality: Peru: Vilcanota. Lectotype ♀, designated by Smith, 1990: 177. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂♀. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 32]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 175]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, taxonomy, type information: 176, 177]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Acordulecera bigrammata (Konow) Acorduleceros bigrammata Konow, 1906a: 342-343. Type locality: Brazil: Pará. Lectotype ♀, designated by Smith, 1990: 177. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂♀. 12 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 175]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), taxonomy, type information: 177]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Pará [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera binelli Smith Acordulecera binelli Smith in Smith and Janzen, 2003: 326. Type locality: Costa Rica: Area de Conservación Guanacaste. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: INBI. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Smith 2005a [host plant]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [Smith & Janzen 2003, Smith 2005a, Smith (in print)]. ASSOCIATIONS: Host - GENTIANALES Rubiaceae: Posoqueria latifolia (Rudge) Roem. & Schult. [Smith & Janzen 2003, Smith 2005a, Smith (in print)].

Acordulecera blassa Smith Acordulecera blassa Smith, 1981: 278. Type locality: Brazil: Distrito Federal (=Brasilia). Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: IBGE. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATIONS: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, type information: 176, 177]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Distrito Federal (=Brasilia) [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera calceolata (Konow) Acorduleceros calceolata Konow, 1906a: 339. Type locality: Brazil: Oyapock, Amapá. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 176]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), type information: 177]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Amapá [Konow 1906a, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Pará [Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera cervicata (Konow) Acorduleceros cervicata Konow, 1906a: 344. Type locality: Brazil: Itaituba, Pará. Lectotype ♀, designated by Smith, 1990: 177. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 176]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), taxonomy, type information: 177]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Pará [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera cestata (Konow) Acorduleceros cestatus Konow, 1906a: 337. Type locality: Brazil: Pará. Lectotype ♀, designated by Smith, 1990: 177. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 176]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), taxonomy, type information: 177]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Amapá [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Pará [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 13

Acordulecera dashielli Smith Acordulecera dashielli Smith in Smith and Janzen, 2003: 328-331. Type locality: Costa Rica: Area de Conservación Guanacaste. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: INBI. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Smith 2005a [host plant: 99]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [Smith & Janzen 2003, Smith (in print)]. ASSOCIATIONS: Host - SCROPHULARIALES Bignoniaceae: Arrabidaea patellifera (Schltdl.) Sandwith [Smith & Janzen 2003, Smith 2005a, Smith (in print)].

Acordulecera dorsalis Say Acordulecera dorsalis Say, 1836: 210-211. Type locality: USA: Indiana. Syntype. Type lost. Described: ♂♀. Acordulecera saginata Provancher, 1882: 290. Type locality: Canada: Quebec. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: ULSF. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Harrington, 1893: 58. Acorduleceros dorsalis: Konow, 1898: 251-252. Subsequent description. Acorduleceros biclinius Konow, 1898: 253-254. Type locality: USA: Dallas, Texas. Lectotype ♀, designated by Smith, 1973: 30. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Ross, 1951: 12. Acorduleceros saginatus: Konow, 1905a: 33. Acordulecera marina MacGillivray, 1908: 170. Type locality: USA: Salineville, Ohio. Lectotype ♂, designated by Frison, 1927: 235. Type depository: INHS. Described: ♂. Synonymy by Ross, 1951: 13. Acordulecera maura MacGillivray, 1908: 168. Type locality: USA: North Mt, Pennsylvania. Lectotype ♀, designated by Frison, 1927: 235. Type depository: INHS. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Ross, 1951: 13. Acordulecera maxima MacGillivray, 1908: 168. Type locality: USA: Ithaca, New York. Lectotype ♀, designated by Frison, 1927: 236. Type depository: INHS. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Ross, 1951: 13. Acordulecera media MacGillivray, 1908: 168. Type locality: USA: Algonquin, Illinois. Lectotype ♀, designated by Frison, 1927: 236. Type depository: INHS. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Ross, 1951: 12. Acordulecera minima MacGillivray, 1908: 168. Type locality: USA: Edge Hill, Pennsylvania. Lectotype ♀, designated by Frison, 1927. Type depository: INHS. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Ross, 1951: 13. Acordulecera munda MacGillivray, 1908: 169. Type locality: USA: Ithaca, New York. Lectotype ♀, designated by Frison, 1927: 236. Type depository: INHS. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Ross, 1951: 13. Acordulecera antennata Rohwer, 1912b: 246. Type locality: USA: Newington, Fairfax Co., Virginia. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂. Illust. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 176. Acordulecera basirufa Rohwer, 1912b: 250. Type locality: USA: Jacksonville, Florida. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 177. Acordulecera caryae Rohwer, 1912b: 248. Type locality: USA: Fort Lee, New Jersey. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂♀. Synonymy by Ross, 1951: 13. Acordulecera erythrogaster Rohwer, 1912b: 248. Type locality: USA: Great Falls, Virginia. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 176. 14 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Acordulecera flavipes Rohwer, 1912b: 250. Type locality: USA: Washington, D.C. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Ross, 1951: 13. Acordulecera foveata Rohwer, 1912b: 247. Type locality: USA: Great Falls, Virginia. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂♀. Synonymy by Ross, 1951: 13. Acordulecera nigrata Rohwer, 1912b: 249. Type locality: USA: Swannonoa River, Black Mountains, North Carolina. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 177. Acordulecera nigritarsis Rohwer, 1912b: 250. Type locality: USA: Newington, Fairfax Co., Virginia. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Ross, 1951: 13. Acordulecera parva Rohwer, 1912b: 248. Type locality: USA: Fort Lee, New Jersey. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 176. Acordulecera portiae Rohwer, 1912b: 249. Type locality: USA: Newington, Fairfax Co., Virginia. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Ross, 1951: 13. Acordulecera quercus Rohwer, 1912b: 251. Type locality: USA: New York. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 177. Acordulecera hicoriae Rohwer, 1917: 157. Type locality: USA: Charter Oak, Pennsylvania. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 177. Acordulecera meleca MacGillivray, 1921: 23. Type locality: USA: Ithaca, New York. Lectotype ♂, designated by Frison, 1927: 236. Type depository: INHS. Described: ♂. Synonymy by Ross, 1951: 13. Acordulecera musta MacGillivray, 1921: 23-24. Type locality: USA: Ithaca, New York. Lectotype ♂, designated by Frison, 1927. Type depository: INHS. Described: ♂. Synonymy by Ross, 1951: 13. CITATIONS: Cresson 1880b [catalogue/checklist, distribution (range): 53]; Kirby 1882 [distribution (range): 31]; Provancher 1882 [new taxon: 290]; Harrington 1885a [host plant, seasonal distribution, taxonomy: 245]; Harrington 1885b [description of adult, description of immature stages, host plant, impact/damage, seasonal distribution: 66]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 348]; Dyar 1895 [description of immature stages, host plant: 208]; Ashmead 1900b [behaviour, catalogue/checklist, distribution record, host plant: 603]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range), illustration of female: 32, 33, pl. 2]; MacGillivray 1916 [catalogue/checklist, host plant, key: 165-167]; Yuasa 1920 [structure (larva): 104]; Frison 1927 [type information: 235]; Ross 1937 [type information: 56]; Ross 1951 [catalogue/checklist, synonymy: 12, 13]; Raizenne 1957 [faunal list, host plant: 7]; Burks 1958 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 9]; Farish 1972 [behaviour: 663]; Smith 1973 [nomenclature, synonymy, type information: 30]; Smith 1975 [type information: 301]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 176-177]; Smith 1979 [catalogue/checklist, synonymy: 19]; Hoebeke 1980 [type information: 4]; Webb 1980 [type information: 119]; Braud et al. 2003 [diversity, host plant, population dynamics, seasonal distribution: 758, 760, 763]; Strazanac et al. 2003 [distribution record: 134]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 15

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada [Konow 1905a] (Ontario [Smith 1978], Quebec [Smith 1978]); Mexico [Cresson 1880b]; United States of America [Cresson 1880b] (Alabama [Smith 1978], Arkansas [Smith 1978], Colorado [Konow 1898], Connecticut [MacGillivray 1916, Smith 1978], Delaware [Smith 1978], District of Columbia [Smith 1978], Florida [Smith 1978], Georgia [Smith 1978], Illinois [Smith 1978], Indiana [Kirby 1882], Iowa [Smith 1978], Kentucky [Smith 1978], Maine [Smith 1978], Maryland [Smith 1978], Massachusetts [Smith 1978], Michigan [Smith 1978], Missouri [Smith 1978], Nebraska [Smith 1978], New Hampshire [Smith 1978], New Jersey [Smith 1978], New York [Smith 1978], North Carolina [Smith 1978], Ohio [Smith 1978], Oklahoma [Smith 1978], Pennsylvania [Smith 1978], South Carolina [Smith 1978], Tennessee [Smith 1978], Texas [Konow 1898, Konow 1905a, Smith 1978], Virginia [Smith 1978, Strazanac et al. 2003], West Virginia [Smith 1978, Strazanac et al. 2003]). ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - FAGALES Fagaceae: Castanea sp. [Smith (in print)], Quercus alba L. [MacGillivray 1916, Raizenne 1957], Quercus borealis F.Michx. [Raizenne 1957], Quercus velutina Lam. [MacGillivray 1916, Rohwer 1912b], Quercus sp. [Ashmead 1900b, Burks 1958, Smith (in print)]. JUGLANDALES Juglandaceae: Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K.Koch [Harrington 1885a, Harrington 1885b], Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch [Raizenne 1957], Carya porcina Nuttall [Rohwer 1912b], Carya sp. [Rohwer 1912b, Smith (in print)], Juglans sp. [Smith (in print)]. BIOLOGY: Larvae sit flat on the ventral surface of the leaf and raise the abdomen when disturbed (Dyar 1895). The larvae enter the ground after the final moult (Dyar 1895, Harrington 1885b). They can cause considerable damage to hickory (Harrington 1885b).

Acordulecera enderleini Mallach Acordulocera viridipes Enderlein, 1919: 123-124. Type locality: Brazil: Santa Catarina. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type probably lost. Described: ♀. Homonym of Acorduleceros viridipes Konow 1899a, now placed in Quetutus. Enderlein states in the original description that the type is deposited in the Stettiner Zoologisches Museum. Acordulecera enderleini Mallach, 1934: 16. Replacement name for Acordulecera viridipes Enderlein. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 170, 177]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), type information: 178]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonyms]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Santa Catarina [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Peru [Smith 1978].

Acordulecera globulicornis (Konow) Acorduleceros globulicornis Konow, 1903b: 169. Type locality: Peru: Vilcanota. Lectotype ♂, designated by Smith, 1990: 178. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂. Acordulecera glubulicornis: Smith, 1990: 178. Misspelling of species name. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 32]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 177]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), taxonomy, type information: 178]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]. 16 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Acordulecera gregalis (Konow) Acorduleceros gregalis Konow, 1906a: 341. Type locality: Brazil: Pará. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 177]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), type information: 178]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Pará [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera illota (Konow) Acorduleceros illotus Konow, 1906a: 338. Type locality: Brazil: B. Trombetas, Oriximina, Pará. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 177]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), type information: 178]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Pará [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera ingloria (Konow) Acorduleceros inglorius Konow, 1906a: 343-344. Type locality: Bolivia: Mapiri, La Paz. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 177]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, type information: 176, 178]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Acordulecera inquinata (Konow) Acorduleceros inquinatus Konow, 1903b: 167. Type locality: Peru: Vilcanota. Lectotype ♀, designated by Smith, 1990: 178. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 32]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 177]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), taxonomy, type information: 178]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Acordulecera insignis (Konow) Acorduleceros insignis Konow, 1903b: 166-167. Type locality: Peru: Vilcanota. Lectotype ♂, designated by Smith, 1990: 178. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂♀. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 177]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), taxonomy, type information: 178]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Acordulecera insularis Ashmead Acordulecera insularis Ashmead, 1900a: 298-299, 366. Type locality: St. Vincent. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Smith 1969 [description, distribution record, key to species: 541-542]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 177]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, taxonomy, type information: 179, 180]; Smith 2005a [description of female, description of male, distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 17

illustration of sawsheath, key, type information: 100, 103-105, 106]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Dominica [Smith 1969, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith 2005a, Smith (in print)]; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith 2005a, Smith (in print)].

Acordulecera knabi Rohwer Acordulecera knabi Rohwer, 1911b: 383-384. Type locality: Mexico: Veracruz, Córdoba. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂♀. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 178]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, type information: 179, 180]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Mexico (Veracruz [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera liami Smith Acordulecera liami Smith in Smith and Janzen, 2003: 326-327. Type locality: Costa Rica: Area de Conservación Guanacaste. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: INBI. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Smith 2005a [host plant: 99]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [Smith & Janzen 2003, Smith (in print)]. ASSOCIATIONS: Host - GERANIALES Erythroxylaceae: Erythroxylum havanense Jacq. [Smith & Janzen 2003, Smith 2005a, Smith (in print)].

Acordulecera liturata (Konow) Acorduleceros lituratus Konow, 1906a: 340. Type locality: Brazil: Oyapock, Amapá. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 178]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, type information: 176, 179]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Amapá [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera longica Smith Acordulecera sp.: Smith, 1969: 541, 542. Acordulecera longica Smith, 2005a: 105-106. Type locality: Dominica: “WI”. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATION. Smith 1969 [distribution record, key to species: 541, 542], Smith 2005a [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath: 100, 103, 105-106]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Dominica [Smith 1969, Smith (in print)]; Montserrat [Smith (in print)].

Acordulecera longicornis (Enderlein) Acordulocera longicornis Enderlein, 1919: 124. Type locality: Brazil: Santa Catarina. Lectotype ♂, designated by Smith, 1990: 179. Type depository: PASW. Described: ♂. 18 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 178]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, taxonomy, type information: 179, 180]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Santa Catarina [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera longimanus (Konow) Acorduleceros longimanus Konow, 1899b: 308. Type locality: Peru: Callanga, Cuzco. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 32]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 178]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), type information: 179]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Acordulecera luederwaldti (Enderlein) Acordulocera Lüderwaldti Enderlein, 1919: 122. Type locality: Brazil: Santa Catarina. Holotype, by monotypy and original designation. Described: ♀. Type lost. Enderlein states in the original description that the type is deposited in the Stettiner Zoologisches Museum. CITATIONS: Quinlan 1974 [type information: 224]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 178]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), type information: 179]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Santa Catarina [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera luridinota (Enderlein) Acordulocera luridinotum Enderlein, 1919: 122-123. Type locality: Brazil: Santa Catarina. Holotype, by monotypy. Type probably lost. Described: ♀. Enderlein states in the original description that the type is deposited in the Stettiner Zoologisches Museum. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 178]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), type information: 179]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Santa Catarina [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera luridistigma (Enderlein) Acordulocera luridistigma Enderlein, 1919: 122. Type locality: Brazil: Santa Catarina. Lectotype ♂, designated by Smith, 1990: 180. Type depository: PASW. Described: ♂♀. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 178]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), taxonomy, type information: 179-180]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Santa Catarina [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera maculata MacGillivray Acordulecera maculata MacGillivray, 1908: 169. Type locality: USA: Ithaca, New York. Lectotype ♀, designated by Frison, 1927: 235. Type depository: INHS. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: MacGillivray 1916 [catalogue/checklist, key: 167]; Frison 1927 [type information: 235]; Ross 1951 [catalogue/checklist: 13]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 178]; Smith 1979 [catalogue/checklist: 20]; Webb 1980 [type information: 119]; Strazanac et al. 2003 [distribution record: 134]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 19

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Southeastern Canada [Smith (in print)]; eastern United States of America (Illinois [Smith 1978], Indiana [Smith 1978], New York [Smith 1978], Ohio [Smith 1978], Pennsylvania [Smith 1978], Virginia [Strazanac et al. 2003], West Virginia [Strazanac et al. 2003]).

Acordulecera mellina MacGillivray Acordulecera mellina MacGillivray, 1908: 169. Type locality: USA: Mt Washington, New Hampshire. Lectotype ♀, designated by Frison, 1927: 236. Type depository: INHS. Described: ♀. Acordulecera mixta MacGillivray, 1908: 169. Type locality: USA: Columbia, Missouri. Lectotype ♀, designated by Frison, 1927. Type depository: INHS. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Ross, 1951: 13. CITATIONS: MacGillivray 1916 [catalogue/checklist, key: 166, 167]; Ross 1951 [catalogue/checklist, synonymy: 13]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 178]; Smith 1979 [catalogue/checklist, synonymy: 20]; Hoebeke 1980 [type information: 4]; Webb 1980 [type information: 119]; Strazanac et al. 2003 [distribution record: 134]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Southeastern Canada [Smith (in print)]; eastern United States of America (Arkansas [Smith 1978], Connecticut [MacGillivray 1916, Smith 1978], Illinois [Smith 1978], Indiana [Smith 1978], Kansas [Smith 1978], Kentucky [Smith 1978], Missouri [Smith 1978], New Hampshire [Smith 1978], Ohio [Smith 1978], Pennsylvania [Smith 1978], Virginia [Smith 1978, Strazanac et al. 2003], West Virginia [Smith 1978, Strazanac et al. 2003]).

Acordulecera monda Smith Acordulecera monda Smith, 1981: 279-281. Type locality: Brazil: Distrito Federal (=Brasilia). Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: IBGE. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, type information: 176, 181, 184]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Distrito Federal (=Brasilia) [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera montserratensis Smith Acordulecera montserratensis Smith, 2005a: 100-102. Type locality: Montserrat: Beattie House, nr Cassava Ghaut, 632 ft (= 193 m), 16°45.908’N, 62°12.953’W. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATION. Smith 2005a [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key: 100- 102, 103, 106]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Dominica [Smith (in print)]; Montserrat [Smith (in print)]; St. Kitts [Smith (in print)].

Acordulecera nigra (Say) Thulea nigra Say, 1836: 214-215. Type locality: Mexico. Syntype lost. Acordulecera nigra: Smith, 1978: 178. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [distribution (range): 31]; Cameron 1883 [distribution (range), systematics: 60]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 348]; Konow 1898 [taxonomy: 250-251]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 33]; Malaise 1942 [illustration of adult, taxonomy: 116-118]; Smith 1978 20 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

[catalogue/checklist: 178]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), type information: 181]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic/Neotropical: Mexico [Kirby 1882, Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Acordulecera nigricoma (Konow) Acorduleceros nigricomus Konow, 1903b: 168-169. Type locality: Peru: Vilcanota. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 32]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 178]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), taxonomy, type information: 181]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Acordulecera nigripennis (Enderlein) Acordulocera nigripennis Enderlein, 1919: 121-122. Type locality: Brazil: Santa Catarina. Holotype, by monotypy and original designation. Type probably lost. Described: ♀. Enderlein states in the original description that the type is deposited in the Stettiner Zoologisches Museum. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 179]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), type information: 181]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Santa Catarina [Smith 1978, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera orlda Smith Acordulecera orlda Smith, 1981: 278-279. Type locality: Brazil: Distrito Federal (=Brasilia). Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: IBGE. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, type information: 176, 180, 181]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Distrito Federal (=Brasilia) [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera pallida (Konow) Acorduleceros pallidus Konow, 1906a: 345. Type locality: Brazil: Obidos, Pará. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 179]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, type information: 176, 181]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Pará [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera pellucida (Konow) Acorduleceros pellucidus Konow, 1898: 253. Type locality: USA: Dallas, Texas. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. Acordulecera minuta MacGillivray, 1908: 169. Type locality: USA: Ames, Iowa. Lectotype ♀, designated by Frison, 1927: 236. Type depository: INHS. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Smith, 1973: 30. Acordulecera scutellata Rohwer, 1912b: 247. Type locality: USA: West Point, Nebraska. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂♀. Synonymy by Smith, 1973: 30. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 21

CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 32]; MacGillivray 1916 [catalogue/checklist, key: 167]; Ross 1951 [catalogue/checklist: 13]; Smith 1973 [synonymy, type information: 30]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 179]; Smith 1979 [catalogue/checklist, synonymy: 20]; Webb 1980 [type information: 119]; Strazanac et al. 2003 [distribution record: 134]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Southeastern Canada [Smith (in print)]; eastern United States of America (Alabama [Smith 1978], Arkansas [Smith 1978], Connecticut [MacGillivray 1916, Smith 1978], Delaware [Smith 1978], Georgia [Smith 1978], Illinois [Smith 1978], Indiana [Smith 1978], Kansas [Smith 1978], Maryland [Smith 1978], Massachusetts [Smith 1978], Missouri [Smith 1978], New Jersey [Smith 1978], North Carolina [Smith 1978], Ohio [Smith 1978], Oklahoma [Smith 1978], South Carolina [Smith 1978], Texas [Konow 1905a], Virginia [Smith 1978, Strazanac et al. 2003], West Virginia [Smith 1978, Strazanac et al. 2003]).

Acordulecera pumilio (Westwood) Perantherix pumilio Westwood, 1874: 109. pl. 20. Type locality: Brazil: “Amazonia”. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [distribution (range): 79]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 309]; Konow 1898 [taxonomy: 250, 252]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 32]; Konow1908 [taxonomy: 169]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 179]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), type information: 181]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Konow 1905a, Smith 1978]; (Amazonas? [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera pupula (Konow) Acorduleceros pupulus Konow, 1903b: 168. Type locality: Peru: Marcapata. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 32]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 179]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), type information: 181]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Smith (in print)].

Acordulecera ricata (Konow) Acorduleceros ricatus Konow, 1906a: 343. Type locality: Peru: Pachitea. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 179]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), type information: 182]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Acordulecera rudis (Konow) Acorduleceros rudis Konow, 1906a: 341. Type locality: Brazil: Pará. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 179]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), type information: 182]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Pará [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]). 22 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Acordulecera russata (Konow) Acorduleceros russatus Konow, 1906a: 342. Type locality: Brazil: Pará. Lectotype ♀, designated by Smith, 1990: 182. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂♀. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 179]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), taxonomy, type information: 182]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Amapá [Konow 1906a, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Amazonas [Smith 1978], Pará [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera sahlbergi (Forsius) Acorduleceros sahlbergi Forsius, 1925: 23-24. Type locality: Brazil: South Brazil. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: NHRS. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 179]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), type information: 182]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Acordulecera silvatica (Jörgensen) Acorduleceros silvaticus Jörgensen, 1913: 251, 262-263. Type locality: Argentina: Misiones, Monte de Bompland. Lectotype ♀, designated by Smith, 1990: 182. Type depository: MLPA. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 179]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, taxonomy, type information: 180, 182]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Misiones [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Brazil (Santa Catarina [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera spathulata (Konow) Acorduleceros spathulatus Konow, 1906a: 338-339. Type locality: Brazil: Oyapock, Amapá. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 179]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), type information: 182]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Amapá [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera stigmatica (Konow) Acorduleceros stigmaticus Konow, 1906a: 340. Type locality: Brazil: Pará. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 180]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), type information: 182]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Pará [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera tegularis (Konow) Acorduleceros tegularis Konow, 1906a: 344. Type locality: Brazil: Barcelos, Amazonas. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 180]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), type information: 182]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Amazonas [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]). Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 23

Acordulecera telya Smith Acordulecera telya Smith, 1981: 279. Type locality: Brazil: Distrito Federal (=Brasilia). Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: IBGE. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, type information: 176, 183, 184]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Distrito Federal (=Brasilia) [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera thoracalis (Konow) Acorduleceros thoracalis Konow, 1906a: 337-338. Type locality: Brazil: Pará. Lectotype ♀, designated by Smith, 1990: 183. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂♀. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 180]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), taxonomy, type information: 183]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Pará [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera trux (Konow) Acorduleceros trux Konow, 1899a: 361. Type locality: Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 33]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 180]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), type information: 183]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Santa Catarina [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera ventralis (Konow) Acorduleceros ventralis Konow, 1898: 252-253. Type locality: Guatemala. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 33]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 180]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, type information: 180, 183]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guatemala [Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Mexico (Veracruz [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acordulecera vericulata (Konow) Acorduleceros vericulatus Konow, 1899b: 307-308. Type locality: Peru: Callanga, Cuzco. Lectotype ♀, designated by Smith, 1990: 183. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂♀. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 33]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 180]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, taxonomy, type information: 176, 183]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Acordulecera westwoodii (Cameron) Perantherix westwoodii Cameron, 1883: 58-59. Type locality: Panama: Bugaba. Syntype ♀. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂♀. Illust. Anathulea westwoodii: Malaise, 1942: 116. Change of combination. Acordulecera westwoodii: Smith, 1978: 180. Change of combination. 24 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

CITATIONS: Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 309]; Konow 1898 [taxonomy: 252]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 33]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 180]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, type information: 176, 180, 183]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Panama [Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Smith (in print)].

Acordulecera sp. Acordulecera dorsalis: Cameron, 1883: 58. Misidentification; discovered by Smith, 1990: 183. Acordulecera sp.: Smith, 1990: 183. CITATION. Cameron 1883 [distribution (range), systematics: 58].

Acordulecera sp. CITATION. Smith 1981 [description of female: 281]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Distrito Federal (=Brasilia) [Smith 1981]).

Acordulecera sp. CITATION. Smith 1990 [illustration of adult: 176].

Acordulecera sp. CITATION. Smith 1990 [illustration of sawsheath: 176].

Acordulecera sp. CITATION. Smith 1990 [illustration of lance/lancet: 184].

Acordulecera sp. CITATION. Maes 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 23].

Acordulecera sp. Acorduleceros n. sp.: Forsius, 1925: 13. CITATION. Forsius 1925 ([distribution record, new taxon: 13]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Amazonas [Forsius 1925].

Acordulecera sp. Acorduleceros n. sp.: Forsius, 1925: 13. CITATION. Forsius 1925 [distribution record, new taxon: 14]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Amazonas [Forsius 1925].

Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 25

Acordulecera sp. CITATION. Maes 1999 [faunal list, distribution (range): 1628]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Nicaragua [Maes 1999].

Acordulecera sp. CITATION. Ross 1937 [illustration of adult: 141].

Acordulecera sp. 1 CITATION. Yuasa 1920 [structure (larva): 103].

Acordulecera sp. 2 CITATION. Yuasa 1920 [structure (larva): 104].

Acordulecera sp. 3 CITATION. Yuasa 1920 [structure (larva): 104].

Acordulecera sp. CITATION. Schulmeister 2003a [structure]; Schulmeister 2003b [structure].

Acordulecera sp. CITATION. Maxwell 1955 [distribution record, host plant, illustration of immature stages, internal anatomy (larva): 23-24, 27, 28]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Ontario [Maxwell 1955]. ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - FAGALES Fagaceae: Quercus alba L. [Maxwell 1955].

Acorduloceridea Rohwer

Acorduloceridea Rohwer, 1912a: 5. Type species: Acorduleceridea compressicornis Rohwer, by original designation. Rioana Malaise, 1949: 13-14. Type species: Rioana atriceps Malaise, by original designation. Synonymy by Smith, 1990: 158. Saltia Malaise, 1955: 119-120. Type species: Saltia fuscoapicalis Malaise, by original designation. Synonymy by Smith, 1990: 158. CITATIONS: Benson 1935 [systematics - classification: 224]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 381]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 174-175]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 26, 177, 179]; Smith 1990 [diagnosis, key, key to species, synonymy: 154, 159-168]; Abe & Smith 1991 [synonymy, systematics - classification: 4, 75, 76]; Smith 1995b [diagnosis, distribution (range): 171]; Smith 2005b [diagnosis, distribution (range): 214].

Acorduloceridea atriceps (Malaise) Rioana atriceps Malaise, 1949: 14, 15. Type locality: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro (Corcovado). Holotype ♂, by monotypy. Type depository: NHRS. Described: ♂. Illust. Acorduloceridea atriceps: Smith, 1990: 161. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 175]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key, synonymy, 26 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

taxonomy, type information: 149, 160, 161]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Bahía [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Minas Geraís [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Paraná [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Rio de Janeiro [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Santa Catarina [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Uruguay [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Acorduloceridea aztoa Smith Acorduloceridea aztoa Smith, 1990: 161-162. Type locality: Mexico: Chiapas, Muste, near Huixtla, 440 m. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: CNCI. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION. Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of female, key: 149, 159, 161-162]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [Smith (in print)]; Mexico (Chiapas [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acorduloceridea bakua Smith Acorduloceridea bakua Smith, 1990: 162. Type locality: Mexico: Durango, 24 mi. W La Ciudad, 7000 feet. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: CNCI. Described: ♀. CITATION. Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key: 150, 159, 162]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Durango [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Morelos [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acorduloceridea bleaka Smith Acorduloceridea bleaka Smith, 1990: 162-163. Type locality: Colombia: 20 km W of Cali, Valle del Cauca, 2000 m. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. CITATION. Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key: 160, 162-163]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Acorduloceridea compressicornis Rohwer Acorduloceridea compressicornis Rohwer, 1912a: 5-6. Type locality: Panama: Taboga Island. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 174]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key, revision/review, taxonomy, type information: 149, 159, 160, 163]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [Smith (in print)]; Panama [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Acorduloceridea dacua Smith Acorduloceridea dacua Smith, 1990: 163. Type locality: Brazil: Sinop, Mato Grosso (12º31'S, 55º37'W). Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: AEIC. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION. Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, key: 149, 150, 159, 163]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Mato Grosso [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 27

Acorduloceridea entusa Smith Acorduloceridea entusa Smith, 1990: 164. Type locality: Peru: Machu Picchu, Cuzco. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: MCZC. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION. Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key: 150, 160, 164]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Acorduloceridea fuscoapicalis (Malaise) Saltia fuscoapicalis Malaise, 1955: 120-121. Type locality: Argentina: Angostura de Arias, Salta. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: NHRS. Described: ♀. Acorduloceridea fuscoapicalis: Smith, 1990: 164. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 174]; Smith 1990 [description of male, distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, key, taxonomy, type information: 149, 160, 161, 164]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Jujuy [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Salta [Smith 1978, Smith (in print)], Tucumán [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acorduloceridea jujua Smith Acorduloceridea jujua Smith, 1990: 164-165. Type locality: Argentina: Las Lagunas, Parque Jala, Jujuy. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: IMLT. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION. Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key: 150, 160, 164-165]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Jujuy [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acorduloceridea miacha Smith Acorduloceridea miacha Smith, 1990: 165. Type locality: Peru: Machu Picchu, Cuzco. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: MCZC. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION. Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key: 150, 160, 165]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Acorduloceridea nantina Smith Acorduloceridea nantina Smith, 1990: 166. Type locality: Argentina: 11 km W Las Cejas, Tucumán. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: AEIC. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION. Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key: 149, 160, 166]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Tucumán [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acorduloceridea piccha Smith Acorduloceridea piccha Smith, 1990: 166. Type locality: Peru: Machu Picchu, Cuzco. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: AEIC. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION. Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key: 149, 160, 166]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

28 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Acorduloceridea querna Smith Acorduloceridea querna Smith, 1990: 167. Type locality: Mexico: Cuernavaca, Morelos, 7000 feet. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: INHS. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION. Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key: 149, 160, 167]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic/Neotropical: Mexico (Morelos [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Acorduloceridea ruficeps (Malaise) Rioana ruficeps Malaise, 1949: 14, 15. Type locality: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro (Corcovado). Holotype ♂, by monotypy. Type depository: NHRS. Described: ♂. Illust. Acorduloceridea ruficeps: Smith, 1990: 167. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 32]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 175]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, key, synonymy, taxonomy, type information: 149, 150, 159, 160, 167]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Geraís [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Paraná [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Rio de Janeiro [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Santa Catarina [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], São Paulo [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Peru? [Konow 1905a].

Acorduloceridea sinta Smith Acorduloceridea sinta Smith, 1990: 167-168. Type locality: Mexico: Nararit, 20 mi. S Tepic. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION. Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key: 149, 160, 167-168]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Mexico (Nayarit [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Anathulea Malaise

Anathulea Malaise, 1942: 116-118. Type species: Anathulea nigripectus Malaise, by original designation. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 180-181]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 34]; Smith 1990 [host plant, distribution (range), taxonomy, diagnosis, key: 155, 173-174]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 6]; Smith 1995b [distribution (range), diagnosis: 171]; Smith & Janzen 2003 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 322]. BIOLOGY: One unidentified specimen from Canal Zone, Panama, is labelled “from Luehea seemanii” [=Luehea seemannii Planch. & Triana (Tiliaceae)]. One species has been reared (see bimaculata).

Anathulea bimaculata (Cameron) Perantherix bimaculata Cameron, 1883: 59-60. Type locality: Guatemala: Pancina, Vera paz, Champion. Syntype ♀. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. Thulea bimaculata: Konow, 1900: 68. Change of combination. Anathulea bimaculata: Malaise, 1942: 118. Change of combination. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 29

CITATIONS: Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 308]; Konow 1898 [taxonomy: 250-251]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 33]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 180]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), type information: 173]; Smith 1995b [distribution (range): 171]; Smith & Janzen 2003 [description of female, habitat, host plant, illustration of immature stages, illustration of lance/lancet, description of male, life history: 317-319, 322-323, 325, 328, 330]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [Smith 1995b, Smith & Janzen 2003, Smith (in print)]; Guatemala [Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Panama [Smith 1978]. ASSOCIATIONS: Host - CELASTRALES Hippocrataceae: Hippocratea volubilis L. [Smith & Janzen 2003, Smith (in print)].

Anathulea fatima (Kirby) Perantherix fatima Kirby, 1882: 79. Type locality: Brazil: “Amazons”. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. The original description states “a. ♂. (Type of species)”, but the illustration shows a female, and the holotype is a female. Thulea fatima: Konow, 1900: 68. Change of combination. Anathulea fatima: Malaise, 1942: 118. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 308]; Konow 1898 [taxonomy: 250-251]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 33]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 181]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), type information: 173-174]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Amazonas [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print) (?)]).

Anathulea nigriceps Konow Thulea nigriceps Konow, 1900: 68-69. Type locality: Brazil: S Leopoldo. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. Anathulea nigriceps: Malaise, 1942: 118. Change of combination. Anathulea konowi Smith, 1978: 181. Replacement name for Thulea nigriceps Konow, preoccupied by Anathulea nigriceps (Cameron), which is now placed in Sutwanus. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 33]; Malaise 1942 [illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, taxonomy: 117-118]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 181]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, type information: 153, 174]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Santa Catarina [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Anathulea nigripectus Malaise Anathulea nigripectus Malaise, 1942: 118-119. Type locality: Brazil: Santa Catarina. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: NHRS. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 181]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, type information: 153, 174]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Santa Catarina [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

30 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Anathulea sp. CITATION. Smith 1990 [illustration of male genitalia: 153].

Anathulea sp. CITATION. Smith 1990 [illustration of lance/lancet: 153].

Busalus Smith

Busalus Smith, 1990: 170. Type species: Busalus serjus Smith, by original designation. CITATIONS: Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 15]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, new taxon: 155, 170-171]; Smith 2005b [diagnosis, distribution (range): 214].

Busalus serjus Smith Busalus serjus Smith, 1990: 171. Type locality: Brazil: S.J. Bareiro, Serra da Bocaina, 1650 m. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: AEIC. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATION. Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath: 151, 171]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Santa Catarina [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], São Paulo [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Ceratoperia Enderlein

Ceratoperia Enderlein, 1919: 120-121. Type species: Ceratoperia muscicornis Enderlein, by original designation. CITATIONS: Benson 1935 [systematics - classification: 222]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 380]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 181]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 57]; Smith 1990 [taxonomy, diagnosis, key: 154, 174]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 18].

Ceratoperia muscicornis Enderlein Ceratoperia muscicornis Enderlein, 1919: 121. Type locality: Brazil: Santa Catarina. Holotype, by monotypy and original designation. Type probably lost. Described: ♀. Illust. Enderlein states in the original description that the type is deposited in the Stettiner Zoologisches Museum. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 181]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, type information: 151, 174]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Santa Catarina [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 31

Corynophilus Kirby

Cephalocera Klug, 1834: 252. Type species: Cephalocera pumila Klug, by monotypy. Homonym of Cephalocera Latreille, 1829; discovered by Kirby, 1882: 32. Corynophilus Kirby, 1882: 32. Replacement name for Cephalocera Klug. CITATIONS: Brullé 1846 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 670-671]; Cameron 1878a [distribution (range), systematics - classification: 2, 5]; Cameron 1881 [taxonomy: 563]; Cameron 1883 [diagnosis, taxonomy: 53]; Konow 1900 [key: 68, 71]; Konow 1905a [description, distribution (range), key: 32, 34]; Rohwer 1911a [type information: 76, 77]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 381]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 174]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 56]; Smith 1990 [diagnosis, distribution (range), key, taxonomy: 99, 106-107]; Abe & Smith 1991 [synonymy, systematics - classification: 18, 22].

Corynophilus pumilus (Klug) Cephalocera pumila Klug, 1834: 252. Type locality: Brazil. Holotype ♂. Type depository: ZMHB. Described: ♂. Illust. Corynophilus pumilus: Kirby, 1882: 32. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [taxonomy: 32]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 34]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 174]; Smith 1990 [distribution record, illustration of adult, illustration of male, type information: 98, 107]; Smith 1995a [description of female, description of male, distribution record, host plant, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key, taxonomy: 161-162, 164]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Kirby 1882, Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Smith 1990] (Distrito Federal (=Brasilia) [Smith 1995a, Smith (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - PROTEALES Proteaceae: Roupala montana Aublet [Smith 1995a, Smith (in print)]. BIOLOGY: Larvae are leaf miners (Smith 1995a: 162). TAXONOMY: Smith (1995a) recorded the food plant, described the female for the first time, and transferred the genus from Syzygoniinae, where it was placed by Smith (1990), to Acordulecerinae.

Enjijus Smith

Enjijus Smith, 1990: 171-172. Type species: Acorduleceros megacephalus Benson, by original designation. CITATIONS: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key: 155, 171-172]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 29]. BIOLOGY: The single species is a shoot borer of Psidium (Smith, 1990).

Enjijus megacephalus (Benson) Acorduleceros megacephalus Benson, 1940: 463-464. Type locality: Brazil: Pernambuco. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂♀. Illust. Enjijus megacephalus: Smith, 1990: 172. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Pyenson 1938 [distribution record, host plant: 26-27]; Pyenson 1939 [behaviour, impact/damage, oviposition: 468, pl. xv, fig. 2-3]; Carvalho & 32 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Carvalho 1941 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 24]; Maxwell 1955 [distribution record, host plant, illustration of immature stages, internal anatomy (larva): 24-25, 27, 28]; Costa Lima 1968 [distribution (range), host plant: 622]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 224]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 178]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), host plant, illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, synonymy, taxonomy: 152, 172]; Schedl 1991 [economic importance, host plant: 47]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Pernambuco [Pyenson 1938, Carvalho & Carvalho 1941, Costa Lima 1968, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], São Paulo [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Sergipe [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava L. [Pyenson 1938, Carvalho & Carvalho 1941, Maxwell 1955, Smith 1990, Schedl 1991, Smith (in print)]. BIOLOGY: Pyenson (1938, 1939) gave an account of the biology of the species, known as “guava shoot-boring sawfly”: The female oviposits in young tips of guava stems where a single egg is deposited near the end of the tip. The young larvae burrow downwards inside the shoot. The gregarious larvae complete their development in about 9 days and bore a hole in the shoot to leave their feeding tunnel. They drop and enter the soil for pupation. Adults emerge after 9- 17days. Damage to guava was observed at the beginning of the rainy season.

Enjijus sp. CITATION. Smith 1990 [illustration of lance/lancet: 152].

Giladeus Brèthes

Giladeus Brèthes, 1919: 50. Type species: Giladeus gastricus Brèthes, by monotypy. CITATIONS: Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 381]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 174]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 93]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), taxonomy, diagnosis, key: 154, 156-158]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 35]; Benson 1935 [systematics - classification: 224].

Giladeus gastricus Brèthes Giladeus gastricus Brèthes, 1919: 51. Type locality: Chile: Talca, Santiago. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: MACN. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 174]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key, type information: 148, 156, 157]; Smith & Pérez 1995 [distribution (range)]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile [Smith 1978] (Maule [Smith & Pérez 1995], Santiago [Smith 1990, Smith & Pérez 1995, Smith (in print)], Talca [Smith (in print)]). Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 33

Giladeus penai Smith Giladeus penai Smith, 1990: 157. Type locality: Chile: Guayacan, Santiago, 1100 m. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key: 148, 156, 157]; Smith & Pérez 1995 [distribution (range)]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile (Santiago [Smith 1990, Smith & Pérez 1995, Smith (in print)]).

Giladeus tuxius Smith Giladeus tuxius Smith, 1990: 157-158. Type locality: Argentina: Neuquén, Pucara. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: MCZC. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, key: 148, 156, 157-158]; Smith & Pérez 1995[distribution (range)]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Neuquén [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Río Negro [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Chile (Los Lagos [Smith 1990, Smith & Pérez 1995, Smith (in print)]).

Quetutus Smith

Quetutus Smith, 1990: 184-185. Type species: Acorduleceros viridipes Konow, by original designation. CITATIONS: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key: 155, 184-185]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 74].

Quetutus viridipes (Konow) Acorduleceros viridipes Konow, 1899a: 360. Type locality: Peru: Callanga, Cuzco. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. Quetutus viridipes: Smith, 1990: 185. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 33]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 180]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, synonymy, type information: 151, 185]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Sutwanus Smith

Sutwanus Smith, 1990: 169-170. Type species: Loboceras nigriceps Cameron, by original designation. CITATIONS: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), diagnosis, key: 154, 169-170]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 82]; Smith 1995b [diagnosis, distribution (range): 171]; Smith & Janzen 2003 [diagnosis: 324]; Smith 2005b [diagnosis: 214].

34 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Sutwanus guajavae Smith Sutwanus guajavae Smith, 2005b: 215-217. Type locality: Costa Rica: San Jose, San Francisco Do Rios, Urbanización La Pacifica, 1,100 m. Holotype ♀. Type depository: UDCR. Described: ♂♀. CITATIONS: Smith 2005b [host plant, illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet: 215-217]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [Smith (in print)]. ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava L. [Smith 2005b, Smith (in print)].

Sutwanus nigriceps (Cameron) Loboceras nigriceps Cameron, 1883: 57. Type locality: Mexico. Holotype ♀. Type depository: BMNH. Anathulea nigriceps: Smith, 1978: 181. Change of combination. Sutwanus nigriceps: Smith, 1990: 170. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 309]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 33]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, synonymy, taxonomy, type information: 151, 170]; Smith 1995b [distribution (range): 171]; Smith & Janzen 2003 [description of female, description of male, habitat, host plant, illustration of female: 318, 321, 324]; Smith 2005b [diagnosis, illustration of lance/lancet]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Distrito Federal [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Hidalgo [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], San Luis Potosi [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]). Neotropical: Costa Rica [Smith 1995b, Smith & Janzen 2003, Smith (in print)]; El Salvador [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Mexico (Chiapas [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Jalisco [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Morelos [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Nayarit [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Veracruz [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Yucatán [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava L. [Smith & Janzen 2003, Smith (in print)].

Tequus Smith

Tequus Smith, 1990: 184-185. Type species: Acorduleceros ruficeps Konow, by original designation. CITATIONS: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), economic importance, key, key to species: 155, 185-191]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 84]; Smith 2005a [distribution (range), host plant: 99]. BIOLOGY: Some species are damaging to potato crops in Peru and Bolivia (Smith 1990).

Tequus chilensis (Smith) Acordulecera chilensis Smith, 1980a: 90, 91-95. Type locality: Chile: Prov. Magallanes, Rio las Minas. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♀. Illust. Tequus chilensis: Smith, 1990: 188. Change of combination. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 35

CITATIONS: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key, synonymy, type information: 186, 187, 188, 189]; Smith & Pérez 1995[distribution (range)]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Río Negro [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Chile (Magallanes [Smith 1990, Smith & Pérez 1995, Smith (in print)]).

Tequus colombianus (Smith) Acordulecera colombiana Smith, 1980a: 90, 95. Type locality: Colombia: 11 mi. N Popayana, Cauca, 1830 m. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: CASC. Described: ♂. Illust. Tequus colombianus: Smith, 1990: 189. Change of combination. CITATION. Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key, synonymy, type information: 186, 189, 191]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Tequus cretoa (Smith) Acordulecera cretoa Smith, 1980a: 91, 95-96. Type locality: Argentina: Tucumán, Horco Molle. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: IMLT. Described: ♂♀. Illust. Tequus cretous: Smith, 1990: 189. Change of combination and misspelling of species name. CITATION. Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, key, synonymy, type information: 187, 188, 189, 191]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Jujuy [Smith 1980a, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Salta [Smith 1980a, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Tucumán [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Tequus ducra (Smith) Acordulecera sp.: Carrasco, 1967: 64-65. Acordulecera sp.: Aréstegui, 1976: 97. Acordulecera ducra Smith, 1980a: 91, 96. Type locality: Peru: Cuzco. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂♀. Illust. Tequus ducrus: Smith, 1990: 189. Change of combination and misspelling of species name. CITATIONS: Carrasco 1967 [description of immature stages, development, illustration of immature stages, impact/damage: 64-65]; Aréstegui 1976 [impact/damage: 97]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), host plant, illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key, synonymy, type information: 187, 188, 189-190, 191]; Ormachea & Galindo 1994 [development, host plant, life history, rearing, seasonal distribution: 49-51]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]. ASSOCIATIONS: Host - SOLANALES Solanaceae: Solanum tuberosum L. [Carrasco 1967, Smith 1990, Ormachea & Galindo 1994], Solanum sp. [Smith (in print)]. BIOLOGY: The larvae feed on leaves of the host and pupate in the soil. This species has been found damaging potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crops in Peru (Carrasco 1967).

Tequus karpa (Smith) Acordulecera karpa Smith, 1980a: 90, 96-97. Type locality: Peru: 30 mi. NE Huanucho, 2500 m. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: CASC. Described: ♀. Illust. 36 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Tequus karpus: Smith, 1990: 190. Change of combination and misspelling of species name. CITATION. Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key, synonymy, type information: 186, 187, 189, 190]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Tequus munroi (Smith) Acordulecera sp.: Munro, 1954: 187. Acordulecera munroi Smith, 1980a: 91, 97. Type locality: Bolivia: Sucre, Chuquisaca. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♀. Illust. Tequus munroi: Smith, 1990: 190. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Munro 1954 [host plant, impact/damage: 187]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key, synonymy, type information: 187, 188, 190, 191]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]. ASSOCIATIONS: Host - SOLANALES Solanaceae: Solanum tuberosum L. [Munro 1954], Solanum sp. [Smith (in print)].

Tequus nexa (Smith) Acordulecera nexa Smith, 1980a: 91, 97-98. Type locality: Argentina: Tucumán, Horco Molle. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: MCZC. Described: ♀. Illust. Tequus nexus: Smith, 1990: 190. Change of combination. and misspelling of species name CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key, synonymy, type information: 188, 189, 190]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Jujuy [Smith 1980a, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Salta [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Tucumán [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Tequus porteri (Smith) Acordulecera porteri Smith, 1980a: 91, 98-99. Type locality: Argentina: Posta Lozano, Jujuy. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: MCZC. Described: ♂♀. Illust. Tequus porteri: Smith, 1990: 190. Change of combination. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key, synonymy, type information: 187, 188, 189, 190, 191]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Jujuy [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Salta [Smith 1980a, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Tucumán [Smith 1980a, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Tequus pyqua (Smith) Acordulecera pyqua Smith, 1980a: 90, 99. Type locality: Argentina: Tucumán, Tafi-Lacavera. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: IMLT. Described: ♂♀. Illust. Tequus pyquus: Smith, 1990: 190. Change of combination and misspelling of species name. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key, synonymy, type information: 186, 187, 189, 190, 191]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 37

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Jujuy [Smith 1980a, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Salta [Smith 1980a, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Tucumán [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Bolivia [Smith 1980a, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Tequus ruficeps (Konow) Acorduleceros ruficeps Konow, 1899b: 308-309. Type locality: Peru: Callanga, Cuzco. Lectotype ♀, designated by Smith, 1980a: 100. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂♀. Tequus ruficeps: Smith, 1990: 190. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 179]; Smith 1980a [description of female, description of male, diagnosis, distribution record, illustration of male genitalia type information: 94, 99-100]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key, synonymy, type information: 186, 188, 190, 191]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Smith 1978, Smith 1980a, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]. ASSOCIATIONS: Host - SOLANALES Solanaceae: Solanum tuberosum L. [Carrasco 1967].

Tequus schrottkyi (Konow) Acorduleceros Schrottkyi Konow, 1906a: 345-346. Type locality: Paraguay: Villa Encarnación. Lectotype ♀, designated by Smith, 1980a: 101. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. Tequus schrottkyi: Smith, 1990: 190. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 179]; Smith 1980a [description of female, description of male, diagnosis, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, type information: 90, 92, 94, 100-101]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key, synonymy, type information: 187, 190, 191]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Paraguay [Smith 1978, Smith 1980a, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Tequus schuhi (Smith) Acordulecera schuhi Smith, 1980a: 90, 100. Type locality: Peru: Amazonas, Molinopampa, 43 km E Chachapoyas, 2300 m. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: AMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. Tequus schuhi: Smith, 1990: 190. Change of combination. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key, synonymy, type information: 186, 187, 190]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Tequus vikrea (Smith) Acordulecera vikrea Smith, 1980a: 91, 101-102. Type locality: Argentina: Tucumán, Depto. Tafi, Quebrado Cainzo. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: IMLT. Described: ♂♀. Illust. Tequus vikreus: Smith, 1990: 190. Change of combination and misspelling of species name. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key, synonymy, type information: 188, 189, 190]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. 38 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Jujuy [Smith 1980a, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Salta [Smith 1980a, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Tucumán [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Tequus willei (Smith) Acordulecera sp.: Wille 1943: 325. Acordulecera willei Smith, 1980a: 91, 102. Type locality: Peru: Huaras, Ancash. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂. Illust. Tequus vikreus: Smith, 1990: 190. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key, synonymy, type information: 188, 191]; Wille 1943 [biology, description of immature stages, host plant, life history: 325]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Nicaragua [Maes 1990]; Peru [Wille 1943, Smith 1980a, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]. ASSOCIATIONS: Host - SOLANALES Solanaceae: Solanum tuberosum L. [Wille 1943], Solanum sp. [Smith (in print)]. BIOLOGY: The species has been reported defoliating potato crops in the Departamento de Ancash, Peru (Wille 1943).

Truqus Smith

Truqus Smith, 1990: 168. Type species: Truqus magnus Smith, by original designation. CITATIONS: Smith 1990 [diagnosis, key: 154, 168-169]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 88].

Truqus magnus Smith Truqus magnus Smith, 1990: 169. Type locality: Brazil: Campina Grande, nr Curitiba. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: AEIC. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath: 151, 169]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Paraná [Smith 1990, Pedrosa-Macedo 2000, Smith (in print)], São Paulo [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Psidium cattleianum Sabine [Pedrosa-Macedo 2000, host plant].

Subfamily Conocoxinae Rohwer

Loboceratinae (pt.) Kirby, 1882: 81. Lobocerotides (pt.) Konow, 1905a: 31-32, 34. Conocoxini Rohwer, 1911c: 226. Conocoxinae: Benson, 1938c: 382. Change of status. CITATIONS: Rohwer 1911c [key, systematics - classification: 225, 226]; Benson 1938c [distribution (range), key, new taxon: 378, 381-382]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 168-169]; Smith 1990 [diagnosis, distribution (range), key, key to genera, taxonomy: 12, 88-92].

Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 39

Conocoxa Rohwer

Conocoxa Rohwer, 1911b: 379. Type species: Conocoxa chalicipoda Rohwer, by monotypy and original designation. Gayana Malaise, 1942: 112. Type species: Gayana armatipes Malaise, by original designation. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 168. CITATIONS: Rohwer 1911c [systematics - classification: 226]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 382]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 168]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 65, 93]; Smith 1990 [diagnosis, key, key to species, taxonomy: 90-91]; Abe & Smith 1991 [synonymy, systematics - classification: 21, 34-35].

Conocoxa armatipes (Malaise) Gayana armatipes Malaise, 1942: 112-114. Type locality: Chile: Contulpo. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: ZMHB. Described: ♂♀. Illust. Conocoxa armatipes: Smith, 1978: 168. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 168]; Smith 1990 [illustration of male, illustration of lance/lancet, distribution (range), distribution record, taxonomy, key, type information: 90, 91]; Smith & Pérez 1995 [distribution (range)]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile (Arauco [Smith (in print)], Bío-Bío [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith & Pérez 1995]; O'Higgins [Smith 1990, Smith & Pérez 1995, Smith (in print)]).

Conocoxa chalicipoda Rohwer Conocoxa chalicipoda Rohwer, 1911b: 379-380. Type locality: Patagonia: Chubut. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 168]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, key, taxonomy, type information: 89, 90, 91]; Smith & Pérez 1995 [distribution (range)]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Chubut [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Chile [Smith 1978, Smith 1990] (La Araucania [Smith & Pérez 1995], Malleco [Smith (in print)]).

Lycosceles Konow

Lycosceles Konow, 1905c: 159-160. Type species: Lycosceles herbsti Konow, by monotypy. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [description, distribution (range), key: 32, 34]; Konow 1905c [new taxon: 159-160]; Rohwer 1911a [type information: 82]; Enderlein 1919 [diagnosis: 125]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 382]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 169]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 118]; Smith 1990 [taxonomy, diagnosis, key: 90, 91-92]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 46].

40 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Lycosceles herbsti Konow Lycosceles herbsti Konow, 1905c: 160. Type locality: Chile: Concepción, Bío-Bío. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 34]; Enderlein 1919 [description of male, distribution (range): 125]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 169]; Smith 1990 [distribution record, illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, distribution (range), type information: 89, 90, 92]; Smith & Pérez 1995 [distribution (range)]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile [Konow 1905a, Enderlein 1919, Smith 1990] (Bío-Bío [Smith 1978, Smith & Pérez 1995], Concepción [Smith (in print)], Curicó [Smith (in print)], Maule [Smith 1978, Smith & Pérez 1995], Talca [Smith (in print)]).

Nithulea Rohwer

Nithulea Rohwer, 1911b: 380. Type species: Nithulea nigrata Rohwer, by monotypy and original designation. CITATIONS: Rohwer 1911c [systematics - classification: 226]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 382]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 168]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 138]; Smith 1990 [diagnosis, key, taxonomy: 90, 92]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 57].

Nithulea nigrata Rohwer Nithulea nigrata Rohwer, 1911b: 380-381. Type locality: Patagonia: Chubut. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 168]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, type information: 89, 90, 92]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Chubut [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Nithulea porteri (Brèthes) Lycosceles porteri Brèthes, 1919: 50. Type locality: Chile: “provinces centrales”. Holotype ♂, by monotypy. Type depository: MACN. Described: ♂. Nithulea porteri: Smith, 1990: 92. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 169]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male, synonymy, taxonomy, type information: 89, 92]; Smith & Pérez 1995 [distribution (range)]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith & Pérez 1995, Smith (in print)].

Subfamily Euryinae Konow

Lophyridinae (pt.) Kirby, 1882: 94-97. Lophyrinae (pt.) Dalla Torre, 1894: 306-307. Eurytides Konow, 1898: 248. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 41

Perreyiidae (pt.) Ashmead, 1898: 225-227. Perreyides (pt.) Konow, 1903a: 162. Perreyides (pt.) Konow, 1905a: 31, 38-39. Euriinae Rohwer, 1911c: 226. Euryinae Benson, 1934: 463. CITATIONS: Konow 1903b [systematics - classification: 162]; Rohwer 1911c [key, systematics - classification: 225, 226]; Rohwer 1922 [key to genera, taxonomy: 91-92]; Benson 1934 [description of adult, distribution (range), key, key to genera, new taxon: 463-477]; Benson 1938c [distribution (range), key: 378, 382]; Benson & Conde 1938 [systematics - classification: 121-122]; Benson 1963 [key to genera, new taxon: 81-84]; Riek 1970b [behaviour, key: 891- 892]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 151-157]; Houston 1983 [behaviour, illustration of male, structure: 267, 268]; Naumann 1991 [behaviour, diagnosis, distribution (range), host plant, key: 935]; Schmidt & Brown 2005 [key to genera (part), systematics - classification: 6-7].

Ancyloneura Cameron

Ancyloneura Cameron, 1877: 91-92. Type species: Ancyloneura varipes Cameron, by monotypy. Ancyloneura: Dalla Torre, 1894: 306. Incorrectly placed as synonym of Cladomacra; discovered by Rohwer, 1918: 437-438. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [description, new taxon: 95-96]; Ashmead 1898 [key: 226]; Konow 1903b [key, systematics - classification: 162, 163]; Konow 1905a [diagnosis, distribution (range), key: 38, 40]; Rohwer 1911a [type information: 74]; Rohwer 1918 [diagnosis, key to species, new taxon, taxonomy: 437-438]; Rohwer 1922 [key: 92]; Benson 1934 [distribution (range), key, key to species, new taxon: 465, 471-474]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 382]; Benson & Conde 1938 [systematics - classification: 121]; Benson 1958a [key to species, taxonomy: 16-17]; Benson 1963 [diagnosis, illustration of adult, key: 81, 83]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 156-157]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 34]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 7]; Schmidt & Brown 2005 [key, systematics - classification: 7].

Ancyloneura annulicornis Benson Ancyloneura annulicornis Benson, 1934: 472, 473-474. Type locality: “New Guinea”. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Benson 1934 [distribution record, key: 472, 473-474]; Benson 1958a [distribution record, key: 16]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 226]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 156]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (West Papua [Benson 1958a, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Ancyloneura brevisetosa Benson Ancyloneura brevisetosa Benson, 1934: 472, 473. Type locality: Indonesia: Moroka, Loria, New Guinea, 1300 m. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: MHNG. Described: ♂♀. CITATIONS: Benson 1934 [distribution record, illustration of sawsheath, key: 472, 473]; Benson 1958a [distribution record, key: 17]; Quinlan 1974 [type 42 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

information: 226]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 157]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Benson 1958a, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Ancyloneura frontalis Benson Ancyloneura frontalis Benson, 1965: 45-46. Type locality: Indonesia: Vogelkop, Bomberi, West Papua, 700-900 m, 4.vi.1959. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: BPBM. Described: ♂. CITATIONS: Quinlan 1974 [type information: 226]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 157]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 341]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (West Papua [Smith 1978, Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)]).

Ancyloneura fuscipennis Benson Ancyloneura fuscipennis Benson, 1934: 472-473. Type locality: “New Guinea”. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: MHNG. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Benson 1934 [illustration of sawsheath, key: 471, 472-473]; Benson 1958a [distribution record, key: 17]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 227]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 157]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (West Papua [Benson 1958a] (At 2500 ft / 760 m)).

Ancyloneura nigripes (Smith) Cryptocampus nigripes Smith, 1861: 136. Type locality: Indonesia: “Dory”. Syntype ♀. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Ancyloneura nigripes: Kirby, 1882: 95. Change of combination. Ancyloneura varipes: Benson, 1934: 472. Incorrect synonymy (varipes Cameron and wollastoni Rohwer as synonyms). Cladomacra nigripes: Dalla Torre, 1894: 306. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [taxonomy: 95]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 40]; Rohwer 1918 [key: 438]; Benson 1934 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of sawsheath, key: 462, 464, 472]; Benson 1958a [distribution record, illustration of adult, key, taxonomy: 17]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 157]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 341-342]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (West Papua [Benson 1958a, Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)]); Papua New Guinea [Cameron 1877, Konow 1905a, Benson 1958a, Smith 1978, Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)].

Ancyloneura varipes Cameron Ancyloneura varipes Cameron, 1877: 92. Type locality: Indonesia: Aru Islands. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Cladomacra varipes: Dalla Torre, 1894: 307. Change of combination. Ancyloneura wollastoni Rohwer, 1918: 438. Type locality: Indonesia: Iwaka River, West Papua. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Benson, 1934: 472. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [description of female, distribution record, illustration of female: 96, pl. vii, fig. 6]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 40]; Rohwer Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 43

1918 [key, new taxon: 438]; Benson 1934 [distribution (range), key, synonymy]; Benson 1958a [distribution (range), illustration of adult, key, synonymy: 16, 17]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 157]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 342]; Bito & Smith 2005 [description of immature stages, distribution record, host plant, illustration of immature stages, rearing]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (West Papua [Kirby 1882, Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)]); Papua New Guinea [Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)]. BIOLOGY: Larvae of A. varipes were found on saplings of Spathodea campanulata Beauv. (Scrophulariales: Bignoniaceae) growing in the undergrowth of a forest. This is probably not the host plant because it did not show any feeding damage and the larvae did not feed on this plant in the laboratory (Bito & Smith 2005).

Clarissa Kirby

Clarissa Kirby, 1894: 46. Type species: Clarissa divergens Kirby, by monotypy. CITATIONS: Rohwer 1911a [type information: 77]; Rohwer 1911c [systematics - classification: 226]; Morice 1919 [key, key to species, new taxon, revision/review: 258, 299-300]; Rohwer 1922 [key: 92]; Forsius 1927 [systematics - classification: 288-289]; Benson 1934 [distribution (range), key, key to species, new taxon: 465, 468-470]; Benson 1935 [key to species, new taxon: 214-218]; Benson 1938b [key, systematics - classification: 358, 359]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 382]; Benson 1963 [diagnosis, illustration of adult, key: 82, 83]; Benson & Conde 1938 [systematics - classification: 121]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 153-154]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 62]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 20]; Naumann 1991 [illustration of adult: 933]; Naumann 1997 [key to species: 1343]; Schmidt & Brown 2005 [systematics - classification: 6].

Clarissa antennata Benson Clarissa antennata Benson, 1935: 215, 217. Type locality: Australia: Tamborine Mountain, Queensland. Holotype ♂, by monotypy. Type depository: QMBA. Described: ♂. CITATIONS: Benson 1935 [key: 215, 217]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 232]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 153]; Naumann 1997 [key: 1343] Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Benson 1935, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Clarissa atrata Turner Clarissa atrata Turner, 1900: 516-517. Type locality: Australia: Mackay, Queensland. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂♀. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 40]; Morice 1919 [description of male, distribution (range), key, type information: 299-300]; Benson 1934 [description of adult, distribution (range), illustration of adult, key: 465, 469]; Benson 1935 [key: 215]; Benson 1963 [taxonomy: 84]; Muche 1986 [distribution record: 152]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 153]; Naumann 1997 [key, taxonomy: 1342-1343]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. 44 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Morice 1919, Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Muche 1986, Schmidt (in print)]).

Clarissa bensoni Smith Clarissa obscura Benson, 1935: 216, 218. Type locality: Australia: Tamborine Mountain, Queensland. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: QMBA. Described: ♂. Homonym of Clarissa variabilis var. obscura Forsius, 1927; discovered by Smith, 1978: 153. Clarissa bensoni Smith, 1978: 153. Replacement name for Clarissa obscura Benson, 1935. CITATIONS: Benson 1935 [distribution record, key: 216, 218]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 232-233]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 153]; Naumann 1997 [taxonomy: 1342]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Clarissa diana Benson Clarissa diana Benson, 1935: 215, 216. Type locality: Australia: Nanango District, Queensland. Holotype ♂, by monotypy. Type depository: QMBA. Described: ♂. CITATIONS: Benson 1935 [key: 215, 216]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 232]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 153]; Naumann 1997 [key]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Clarissa divergens Kirby Clarissa divergens Kirby, 1894: 46-47. Type locality: Australia: Mackay, Queensland. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Turner 1900 [description of female, distribution record, habitat: 516, 518]; Morice 1919 [description of male, distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, key, type information: 300, pl. xi, fig. 11, pl. xiii, fig. 12]; Benson 1934 [description of adult, distribution (range), key: 469]; Benson 1935 [key: 215]; Benson 1963 [taxonomy: 84]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 153]; Muche 1986 [distribution record: 152]; Naumann 1997 [key, taxonomy: 1342-1343]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Turner 1900, Morice 1919, Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Muche 1986, Schmidt (in print)]).

Clarissa flammea Benson Clarissa flammea Benson, 1935: 214-215. Type locality: Australia: “Queensland National Park”, Queensland . Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: QMBA. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Benson 1935 [illustration of lance/lancet: 214-215]; Benson 1963 [taxonomy: 84]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 232]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 153]; Naumann 1997 [key, taxonomy: 1342-1343]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 45

Clarissa flavicornis Benson Clarissa flavicornis Benson, 1934: 469. Type locality: Australia: Eidsvold, Queensland. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: ANIC. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Benson 1934 [illustration of lance/lancet, key: 469, 470]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 232]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 153]; Naumann 1997 [key, taxonomy: 1342-1343]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Clarissa hebe Benson Clarissa hebe Benson, 1963: 83-84. Type locality: Australia: Tambrey, Western Australia. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: WAMP. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Benson 1963 [distribution record, illustration of lance/lancet: 83-84]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 232]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 153]; Naumann 1997 [key, taxonomy: 1342-1343]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Clarissa lucida Benson Clarissa lucida Benson, 1935: 215, 216-217. Type locality: Australia: Tooloom, New South Wales. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: QMBA. Described: ♂. CITATIONS: Benson 1935 [key: 215, 216-217]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 232]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 154]; Naumann 1997 [key: 1343]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Clarissa ruficollis Benson Clarissa ruficollis Benson, 1934: 469, 470. Type locality: Australia: Mount Blundell, Australian Capital Territory. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: ANIC. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Benson 1934 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key: 469, 470]; Benson 1963 [taxonomy: 84]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 233]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 154]; Naumann 1997 [taxonomy, key: 1342-1343]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Capital Territory [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Clarissa tasbates Naumann Clarissa tasbates Naumann, 1997: 1336-1342. Type locality: Australia: Pelion Hut, 3 km S Mt Oakleigh, 41.50S 146.03E, Tasmania. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: ANIC. Described: ♀, male and larva. Illust. CITATIONS: Naumann 1997 [habitat, illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of immature stages, life history]; Naumann 1998 [distribution record, habitat, illustration of female, illustration of male: 96, 97]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. 46 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Naumann 1997, Naumann 1998, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - RANUNCULALES Ranunculaceae: Ranunculus sp. [Naumann 1997, Naumann 1998]. BIOLOGY: The biology was described by Naumann (1997, 1998). Adults are active in complete darkness and in the early morning. The species has been observed in moist habitats at altitudes of about 860 m in clearings in eucalypt woodland near temperate rainforest. Adults were collected from November until January. Larvae have been found clinging on dead stems of Poa (Poaceae), under a mat of dead Poa and one larva was observed feeding on a dead Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae) leaf, indicating saprophagy of the larvae. Naumann (1997) notes that the described larva associated with C. tasbates could be the larva of Neoeurys leptocoleum Benson or N. tasmanica Rohwer because both species occur in the same locality.

Clarissa thoracica Morice Clarissa thoracica Morice, 1919: 300. Type locality: Australia. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Morice 1919 [key: 300]; Benson 1934 [distribution (range), key: 469]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 154]; Naumann 1997 [key, taxonomy: 1342- 1343]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)].

Clarissa wilsoni Benson Clarissa wilsoni Benson, 1938b: 360-361. Type locality: Australia: Mount Wilson, New South Wales. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: MVME. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Quinlan 1974 [type information: 233]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 154]; Naumann 1997 [key, taxonomy: 1342-1343]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Dalia Schmidt

Dalia Schmidt in Schmidt & Brown, 2005: 2. Type species: Dalia graminis Schmidt, by original designation and monotypy.

Dalia graminis Schmidt Dalia graminis Schmidt in Schmidt & Brown, 2005: 2-5. Type locality: Australia: Darwin, Northern Territory. Holotype, ♀. Type depository: MANT. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Schmidt & Brown 2005 [host plant, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, key, seasonal distribution]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Schmidt & Brown 2005]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - POALES Poaceae: Digiterea sp., Pennisetum glaucum (L.)R.Br. [Schmidt & Brown 2005].

Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 47

Diphamorphos Rohwer

Diphamorphos Rohwer, 1910: 473. Type species: Diphamorphos nigrescens Rohwer, by original designation. CITATIONS: Rohwer 1911a [type information: 78]; Morice 1919 [key, key to species, revision/review: 257, 294]; Tillyard 1926 [biology, description, diagnosis, host plant: 265]; Benson 1934 [distribution (range), key, key to species: 465, 471]; Benson 1938b [key, systematics - classification: 358, 359]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 382]; Benson & Conde 1938 [systematics - classification: 121]; Benson 1963 [diagnosis, illustration of adult, key: 82, 83]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 155-156]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 75]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 26]; Schmidt & Brown 2005 [systematics - classification: 6-7]. BIOLOGY: Larvae feed on dead leaves (Tillyard 1926).

Diphamorphos apicalis Forsius Diphamorphos apicalis Forsius, 1927: 284, 287-288. Type locality: Australia: Adelaide, South Australia. Syntype, ♂♀. Type depository: SAMA. Described: ♂♀. CITATIONS: Benson 1934 [description of adult, distribution (range), key: 471]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 156]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Diphamorphos minor Rohwer Diphamorphos minor Rohwer, 1910: 474. Type locality: Australia: Cairns, Queensland. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂♀. CITATIONS: Morice 1919 [description of male, distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, key, type information: 294, pl. xi, fig. 8, pl. xii, fig. 11, pl. xiii, fig. 13]; Benson 1934 [description of adult, distribution (range), key: 471]; Benson 1935 [illustration of female: 219]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 156]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Morice 1919, Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Diphamorphos nigrescens Rohwer Diphamorphos nigrescens Rohwer, 1910: 474. Type locality: Australia: Victoria. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Diphamorphos nigrescens: Forsius, 1927: 83. Subsequent description. CITATIONS: Morice 1919 [distribution (range), key, type information: 294]; Benson 1934 [description of adult, distribution (range), key: 471]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 156]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Morice 1919, Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Diphamorphos pallicornis Benson Diphamorphos pallicornis Benson, 1935: 218-219. Type locality: Australia: Tooloom, New South Wales. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: QMBA. Described: ♀. Illust. 48 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

CITATIONS: Benson 1935 [diagnosis, distribution record, illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet: 218-219]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 233]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 156]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Eurys Newman

Eurys Newman, 1841: 90. Type species: Eurys aeratus Newman, by monotypy. Dictynna Westwood, 1842: 24. Type species: Dictynna laeta Westwood, by monotypy. Synonymy by Kirby, 1882: 94. Euryopsis Kirby, 1882: 95. Type species: Euryopsis nitens Konow, by monotypy. Synonymy by Morice, 1919: 257. CITATIONS: Cameron 1878a [distribution (range), systematics - classification: 9]; Kirby 1882 [new taxon, systematics - classification: 94-95]; Ashmead 1898 [key: 227]; Froggatt 1901 [description: 8]; Konow 1903b [key, systematics - classification: 162, 163]; Konow 1905a [diagnosis, distribution (range), key: 38-39]; Rohwer1910 [key to species: 471]; Rohwer 1911a [new taxon, type information: 78, 80]; Rohwer 1911c [systematics - classification: 226]; Morice 1919 [key, key to species, revision/review, synonymy: 257, 294-297]; Rohwer 1922 [key, synonymy: 91]; Benson 1934 [description of adult, distribution (range), key, key to species, new taxon: 464, 466-468]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 382]; Benson & Conde 1938 [description, systematics - classification: 121-122]; Benson 1963 [diagnosis, key: 81]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 151-153]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 73, 88]; Abe & Smith 1991 [synonymy, systematics - classification: 25, 32]; Schmidt & Brown 2005 [systematics - classification: 6].

Eurys aeratus Newman Eurys aeratus Newman, 1841: 90. Type locality: Australia: Adelaide, South Australia. Syntype (2 specimens, sex unknown). Type probably lost. Eurys decepta Rohwer, 1910: 471-472. Type locality: Australia: Melbourne, Victoria. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂♀. Synonymy by Benson, 1934: 467. CITATIONS: Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 696]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 306]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 39]; Rohwer1910 [key, new taxon: 471, 472]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), key, taxonomy, type information: 296, 297]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Benson 1934 [distribution (range), illustration of genitalia, key, synonymy: 467]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 152]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Forsius 1929a, Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Eurys aglaia Benson Eurys aglaia Benson, 1963: 82-83. Type locality: Australia: Yanchep, Western Australia. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: WAMP. Described: ♀. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 49

CITATIONS: Quinlan 1974 [type information: 236]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 152]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Eurys bellus (Rohwer) Euryopsis bella Rohwer, 1910: 472. Type locality: Australia: near Sydney, New South Wales. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂♀. Eurys bella: Morice, 1919. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Benson 1934 [taxonomy, diagnosis: 467-468]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 152]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Eurys calliphenges Benson Eurys calliphenges Benson, 1938b: 360. Type locality: Australia: Stradbroke Island, Queensland. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: QMBA. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Quinlan 1974 [type information: 236]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 152]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Benson 1938b, Smith 1978 Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). TAXONOMY: Possibly a subspecies of E. nitidus Kirby (Benson 1938b: 360).

Eurys chloe Benson Eurys chloe Benson, 1938b: 359-360. Type locality: Australia: Mount Kosciusko, New South Wales, 5000 ft (= 1524 m). Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: ANIC. Described: ♂♀. CITATIONS: Quinlan 1974 [type information: 236]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 152]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Eurys kochi Muche Eurys kochi Muche, 1986: 152-153. Type locality: Australia: Colinton, nr Kilcoy, Queensland. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: QMBA. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATION: Schedl 1991 [structure: 46, 66]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Muche 1986, Schmidt (in print)]).

Eurys laetus (Westwood) Dictynna laeta Westwood, 1842: 24. Type locality: Australia: Tasmania. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: OXUM. Illust. Described: ♀. Eurys laetus: Kirby, 1882: 94. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [distribution (range), taxonomy: 94]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 696]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 306]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 39]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of female, key, type information: 296, pl. xi, fig. 10]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 284]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Benson 1934 [description of adult, distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of sawsheath, key, synonymy: 462, 466, 467]; Benson 1963 [illustration of adult: 82]; Smith 50 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

1978 [catalogue/checklist: 152]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 339]; Schedl 1991 [structure: 66]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Smith 1978, Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)], South Australia? [Kirby 1882, Schmidt (in print)], Tasmania [Kirby 1882, Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Forsius 1929a, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Eurys nitens (Kirby) Euryopsis nitens Kirby, 1882: 95. Type locality: Australia: Adelaide, South Australia. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂. Illust. Eurys nitens: Morice, 1919: 295. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 696]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 306]; Froggatt 1901 [description, distribution record: 8- 9]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 39]; Rohwer1910 [key: 472]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 152]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Eurys nitidus Kirby Eurys nitidus Kirby, 1882: 94-95. Type locality: Australia. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 696]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 306]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 39]; Rohwer1910 [key: 471]; Morice 1919 [description of female, distribution (range), key, synonymy, type information: 296-297]; Benson 1934 [description of adult, distribution (range), key: 467]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 152]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Froggatt 1901, Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Eurys pulcher Benson Eurys pulcher Benson, 1934: 467, 468. Type locality: Australia: near Mittagong, New South Wales. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: ANIC. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Benson 1934 [illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, distribution record, key: 467, 468]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 236]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 152]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Eurys rutilans Morice Eurys aeratus: Kirby, 1882: 94. Described: ♀. Misidentification; discovered by Morice, 1919: 296. Eurys rutilans Morice, 1919: 296. Type locality: not given. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Morice 1919 [distribution (range), key, synonymy, type information: 296]; Benson 1934 [description of adult, distribution (range), illustration of Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 51

adult, key, synonymy: 466, 467]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 152-153]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Kirby 1882, Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Eurys sembla Smith Eurys sembla Smith, 1980b: 339-341. Type locality: Australia: Maningrida, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BPBM. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1980b [illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath: 332, 334, 339-340]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)]).

Eurys spec. CITATION: Dafni & Calder 1987 [flower-visiting, pollination: 16, 17].

Neoeurys Rohwer

Neoeurys Rohwer, 1910: 472-473. Type species: Neoeurys metallica Rohwer, by original designation. CITATIONS: Rohwer 1911a [type information: 84]; Rohwer 1911c [systematics - classification: 226]; Morice 1919 [key: 258]; Rohwer 1922 [key: 92]; Forsius 1927 [systematics - classification: 288-289]; Benson 1934 [distribution (range), key, key to species, new taxon: 465, 474-477]; Benson 1938b [diagnosis: 359]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 382]; Benson & Conde 1938 [systematics - classification: 121]; Benson 1963 [diagnosis, illustration of adult, key: 82, 83]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 154-155]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 135]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 55]; Schmidt & Brown 2005 [systematics - classification: 6].

Neoeurys affinis Forsius Neoeurys affinis Forsius, 1927: 284, 295-296. Type locality: Australia: Port Lincoln, South Australia. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: SAMA. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Benson 1934 [description of adult, illustration of sawsheath, distribution (range), key: 475]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 154]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Neoeurys aurora Benson Neoeurys aurora Benson, 1935: 220-222. Type locality: Australia: Stanthorpe, Queensland. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: QMBA. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Benson 1935 [distribution record, diagnosis, illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath: 220-222]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 240]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 154]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). 52 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Neoeurys brevivalvis Benson Neoeurys brevivalvis Benson, 1935: 220. Type locality: Australia: Brisbane, Queensland. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: QMBA. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Benson 1935 [diagnosis, distribution record, illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath: 220, 221, 222]; Benson 1938b [diagnosis: 364]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 240]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 154]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Neoeurys carbonarius (Forsius) Clarissa carbonaria Forsius, 1927: 284, 289-290. Type locality: Australia: Forest Reefs, New South Wales. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: SAMA. Described: ♀. Neoeurys carbonaria: Benson, 1934: 476. Change of combination. CITATION: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 154]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Neoeurys caudatus Morice Neoeurys caudata Morice, 1919: 298-299. Type locality: Australia: Mount Wellington, Tasmania. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂♀. CITATIONS: Morice 1919 [distribution (range), key: 298-299]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 284]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Benson 1934 [description of adult, distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key: 475, 476, 477]; Benson 1935 [diagnosis, illustration of female, illustration of sawsheath: 221, 222]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 154]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 341]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Forsius 1929a, Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Neoeurys erectus Benson Neoeurys erecta Benson, 1938b: 365. Type locality: Australia: Dongarra, Western Australia. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂♀. CITATIONS: Quinlan 1974 [type information: 240]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 154]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Neoeurys evansi Benson Neoeurys evansi Benson, 1938b: 362-364. Type locality: Australia: National Park, Tasmania, 3500 ft (= 1067 m). Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Benson 1938b [distribution record, illustration of lance/lancet: 362-364]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 240]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 154]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 53

Neoeurys fuscus Benson Neoeurys fusca Benson, 1934: 476, 477. Type locality: Australia: Botany Bay, New South Wales. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type probably lost (Quinlan 1974). Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Benson 1934 [distribution record, illustration of lance/lancet, key: 475, 476, 477-478]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 240]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 154]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Smith 1990, Schmidt (in print)]).

Neoeurys inconspicuus (Kirby) Eurys inconspicua Kirby, 1894: 47. Type locality: Australia: Mackay, Queensland. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Clarissa inconspicuus: Morice, 1919: 300. Change of combination. Neoeurys inconspicua: Benson, 1934: 468, 474, 476. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Turner 1900 [description, distribution record, feeding: 517, 518]; Rohwer1910 [key: 471]; Morice 1919 [description of male, distribution (range), key, type information: 300]; Benson 1934 [description of adult, distribution (range), illustration of sawsheath, key: 474, 475]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 154]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 341]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Turner 1900, Morice 1919, Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)], South Australia [Morice 1919, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Neoeurys leai Forsius Neoeurys leai Forsius, 1927: 284, 293-295. Type locality: Australia: Ooldea, South Australia. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: SAMA. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Benson 1934 [description of adult, distribution (range), illustration of sawsheath, key: 475]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 155]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Benson 1934, Smith 1990, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Forsius 1929a, Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Neoeurys leptocoleum Benson Neoeurys leptocoleum Benson, 1938b: 361-362. Type locality: Australia: Mount Wellington, Tasmania. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: SAMA. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Benson 1938b [distribution record, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath: 361-362, 363]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 240]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 155]. Naumann 1998 [distribution record, habitat: 96, 98]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Smith 1978, Naumann 1998, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - Leaf litter. BIOLOGY: Larvae possibly feed on leaf litter and adults occur from November until January in closed forests, open forests, and grassland (Naumann 1998).

54 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Neoeurys metallicus Rohwer Neoeurys metallica Rohwer, 1910: 473. Type locality: Australia: Heborne, Victoria. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Morice 1919 [distribution (range), key, type information: 297-299]; Benson 1934 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key: 475, 476, 477]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 155]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Forsius 1929a, Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Neoeurys niger Benson Neoeurys nigra Benson, 1934: 476-477. Type locality: Australia: Mount Kosciusko, New South Wales. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: ANIC. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Benson 1934 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key: 475, 476-477]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 240]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 155]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Capital Territory [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], New South Wales [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Neoeurys pusillus Forsius Neoeurys pusillus Forsius, 1927: 284, 292-293. Type locality: Australia: Mount Lofty, South Australia. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: SAMA. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Benson 1934 [description of adult, distribution (range), illustration of sawsheath, key: 474, 475]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 155]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Forsius 1929a, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Neoeurys scutellatus Forsius Neoeurys scutellatus Forsius, 1927: 284, 296-297. Type locality: Australia: Hobart, Tasmania. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: SAMA. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Benson 1934 [description of adult, distribution (range), key: 475]; Benson 1938b [diagnosis, illustration of sawsheath, taxonomy: 362]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 155]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Neoeurys tasmanicus Rohwer Neoeurys tasmanica Rohwer, 1918: 439-440. Type locality: Australia: Mount Wellington, Tasmania. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂♀. CITATIONS: Morice 1919 [taxonomy, type information: 298-299]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 284]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Benson 1934 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key: 475, 476, 477]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 155]; Naumann 1998 [distribution record, habitat: 96]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 55

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Naumann 1998, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - Leaf litter. BIOLOGY: Larvae possibly feed on leaf litter and adults occur from November until January in closed forests, open forests, and grassland (Naumann 1998).

Neoeurys trochilus Benson Neoeurys trochilus Benson, 1938b: 364. Type locality: Australia: Dongarra, Western Australia. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Benson 1938b [distribution record, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath: 362, 363, 364]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 240]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 155]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Neoeurys turneri Benson Neoeurys turneri Benson, 1938b: 365. Type locality: Australia: Dongarra, Western Australia. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Benson 1938b [distribution record, illustration of lance/lancet: 363, 365]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 240-241]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 155]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Neoeurys variabilis (Forsius) Clarissa variabilis Forsius, 1927: 284, 290-291. Type locality: Australia: Mount Lofty, South Australia. Syntype, ♂♀. Type depository: SAMA. Described: ♂♀. Clarissa variabilis var. collaris Forsius, 1927: 284, 291. Type locality: Australia: Kangaroo Island, Melrose, South Australia. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: SAMA. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Benson, 1934: 474. Clarissa variabilis var. obscura Forsius, 1927: 284, 291-292. Type locality: Australia: Melrose, South Australia. Syntype, ♂♀. Type depository: SAMA. Described: ♂♀. Synonymy by Benson, 1934: 474. Clarissa variabilis var. sternalis Forsius, 1929a: 83-84. Type locality: Australia: The Grampians, Victoria. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: MVME. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Benson, 1934: 474. Neoeurys variabilis: Benson, 1934: 474. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Benson 1934 [description of adult, illustration of sawsheath, distribution (range), key: 454, 475]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 155]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 341]; Naumann et al. 1994 [type information: 72]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Forsius 1927, Smith 1978, Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)], South Australia [Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Forsius 1929a, Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Neoeurys ventralis Forsius Neoeurys ventralis Forsius, 1927: 284, 298-299. Type locality: Australia: Cradle Mountain, Tasmania. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: SAMA. Described: ♀. 56 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

CITATIONS: Benson 1934 [description of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, distribution (range), key: 475, 476, 477]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 155]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Neoeurys sp. N.[eoeurys] sp. nov. ? Forsius, 1927: 284. CITATION: Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 284]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Forsius 1927]).

Neoeurys sp. N.[eoeurys] sp. nov. ? Forsius, 1927: 284. CITATION: Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 284]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Forsius 1927]).

Neoeurys sp. CITATION: Morice 1919 [illustration of adult: pl. xi, fig. 9].

Polyclonus Kirby

Polyclonus Kirby, 1882: 97. Type species: Polyclonus atratus Kirby, by monotypy. Ancyloneura: Konow, 1905a: 40. Incorrect synonymy (synonym of Ancyloneura); discovered by Rohwer, 1918: 439. Cladomacra: Konow, 1907: 174-176. Incorrect synonymy (Ancyloneura and Cladomacra congeneric with Polyclonus); discovered by Forsius, 1927: 288. Polyclonus: Rohwer, 1918: 439. Revived status. CITATIONS: Ashmead 1898 [key: 226, 227]; Konow 1903b [systematics - classification: 162]; Rohwer 1911a [type information: 87]; Rohwer 1918 [systematics - classification, taxonomy: 439]; Morice 1919 [key: 257]; Rohwer 1922 [key: 91]; Benson 1938b [key, systematics - classification: 358, 359]; Benson 1938c [illustration of adult, systematics - classification: 374, 382]; Benson & Conde 1938 [description, systematics - classification: 121-122]; Benson 1963 [diagnosis, key: 81]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 156]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 34, 62, 162]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 68]; Schmidt & Brown 2005 [key, systematics - classification: 6, 7].

Polyclonus atratus Kirby Polyclonus atratus Kirby, 1882: 97. Type locality: Australia. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂. Illust. Ancyloneura atrata: Konow, 1905a: 40. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist, distribution (range): 696]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 307]; Froggatt 1901 [description: 9]; Froggatt 1907 [description of adult: 73]; Rohwer 1918 [description of female: 439]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record, systematics - classification, taxonomy: 284, 288]; Moore 1957 [behaviour, biology, description of female, description of egg, description of immature stages, development, distribution (range), feeding, habitat, host plant, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 57

illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, life history, oviposition, parasitism, seasonal distribution: 74-81]; Benson 1963 [key]; Moore 1972 [host plant: 33]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 156]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 341]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Capital Territory [Schmidt (in print)], New South Wales [Moore 1957, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Moore 1957, Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Rohwer 1918, Moore 1957, Schmidt (in print)], Western Australia? [Moore 1957, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Angophora costata (Gaertn.) Britten [Moore 1957, Schmidt (in print)], Angophora intermedia de Candolle [Moore 1957, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus acmenoides Schauer [Moore 1957, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill [Moore 1972, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus haemastoma Sm. [Moore 1957, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus pilularis Sm. [Moore 1957, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus resinifera Sm. [Moore 1957, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus saligna Sm. [Moore 1957, Moore 1972, Schmidt (in print)]. BIOLOGY: Moore (1957) gave a detailed account of the biology. Larvae are saprophagous and feed on dying or dead leaves of eucalypts which they skeletonise. Females oviposit in eucalypt leaves or in grass blades in close proximity to suitable food for larvae. The life cycle lasts, depending on temperature conditions, from 3 to 6 months. In the study area near Sydney, adults are on the wing from August to May. Males and females can be seen flying among leaves of felled trees, with females closer to the ground than the males. Females feign death when disturbed. Eggs are placed into the leaf margin in rows of up to 30. Larvae hatch after 1-2 weeks and feed mostly at night, but also during the day on cloudy days. The black cocoons are attached to sticks, rocks, rotten leaves, etc. The species is polyvoltine.

Warra Benson

Warra Benson, 1934: 470-471. Type species: Clarissa froggatti Rohwer, by original designation. CITATIONS: Benson 1934 [distribution (range), key, key to species: 465, 470-471]; Benson 1938b [diagnosis: 359]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 382]; Benson & Conde 1938 [systematics - classification: 121]; Benson 1963 [distribution (range), key: 82]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 223]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 153]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 203]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 89]; Schmidt & Brown 2005 [systematics - classification: 6].

Warra anomocera (Rohwer) Clarissa anomocera Rohwer, 1922: 93. Type locality: Australia: Moree, New South Wales. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂♀. Warra anomocera: Benson, 1934: 471. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Benson 1934 [description of adult, distribution (range), key: 471]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 153]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). 58 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Warra froggatti (Rohwer) Clarissa froggatti Rohwer, 1922: 92-93. Type locality: Australia: Warrah, New South Wales. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂♀. Warra froggatti: Benson, 1934: 471. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Benson 1934 [description of adult, distribution (range), key: 471]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 153]; Naumann & Balciunas 1997 [biology, description of immature stages, distribution record, host plant, illustration of immature stages, life history: 39-46]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Benson 1934, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Naumann & Balciunas 1997, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MARSILEALES Marsileaceae: Marsilea drummondii A. Braun [Naumann & Balciunas 1997]. BIOLOGY: Naumann & Balciunas (1997) gave a detailed description of the biology: the larvae feed on species of the aquatic and semiaquatic fern Marsilea (Marsileaceae). The female places 1-3(-7) eggs in the frondlet margin and eggs hatch after 1-3 days. Only frondlets raised above the water surface are attacked. Larvae feed during the day on the dorsal leaf surface. The development includes three instars and takes 11-12 days after which the larvae burrow into moist soil near the water edge. The prepupal moult occurs in the soil and adults emerge after 7-9 days. Apparently adults do not feed.

Subfamily Loboceratinae Kirby

Loboceratinae (pt.) Kirby, 1882: 79. Lobocerides (pt.) Cameron, 1883: 54-57. Lobocerinae Ashmead, 1898: 228-229 (in part). Lobocerotides (pt.) Konow, 1898: 248. Lobocerotides (pt.) Konow, 1905a: 31-32, 33, 35. Loboceridae Rohwer, 1911c: 226. CITATIONS: Cameron 1883 [diagnosis, systematics - classification: 53]; Ashmead 1898 [distribution (range), key, key to genera, systematics - classification: 228- 229]; Konow 1900 [key to genera: 67-68]; Rohwer 1911c [key, systematics - classification: 218, 226]; Ross 1937 [phylogeny: 37-38]; Benson 1938c [distribution (range), key: 378, 381]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 169- 171]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), diagnosis, key, taxonomy: 13, 126- 147]; Smith 1995b [diagnosis, distribution (range), key: 171].

Aulacomerus Spinola

Aulacomerus Spinola, 1840: 137-140. Type species: Aulacomerus buquetii Spinola, by monotypy. Loboceras Kirby, 1882: 79-80. Type species: Loboceras mexicanum Kirby. Subsequently designated by Rohwer, 1911a: 82. Synonymy by Smith, 1990: 129. Loboceros Konow, 1900: 68, 69. Unjustified emendation. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 59

CITATIONS: Brullé 1846 [diagnosis: 663-664]; Norton 1867 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 224]; Kirby 1882 [systematics - classification, new taxon: 79-81]; Cameron 1883 [diagnosis, systematics, distribution (range): 54]; Ashmead 1898 [key: 229]; Konow 1900 [key: 68]; Konow 1905a [description, distribution (range), key: 32, 33, 35]; Rohwer 1911a [type information: 75, 82]; Rohwer 1911c [systematics - classification: 226]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 381, 382]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 168-171]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 44, 116]; Smith 1990 [diagnosis, key, key to species, synonymy, taxonomy: 128, 129-147]; Abe & Smith 1991 [synonymy, systematics - classification: 45]; Smith 1995b [diagnosis, distribution (range), illustration of adult: 160, 171]; Smith & Janzen 2003 [distribution (range): 320-321].

Aulacomerus apicalis Smith Aulacomerus apicalis Smith, 1990: 137. Type locality: Peru: Tingo Maria, Huanuco, 620 m. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: MCZC. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key: 127, 130, 134, 137]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Aulacomerus atriventris (Malaise) Loboceras atriventris Malaise, 1955: 117. Type locality: Argentina: Angostura de Arios, Salta. Holotype ♂, by indication. Type depository: NHRS. Described: ♂. Aulacomerus atriventris: Smith, 1990: 137. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 169]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, taxonomy, type information: 136, 137]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Jujuy [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Salta [Smith 1978, Smith 1990Smith (in print)]).

Aulacomerus buquetii Spinola Aulacomerus buquetii Spinola, 1840: 140-141. Type locality: French Guiana: Cayenne. Holotype ♂, by monotypy. Type depository: MRSN. Described: ♂. Illust. Skelosyzygonia simplicica Greenbaum, 1974: 61-63. Type locality: Peru: Pucallipa, Loreto, 200 m. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: LACM. Described: ♂. Illust. Synonymy by Smith, 1990: 137. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [distribution (range): 81]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 309]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 35]; Greenbaum 1974 [illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, key, new taxon: 61- 63]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 169, 171]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, key, synonymy, taxonomy, type information: 127, 133, 135, 137- 138]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Pará [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); French Guiana [Kirby 1882, Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print) (?)]; Peru [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

60 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Aulacomerus calcar (Norton) Cephalocera calcar Norton, 1867: 51. Type locality: Mexico: Cordova. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: MHNG. Described: ♀. Corynophilus calcar: Kirby, 1882: 32. Change of combination. Loboceras calcar: Cameron, 1882: 133. Change of combination. Loboceros calcar: Konow, 1905a: 33. Aulacomerus calcar: Smith, 1990: 138. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [taxonomy: 32]; Cameron 1883 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 56, pl. I]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 309]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 33]; Smith 1971 [type information: 524]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 169]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of genitalia, key, synonymy, taxonomy, type information: 130, 138]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Mexico (Veracruz [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Aulacomerus candirus Smith Aulacomerus candirus Smith, 1990: 138. Type locality: Argentina: Horco Molle, Parque Sierra San Javier, Tucumán, 700 m. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: IMLT. Described: ♂♀. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of genitalia, key: 136, 138]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Tucumán [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Aulacomerus daktus Smith Aulacomerus daktus Smith, 1990: 138-139. Type locality: Guatemala: San José. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: CASC. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key: 127, 131, 135, 138-139]; Smith & Janzen 2003 [behaviour, description of female, description of immature stages, host plant, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, life history, seasonal distribution: 316, 318, 321-322]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [Smith & Janzen 2003, Smith (in print)]; Guatemala [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Mexico (Chiapas [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - GENTIANALES Apocynaceae: Mesechites trifida Müll.Arg. [Smith & Janzen 2003, Smith (in print)].

Aulacomerus ecuadoriensis (Enderlein) Loboceras ecuadoriensis Enderlein, 1919: 124. Type locality: Ecuador: Bucay. Holotype, by monotypy and original designation. Type probably lost. Described: ♀. Enderlein states in the original description that the type is deposited in the Stettiner Zoologisches Museum. The type is, according to Smith (1990: 139), not with the other Enderlein types at Warsaw. Aulacomerus ecuadoriensis: Smith, 1990: 139. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 170]; Smith 1990 [distribution record, synonymy, taxonomy, type information: 139]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Ecuador [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 61

Aulacomerus enus Smith Aulacomerus enus Smith, 1990: 139-140. Type locality: Mexico: 6 mi E Cuernavaca, Morelos. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♀. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key: 132, 139]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Morelos [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]). Neotropical: Mexico (Guerrero [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Aulacomerus geraesinus (Malaise) Aulacomerus nigriceps Enderlein, 1919: 125. Type locality: Brazil: Santa Catharina. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: PASW. Described: ♀. Preoccupied in Loboceras by L. nigriceps Cameron, 1883, now placed in Anathulea. Loboceras geraesina Malaise, 1949: 16-17. Type locality: Brazil: Minas Geraís. Holotype ♂, by monotypy. Type depository: NHRS. Described: ♂. Loboceras enderleini: Smith, 1978: 170. Change of combination and replacement name for nigriceps Enderlein. Aulacomerus geraesinus: Smith, 1990: 140. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 170]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, key, type information: 131, 135, 136, 140]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Geraís [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Rio de Janeiro [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Santa Catarina [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], São Paulo [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Aulacomerus gibbifrons (Konow) Loboceros gibbifrons Konow, 1900: 69-70. Type locality: Bolivia. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. Aulacomerus gibbifrons: Smith, 1990: 140. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 33]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 170]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, key, taxonomy, type information: 131, 132, 133, 136, 14]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Tucumán [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Bolivia [Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Paraguay [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Aulacomerus hippolyte (Kirby) Loboceras hippolyte Kirby, 1882: 80. Type locality: Brazil: “Amazons”. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. Loboceras xanthostigma Cameron, 1883: 56-57. Type locality: Panama: Bugaba. Holotype ♂. Type depository: BMNH. Synonymy by Smith, 1990: 140. Loboceros xanthostigmus: Konow, 1905a: 33. Loboceras trimaculatus Rohwer, 1911b: 381. Type locality: Costa Rica: Piedros Negras. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Smith, 1990: 140. CITATIONS: Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 309]; Konow 1900 [description of male: 70]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 33]; Benson 1930 [description of adult, distribution record, type information: 621]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 170, 171]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of 62 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

lance/lancet, key, synonymy, taxonomy, type information: 132, 133, 140], Smith 1995b [distribution (range): 172]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Konow 1905a, Smith 1978] (Amazonas [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Pará [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Colombia [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Costa Rica [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith 1995b, Smith (in print)]; Guyana [Smith 1978, Smith 1990]; Panama [Cameron 1883, Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Smith 1990]; Suriname [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Venezuela [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Aulacomerus isomus Smith Aulacomerus isomus Smith, 1990: 140-141. Type locality: Mexico: 6 mi E Cuernavaca, Morelos. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key: 127, 130, 134, 140- 141]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Morelos [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]). Neotropical: Mexico (Guerrero [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Aulacomerus jimus Smith Aulacomerus jimus Smith, 1990: 141. Type locality: Mexico: Sinaloa, 15 mi. W El Palmito, 5000 feet. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: CNCI. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key: 132, 134, 141]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Mexico (Jalisco [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Michoacán [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Sinola [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Aulacomerus klugii (Cameron) Loboceras klugii Cameron, 1883: 55. Type locality: Guatemala: San Geromino. Lectotype ♀, designated by Smith, 1990: 141. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. Loboceros klugii: Konow, 1905a: 33. Aulacomerus klugii: Smith, 1990: 141. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 309]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 33]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 170]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, key, type information: 127, 130, 131, 135, 14]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Puebla [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], San Luis Potosi [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]). Neotropical: Belize [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; El Salvador [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Guatemala [Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Mexico (Chiapas [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Oaxaca [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Veracruz [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Yucatán [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Panama [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Aulacomerus konowi (Malaise) Loboceras konowi Malaise, 1949: 16. Type locality: Brazil: Cambuquira, Minas Geraís. Holotype ♂, by monotypy. Type depository: NHRS. Described: ♂. Aulacomerus konowi: Smith, 1990: 141. Change of combination. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 63

CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 170]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key, type information: 131, 141]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Geraís [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Aulacomerus lucidus (Kirby) Loboceras lucidum Kirby, 1882: 80. Type locality: Brazil: “Amazons”. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. Loboceras fuscipenne Cameron, 1883: 57. Type locality: Panama: David, Chiriqui, Champion. Syntype ♂. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. Synonymy by Smith, 1990: 142. Loboceros frater Konow, 1903b: 169-170. Type locality: Peru: Vilcanota. Lectotype ♂, designated by Smith, 1990: 142. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂♀. Synonymy by Smith, 1990: 142. Loboceros fuscipennis: Konow, 1905a: 33. Loboceros lucidus: Konow, 1905a: 33. Aulacomerus lucidus: Smith, 1990: 142. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 309]; Konow 1905a [illustration of female, distribution (range): 33, pl. 2]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 170]; Smith 1990 [illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, distribution (range), taxonomy, key, type information: 131, 135, 136, 142], Smith 1995b [distribution (range): 171]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Brazil [Konow 1905a, Smith 1978] (Amazonas [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Pará [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Colombia [Smith 1990]; Costa Rica [Smith 1995b, Smith (in print)]; Mexico (Veracruz [Smith 1978]); Panama [Cameron 1883, Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Peru [Konow 1903b, Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Venezuela [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Aulacomerus mexicanus (Kirby) Loboceras mexicanum Kirby, 1882: 80. Type locality: Mexico: Orizaba, Veracruz. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. Loboceras saussurii Cameron, 1883: 56. Type locality: Mexico: Orizaba, Veracruz. Syntype ♂. Type depository: MHNG. Synonymy by Smith, 1990: 142. Loboceros mexicanus: Konow, 1905a: 33. Loboceros saussurei [sic!]: Konow, 1905a: 33. Aulacomerus mexicanus: Smith, 1990: 142. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 309]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 33]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 170]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, key, taxonomy, type information: 127, 130, 134, 142]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Mexico (Veracruz [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

64 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Aulacomerus nastus Smith Aulacomerus nastus Smith, 1990: 142-143. Type locality: Argentina: S Pedro Colaiao, Tucumán. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: MCZC. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key: 132, 134, 142-143]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Salta [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Tucumán [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Aulacomerus olemus Smith Aulacomerus olemus Smith, 1990: 143. Type locality: Brazil: Belém Mocambo, Pará. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: MPEG. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key: 132, 133, 143]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Amazonas [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Pará [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Aulacomerus padeus Smith Aulacomerus padeus Smith, 1990: 143-144. Type locality: French Guiana. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: MNHN. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key: 132, 135, 143-144]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Brazil (Rondônia [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); French Guiana [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Aulacomerus pullus Smith Aulacomerus pullus Smith, 1990: 144. Type locality: Argentina: Oran, Abra Grande, Salta. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: MCZC. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key: 132, 133, 144]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Salta [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Aulacomerus quivus Smith Aulacomerus quivus Smith, 1990: 144-145. Type locality: Argentina: Villa Nougues, Tucumán, 1250 m. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: MCZC. Described: ♀. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key: 136, 145]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Tucumán [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Aulacomerus ratinus Smith Aulacomerus ratinus Smith, 1990: 145. Type locality: Peru: Monsoon Valley, Tingo Maria, Huanuco. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: CASC. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key: 136, 134, 145]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 65

Aulacomerus retusicornis (Konow) Loboceros retusicornis Konow, 1900: 69. Type locality: Peru. Lectotype ♀, designated by Smith, 1990: 145. Type depository: HNHM. Described: ♀. Loboceros trinotatus Konow, 1906a: 346-347. Type locality: Brazil: Oyapock, Amapá. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Smith, 1990: 145. Loboceros binotatus Konow, 1906b: 368. Type locality: Brazil: Obidos, Pará. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Smith, 1990: 145. Aulacomerus retusicornis: Smith, 1990: 145. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 33]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 169, 170, 171]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key, synonymy, taxonomy, type information: 135, 133, 145-146]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Amapá [Konow 1906a, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Pará [Konow 1906b, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Peru [Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Suriname [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Aulacomerus varicornis (Cameron) Loboceras varicorne Cameron, 1883: 54-55. Type locality: Panama: Volcan de Chiriqui, 4000- 6000 ft (= 1220-1830 m). Syntype ♀. Type depository: BMNH. Aulacomerus varicornis: Smith, 1990: 146. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 309]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 33]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 171]; Smith 1990 [distribution record, illustration of lance/lancet, key, synonymy, type information: 132, 135, 146]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic/Neotropical: Mexico [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]. Neotropical: Panama [Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Aulacomerus waquus Smith Aulacomerus waquus Smith, 1990: 146. Type locality: Argentina: Posta Lozano, Jujuy. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: MCZC. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key: 131, 136, 146]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Jujuy [Smith 1990, Smith (in print) ], Salta [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Aulacomerus xyntus Smith Aulacomerus xyntus Smith, 1990: 146-147. Type locality: Mexico: 4 mi. E Cuernavaca, Morelos. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: CUIC. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key: 131, 136, 146-147]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Morelos [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Aulacomerus yikasus Smith Aulacomerus yikasus Smith, 1990: 147. Type locality: Mexico: 15 mi. W El Palmito, Sinaloa, 5000 feet. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: CNCI. Described: ♂. Illust. 66 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key: 127, 136, 147]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Mexico (Sinola [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Aulacomerus sp. CITATION: Smith 1990 [illustration of sawsheath: 127].

Hyperoceros Konow

Hyperoceros Konow, 1906b: 369-370. Type species: Hyperoceros peruanus Konow, by monotypy. CITATIONS: Rohwer 1911a [type information: 81]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 381]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 171]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 104]; Smith 1990 [taxonomy, diagnosis, key: 126, 128]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 39].

Hyperoceros peruanus Konow Hyperoceros peruanus Konow, 1906b: 370. Type locality: Peru: Marcapata. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 171]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, taxonomy, type information: 127, 128]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Skelosyzygonia Malaise

Skelosyzygonia Malaise, 1935: 161-162. Type species: Skelosyzygonia spinipes Malaise, by original designation. CITATIONS: Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 381]; Greenbaum 1974 [diagnosis, key to species, new taxon, revision/review, systematics - classification: 60-64]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 171]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 183]; Smith 1990 [diagnosis, distribution (range), key, taxonomy: 127, 128-129]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 80].

Skelosyzygonia spinipes Malaise Skelosyzygonia spinipes Malaise, 1935: 162. Type locality: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro (border of Minas Geraís). Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: ZIMG. Described: ♂. Illust. Skelosyzygonia spinipes: Greenbaum, 1974: 64. Subsequent description. CITATIONS: Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Conde 1939 [distribution record: 49]; Costa Lima 1960 [illustration of male: 350]; Greenbaum 1974 [description of male, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, key, type information: 61-64]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 171]; Smith 1979 [catalogue (dubious record from Texas): 20]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, taxonomy, type information: 127, 129]; Schedl 1991 [structure: 73]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 67

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Greenbaum 1974, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], São Paulo [Greenbaum 1974, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Subfamily Parasyzygoniinae Smith

Parasyzygoniinae Smith, 1990: 93. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), diagnosis, key: 13, 93-96].

Parasyzygonia Rohwer

Parasyzygonia Rohwer, 1911a: 102. Type species: Syzygonia cyanoptera Klug, by original designation. CITATIONS: Rohwer 1911a [key, type information: 86, 102]; Mallach 1929 [key to species: 288]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 381]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 172]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 151]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key to species, taxonomy: 93-96]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 62-63].

Parasyzygonia cyanoptera (Klug) Syzygonia cyanoptera Klug, 1824: 179-180. Type locality: Brazil. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: ZMHB. Described: ♀. Schizocerus cyanoptera: Norton, 1867: 56. Change of combination. Parasyzygonia cyanoptera: Rohwer, 1911a: 102. Change of combination. Parasyzygonia rufosternalis Mallach, 1929: 288. Type locality: Brazil: Petropolis. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: ZMHB. Described: ♂. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 172. Syzygonia cyanoptera: Jolivet, 1955: 17. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Perty 1830 [diagnosis, distribution (range), illustration of adult: 130, pl. xxvi, fig. 4]; Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau 1833 [description of female, illustration of female: 456, pl. 16B]; Klug 1834 [diagnosis, distribution record: 229]; Kirby 1882 [distribution (range): 31-32]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 348]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range), illustration of female: 10, pl. 1]; Mallach 1929 [key: 288]; Conde 1932 [distribution record, illustration of male genitalia: 438, 439]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 172]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key, taxonomy, type information: 94, 95, 96]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Klug 1834, Konow 1905a] (Minas Geraís [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Paraná [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Rio Grande do Sul [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Rio de Janeiro [Kirby 1882, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Santa Catarina [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], São Paulo [Conde 1932, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Venezuela [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

68 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Parasyzygonia pallidior Malaise Parasyzygonia pallidior Malaise, 1939: 26. Type locality: Brazil: Hansa Humbolt, Santa Catarina. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: NHRS. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 172]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, taxonomy, key, type information: 94, 95, 96]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Santa Catarina [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Subfamily Perginae Ashmead

Tenthredinidea, Stirps 2 Leach, 1817: 115. Tenthredinetae, Div. h Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1823: 40. Perginae Ashmead, 1898: 229, 231-232. Syzygoniides (pt.) Konow, 1905a: 10, 11-12. Pergidae Rohwer, 1911a: 226. CITATIONS: Westwood 1880 [diagnosis, description, key to species, new taxon, revision/review, systematics - classification: 359-379, pls xxxiv-xxxvii]; Kirby 1882 [new taxon, systematics - classification: 18-30]; Shipp 1894 [key to genera, systematics - classification: 338-340]; Ashmead 1898 [key, key to genera, new taxon, systematics - classification: 228, 229, 231-232]; Konow 1905a [host plant, key to genera, systematics - classification: 3, 11]; Froggatt 1907 [description: 71-72]; Rohwer 1911c [key, systematics - classification: 218, 226]; Morice 1919 [systematics - classification: 329-331]; Allen 1920 [rearing: 159]; Benson 1935 [description of adult, distribution (range), key: 223]; Ross 1937 [phylogeny: 37-38]; Benson 1938c [distribution (range), key: 378, 379]; Benson 1939 [key to genera, new taxon, revision/review, systematics - classification: 324-356]; Riek 1970a [key: 218]; Riek 1970b [behaviour, host plant, stridulation: 882]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 135-147]; Naumann 1991 [behaviour, distribution (range), economic importance, host plant, key: 934-935]; Macdonald & Ohmart 1993 [behaviour, behavioural defence, development, host plant, illustration of immature stages, life history, oviposition: 487-489, 496]. BIOLOGY: A detailed description of the biology of Perga affinis was given by Carne (1962). Larvae feed at night and rest in a cluster during the day (Macdonald & Ohmart 1993). Larval clusters can contain more than one pergine species (Carne 1962). Meyer-Rochow (1974) investigated vision of larvae of Perga affinis, Pergagrapta turneri, and P. bella: they are probably capable of discerning shape; the sensitivity is increased at night and they can increase sensitivity by 2 to 3 log units in the dark without losing resolution. For pupation larvae go into the ground as a group where they construct double- walled cocoons in a honeycomb fashion side by side (Macdonald & Ohmart 1993). The prepupal moulting occurs in the cocoon. Parasitism by mermithid nematodes has been observed (Macdonald & Ohmart 1993). Major parasitoids of Perginae are Trigonalidae, Ichneumonidae, and Tachinidae, and they can cause high levels of mortality (>80%, Macdonald & Ohmart 1993). When disturbed larvae exudate a fluid from their mouth trying to apply it to their enemy. This fluid is stored in a large sac, the pharyngeal diverticulum, and Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 69

consists of essential oil of the host plant on which the larvae feed (Morrow et al. 1976, Schmidt et al. 2000). Larvae possess an external morphological modification of the mandible, the ‘scopa mandibularis’, that apparently serves to separate toxic leaf compounds from nutritive parts of the leaf (Schmidt et al. 2000). The discharge of oral fluid has been regarded as defence behaviour against natural enemies (Carne 1962, Morrow et al. 1976), but the observation that larvae empty their diverticulum even without being disturbed suggests that it is a mechanism to avoid potentially toxic essential oils of the host plant (Schmidt et al. 2000).

Tribe Cerealcini Benson

Lobocerinae Ashmead, 1898: 229. Lobocerotides (pt.) Konow, 1905a: 31-32, 35. Cerealcini Benson, 1939: 326. CITATIONS: Konow 1900 [key to genera: 67-68]; Benson 1939 [illustration of adult, key: 325, 326]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 135-137].

Cerealces Kirby

Cerealces Kirby, 1882: 30-31. Type species: Cerealces scutellata Kirby, by monotypy. CITATIONS: Ashmead 1898 [key: 229]; Konow 1900 [key: 68]; Konow 1905a [description, distribution (range), key: 32, 35]; Rohwer 1911a [type information: 76]; Rohwer 1911c [systematics - classification: 226]; Morice 1919 [key, key to species, revision/review: 255, 287]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 379]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, illustration of adult, key: 325, 326, 329-330]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 136]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 58]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 18].

Cerealces scutellata Kirby Cerealces scutellata Kirby, 1882: 31. Type locality: South Australia. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂. Illust. Cerealces cyathiformis Kirby, 1893: 42-43. Type locality: Australia: Melbourne, Victoria. Syntype ♂. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂. Synonymy by Benson, 1939: 329. Cerealces scutellata: Forsius, 1927: 299-300. Subsequent description. CITATIONS: Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 695]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 349]; Froggatt 1901 [distribution (range): 9]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 35]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), key, type information: 287]; Forsius 1927 [description of female, distribution record, taxonomy: 285, 299-300]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 82]; Benson 1939 [description of female, distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, taxonomy: 325, 329-330, 336]; Maxwell 1955 [distribution record, host plant, illustration of immature stages, internal anatomy (larva): 26, 27, 28]; Morrow et al. 1976 [behavioural defence, distribution record, ecology, feeding, host plant, natural enemies: 193-205]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 136]; Schmidt (in print) 70 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

[catalogue/checklist, host plant, synonymy]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Capital Territory [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], New South Wales [Forsius 1927, Benson 1939, Morrow et al. 1976, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], South Australia [Morice 1919, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Kirby 1893, Forsius 1929a, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus pauciflora niphophila (Maiden & Blakely) L.Johnson & Blaxell [Morrow et al. 1976, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus sp. [Maxwell 1955, Schmidt (in print)].

Xyloperga Shipp

Xyloperga Shipp, 1894: 339, 340. Type species: Perga hallidayi Westwood, by original designation. Type species name misspelled. Neoperga Ashmead, 1898: 232. Type species: Perga amenaida Kirby, by original designation. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 136. Heptacola Konow, 1905d: 167-168. Type species: Heptacola buyssoni Konow [= Xyloperga lalage (Kirby)]. Subsequently designated by Rohwer, 1911a: 80. Synonymy by Morice, 1919: 255. CITATIONS: Shipp 1894 [key: 339, 340]; Ashmead 1898 [key, new taxon: 232]; Konow 1905a [description, distribution (range), key, synonymy, systematics - classification: 3, 11, 12]; Rohwer 1911a [type information: 84, 92, 104]; Morice 1919 [key, key to species, new taxon, revision/review, synonymy: 255, 263-264, 278-282, 286]; Tillyard 1926 [diagnosis: 265]; Benson 1939 [diagnosis, illustration of adult, key, key to species, new taxon, synonymy: 325, 326, 330-333]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 136-137]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 99, 136, 206]; Abe & Smith 1991 [synonymy, systematics - classification: 38, 55, 92].

Xyloperga amenaida (Kirby) Perga amenaida Kirby, 1882: 28. Type locality: Australia: Adelaide, South Australia. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂. Illust. Perga rufomaculata Kirby, 1882: 29. Type locality: Australia: Adelaide, South Australia. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. Synonymy by Konow, 1905a: 12. Neoperga amenaida: Ashmead, 1898: 232. Change of combination. Heptacola amenaida: Konow, 1905d: 168. Change of combination. Xyloperga amenaida: Forsius, 1927: 285. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [illustration of female, illustration of male: 28, 29, pl. ii, figs 10, 12]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 694, 695]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 349, 351]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range), synonymy: 12]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), key, synonymy, type information: 280, 286]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 285]; Benson 1935 [diagnosis: 229]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key, synonymy: 330, 336]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 136]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy]. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 71

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], South Australia [Morice 1919, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Xyloperga aurulenta (Morice) Perga (Xyloperga) aurulenta Morice, 1919: 278-279. Type locality: Australia: Hermannsburg, Northern Territory. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. Xyloperga aurulenta: Benson, 1939: 332. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Morice 1919 [illustration of lance/lancet, key: 278-279, pl. xv, fig. 12]; Benson 1935 [diagnosis: 229]; Benson 1939 [description of female, distribution (range), key: 332]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 136]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Xyloperga dentata (Kirby) Perga dentata Kirby, 1882: 29. Type locality: Australia: Adelaide, South Australia. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. Heptacola dentata: Konow, 1905d: 168. Change of combination. Xyloperga dentata: Benson, 1939: 332. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 694]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 349]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 12]; Morice 1919 [description of female, key, taxonomy, type information: 281]; Benson 1939 [description of female, distribution (range), key: 332]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 136]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Morice 1919, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Xyloperga forsiusi Benson Xyloperga forsiusi Benson, 1939: 332-333. Type locality: Australia: Victoria. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: QMBA. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Quinlan 1974 [type information: 252]; Morrow et al. 1976 [behavioural defence, distribution record, ecology, feeding, host plant, natural enemies: 193- 205]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 136-137]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant, synonymy]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Capital Territory [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], New South Wales [Benson 1939, Morrow et al. 1976, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus pauciflora niphophila (Maiden & Blakely) L.Johnson & Blaxell [Morrow et al. 1976, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus stellulata Sieber ex DC. [Morrow et al. 1976, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)].

Xyloperga halidaii (Westwood) Perga halidaii Westwood, 1880: 377. Type locality: Australia: Adelaide, South Australia. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♀. Illust. 72 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Perga jurinei Westwood, 1880: 378. Type locality: Australia: Melbourne, Victoria. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♂. Illust. Synonymy by Benson, 1939: 331. Xyloperga halidayi: Shipp, 1894: 430. Misspelling of species name. Heptacola Halidayi: Konow, 1905d: 168. Change of combination and misspelling of species name. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [distribution (range): 29, 30]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 694]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 266]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 350]; Shipp 1894 [distribution (range), nomenclature: 340]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 12]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key, type information: 279, 280, 286, pl. xv, fig. 11]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 285]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, key, synonymy: 325, 328, 331, 336]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 137]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Shipp 1894, Morice 1919, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Kirby 1882, Shipp 1894, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Xyloperga lalage (Kirby) Perga Lalage Kirby, 1893: 41-42. Type locality: Australia: Melbourne, Victoria. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂. Xyloperga lalage: Shipp, 1894: 340. Change of combination. Heptacola Buyssoni Konow, 1905d: 168. Type locality: Australia: Tasmania. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: MNHN. Described: ♂♀. Synonymy by Benson, 1939: 331. CITATIONS: Shipp 1894 [systematics - classification: 340]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 12]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), key, type information: 281, 282, 286]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, distribution (range), key, synonymy: 331]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 137]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Tasmania [Konow 1905a, Konow 1905d, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Morice 1919, Forsius 1929a, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Xyloperga leachii (Westwood) Perga leachii Westwood, 1880: 377. Type locality: Australia: Melbourne, Victoria. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Heptacola Leachi: Konow, 1905d: 168. Change of combination. Xyloperga leachii: Benson, 1939: 331. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Froggatt 1890c [distribution (range), catalogue/checklist: 694]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 266]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 350]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 12]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), key, type information: 279]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Benson 1939 [description of female, distribution (range), key: 331]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 137]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Morice 1919, Forsius 1929a, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 73

Xyloperga mocsaryi (Konow) Heptacola Mocsaryi Konow, 1905d: 168-169. Type locality: Australia: New South Wales. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: HNHM. Described: ♀. Xyloperga mocsaryi: Benson, 1939: 331. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 12]; Benson 1939 [description of female, distribution (range), key: 331]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 137]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Xyloperga perkinsi Benson Xyloperga perkinsi Benson, 1935: 227-229. Type locality: Australia: Cunderdin, Western Australia. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: QMBA. Described: ♂♀. CITATIONS: Benson 1935 [diagnosis, distribution record, illustration of lance/lancet: 227-229, 336]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of genitalia, key: 328, 332, 336]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 252]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 137]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Western Australia [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Xyloperga semipurpurata Morice Xyloperga semipurpurata Morice, 1919: 280-281. Type locality: Australia: Yallingup, Western Australia. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. Xyloperga semipurpurata var. melanaspis Morice, 1919: 281. Type locality: Australia: Yallingup, Western Australia. Holotype ♀. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Morice 1919 [key: 280-281]; Benson 1939 [description of female, distribution (range), key: 332]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 137]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Xyloperga univittata (Kirby) Perga univittata Kirby, 1882: 25. Type locality: Australia. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. Xyloperga univittata: Benson, 1939: 331. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 693]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 351]; Turner 1900 [distribution record: 517]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, key, taxonomy, type information: 279, 286, pl. xii, fig. 14, pl. xiii, figs 6, 7, pl. xv, figs 13, 15]; Benson 1935 [diagnosis: 229]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key: 331, 336]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 137]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 329]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Morice 1919, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)]). 74 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Xyloperga sp. X.[yloperga] sp. nov. ? Forsius, 1927: 285. CITATION: Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 285]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Forsius 1927]).

Xyloperga sp. Xyloperga spec.: Muche, 1986: 151. CITATION: Muche 1986 [description of male, distribution record: 151]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Muche 1986]).

Tribe Pergini Benson

Pergini Benson, 1939: 326. CITATIONS: Morice 1919 [description, key to genera, key to species, revision/review, systematics - classification: 261-286]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 137- 146].

Acanthoperga Shipp

Acanthoperga Shipp, 1894: 338, 339. Type species: Perga cameronii Westwood, by original designation. CITATIONS: Rohwer 1911a [type species information: 73]; Benson 1939 [description of female, illustration of adult, key, new taxon: 325, 326, 327, 355-356]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 146]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 26]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 3].

Acanthoperga cameronii (Westwood) Perga cameronii Westwood, 1880: 367. Type locality: “Australasia”. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♀. Illust. Acanthoperga cameronii: Shipp, 1894: 339. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [distribution (range): 25]; Froggatt 1890c [distribution (range), catalogue/checklist: 691]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record: 265]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 349]; Shipp 1894 [distribution (range), nomenclature: 339]; Froggatt 1901 [distribution (range): 6]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 11]; Froggatt 1907 [description, distribution (range): 72]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, key, synonymy, type information: 275, pl. xiv, fig. 18, pl. xv, fig. 20]; Tillyard 1926 [description: 265]; Benson 1939 [description of female, distribution (range), illustration of adult, key: 325, 328, 355]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 146]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Froggatt 1901, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Corymbia gummifera (Gaertn.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Froggatt 1899, Schmidt et al. (in print)].

Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 75

Acanthoperga leucomelas (Rohwer) Perga leucomelas Rohwer, 1910: 467-468. Type locality: Australia: Kuranda, Queensland. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Acanthoperga leucomelas: Benson, 1939: 355. Change of combination. Acanthoperga leucomelaena: Smith, 1978: 145. Misspelling of species name. CITATIONS: Morice 1919 [distribution (range), key, synonymy, type information: 275]; Benson 1939 [description of female, distribution (range), illustration of adult, key: 325, 355]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 146]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Morice 1919, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Acanthoperga marlatti Benson Acanthoperga marlatti Benson, 1939: 355, 356. Type locality: Australia: E Dorrigo, Brooklands, New South Wales. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: MAMU. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Benson 1939 [distribution (range), key, key: 355, 356]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 223]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 146]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Acmena smithii (Poir.) Merr. & L.M.Perry [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)].

Acanthoperga melanocera Benson Acanthoperga melanocera Benson, 1965: 48. Type locality: Papua New Guinea: Mt Giluwe, 2500 m, 1.v.1963 (J. Sedlacek). Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BPBM. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Benson 1965 [key: 48]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 223]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 146]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)].

Antiperga Benson

Antiperga Benson, 1939: 350. Type species: Perga antiopa Morice, by original designation. CITATIONS: Benson 1939 [distribution (range), key, key to species: 329, 350-352]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 146]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 37]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 8].

Antiperga antiopa (Morice) Perga antiopa Morice, 1919: 270-271, 283. Type locality: Australia: Yallingup and Kalamunda, Western Australia. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂♀. Illust. Antiperga antiopa: Benson, 1939: 350. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Morice 1919 [illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, key: 269-270, 283, pl. xiv, fig. 16, pl. xv, figs 16, 19]; Benson 1939 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key: 343, 351]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 146]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. 76 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Antiperga clarki Benson Antiperga clarki Benson, 1939: 251, 352. Type locality: Australia: Perth, Western Australia. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: QMBA. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Benson 1939 [distribution (range), key: 351]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 227]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 146]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Antiperga enslini Benson Antiperga enslini Benson, 1939: 350, 351-352. Type locality: Australia: Perth, Western Australia. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂♀. CITATIONS: Benson 1939 [distribution (range), host plant, key: 350, 351-352]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 227]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 146]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: probably Melaleuca sp. [Benson 1939, Schmidt et al. (in print)]. BIOLOGY: Benson (1939) mentioned that Turner observed gregarious black larvae, assumed to be this species, abundant on Melaleuca a few weeks after adults were collected at the type locality.

Paraperga Ashmead

Paraperga Ashmead, 1898: 232. Type species: Perga jucunda Kirby, by original designation. CITATIONS: Ashmead 1898 [key: 232]; Konow 1905a [synonymy: 11]; Rohwer 1911a [type information: 86, 104]; Benson 1939 [description of female, key: 326, 327, 349-350]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 146]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 150]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 62].

Paraperga jucunda (Kirby) Perga jucunda Kirby, 1882: 30. Type locality: Australia: Perth, Western Australia. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. Paraperga jucunda: Ashmead, 1898: 232. Change of combination. Heptacola jucunda: Konow, 1905d: 168. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 694]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 350]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 12]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), key, type information: 280]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, distribution (range), illustration of adult, type information: 328, 350]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 146]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 77

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Konow 1905a, Morice 1919, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Perga Leach

Perga Leach, 1817: 115. Type species: Perga dorsalis Leach. Subsequently designated by Shipp, 1894. Camptoperga Shipp, 1894: 339, 340. Type species: Perga cressoni Westwood (= Perga brullei Westwood), by original designation. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 138. Pergadopsis Shipp, 1894: 339, 340. Type species: Perga dahlbomii Westwood, by original designation. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 138. Plagioperga Shipp, 1894: 339, 340. Type species: Perga mayrii Westwood, by original designation. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 138. CITATIONS: Billberg 1820 [catalogue/checklist: 99]; Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau 1823 [diagnosis: xv, 40]; Latreille 1829 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 272]; Blanchard 1840 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 228]; Brullé 1846 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 671]; Cameron 1878a [distribution (range), systematics - classification: 5, 9]; Shipp 1894 [key, systematics - classification: 338, 339, 340]; Ashmead 1898 [key: 232]; Froggatt 1901 [behaviour, behavioural defence, illustration of immature stages, life history, oviposition, taxonomy: 5- 6, plate]; Konow 1905a [description, distribution (range), host plant, key, systematics - classification: 3, 11-12]; Froggatt 1907 [behaviour, biology, description: 71-72]; Rohwer 1911a [type information: 76, 86, 87]; Rohwer 1911c [systematics - classification: 226]; Froggatt 1918 [host plant, mortality, seasonal distribution: 668]; Morice 1919 [key, key to species, revision/review, systematics - classification: 255, 261-286]; Tillyard 1926 [description, host plant: 265]; Brimblecombe 1933 [distribution record: 80]; Benson 1938c [illustration of adult, systematics - classification: 374, 379]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, illustration of adult, key, key to species, new taxon: 325, 327, 328, 329, 333-3]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 137-141]; Hawkeswood & Peterson 1981 [behaviour, description of immature stages, natural enemies: 29-30]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 54, 154, 159]; Abe & Smith 1991 [synonymy, systematics - classification: 16, 64, 67]; Macdonald & Ohmart 1993 [oviposition: 487, 487-488, 497]; Dowton & Austin 1994 [molecular systematics: 9912-9915]; Pschorn-Walcher 1998 [behaviour, oviposition, sociality: 460].

Perga affinis Kirby Perga affinis Kirby, 1882: 19-20. Type locality: Australia: Victoria, Tasmania. Syntype, ♂♀. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂♀. Illust. Perga intricans Morice, 1919: 267 (in part). Benson (1939: 335) treated P. intricans (in part) as a synonym of both P. affinis and P. dorsalis (see also under P. dorsalis). Perga affinis atrata Riek, 1961: 238, 240. Type locality: Australia: Sleaford Bay, South Australia. Holotype ♀. Type depository: ANIC. Described: ♀. Syn. nov. Perga affinis insularis Riek, 1961: 238, 240. Type locality: Australia: Flinders Island, Tasmania. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: MVME. Described: ♂♀. Syn. nov. CITATIONS: Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 691]; Froggatt 1891 [distribution record: 307]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 349]; Konow 1905a 78 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

[distribution (range), synonymy: 11]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key, new taxon, taxonomy, type information: 266- 267, 282, pl. xiv, figs 2, 7]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, distribution (range), host plant, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key, synonymy, taxonomy, type information: 334-335, 336, pl. xiv, fig. 2]; Jolivet 1955 [structure (eye): 18]; Riek 1961 [distribution (range), key, new taxon, type information: 237-240]; Carne 1962 [behaviour, behavioural defence, communication, development, external anatomy, fecundity, flight, host plant, illustration of adult, illustration of immature stages, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, internal anatomy, oviposition, seasonal distribution, sex ratio, sociality: 1-34, pls 1-4]; Tait 1962 [behavioural defence, external anatomy, fecundity, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, illustration of lance/lancet, genitalia structure (female), genitalia structure (male), illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, internal anatomy, musculature, oviposition, structure: 652-678]; Carne 1965 [distribution (range), habitat, host plant, impact/damage: 593-612]; Carne 1966 [behaviour, life history: 75-77]; Carne 1969 [distribution (range), host plant, mortality, natural enemies, parasitism rates, population dynamics, sex ratio: 113-141]; Martyn et al. 1970 [distribution record, host plant, impact/damage: 17]; Martyn et al. 1971 [[distribution record, host plant, impact/damage: 21]; Meyer-Rochow 1974 [histology, physiology, vision: 1565-1589]; Morrow et al. 1976 [behavioural defence, distribution record, ecology, feeding, host plant, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, internal anatomy, natural enemies: 193-205]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant, taxonomy: 138]; Carne et al. 1980 [impact/damage, mortality, seasonal distribution: 121-126]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 329]; Ohmart et al. 1988 [ecology, laboratory studies, physiology, physiological effects by micro-organism: 140-141]; Edwards & Wanjura 1989 [behaviour, behavioural defence, ecology, feeding: 246-247]; Weinstein 1989 [behaviour: 55]; Drayson 1990 [behaviour, illustration of immature stages: 29-30]; Naumann 1991 [illustration of adult: 933]; Schedl 1991 [behaviour, defence, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, physiology, structure: 15, 37, 52, 59, 61, 79, 80, 82, 89, 91, 95]; Weinstein 1991 [behaviour, defence, illustration of immature stages, natural enemies, oviposition: 853, 857]; Neumann & Collet 1997 [control by chemical pesticides, host plant, impact/damage, life history, population ecology: 75-83]; Elliott & Bashford 1995 [development, description of immature stages, economic importance, feeding, host plant, illustration of adult, illustration of immature stages, life history, mortality, oviposition, parasitism: 27-35]; Hand et al. 1995 [control by chemical pesticides, impact/damage: 19, 23]; Farrow 1996b [control, control by chemical pesticides, description of immature stages, distribution (range), economic importance, host plant, illustration of immature stages, impact/damage, life history, natural enemies, parasitism: 1-4]; Elliot et al. 1998 [behaviour, description of adult, description of immature stages, distribution (range), host plant, impact/damage, life history, natural enemies, population dynamics, seasonal distribution: 83-85]; Pschorn-Walcher 1998 [behaviour, communication, sociality: 461, 462, 463, 465-466]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant, synonymy]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [host plant]. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 79

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Capital Territory [Carne 1962, Morrow et al. 1976, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], New South Wales [Riek 1961, Carne 1962, Smith 1978, Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Riek 1961, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], South Australia [Benson 1939, Riek 1961, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Tasmania [Konow 1905a, Riek 1961, Martyn et al. 1970, Smith 1978, Elliott & Bashford 1995, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Kirby 1882, Benson 1939, Riek 1961, Carne 1962, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Foes - DIPTERA Tachinidae: Froggattimyia hirta Towns. [Carne 1969], Froggattimyia wentworthi Mall. [Carne 1969]. HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Iridomyrmex nitidiceps André [Carne 1969]. Ichneumonidae: ?Hypopheltes sp. [Carne 1969], Mesochorus sp. [Carne 1969]. Trigonalidae: Taeniogonalos venatoria Riek [Riek 1962, Carne 1969, Weinstein 1991, Weinstein 1992]. HYPHOMYCETES Clavicipitaceae: Beauveria tenella (Del.) [Carne 1969], Meliphaga sp. [Carne 1969], Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.) [Carne 1969]. INSECTA Coleoptera: Anoplognathus sp. [Carne 1969]. PASSERIFOMRES Pardalotidae: Pardalotus sp. [Carne 1969]. PASSERIFORMES Dicruridae: Rhipidura sp. [Carne 1969]. Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Corymbia ficifolia (F.Muell.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Martyn et al. 1970, Elliott & Bashford 1995, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus amygdalina Labill. [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus bicostata Maiden, Blakely & Simmonds [Carne 1965, Neumann & Collet 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus blakelyi Maiden [Carne 1962, Carne 1965, Carne 1969, Neumann & Collet 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus bridgesiana R.T.Baker [Carne 1965, Carne 1969, Neumann & Collet 1997, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. [Carne 1962, Carne 1965, Carne 1969, Neumann & Collet 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus elaeophora F.Muell. [Carne 1965, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus globulus Labill. [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Neumann & Collet 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus goniocalyx Miq. [Neumann & Collet 1997, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus haemastoma Sm. [Neumann & Collet 1997, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus lansdowneana F.Muell. & J.E.Br. [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus leucoxylon F.Muell. [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus m. mannifera Mudie [Carne 1962, Carne 1965, Neumann & Collet 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus melliodora A.Cunn. ex Schauer [Carne 1962, Carne 1965, Carne 1969, Neumann & Collet 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus nicholii Maiden & Blakely [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus nitens Maiden [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Hand et al. 1995, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus obliqua L'Her. [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus occidentalis Endl. [Neumann & Collet 1997, Schmidt (in print), 80 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus ovata Labill. [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Neumann & Collet 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieber ex Spreng. [Neumann & Collet 1997, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus polyanthemos Schauer [Carne 1965, Neumann & Collet 1997, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus rubida H.Deane & Maiden [Carne 1965, Carne 1969, Neumann & Collet 1997, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus sideroxylon A.Cunn. ex Woolls [Carne 1965, Neumann & Collet 1997, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. [Morrow et al. 1976, Elliott & Bashford 1995, Neumann & Collet 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)]. BIOLOGY: Preferred hosts are, according to the large scale study of Carne (1965, 1969) Eucalyptus blakelyi Maiden, E. camaldulensis Dehn., and E. melliodora A. Cunn., whereas E. bridgesiana R.T. Baker and E. rubida Deane & Maiden suffered severe attack only where growing near a preferred species. Several other eucalypts in the vicinity of favoured hosts where attacked, including E. maculosa R.T. Baker, E. elaeophora F.v.M., E. sideroxylon (A. Cunn.), E. polyanthemos Schau., and E. bicostata Maiden. The following species where never infested, even if in close proximity to preferred hosts: E. macrorrhyncha F.v.M., E. rossi Baker & Smith, E. woollsiana R.T. Baker, and E. albens Miq. (Carne, 1965). TAXONOMY: Benson (1939) provided a key for the separation of female affinis and dorsalis and earlier records of these species are unreliable. Males do not exhibit the same amount of differences as females and cannot be separated with certainty. Riek (1961) described two subspecies of affinis based on colour differences occurring in the following regions: the nominate subspecies from the central southern coast of Victoria north through inland New South Wales to southern Queensland and west to the Adelaide region in South Australia, affinis insularis in Tasmania, and affinis atrata in western Victoria and South Australia. However, the colour character used to separate a. affinis and a. atrata (legs dark vs pale) are subject to variation, even among specimens from the same locality, and in the Adelaide region both subspecies occur sympatrically (Riek 1961). Furthermore, the northernmost populations from southern Queensland could represent another subspecies (Riek 1961). The subspecies a. atrata has been described on the basis of three females from South Australia (Sleaford Bay), and Victoria (Wilkur and Horsham) and we regard the subspecies merely as dark variations of affinis. For the reasons given above we do not treat atrata and insularis as distinct subspecies of affinis.

Perga agnata Morice Perga agnata Morice, 1919: 268, 284. Type locality: Australia: Victoria. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Morice 1919 [illustration of lance/lancet, key: 268, 284, pl. xiv, fig. 3]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Benson 1939 [distribution (range), key: 337]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 138-139]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 81

Perga bradleyi Benson Perga bradleyi Benson, 1939: 338, 339-340. Type locality: Australia: Blue Mountains, New South Wales. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: MAMU. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Benson 1939 [distribution record, key: 338, 339-340]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 242]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 139]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Perga brevipes Forsius Perga brevipes Forsius, 1927: 285, 302-303. Type locality: Australia: Yeelanna and Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: SAMA. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Benson 1939 [distribution (range), key: 337]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 139]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Perga brevitarsis Morice Perga brevitarsis Morice, 1919: 268. Type locality: Australia: Swan River, Western Australia. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Morice 1919: [illustration of lance/lancet, key: 268, pl. xiv, fig. 8]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 285]; Benson 1939 [distribution (range), key: 337]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 139]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Forsius 1927, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Western Australia [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Perga brullei Westwood Perga brullei Westwood, 1880: 364. Type locality: Australia. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♂. Illust. Perga cressonii Westwood, 1880: 368. Type locality: Australia: Swan River, Western Australia. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♀. Illust. Synonymy by Konow, 1905a: 11. Perga ritsemei Westwood, 1880: 365. Type locality: Australia: Adelaide, South Australia. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♂. Illust. Synonymy by Morice, 1919: 284. Perga dubia Kirby, 1882: 27-28. Type locality: Australia: Swan River, Western Australia. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂. Illust. Synonymy by Morice, 1919: 284. Perga ritsemae Kirby, 1882: 27. Unjustified emendation. Camptoperga cressoni: Shipp, 1894: 340. Change of combination. Perga vacillans Morice, 1919: 272. Type locality: Australia: Swan River, Western Australia. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Benson, 1939: 337. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [distribution record, illustration of male, new taxon: 26, 27- 28, pl. ii, fig. 9]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 692, 694]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 265]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 349, 350, 351]; Shipp 1894 [distribution (range), nomenclature: 340]; Turner 1900 [distribution record: 517]; Konow 1905a 82 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

[distribution (range), synonymy: 11, 12]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key, new taxon, synonymy, taxonomy, type information: 272, 284, pl. xv, fig. 1]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 285]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, distribution (range), illustration of adult, key, synonymy: 325, 328, 337]; Benson 1958b [distribution record: 289]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, synonymy: 139]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Kirby 1882, Turner 1900, Schmidt (in print)], South Australia [Westwood 1880, Morice 1919, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Smith 1990, Schmidt (in print)], Western Australia [Kirby 1882, Shipp 1894, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Perga christii Westwood Perga christii Westwood, 1880: 366-367. Type locality: Australia: Swan River, Western Australia. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [distribution record: 25]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 691]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 265]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 349]; Morice 1919 [description, distribution (range), key, synonymy, taxonomy, type information: 265-266, 273]; Forsius 1927 [description of adult, distribution record: 285, 303]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Benson 1935 [diagnosis; distribution record: 227]; Benson 1939 [distribution (range), key: 337]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 139]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Benson 1935, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria? [Forsius 1929a, Schmidt (in print)], Western Australia [Kirby 1882, Morice 1919, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Perga dahlbomii Westwood Perga dahlbomii Westwood, 1880: 371. Type locality: “Australasia”. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♂♀. Illust. Pergadopsis dahlbomii: Shipp, 1894: 340. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [distribution (range): 28]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 694]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 266]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 349]; Shipp 1894 [distribution (range), nomenclature: 340]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 11]; Morice 1919 [description, key, taxonomy, type information: 266, 272-273, 284]; Benson 1939 [distribution record, illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, key: 328, 336, 338]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist; host plant: 139]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Western Australia? [Kirby 1882, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Angophora floribunda (Sm.) Domin [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus lehmannii (Schauer) Benth. [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)].

Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 83

Perga dorsalis Leach Perga dorsalis Leach, 1817: 117. Type locality: “Australasia”. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: ANIC. Described: ♂. Illust. Perga scutellata Westwood in Griffith, 1832: 402. Type locality: Australia. Syntype ♀. Described: ♀. Illust. Synonymy by Westwood, 1880: 362. Perga eucalypti Bennett & Scott, 1859: 211-212. Type locality: Australia: New South Wales. Syntype ♀, larva. Described: ♀ and larva. Illust. Synonymy by Westwood, 1880: 362. Perga Scottii Bennett, 1860: 268. Type locality: Australia: Wide Bay, Queensland. Syntype ♀, larva. Described: ♀ and larva. Illust. Synonymy by Konow, 1905a: 11. Perga intricans Morice, 1919: 267 (in part). Type locality: Australia: Adelaide, South Australia. Syntype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. Benson (1939: 334) treated P. intricans (in part) as a synonym of both P. dorsalis and P. affinis (see also under P. affinis). Perga dorsalis castanea Riek, 1961: 238, 239. Type locality: Australia: Ballarat, Victoria. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: ANIC. Described: ♂♀. Homonym of Perga castanea Kirby, 1882; discovered by Smith, 1978: 239. Perga dorsalis nitida Riek, 1961: 238, 239. Type locality: Australia: Little Desert, Victoria. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: MVME. Described: ♀. Syn. nov. Perga dorsalis rustica Smith, 1978: 140. Replacement name for Perga dorsalis castanea Riek, 1961. Syn. nov. CITATIONS: Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau 1823 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 41]; Klug 1834 [distribution record: 282]; Blanchard 1840 [distribution (range): 229]; Guérin-Méneville 1844 [distribution (range); illustration of female, taxonomy: 399, pl. 64, figs 2a-c]; Brullé 1846 [illustration of adult, taxonomy: 671, pl. 48, fig. 1]; Bennet & Scott 1859 [description of immature stages, host plant; new taxon: 211-212]; Bennet 1860 [behaviour, behavioural defence, biology, description of adult, host plant: 267-268]; Westwood 1880 [description of female, description of male, distribution (range), illustration of female, key, synonymy: 361, 362-363, pl. xxxiii, fig. 1-3]; Kirby 1882 [description of female, description of male, distribution (range), type information, taxonomy: 18-19, 20, pl. 1, figs 12, 12a, 12b]; Froggatt 1890a [description of immature stages, distribution record, host plant, rearing, sex ratio, taxonomy: 284-285]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 692]; Froggatt 1891 [distribution record: 307]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, synonymy, type information: 263-264]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 349-350, 351]; Shipp 1894 [distribution (range), nomenclature: 339]; French 1901 [common name, description, description of immature stages, distribution (range), host plant, rearing: 6]; Froggatt 1901 [common name, description, development, distribution (range), host plant, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male: 6, plates]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range), synonymy: 11]; Froggatt 1907 [description of adult, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages: 72, pl. X]; Froggatt 1916 [behaviour, distribution record, host plant: 628]; Froggatt 1918 [behaviour, behavioural defence, development, distribution (range), host plant, life history, seasonal distribution, synonymy: 668-669]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, illustration of lance/lancet, key, synonymy, taxonomy, type information: 267, 282, pl. xii, fig. 12, pl. xiv, fig. 1, pl. xv, figs 14, 17]; Leach 1922 [behaviour, host plant, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, impact/damage: 240-241]; Tillyard 1926 [illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, oviposition: 252, 260, 265, pl. 20]; Forsius 84 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

1927 [distribution record, taxonomy: 285, 301]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Ross 1929 [behaviour, communication, description of immature stages, sociality: 21]; Raff 1930 [distribution record, parasitism, rearing, sex ratio: 215-217]; Evans 1934 [behaviour, behavioural defence, communication, description of immature stages, development, feeding, host plant, illustration of immature stages, life history, laboratory studies, sociality: 455-460]; Raff 1935(1934) [development, distribution record, illustration of immature stages, parasitism, parasitism rates, rearing, sex ratio: 57, 59-60, 61-63]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of sawsheath, key, synonymy: 325, 328, 334, 335]; Leask 1944b [distribution record, rearing, sex ratio: 150-151]; Leask 1944e [behaviour, rearing: 191- 192]; McKeown 1944 [behaviour, description of adult, description of immature stages, development, illustration of immature stages, natural enemies: 167, 169]; Leask 1946 [host plant: 1-2]; Cohn 1949 [behaviour, sociality: 131]; Maxwell 1955 [distribution record, host plant, illustration of immature stages, internal anatomy (larva): 25-26, 27, 28]; Riek 1961 [distribution (range), key, new taxon, type information: 237-239]; Chadwick 1964 [diapause, distribution record, rearing: 63]; Moore 1972 [host plant: 33]; Seymour 1974 [behaviour, illustration of immature stages, laboratory studies, physiology: 2447-2456]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 139-140]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 330]; Clyne 1986 [behaviour, common name, communication, sociality: 495]; Jolivet et al. 1990 [behaviour, behavioural defence, illustration of immature stages: 134-135]; Jones & Elliot 1990 [behaviour, control, description of adult, host plant, illustration of immature stages, impact/damage: 163, 178]; Weinstein 1990 [antifeedants, behaviour, chemical defence, ecology, host feeding: 231-233]; Schedl 1991 [behaviour, host plant, illustration of immature stages, oviposition: 36, 38, 50]; Weinstein 1991 [behaviour, defence, illustration of immature stages: 850, 853]; Weinstein 1992 [natural enemies, population dynamics]; Naumann et al. 1994 [type information: 71]; Weinstein & Austin 1995 [host plant, parasitism: 541-554]; Farrow 1996b [control, control by chemical pesticides, description of immature stages, distribution (range), economic importance, host plant, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, impact/damage, life history, natural enemies, parasitism: 1-4]; Vilhelmsen 1996 [internal anatomy, musculature, structure]; Weinstein & Maelzer 1997 [behaviour, ecology, host plant, laboratory studies: 450-455]; Elliot et al. 1998 [distribution (range), life history, seasonal distribution: 85]; Vilhelmsen 1998 [internal anatomy, structure]; Weinstein 1989 [behaviour, behavioural defence, biology, illustration of immature stages, parasitism: 53-60]; Vilhelmsen 2000a [internal anatomy, musculature, structure]; Vilhelmsen 2000b [internal anatomy, phylogeny, structure]; Vilhelmsen 2000c [musculature, structure]; Schmidt (in print)a [catalogue/checklist, host plant, synonymy]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Capital Territory [Riek 1961, Carne 1962, Schmidt (in print)], New South Wales [Kirby 1882, Benson 1939, Riek 1961, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Kirby 1882, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)], South Australia? [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Riek 1961, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Foes - DIPTERA Tachinidae: Froggattimyia sp. [Weinstein 1989, Weinstein & Austin 1995]. HYMENOPTERA Ichneumonidae: Westwoodia Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 85

sp. [Weinstein 1989, Weinstein & Austin 1995]. Trigonalidae: Taeniogonalos maculata Smith [Raff 1935(1934)]. Taeniogonalos venatoria Riek [Weinstein 1989, Weinstein & Austin 1995]. PASSERIFORMES Corcoracidae: Corcorax melanorhamphos (Vieillot) [McKeown 1944]. Meliphagidae: Lichenostomus penicillatus (Gould) [McKeown 1944]. Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Callistemon sp. [Bennet 1860, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Bennet& Scott 1859, Bennet 1860, Leask 1946, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Corymbia gummifera (Gaertn.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Froggatt 1901, Leask 1946, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. [Leask 1946, Weinstein 1990, Weinstein & Austin 1995, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus globulus Labill. [Froggatt 1901, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill [Moore 1972, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus haemastoma Sm. [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus leucoxylon F.Muell. [Weinstein & Austin 1995, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus nova-anglica H.Deane & Maiden [Froggatt 1916, Froggatt 1918, Leask 1946, Schmidt (in print) Schmidt et al. (in print)] (Host plant in Froggatt (1916) only given as “peppermint”, but later Froggatt (1918) mentions Eucalyptus nova-anglica as peppermint-gums occurring in the area were the larvae were found), Eucalyptus obliqua L'Her. [Evans 1934, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus obtusiflora DC. [Froggatt 1890a, Leask 1946, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus ovata Labill. [Jones & Elliot 1990, Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus torquata Luehm. [Weinstein & Maelzer 1997, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus umbra R.T.Baker [Schmidt2005, Schmidt et al. (in print)]. BIOLOGY: Larvae feed gregariously and merged groups can reach several hundred specimens. Cocoons are formed in a solid mass like a honeycomb and are double walled, with a chamber at the front end with the cast exuvia and the diverticulum. The contents of the latter are incorporated into the cocoon wall. The sex ratio seems strongly female biased. Of 46 specimens Leask (1944b) reared 44 were females . Larvae chew off a leaf at the petiole on which they have been feeding, perhaps to remove physico-chemical clues used by parasitoids (Weinstein 1990, but see Edwards & Wanjura 1989 for an alternative explanation). TAXONOMY: Riek (1961) described two new subspecies with the following distributions: the nominate subspecies in coastal New South Wales extending south into Victoria and north into Queensland, d. rustica Smith (as d. castanea) in Ballarat and possibly Belgrave, both in Victoria, and d. nitida in Little Dessert and possibly Blackburn, both in Victoria. Since the distributions of all three subspecies overlap in Victoria we do not treat nitida and rustica as subspecies.

Perga kirbii Leach Perga Kirbii Leach, 1817: 117-118. Type locality: “Australasia”. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♂. Illust. Perga Kyrbii: Blanchard, 1840: 229. Misspelling of species name. CITATIONS: Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau 1823 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 41]; Blanchard 1840 [distribution (range): 229]; Westwood 1880 [description, key, 86 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

type information: 361, 371]; Kirby 1882 [description of female, distribution record, illustration of female, taxonomy, type information: 21, pl. ii, fig. 2]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 692]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 264]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 350]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 11]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), key, type information: 268, 284, pl. xiv, fig. 5]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 285]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Benson 1939 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, key: 328, 337]; Simpson 1976 [behaviour, communication, description of immature stages, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages: 64-67]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 140]; Jones & Elliot 1990 [behaviour, description of adult, host plant, impact/damage: 176]; Elliot et al. 1998 [distribution (range), host plant, impact/damage: 86]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant, synonymy]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print)], South Australia [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Morice 1919, Forsius 1929a, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Western Australia? [Kirby 1882, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Corymbia maculata (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. [Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill [Jones & Elliot 1990, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)]. BIOLOGY: Tapping behaviour of larvae was described by Simpson (1976).

Perga klugii Westwood Perga klugii Westwood, 1880: 363. Type locality: Australia: Albany, Western Australia. Syntype, ♂♀. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [distribution record: 22]; Froggatt 1890c [distribution (range), catalogue/checklist: 693]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 264]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 350]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 11]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key, type information: 268, pl. xiv, fig. 4]; Benson 1939 [distribution (range), key: 336]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 140]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Kirby 1882, Morice 1919, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus globulus Labill. [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)].

Perga kohli Konow Perga kohli Konow, 1905d: 166-167. Type locality: Australia: Port Denison, Queensland. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: NHMW. Described: ♂♀. Perga thomsoni Benson, 1935: 226-227. Type locality: Australia: Tooloom, New South Wales. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: QMBA. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Benson, 1939: 338. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 11]; Benson 1935 [diagnosis, distribution record, new taxon: 226-227]; Benson 1939 [description of female, distribution (range), key, synonymy: 338]; Benson 1958b [distribution record: Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 87

289]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 243]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 140]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Benson 1935, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Benson 1938b, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Perga konowi Benson Perga konowi Benson, 1939: 336, 338-339. Type locality: Australia: Euston, New South Wales. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Benson 1939 [distribution (range), habitat, illustration of adult, illustration of sawsheath, key: 335, 336, 338-339]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 242-243]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 141]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Western Australia [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus transcontinentalis Maiden [Benson 1939, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)].

Perga leaski Benson Perga leaski Benson, 1958b: 288-289. Type locality: Australia: Clunes, Victoria. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂♀. Illust. Bred from larva, but host plant not given. CITATIONS: Benson 1958b [illustration of adult: 288-289]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 243]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 141]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Perga mayrii Westwood Perga mayrii Westwood, 1880: 378. Type locality: Australia: Swan River, Western Australia. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♀. Illust. Perga bisecta Kirby, 1882: 23. Type locality: Australia: NW coast of Australia. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. Synonymy by Morice, 1919: 271. Plagioperga mayrii: Shipp, 1894: 340. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [distribution (range), illustration of female, new taxon: 23, 29, pl. 22, fig. 4]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 691, 695]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 266]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 349, 351]; Shipp 1894 [distribution (range), nomenclature: 340]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 11, 12]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of female, key, synonymy, type information: 270-271, pl. xv, fig. 18]; Forsius 1927 [description of adult, distribution record: 285, 303]; Benson 1939 [distribution (range), key, synonymy: 338]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 141], Schmidt (in print). DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Kirby 1882, Shipp 1894, Morice 1919, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Perga schiodtei Westwood Perga schiodtei Westwood, 1880: 364. Type locality: Australia: Adelaide, South Australia. Syntype, ♂♀. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♂♀. Illust. 88 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Perga schiodtei: Forsius, 1927: 302-302. Subsequent description. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [distribution record: 20]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 693]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 264]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 351]; Shipp 1894 [distribution (range), nomenclature: 340]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 12]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), key, taxonomy, type information: 267-268, 284, pl. xiv, fig. 6]; Forsius 1927 [description of female, distribution record: 285, 301-302]; Benson 1939 [distribution (range), key: 336]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 141]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Kirby 1882, Schmidt (in print)], South Australia [Kirby 1882, Shipp 1893, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Western Australia [Kirby 1882, Morice 1919, Forsius 1927, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Corymbia calophylla (Lindl.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus globulus Labill. [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)].

Perga tristis Forsius Perga tristis Forsius, 1935: 14-15. Type locality: Australia: Mount Victoria, New South Wales. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: MHNG. Described: ♀. CITATION: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 141]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Perga vollenhovii Westwood Perga vollenhovii Westwood, 1880: 365. Type locality: “Australasia”. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♂. Illust. Perga walkerii Westwood, 1880: 368-369. Type locality: Australia: Sydney, New South Wales. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♀. Illust. Synonymy by Benson, 1939: 338. CITATIONS: Westwood 1880 [illustration of female, illustration of male: 365, 368-369, pl. xxxiii, fig. 14, pl. xxxiv, fig. 5, pl. xxxvi, fig. 5]; Kirby 1882 [distribution (range): 26, 27]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 693, 694]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 265]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 351]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 12]; Morice 1919 [description, illustration of lance/lancet, type information: 265, 284, pl. xiv, fig. 12]; Benson 1935 [diagnosis, distribution record: 227]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, distribution (range), key, synonymy: 338]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 141]; Purcell & Goolsby 2005 [behaviour, biological control, distribution (range), host plant, laboratory studies, life history, parasitism]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant, synonymy]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Kirby 1882, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Benson 1935, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]. ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus crebra F.Muell. [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)]. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 89

Perga waitei Forsius Perga waitei Forsius, 1927: 285, 303-305. Type locality: Australia: Murray River, South Australia. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: SAMA. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Benson 1939 [distribution (range), key: 337]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 141]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Perga sp. CITATION: Leask 1946 [behaviour, description of immature stages: 1-2]. ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Syncarpia procera (Salisb.) Domin (Leask did not identify the species but gave a description of the larvae: they are “of typical Perga structure”, smaller than Perga dorsalis, feed gregariously, regurgitate a liquid when disturbed, and enter the ground simultaneously for pupation.)

Perga sp. CITATION: Leask 1944c [natural enemies, parasitism, rearing: 1-2]. ASSOCIATIONS: Foe - HOMOPTERA Pentatomidae: Cuspicoma sp. [Leask 1944c]

Perga sp. CITATION: Cleland 1918 [natural enemies: 70]; Tryon & Illidge 1910 [distribution record, host plant: 145]. ASSOCIATIONS: Foe - AVES Pachycephalidae: Pachycephala pectoralis (Latham) [Cleland 1918]. Host - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Melaleuca sp. [Tryon & Illidge 1910].

Perga sp. CITATION: Riek 1970b [illustration of immature stages: 926].

Perga sp. CITATION: Vilhelmsen 2001 [structure].

Perga sp. CITATION: Schulmeister 2003b [structure].

Perga sp. CITATION: Schulmeister 2003a [structure].

Perga sp. P.[erga] sp. nov. ?: Forsius, 1927: 285. CITATION: Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 285]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Forsius 1927]).

Perga sp. CITATION: Chadwick & Nikitin 1985 [distribution record, natural enemies: 589, 597]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Chadwick & Nikitin 1985]). 90 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

ASSOCIATIONS: Foe - DIPTERA Tachinidae: ?Austrophyrno sp. [Chadwick & Nikitin 1985].

Pergagrapta Benson

Pseudoperga Ashmead, 1898: 232. Type species: Perga polita Leach, by original designation. Homonym of Pseudoperga Guérin-Méneville, 1845; discovered by Smith, 1978: 141. Pergagrapta Benson, 1939: 340. Type species: Perga bella Newman, by original designation. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [synonymy: 11]; Rohwer 1911a [type information: 88, 104]; Benson 1939 [illustration of adult, key, key to species, new taxon: 327, 328, 329, 340-349]; Leask 1944b [distribution record: 150-151]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 222]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 141-144]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 154, 171]; Abe & Smith 1991 [synonymy, systematics - classification: 64, 72]; Macdonald & Ohmart 1993 [fecundity, oviposition: 487-488].

Pergagrapta bella (Newman) Perga bella Newman, 1841: 89-90. Type locality: Australia: Adelaide, South Australia. Holotype, by monotypy, sex unknown. Type lost. Perga foersteri Westwood, 1880: 368. Type locality: Australia. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♂. Illust. Synonymy by Morice, 1919: 285. Perga divaricata Kirby, 1893: 39-40. Type locality: Australia: Melbourne, Victoria. Syntype, ♂♀. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂♀. Synonymy by Morice, 1919: 277. Pergadopsis divaricata: Shipp, 1894: 340. Change of combination. Perga rubripes Rohwer, 1910: 467. Type locality: Australia: Tasmania. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Benson, 1939: 343. Perga bella var. rubripes: Forsius, 1927: 285, 306. Perga montana Forsius, 1935: 12-14. Type locality: Australia: Wentworth, Blue Mountains, New South Wales. Holotype ♂, by monotypy. Type depository: MHNB. Described: ♂. Synonymy by Benson, 1939: 343. Pergagrapta bella: Benson, 1939: 343. Change of combination. Pergagrapta nigra Benson, 1939: 342, 347. Type locality: Australia: Cumberland, New South Wales. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Benson, 1958b: 289. Pergagrapta rohweri Benson, 1939: 343, 348-349. Type locality: Australia: Adelaide, South Australia. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Benson, 1958b: 289. Pergagrapta rossi Benson, 1939: 343, 347-348. Type locality: Australia: Windsor, Victoria. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: MVME. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Benson, 1958b: 289. CITATIONS: Westwood 1880 [description, illustration of male, new taxon: 368, 373- 374, pl. xxxvi, fig. 1]; Kirby 1882 [distribution record: 22, 26]; Froggatt 1890a [description, description of immature stages, development, distribution record, host plant, rearing, sex ratio: 288]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 691, 692]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 264, 265]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 349, 350]; Shipp 1894 [systematics - classification: 340]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 11]; Schulz 1906 [taxonomy: 85]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key, synonymy, Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 91

taxonomy, type information: 269, 277-278, 283, 285, pl. xv, figs 5, 6, 7]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record, taxonomy: 285, 306]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 82]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, distribution (range), host plant, illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, key, new taxon, synonymy: 328, 342, 343, 347-349]; Meyer-Rochow 1974 [histology, physiology, vision: 1565-1589]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 243]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 141-142]; Elliott & Bashford 1995 [description of immature stages, development, economic importance, feeding, host plant, illustration of adult, illustration of immature stages, life history, mortality, oviposition, parasitism: 27-35]; Elliot et al. 1998 [host plant, impact/damage: 86]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant, synonymy]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Froggatt 1890a, Forsius 1935, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], South Australia [Kirby 1882, Morice 1919, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Tasmania [Kirby 1882, Morice 1919, Smith 1978, Elliott & Bashford 1995, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Kirby 1893, Morice 1919, Forsius 1929a, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Corymbia gummifera (Gaertn.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Froggatt 1890a, Leask 1946, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus amygdalina Labill. [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieber ex Spreng. [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus piperita Sm. [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus viminalis Dehnh. [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)].

Pergagrapta bensoni Smith Pergagrapta bensoni Smith, 1980b: 330-331. Type locality: Papua New Guinea: Wisselmeren, Enarotadi. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BPBM. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1980b [illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath: 330-331, 332]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)].

Pergagrapta bicolor (Leach) Perga bicolor Leach, 1817: 116. Type locality: “Australasia”. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. Perga chalybea Froggatt, 1890a: 285-286. Type locality: Australia: South Australia. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: ANIC. Described: ♂ and larva. Synonymy by Konow, 1905a: 11. Pergagrapta bicolor: Benson, 1939: 343. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau 1823 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 41]; Blanchard 1840 [description of adult, distribution (range): 228]; Westwood 1880 [description of female, distribution (range), key: 361, 371]; Kirby 1882 [distribution (range): 26]; Froggatt 1890a [description of immature stages, host plant, new taxon, rearing: 285-286]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 691]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 265]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 349]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 11]; Schulz 1906 [taxonomy: 85]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of 92 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

lance/lancet, key, synonymy, taxonomy, type information: 274, 276, pl. xv, fig. 10]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Benson 1939 [distribution (range), host plant, illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, key: 328, 343]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 142]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 330]; Naumann et al. 1994 [type information: 71]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant, synonymy]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Morice 1919, Smith 1978, Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)], South Australia [Kirby 1882, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Morice 1919, Forsius 1929a, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Corymbia gummifera (Gaertn.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Froggatt 1890a, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus haemastoma Sm. [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieber ex. Spreng. [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus saligna Sm. [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)].

Pergagrapta castanea (Kirby) Perga castanea Kirby, 1882: 20-21. Type locality: Australia: Sydney, New South Wales. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. Pergagrapta castanea: Benson, 1939: 341. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 692]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 349]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 11]; Morice 1919 [description of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, key, taxonomy, type information: 269, pl. xi, fig. 7, pl. xiii, fig. 4, pl. xiv, fig. 10]; Tillyard 1926 [description: 265]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 285]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, distribution (range), key: 341]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 142]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Konow 1905a, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Morice 1919, Forsius 1929a, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus piperita Sm. [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)].

Pergagrapta condei Benson Pergagrapta condei Benson, 1939: 341, 344-345. Type locality: Australia: Adelaide, South Australia. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Benson 1939 [distribution record, key: 341, 344-345]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 243]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 142]; Weinstein 1989 [behaviour: 55]; Dowton et al. 1997 [phylogeny]; Vilhelmsen 2000a [internal anatomy, musculature, structure]; Vilhelmsen 2000c [musculature, structure]; Castro & Dowton 2005 [molecular systematics]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 93

Pergagrapta esenbeckii (Westwood) Perga esenbeckii Westwood, 1880: 365-366. Type locality: Australia: Swan River, Western Australia. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♀. Illust. Pergagrapta esenbeckii: Benson, 1939: 342. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [distribution record: 23]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 692]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record: 265]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 350]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 11]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key, type information: 270, pl. xiv, fig. 11]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 285]; Benson 1939 [description of female, distribution (range), key: 342]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 142]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Benson 1939, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Benson 1939, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Benson 1939, Schmidt (in print)], Western Australia [Kirby 1882, Morice 1919, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Pergagrapta glabra (Kirby) Perga glabra Kirby, 1882: 23. Type locality: Australia: Sydney, New South Wales. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. Pergagrapta glabra: Benson, 1939: 342. Change of combination. Pergagrapta malaisei Benson, 1939: 342, 346-347. Type locality: Australia: Windsor, Victoria. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: MVME. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Benson, 1958b: 289. CITATIONS: Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 692]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 350]; Turner 1900 [distribution record: 517]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 11]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key, type information: 275, pl. xv, fig. 4]; Benson 1939 [distribution (range), key, new taxon, taxonomy: 342]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 243]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 142]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant, synonymy]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Konow 1905a, Morice 1919, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Turner 1900, Morice 1919, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus crebra F.Muell [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)].

Pergagrapta gravenhorstii (Westwood) Perga gravenhorstii Westwood, 1880: 366. Type locality: “Australasia”. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♀. Illust. Perga hartigii Westwood, 1880: 369-370. Type locality: Australia. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Benson, 1939: 342. Perga peletierii Westwood, 1880: 370. Type locality: Australia. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♂. Illust. Synonymy by Konow, 1905a: 11. Perga hartigi: Forsius, 1929a: 82-83. Subsequent description. Pergagrapta gravenhorstii: Benson, 1939: 342. Change of combination. Pergacrapta gravenhorsti: Muche, 1986: 151. Misspelling of genus and species names. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [distribution (range): 22, 23]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 692, 693]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type 94 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

information: 264]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 350, 351]; Turner 1900 [distribution record: 517]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range), synonymy: 11]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key, synonymy, type information: 276, 277, 285, pl. xiii, fig. 5, pl. xv, figs 8, 9]; Muche 1986 [distribution record: 151]; Benson 1939 [distribution (range), key, synonymy, taxonomy: 342]; Carne 1962 [sociality: 24]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 142-143]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant, synonymy]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Kirby 1882, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Turner 1900, Muche 1986, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Kirby 1882, Forsius 1929a, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus nicholii Maiden & Blakely [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus sideroxylon A.Cunn. ex Woolls [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)].

Pergagrapta latreillii (Leach) Perga Latreillii Leach, 1817: 116-117. Type locality: “Australasia”. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂. Illust. Perga dalmanni Westwood, 1880: 369. Type locality: Australia. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♀. Illust. Synonymy by Konow, 1905a: 11. Perga titschacki Forsius, 1929b: 85-86. Type locality: Australia: Hachkirch, Victoria. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: ZIMG. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Benson, 1939: 344. Pergagrapta latreillii: Benson, 1939: 344. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau 1823 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 41]; Blanchard 1840 [distribution (range): 228]; Westwood 1880 [illustration of female, illustration of male, key, new taxon: 361, 369, 372, pl. xxxiii, fig. 7, pl. xxxvi, figs 2, 3]; Kirby 1882 [description of male, distribution (range), illustration of male: 25, pl. ii, fig. 8]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 692, 693]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 265, 266]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 349, 350]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range), synonymy: 11]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key, synonymy, type information: 276, 286, pl. xiv, fig. 2]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 285]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, key, synonymy: 328, 343, 344]; Morrow et al. 1976 [behavioural defence, distribution record, ecology, feeding, host plant, natural enemies: 193-205]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 143]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 330]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant, synonymy]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Capital Territory [Benson 1939, Schmidt (in print)], New South Wales [Morice 1919, Benson 1939, Morrow et al. 1976, Smith 1978, Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Benson 1939, Smith 1978], South Australia [Morice 1919, Forsius 1927, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Westwood 1880, Morice 1919, Forsius 1929b, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus leucoxylon F.Muell. [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus perriniana F.Muell. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 95

ex Rodway [Morrow et al. 1976, Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus punctata DC. [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)].

Pergagrapta owanda Smith Pergagrapta owanda Smith, 1980b: 331. Type locality: Papua New Guinea: Mount Kaindi, 2350 m. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BPBM. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1980b [illustration of male genitalia: 331, 340]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)].

Pergagrapta polita (Leach) Perga polita Leach, 1817: 115-116. Type locality: “Australasia”. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂♀. Illust. Pseudoperga polita: Ashmead, 1898: 232. Change of combination. Pergagrapta polita: Benson, 1939: 341. Change of combination. Pergacrapta polita: Muche, 1986: 151. Misspelling of genus name. CITATIONS: Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau 1823 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 40-41]; Blanchard 1840 [description of adult, distribution (range): 228]; Westwood 1880 [description, distribution (range), key: 361, 363]; Kirby 1882 [description of female, description of male, distribution record, type information: 21-22, pl. ii, fig. 1]; Froggatt 1890a [description of immature stages, development, distribution (range), host plant, parasitism, rearing: 285]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 693]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 264]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 351]; Turner 1900 [distribution record: 517]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range); illustration of male: 12, pl. 1]; Morice 1919 [description of female, distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key, type information: 269, 283, pl. xiv, fig. 9]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 285]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Raff 1930 [distribution record, rearing, seasonal distribution: 216]; Raff 1935(1934) [development, distribution record, parasitism, parasitism rates, rearing, sex ratio: 58, 60-61]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, distribution (range), key: 341]; Moore 1972 [host plant: 33]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 143]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 330]; Muche 1986 [distribution record: 151]; Rose 1987 [host plant, laboratory studies, physiology: 123-130]; Schedl 1991 [physiology: 59]; Schmidt et al. 2000 [antifeedants, behaviour, behavioural defence, chemical defence, distribution record, ecology, enzymes, host plant, histology, laboratory studies, physiology, structure: 17-25]; Southwell et al. 2003 [antifeedants, laboratory studies: 85, 90]; Purcell & Goolsby 2005 [behaviour, biological control, distribution (range), host plant, laboratory studies, life history, parasitism]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant, synonymy]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [antifeedants, behaviour, behavioural defence, description of immature stages, development, distribution (range), host plant, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, laboratory studies, life history, oviposition, reproduction, structure]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Kirby 1882, Morice 1919, Smith 1980b, Rose 1987, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Queensland [Kirby 1882, Turner 1900, Morice 1919, Forsius 1927, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Muche 1986, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], 96 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

South Australia [Forsius 1927, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Victoria [Kirby 1882, Morice 1919, Forsius 1929a, Raff 1935(1934), Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Foe - HYMENOPTERA Ichneumonidae: Netelia producta (Brullé) [Raff 1935(1934), Schmidt (in print)]. Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Angophora floribunda (Sm.) Domin [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Corymbia gummifera (Gaertn.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Froggatt 1890a, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus bicostata Maiden, Blakely & Simmonds [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus botryoides Sm. [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus crebra F.Muell. [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus deanei Maiden [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus elata Dehnh. [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus globulus Labill. [Rose 1987, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill [Moore 1972, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus melliodora A.Cunn. ex Schauer [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus moluccana Roxb. [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus nicholii Maiden & Blakely [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus parramattensis C.Hall. [Rose 1987, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus pilularis Sm. [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus propinqua H.Deane & Maiden [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus saligna Sm. [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus scoparii Maiden [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus sideroxylon A.Cunn. ex Woolls [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T.Blake [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)].

Pergagrapta sonoda Smith Pergagrapta sonoda Smith, 1980b: 333. Type locality: Papua New Guinea: Mount Michael, Saddle Camp, NW Arete, 3050 m. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BPBM. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1980b [illustration of male genitalia: 333, 340]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)].

Pergagrapta spinolae (Westwood) Perga spinolae Westwood, 1880: 371-372. Type locality: “Australasia”. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♀. Illust. Perga latreillei: Froggatt, 1890a: 287. Misidentification. Pergagrapta spinolae: Benson, 1939. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [distribution record: 26]; Froggatt 1890a [description of immature stages, development, distribution record, host plant, life history, rearing: 287]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 693]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 265]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 351]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 12]; Schulz 1906 [taxonomy: 85]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key, type information: 276, pl. xiv, fig. 3]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, distribution (range), host plant, illustration of adult, key: Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 97

328, 344]; Brimblecombe 1948b [behaviour, distribution record, host plant, life history: 2]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 143-144]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Capital Territory [Benson 1939, Schmidt (in print)], New South Wales [Froggatt 1890a, Benson 1939, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Kirby 1882, Morice 1919, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Corymbia gummifera (Gaertn.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Froggatt 1890a, Leask 1946, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Corymbia maculata (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus leucoxylon F.Muell. [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus punctata DC. [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus sideroxylon A.Cunn. ex Woolls [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)].

Pergagrapta turneri Benson Pergagrapta turneri Benson, 1939: 341, 345. Type locality: Australia: Mackay, Queensland. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂♀. Pergagrapta hackeri Benson, 1939: 346. Type locality: Australia: Melbourne, Victoria. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂♀. Synonymy by Benson, 1958b: 289. CITATIONS: Benson 1939 [distribution (range), key: 341, 342, 345, 346]; Carne 1962 [sociality: 24]; Meyer-Rochow 1972 [behaviour, behavioural defence, communication, external anatomy, host plant, illustration of immature stages, sociality: 451-454]; Moore 1972 [host plant: 33]; Meyer-Rochow 1974 [histology, physiology, vision: 1565-1589]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 243]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 144]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Capital Territory [Smith 1978], New South Wales [Smith 1978], Queensland [Smith 1978], Victoria [Benson 1939, Smith 1978]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill [Moore 1972, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)].

Pergagrapta sp. nr gravenhorstii CITATION: Leask 1944e [behaviour, description of immature stages, host plant, rearing: 191-192]. ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus transcontinentalis Maiden [Leask 1944e], Eucalyptus sideroxylon A.Cunn. ex Woolls [Leask 1944e].

Pseudoperga Guérin-Méneville

Perga (Pseudoperga) Guérin-Méneville, 1845: 398. Type species: Perga lewisii Westwood. Subsequently designated by Shipp, 1894: 339. Pseudoperga: Benson, 1939: 353-355. Change of status. CITATIONS: Shipp 1894 [key, systematics - classification: 339]; Ashmead 1898 [key, new taxon: 232]; Konow 1905a [synonymy: 11]; Rohwer 1911a [type information: 88]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, distribution (range), 98 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

illustration of adult, key: 326, 327, 353-355]; Riek 1970b [behaviour, stridulation: 882]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 144-145]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 171]; Naumann 1991 [illustration of adult: 933]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 72]; Macdonald & Ohmart 1993 [fecundity, oviposition: 488]; Pschorn-Walcher 1998 [behaviour, oviposition, sociality: 460, 464].

Pseudoperga belinda (Kirby) Perga belinda Kirby, 1882: 27. Type locality: Australia: South Australia. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. Perga nemoralis Wilson, 1932a: 43-45. Type locality: Australia: Wonga Park, Victoria. Syntype, ♂♀. Type depository: MVME. Described: ♂♀. Illust. Synonymy by Benson, 1939: 354. Perga corrugata Forsius, 1935: 11-12. Type locality: Australia: Sydney, New South Wales. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: MHNG. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Benson, 1939: 454. Pseudoperga belinda: Benson, 1939: 354. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 349]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 694]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 11]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key, type information: 271, pl. xiv, fig. 17]; Raff 1930 [distribution record, parasitism, rearing, seasonal distribution: 216]; Raff 1935(1934) [development, distribution record, illustration of immature stages, parasitism, parasitism rates, rearing, sex ratio: 57, 59, 60, 63-64]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, distribution (range), key, synonymy: 354]; Martyn et al. 1971 [distribution record, host plant: 17]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 144]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 333]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Forsius 1935, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)], South Australia [Morice 1919, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Tasmania [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Wilson 1932a, Raff 1935(1934), Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Foe - HYMENOPTERA Trigonalidae: Taeniogonalos maculata Smith [Raff 1935(1934)]. Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus sp. [Martyn et al. 1971, Schmidt (in print)].

Pseudoperga ferruginea (Leach) Perga ferruginea Leach, 1817: 118. Type locality: “Australasia”. Syntype ♀. Type depository: ANIC. Described: ♀. Illust. Perga scabra Newman, 1846: 1274. Type locality: “Australasia”. Syntype, unknown sex, probably lost. Synonymy by Konow, 1905a: 11. Perga newmanni Westwood, 1880: 370. Type locality: “Australasia”. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♂. Synonymy by Konow, 1905a: 11. Perga sellata Kirby, 1893: 40-41. Type locality: Australia: Melbourne, Victoria. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂. Synonymy by Morice, 1919: 274. Perga froggatti Rohwer, 1910: 468. Type locality: Australia: New South Wales. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Morice, 1919: 274. Pseudoperga ferruginea: Benson, 1939: 354. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau 1823 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 42]; Blanchard 1840 [distribution (range): 229]; Westwood 1880 [description, Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 99

distribution (range), key, new taxon: 361, 370, 376]; Kirby 1882 [description, distribution (range), illustration of female, type information: 23, 24, pl. ii, fig. 6]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 692, 693]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 264, 265]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 350, 351]; Shipp 1894 [systematics - classification: 340]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range), synonymy: 11, 12]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, key, synonymy, type information: 274, 285, pl. xii, fig. 13, pl. xiv, fig. 14]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 285]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, distribution (range), key, synonymy: 354]; McKeown 1944 [behaviour: 169]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 144]; Muche 1986 [distribution record: 151]; Naumann et al. 1994 [type information: 71]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant, synonymy]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Capital Territory [Benson 1939, Schmidt (in print)], New South Wales [Westwood 1880, Kirby 1882, Konow 1905a, Morice 1919, Forsius 1929a, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Westwood 1880, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Muche 1986, Schmidt (in print)], South Australia [Benson 1939, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Kirby 1893, Morice 1919, Forsius 1929a, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Corymbia gummifera (Gaertn.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus crebra F.Muell. [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus propinqua H.Deane & Maiden [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)].

Pseudoperga guerinii (Westwood) Perga guerinii Westwood, 1880: 367. Type locality: Australia. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♂. Illust. Perga smithii Westwood, 1880: 375-376. Type locality: “Australasia”. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♀. Illust. Synonymy by Morice, 1919: 273. Perga sericea Kirby, 1893: 40. Type locality: Australia: Melbourne, Victoria. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂. Synonymy by Morice, 1919: 274. Pergadopsis guerinii: Shipp, 1894: 340. Change of combination. Pseudoperga sericea: Shipp, 1894: 340. Change of combination. Pseudoperga smithi: Shipp, 1894: 339. Change of combination. Pseudoperga guerinii: Benson, 1939: 354. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [distribution (range): 24, 25]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 692, 693]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 264, 265]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 350, 351]; Shipp 1894 [distribution (range), nomenclature: 339, 340]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key, synonymy, taxonomy, type information: 273-274, 284, pl. xiv, fig. 15]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 285]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Wilson 1932b [diagnosis, distribution (range), mating, seasonal distribution, taxonomy: 45-46]; Benson 1939 [behaviour, description of adult, distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key, synonymy: 343, 354]; Leask 1944d [distribution record: 2]; Morrow et al. 1976 [behavioural defence, distribution record, ecology, feeding, host plant, illustration of immature stages, natural enemies: 193-205]; Smith 100 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 144-145]; Weinstein 1991 [behaviour, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages: 853]; Schiff 2004 [illustration of female (guarding young larvae)]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant, synonymy]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Capital Territory [Benson 1939, Schmidt (in print)], New South Wales [Forsius 1927, Benson 1939, Morrow et al. 1976, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], South Australia [Forsius 1927, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Kirby 1893, Morice 1919, Forsius 1929a, Wilson 1932b, Leask 1944d, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus dives Schauer [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus pauciflora niphophila (Maiden & Blakely) L. Johnson & Blaxell [Morrow et al. 1976, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus piperita Sm. [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)]. BIOLOGY: Couples in copula have been collected at 4000 ft (1220 m) at Mount St Bernard, Victoria (Wilson 1932b). This is the only published observation of mating in the subfamily Perginae.

Pseudoperga lewisii (Westwood) Perga Lewisii Westwood, 1836: 234. Type locality: “Australasia”. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♀. Tenthredo (Perga) rufescens Blanchard, 1844: pl. 108, fig. 2. Synonymy by Konow, 1905a: 12. Antenna figured only, no further data. Pseudoperga lewisii: Shipp, 1894: 339. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Lewis 1837 [behaviour, behavioural defence, description of egg, description of female, description of immature stages, host plant, oviposition: 232-234]; Lewis 1839 [behaviour, defence, rearing: xliv]; Guérin-Méneville 1844 [taxonomy: 398]; Blanchard 1844 [illustration of adult: Pl. 108, Fig. 2]; Westwood 1880 [behaviour, behavioural defence, biology, description of female, distribution (range): 374-375]; Kirby 1882 [distribution (range): 24]; Brittlebank 1888 [behaviour, description of egg, development, host plant, life history, oviposition: 57-58]; Froggatt 1890a [description of immature stages, development, rearing, sex ratio: 286-287]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 693]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 264]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 351]; Shipp 1894 [distribution (range), nomenclature: 339]; Froggatt 1901 [behaviour, behavioural defence, common name, description, description of immature stages, host plant, illustration of female, life history, oviposition: 6-7, plate]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range), synonymy: 12]; Konow 1905b [taxonomy: 153]; Froggatt 1907 [behaviour, description of adult, host plant, illustration of female, oviposition: 72, pl. X]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key: 274, pl. xiv, fig. 13]; Tillyard 1926 [description: 265]; Benson 1928 [biology: 313]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 82]; Blackburn 1930 [behaviour: 25]; Wilson 1932b [diagnosis, taxonomy: 45-46]; Benson 1939 [description of adult, distribution (range), host plant, illustration of adult, key, synonymy: 328, 355]; McKeown 1944 [behaviour, host plant, oviposition: 169]; Leask 1946 [host plant: 1-2]; McKeown 1941 [host plant, impact/damage: 336]; Hardy 1948 [behaviour: 1- 2]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 145]; Clyne 1986 [behaviour, Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 101

behavioural defence, development, illustration of adult, illustration of immature stages, oviposition, sociality: 494-495]; Weinstein 1989 [behaviour: 55]; Elliott & Bashford 1995 [description of immature stages, development, economic importance, feeding, host plant, illustration of adult, illustration of immature stages, life history, mortality, oviposition, parasitism: 27-35]; Farrow 1996b [control, control by chemical pesticides, description of immature stages, distribution (range), economic importance, host plant, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, impact/damage, life history, natural enemies, parasitism: 1-4]; Elliot et al. 1998 [behaviour, description of adult, distribution (range), host plant, impact/damage: 86]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant, synonymy]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Capital Territory [Benson 1939, Schmidt (in print)], New South Wales [Froggatt 1901, Benson 1939, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print)], South Australia [Kirby 1882, Shipp 1894, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print)], Tasmania [Westwood 1836, Lewis 1839, Westwood 1880, Kirby 1882, Shipp 1894, Konow 1905a, Morice 1919, Smith 1978, Elliott & Bashford 1995, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Brittlebank 1888, Morice 1919, Forsius 1929a, Smith 1978, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Corymbia gummifera (Gaertn.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Froggatt 1899, Froggatt 1901, Froggatt 1907, Leask 1946, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus dives Schauer [Brittlebank 1888, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus nitens Maiden [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus obliqua L.Hér. [Froggatt 1890a (“Saplings of ‘stringy bark’”), Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieber ex Spreng. [McKeown 1941, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)]. BIOLOGY: Females place two rows of eggs near the midrib of the leaf and subsequently guard their eggs and young larvae, producing a buzzing sound with jaws open when disturbed, until they die after 4-6 weeks (Lewis 1837, Froggatt 1899, 1901). Larvae feed at night and rest during the day (Lewis 1837). Larvae crawl into the ground for pupation. Larvae were observed to defoliate snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) (McKeown 1951). Lewis (1839) observed an ichneumonid wasp dead and covered with larval exudate. According to Brittlebank (1888) the female did not feed for 48 days.

Pseudoperga lucida (Rohwer) Perga lucida Rohwer, 1910: 468-469. Type locality: Australia: New South Wales. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Pseudoperga lucida: Benson, 1939: 354. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Morice 1919 [distribution (range), key, type information: 272]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 285]; Benson 1939 [description of female, distribution (range), key: 354]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 145]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. 102 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Morice 1919, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Western Australia [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Pseudoperga moricei (Forsius) Perga moricei Forsius, 1927: 285, 305-306. Type locality: Australia: Boulder, Western Australia. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: SAMA. Described: ♀. Pseudoperga moricei: Benson, 1939: 354. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Forsius 1927 [new taxon: 285, 305-306]; Benson 1939 [description of female, distribution (range), key: 354]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 145]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Forsius 1927, Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Pseudoperga rugiceps (Forsius) Perga rugiceps Forsius, 1927: 285, 306-308. Type locality: Australia: Ardrossan or Kangoroo Island, South Australia. Syntype, ♂♀. Type depository: SAMA. Described: ♂♀. Pseudoperga rugiceps: Benson, 1939: 353. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Benson 1939 [description of adult, distribution (range), key: 353]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 145]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Western Australia [Benson 1939, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Pseudoperga ventralis (Guérin-Méneville) Perga (Pseudoperga) ventralis Guérin-Méneville, 1845: 399. Type locality: Australia: Tasmania. Syntype, unknown sex. Type depository: ?MNHN. CITATIONS: Westwood 1880 [description, distribution (range): 376-377]; Kirby 1882 [distribution (range): 23]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 693]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 351]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range), synonymy: 12]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 145]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Kirby 1882, Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Pseudoperga sp. CITATION: Morrow et al. 1976 [behavioural defence, distribution record, ecology, feeding, host plant, natural enemies: 193-205]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Capital Territory [Morrow et al. 1976]). ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus maculosa R.Baker [Morrow et al. 1976], Eucalyptus nicholii Maiden & Blakely [Morrow et al. 1976], ?Eucalyptus risdonii Hook. [Morrow et al. 1976].

Subfamily Pergulinae Benson

Lobocerotides (pt.) Konow, 1905a: 31, 34. Pergulinae Benson, 1934: 463. CITATIONS: Konow 1900 [key to genera: 67-68]; Benson 1934 [distribution (range), key, new taxon: 463]; Benson 1938c [distribution (range), key: 378, 381]; Riek Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 103

1970b [key: 891]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 221]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 157-159]; Smith 1990 [diagnosis, distribution (range), key, systematics - classification, taxonomy: 12, 13-21]; Naumann 1991 [distribution (range), key: 935]; Smith 1995b [diagnosis, distribution (range), key: 170, 171].

Haplostegus Konow

Haplostegus Konow, 1900: 68, 70. Type species: Haplostegus epimelas Konow. Subsequently designated by Rohwer, 1911a: 80. CITATIONS: Konow 1900 [key: 68, 70]; Konow 1905a [description, distribution (range), key: 32, 34]; Rohwer 1911a [type information: 80]; Rohwer 1911c [systematics - classification: 226]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 381]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 158-159]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 97]; Smith 1990 [biology, diagnosis, distribution (range), host plant, revision/review, taxonomy: 14-21]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 36]; Smith 1995b [diagnosis, distribution (range): 171]; Pschorn-Walcher 1998 [behaviour, defence, oviposition, sociality: 460, 462].

Haplostegus bicoloripes Malaise Haplostegus bicoloripes Malaise, 1949: 17-18. Type locality: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, 900 m. Holotype ♂, by monotypy. Type depository: NHRS. Described: ♂. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 158]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), taxonomy, key, type information: 16]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]). TAXONOMY: Possibly the male of an already described species such as wygodzinskyi Malaise (Smith 1990).

Haplostegus cataphractus Konow Haplostegus cataphractus Konow, 1900: 71. Type locality: Brazil: Pernambuco. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 34]; Conde 1936 [distribution (range), key, revision/review: 121]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 158]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of sawsheath, key, taxonomy, type information: 10, 15, 16]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Pernambuco [Conde 1936, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Haplostegus clitellarius Konow Haplostegus clitellarius Konow, 1900: 71. Type locality: Brazil: Itaituba, Amazonas. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 34]; Conde 1936 [distribution (range), key, revision/review: 121]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 158]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of sawsheath, key, taxonomy, type information: 10, 15, 17-18]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. 104 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Amazonas [Konow 1905a, Conde 1936], Pará [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Haplostegus discalis Konow Haplostegus discalis Konow, 1902: 103. Type locality: Peru: Vilcanota. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 34]; Conde 1936 [distribution (range), key, synonymy: 121-122]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 158]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, taxonomy, type information: 15, 18]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, distribution (range)]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Konow 1905a, Conde 1936, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]. TAXONOMY: Possibly conspecific with ruficollis Cameron (Smith 1990).

Haplostegus dorius Smith Haplostegus dorius Smith, 1990. Type locality: Brazil: Serra da Bocaina, S.J. Barreiros. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: MCZC. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key: 10, 15, 18]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (São Paulo [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Haplostegus epimelas Konow Haplostegus epimelas Konow, 1900: 70-71. Type locality: Brazil: Minas Geraís, Espírito Santo. Lectotype ♂, designated by Smith, 1990: 18. Type depository: HNHM. Described: ♂♀. Haplostegus epimelas epimelas: Malaise, 1942: 116. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 34]; Conde 1936 [distribution (range), key, revision/review: 121]; Pyenson 1938 [host plant, impact/damage, life history: 26-27 (as unidentified species], Pyenson 1939 [behaviour, host plant, illustration of immature stages, impact/damage, life history, oviposition: 467-468, pl. xv, fig. 1]; Malaise 1949 [illustration of female: 14]; Costa Lima 1968 [distribution (range), host plant: 622]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 158]; Smith 1990 [biology, distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key, taxonomy, type information: 10, 16, 17, 18-19]; Schedl 1991 [economic importance, host plant: 47]; Pedrosa-Macedo 1998 [biological control, diagnosis, description of immature stages, distribution (range), habitat, host plant, life history, natural enemies]; Pedrosa-Macedo 2000 [biological control, biology, development, economic importance, fecundity, host plant, impact/damage, laboratory studies, longevity, oviposition, parasitism rates, seasonal distribution: 129-133]; Pedrosa-Macedo et al. 2000 [biological control, host plant]; Wikler & Smith 2002 [biochemical control, host plant]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Espírito Santo [Conde 1936, Costa Lima 1968, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Minas Geraís [Conde 1936, Costa Lima 1968, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Paraná [Pedrosa- Macedo 1998, Pedrosa-Macedo 2000, Smith (in print)], Pernambuco [Costa Lima 1968, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Santa Catarina [Pedrosa-Macedo 1998, Pedrosa-Macedo 2000], São Paulo [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]). Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 105

ASSOCIATIONS: Foe - DIPTERA Tachinidae: Vibrissina sp. [Pedrosa-Macedo 1998, Pedrosa-Macedo 2000, Smith (in print)]. Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Psidium cattleianum Sabine [Pedrosa-Macedo 1998, Pedrosa-Macedo 2000, Pedrosa-Macedo et al. 2000, Wikler & Smith 2002, Smith (in print)], Psidium guajava L. [Pyenson 1938, Pyenson 1939, Schedl 1991, Pedrosa-Macedo 2000, Pedrosa-Macedo et al. 2000, Smith (in print)]. BIOLOGY: Pedrosa-Macedo (2000) gave a detailed account of the biology. Larvae live on Psidium cattleianum, but have been observed to feed on commercial guava, P. guajava. Females oviposit a rows of eggs into young, soft twigs of the host plant. Larvae hatch after 7-12 days and feed initially on the lower leaf surface. The larvae are gregarious and when disturbed they raise the abdomen and regurgitate a fluid from their mouth. The fluid apparently consists of essential oils extracted from the host plant since it has a strong smell of the host tissue. After 28-30(-35) days and 6 or 7 instars the larvae are full grown. The prepupal moult occurs before the larvae dig into the soil for pupation. Adults emerge after 20-22 days. The species has three generations. Pyenson (1939) gave a detailed description of the biology of the species in Pernambuco, Brazil: females lay their eggs in single rows in the tips of young shoots or along the midrib on the underside of young leaves. Twenty to forty eggs are laid on a single leaf or stem and the young larvae hatch after about three days. Larvae are gregarious and feed on the leaf tissue, leaving only the larger veins and midrib. When disturbed they raise their abdomen. They are full-grown after 2-3 weeks and enter the soil for pupation. The cocoon is shiny black and the adults emerge after about 17 days. At the end of a rainy season the larvae may enter diapause. Adults appear late in the rainy season. The species has two generations. In some regions the species causes considerable damage to guava.

Haplostegus humeralis Malaise Haplostegus humeralis Malaise, 1942: 115. Type locality: Brazil: Bahía. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: NHRS. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 158]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), host plant, illustration of lance/lancet, key, type information: 15, 17, 19]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Bahía [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava L. [Smith 1990].

Haplostegus luteolus Conde Haplostegus luteolus Conde, 1936: 120, 124. Type locality: Brazil: Victoria, Botucatu. Lectotype ♀, designated by Smith, 1990: 19. Type depository: MZSP. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Conde 1936 [illustration of lance/lancet, key, revision/review: 120, 123, 124]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 158]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, key, taxonomy, type information: 10, 15, 17, 19]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Espírito Santo [Conde 1936], Minas Geraís [Smith 1978], Rio de Janeiro [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], São Paulo [Conde 1936, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

106 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Haplostegus mexicanus Rohwer Haplostegus mexicanus Rohwer, 1911b: 378-379. Type locality: Mexico: Córdoba. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂. CITATIONS: Conde 1936 [taxonomy: 122]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 158]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, taxonomy, type information: 15, 18, 19]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Mexico (Veracruz [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Haplostegus nigricrus Conde Haplostegus nigricrus Conde, 1936: 120, 124. Type locality: Brazil: Ypiranga, São Paulo. Holotype ♂, by monotypy. Type depository: MZSP. Described: ♂. CITATIONS: Conde 1936 [illustration of lance/lancet, key, revision/review: 120, 124]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 158]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, key, taxonomy, type information: 10, 16, 17, 19-20]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Paraná [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], São Paulo [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Haplostegus ruficollis (Cameron) Corynophilus ruficollis Cameron, 1883: 53-54. Type locality: Panama: Bugaba. Holotype ♀. Type depository: BMNH. Haplostegus ruficollis: Smith, 1978: 158. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 348]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 34]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 158]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, taxonomy, type information: 15, 18, 20]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Panama [Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Haplostegus rufithorax Malaise Haplostegus epimelas rufithorax Malaise, 1942: 116. Type locality: Brazil: Nova Bremen, Rio Laeiss, Santa Catarina. Holotype ♂, by monotypy. Type depository: NHRS. Described: ♂. Haplostegus rufithorax: Smith, 1978: 158. Change in status. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 158]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, taxonomy, type information: 16, 20]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Santa Catarina [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]). TAXONOMY: The species is possibly a colour form of epimelas Konow (Smith 1990:20).

Haplostegus scutater Conde Haplostegus scutater Conde, 1936: 121, 122-123. Type locality: Brazil: São Paulo, Espírito Santo. Syntype, ♂♀. Type probably lost. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Conde 1936 [description of immature stages, illustration of lance/lancet, host plant, economic importance, key, revision/review: 121, 122-123]; Costa Lima 1968 [distribution (range), host plant: 622]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 158-159]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 107

host plant, illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, key, taxonomy, type information: 10, 15, 20]; Schedl 1991 [economic importance, host plant: 47]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Espírito Santo [Costa Lima 1968, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], São Paulo [Costa Lima 1968, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava L. [Conde 1936, Smith (in print)]. BIOLOGY: Larvae are known to defoliate the host plant, Psidium guajava, and the species is of potential economic importance (Conde 1936: 122).

Haplostegus subclavatus Malaise Haplostegus subclavatus Malaise, 1942: 114-115. Type locality: Brazil: Santa Catarina. Syntype, ♂♀. Type depository: NHRS. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 159]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of sawsheath, key, taxonomy, type information: 10, 15, 20]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Santa Catarina [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Ecuador [Malaise 1942, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Haplostegus tuvius Smith Haplostegus tuvius Smith, 1990: 20-21. Type locality: Brazil: Santa Catarina (27º11’S, 52º23”W), 300-500 m. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key: 10, 15, 17, 20-21]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Santa Catarina [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Haplostegus wygodzinskyi Malaise Haplostegus wygodzinskyi Malaise, 1949: 14, 17. Type locality: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: NHRS. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 159]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, taxonomy, type information: 16, 21]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Pergula Morice

Pergula Morice, 1919: 256, 288. Type species: Pergula turneri Morice, by monotypy. CITATIONS: Morice 1919 [key: 256, 288-289]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 381]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 157]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 154]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 64].

Pergula turneri Morice Pergula turneri Morice, 1919: 288-289. Type locality: Australia: Yallingup, Western Australia. Holotype ♂, by monotypy. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂. 108 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

CITATIONS: Benson 1934 [illustration of adult: 462]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 157]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Subfamily Perreyiinae Cameron

Perreyina Cameron, 1883: 60. Lophyrides Konow, 1898: 248. Perreyides (pt.) Konow, 1898: 248. Perreyiidae Ashmead, 1898: 225-227. Perreyides (pt.) Konow, 1903a: 162. Perreyiides Konow, 1905a: 38-41. Perreyiinae Rohwer, 1911c: 220. CITATIONS: Cameron 1878a [distribution (range), systematics - classification: 2, 3, 5, 9]; Cameron 1883 [diagnosis, key to genera, systematics - classification: 60]; Ashmead 1898 [key to genera, systematics - classification: 225-227]; Konow 1903b [key to genera, systematics - classification: 162-163]; Rohwer 1911c [key, systematics - classification: 218, 219-220]; Jörgensen 1913 [diagnosis, key: 284, 285]; Rohwer 1921 [key to genera: 162]; Benson 1934 [description of adult, distribution (range), key: 463]; Malaise 1937 [key to genera, new taxon: 60-65]; Benson 1938c [distribution (range), key: 378, 382]; Benson & Conde 1938 [key to genera, new taxon, revision/review, systematics - classification: 121-154]; Malaise 1955 [key to genera, new taxon, taxonomy: 121-124]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 160-168]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 117]; Smith 1990 [diagnosis, distribution (range), key, key to genera, revision/review, systematics - classification: 12, 25-88]; Smith 1995b [diagnosis, distribution (range), key: 170, 171-172]; Schmidt & Brown 2005 [systematics - classification: 6].

Barilochia Malaise

Barilochia Malaise, 1955: 123-124. Type species: Barilochia brunneo-virens Malaise, by monotypy and original designation. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 168]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 46]; Smith 1990 [diagnosis, key, taxonomy: 27, 41-42]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 12].

Barilochia brunneovirens Malaise Barilochia brunneo-virens Malaise, 1955: 124. Type locality: Argentina: Río Negro. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: NHRS. Described: ♀. Illust. Barilochia brunneovirens: Smith, 1978: 168. Justified emendation. CITATIONS: Malaise 1955 [illustration of female, illustration of sawsheath: 124]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 168]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), taxonomy, type information: 42]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Río Negro [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 109

Camptoprium Spinola

Camptoprium Spinola, 1840: 134-136. Type species: Camptoprium leprieurii Spinola, by monotypy. Dictynna Brullé, 1846: 662. Synonymy by Kirby, 1882: 93. Camptoprium: Cameron, 1882: 133. Incorrect synonymy (synonym of Decameria); discovered by Ashmead, 1898: 225-227. CITATIONS: Brullé 1846 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 660, 663]; Cameron 1882 [synonymy: 133]; Norton 1867 [diagnosis: 224]; Ashmead 1898 [key, synonymy: 225-227]; Konow 1903b [description of male, key, key to species, systematics - classification, new taxon: 162, 163-165]; Konow 1905a [diagnosis, distribution (range), key: 38, 39]; Konow 1905c [diagnosis, description of female, new taxon: 161-162]; Rohwer 1911a [type information: 76, 78]; Rohwer 1921 [diagnosis, key, taxonomy: 162]; Malaise 1937 [key, synonymy, type information: 62]; Benson & Conde 1938 [key, key to species, new taxon, systematics - classification: 122, 123, 124, 127-131]; Malaise 1955 [key: 121]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 162-163]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 54]; Smith 1990 [diagnosis, distribution (range), key, revision/review, taxonomy: 27, 33-41]; Abe & Smith 1991 [synonymy, systematics - classification: 16, 25].

Camptoprium albilabre Benson & Conde Camptoprium albilabris Benson & Conde, 1938: 129-130. Type locality: Brazil: Campos do Jordão, São Paulo. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATIONS: Benson & Conde 1938 [illustration of male genitalia, key: 123, 129-130]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 231]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 162]; Smith 1990 [distribution record, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key, taxonomy, type information: 34, 35, 36, 37]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (São Paulo [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Camptoprium atriceps Konow Camptoprium atriceps Konow, 1905b: 162. Type locality: Brazil. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 39]; Benson & Conde 1938 [description, distribution record, key: 123, 130-131]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 162]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key, taxonomy, type information: 34, 35, 36, 40]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Espírito Santo [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Minas Geraís [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Santa Catarina [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Paraguay [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

110 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Camptoprium fusciventre (Mocsáry) Brachytoma fusciventris Mocsáry, 1909: 10-11. Type locality: Bolivia: San Antonio, El Beni. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: HNHM. Described: ♀. Camptoprium fusciventris: Benson & Conde, 1938: 129. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Benson & Conde 1938 [distribution (range), description of female, key, taxonomy, type information: 123, 128-129]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 162]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key, taxonomy, type information: 34, 36, 37]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Camptoprium leprieurii Spinola Camptoprium leprieurii Spinola, 1840: 134, 136-137. Type locality: Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul. Holotype ♂, by monotypy. Type depository: MRSN. Described: ♂. Illust. Lophyroides paraguayensis Brèthes, 1927: 335. Type locality: Paraguay: Villarica. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: sex not given. Synonymy by Benson & Conde, 1938: 128. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [distribution record: 91]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 305]; Konow 1903b [key: 164]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 39]; Konow 1905c [description of female, distribution record: 161-162]; Benson & Conde 1938 [description, distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, key, synonymy, type information: 123, 125, 128, 129]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 162-163]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, taxonomy, type information: 36, 37-38]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); French Guiana [Kirby 1882, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Paraguay [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Camptoprium malaisei Benson & Conde Camptoprium malaisei Benson & Conde, 1938: 130. Type locality: Brazil: Bahía. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: NHRS. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Benson & Conde 1938 [key: 123, 130]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 232]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 163]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, taxonomy, type information: 36, 38]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Bahía [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Camptoprium nigripenne (Fabricius) Tenthredo nigripennis Fabricius, 1804: 38. Type locality: “America meridionali”. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: ZMUC. Described: ♂. Monophadnus nigripennis: Kirby, 1882: 180. Change of combination. Camptoprium languidum Konow, 1903a: 164-165. Type locality: Bolivia: Chaco. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂. Synonymy by Benson & Conde, 1938: 130. Waldheimia nigripennis: Konow, 1905a: 88. Change of combination. Camptoprium nigripennis: Malaise, 1937: 63, 65. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [distribution (range), taxonomy: 180]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 164]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 39]; Benson & Conde 1938 [description of male, distribution (range), key, synonymy, Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 111

systematics - classification: 123, 130]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 163]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, taxonomy, type information: 37, 38]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [Konow 1903b, Konow 1905a, Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Camptoprium notium Smith Camptoprium notium Smith, 1990: 38-39. Type locality: Brazil: Santa Catarina (27º11'S, 52º23'W). Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key: 34, 35, 36, 37, 38-39, 40]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Santa Catarina [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Camptoprium subviolaceum Mocsáry Camptoprium subviolaceum Mocsáry, 1909: 9-10. Type locality: Peru: Pebas. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: HNHM. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Benson & Conde 1938 [description of female, distribution (range), key: 123, 127]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 163]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, taxonomy, type information: 36, 39]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Camptoprium tannum Smith Camptoprium tannum Smith, 1990: 39. Type locality: Brazil: São Paulo, Campinas. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: MZSP. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key: 34, 35, 39]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (São Paulo [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Camptoprium venezuelaensis Smith Camptoprium venezuelaensis Smith, 1990: 39-40. Type locality: Venezuela: Chirqua, Carabolo, 1700 m. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: IZAM. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key: 34, 35, 39-40]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Venezuela [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Camptoprium westwoodii (Brullé) Dictynna westwoodii Brullé, 1846: 662-663. Type locality: Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul. Holotype ♂, by monotypy. Type depository: MNHN. Described: ♂. Illust. Decameria westwoodii: Kirby, 1882: 94. Change of combination. Camptoprium westwoodii: Benson & Conde, 1938: 127. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Brullé 1846 [distribution record, illustration of adult: 662-663; pl. 46, fig. 5]; Norton 1867 [catalogue/checklist: 224]; Kirby 1882 [distribution (range), taxonomy: 94]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 306]; Konow 1905a 112 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

[distribution (range): 40]; Benson & Conde 1938 [description, distribution (range), key, seasonal distribution: 123, 127]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 163]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key, taxonomy, type information: 34, 35, 36, 40, 41]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Santa Catarina [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Camptoprium yursinum Smith Camptoprium yursinum Smith, 1990: 41. Type locality: Argentina: Catamarca, El Suncho, 1850 m. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: IMLT. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key: 36, 40, 41]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Catamarca [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Camptoprium sp. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution record, illustration of male genitalia: 40]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Ecuador [Smith 1990].

Cladomacra Smith

Cladomacra Smith, 1860: 256-257. Type species: Cladomacra macropus Smith, by monotypy. Macroclada Konow, 1905a: 46. Unjustified emendation, discovered by Smith, 1978: 160. CITATIONS: Cameron 1882 [taxonomy, synonymy: 132]; Kirby 1882 [description, systematics - classification, new taxon: 96-97]; Ashmead 1898 [key: 227]; Rohwer 1911a [type information: 77]; Rohwer 1911c [systematics - classification: 226]; Konow 1903b [systematics - classification: 162]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 382]; Benson & Conde 1938 [description, systematics - classification: 121-122]; Benson 1965 [key to species, new taxon: 46-47]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 160]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 62, 119]; Abe & Smith 1991 [synonymy, systematics - classification: 20, 47]; Pschorn-Walcher 1998 [behaviour, oviposition, sociality: 460, 464]; Schmidt & Brown 2005 [systematics - classification: 6].

Cladomacra fulva Togashi Cladomacra fulva Togashi, 1981: 414-416. Type locality: Papua New Guinea: Yalom, 1000 m. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: ZMUC. Described: ♂ and larva. Illust. CITATION: Togashi 1981 [illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia: 414-416]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Togashi 1981, Schmidt (in print)].

Cladomacra macropus Smith Cladomacra macropus Smith, 1860: 257. Type locality: Indonesia: Sulawesi (=Celebes). Syntype, ♂. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂. Macroclada macropus: Konow, 1905a: 46. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 113

CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [description of male, distribution record, illustration of female, type information: 96-97]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 306]; Benson 1938c [illustration of adult: 374]; Benson 1965 [key: 47]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 160]; Smith 1980b [distribution record, illustration of adult, illustration of male genitalia: 340, 343]; Naumann 1983 [taxonomy: 346]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (West Papua [Smith 1978, Smith 1980b], Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Kirby 1882, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]); Papua New Guinea? [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)].

Cladomacra nigriceps Benson Cladomacra nigriceps Benson, 1965: 46-47. Type locality: Papua New Guinea: Owen Stanley Range, Bome, 1950 m, 16.-31.5.1958 (W.W. Brandt). Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: BPBM. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATIONS: Benson 1965 [illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, key: 46- 47]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 232]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 160]; Smith 1980b [description of female, distribution record, illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet: 332, 334, 343]; Naumann 1984 [taxonomy: 346]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (West Papua [Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)]); Papua New Guinea [Smith 1978, Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)]. BIOLOGY: Collected during the whole year at elevations of (300-)1200-2800 m (Smith 1980b).

Cladomacra opa Smith Cladomacra opa Smith, 1980b: 343-345. Type locality: Papua New Guinea: Bulldog Road, 2070 m, 60 km S of Wau. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: BPBM. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATIONS: Smith 1980b [illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia: 340, 343- 345]; Naumann 1984 [taxonomy: 346]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)].

Cladomacra taoi Shinohara Cladomacra taoi Shinohara, 1986: 247-249. Type locality: Indonesia: Tana Traja, Rante Pao, Gunon Pedamaran, Sulawesi (=Celebes). Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: NSMT. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Shinohara 1986 [biology, habitat, illustration of female, illustration of sawsheath: 247-252]; Schedl 1991 [host plant, illustration of female, structure: 21, 72, 73]; Pschorn-Walcher 1998 [behaviour, defence, sociality: 464]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Shinohara 1986, Schmidt (in print)]). BIOLOGY: The single known specimen, an apterous female, was collected under bark on a log standing over a batch of eggs (Shinohara 1986).

Cladomacra terricola Naumann Cladomacra terricola Naumann, 1984: 339-342. Type locality: Papua New Guinea: 6 km ENE of Kaisernik Village, near Wau, 7º21'S 146º49'E. Holotype ♀, by original designation. 114 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Type depository: ANIC. Described: ♀ and larva. Illust. Collected under log 'brooding' egg mass. CITATIONS: Naumann 1984 [description of immature stages, illustration of female, systematics - classification: 339-349]; Schedl 1991 [host plant, illustration of female, structure: 21, 72, 73]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Naumann 1984, Schmidt (in print)]. BIOLOGY: The apterous female holotype was, when collected, under a log standing over a batch of 35 smooth, ovoid eggs (Naumann 1984). It was, at the time of description, the first known apterous pergid and the second known apterous sawfly. The other apterous sawfly is the female of Cacosyndia dimorpha (Freymuth) (Tenthredinidae) from central Asia. The larva resembles most closely those of the Euryinae (Naumann 1984).

Cladomacra sp. CITATION: Smith 1980b [description of female, distribution record, illustration of female: 332, 345]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Smith 1980b].

Decameria Lepeletier & Serville

Decameria Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau & Serville, 1828: 571. Type species: Decameria testacea Kirby. Subsequently designated by Kirby, 1882. Acherdocerus Kirby, 1882: 92-93. Type species: Acherdocerus fumipennis Kirby, by monotypy. Synonymy by Dalla Torre, 1894: 305-306. Acherocerus: Ashmead, 1898: 227. Misspelling of genus name. Tristegus Konow, 1906a: 370-371. Type species: Tristegus mimarius Konow, by monotypy. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 165. Endecaria Malaise, 1937: 62. Type species: Decameria rufiventris Cameron, by original designation. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 165. Hemiperreyia Malaise, 1937: 63. Type species: Perreyia amazonica Kirby, by original designation. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 165. CITATIONS: Cameron 1882 [key to genera: 133]; Kirby 1882 [description, new taxon, systematics - classification: 92-94]; Cameron 1883 [diagnosis, key: 60, 64]; Ashmead 1898 [key, systematics - classification: 225, 227]; Konow 1903b [key, systematics - classification: 162, 163]; Konow 1905a [diagnosis, distribution (range), key: 38, 39-40]; Rohwer 1911a [type information: 73, 78]; Rohwer 1921 [diagnosis, key, taxonomy: 162-163]; Malaise 1937 [key, new taxon, type information: 62, 63]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 382]; Benson & Conde 1938 [key, key to species, new taxon, systematics - classification, taxonomy: 122, 123, 126, 137-150]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 165-168]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 26, 71, 80, 200]; Smith 1990 [diagnosis, distribution (range), key, taxonomy: 27, 66-88]; Abe & Smith 1991 [synonymy, systematics - classification: 3, 24, 29, 37, 87]; Smith 1995b [diagnosis, distribution (range), illustration of adult: 161, 172].

Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 115

Decameria altilis Konow Decameria altilis Konow, 1906b: 371-372. Type locality: Suriname. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂. Decameria altilis: Smith, 1978: 165. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Benson & Conde 1938 [description of female, distribution (range), illustration of female, key: 123, 129, 138]; [catalogue/checklist, nomenclature: 165]; Smith 1990 [description of male, distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key, taxonomy, type information: 68, 69, 71, 72, 78]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Amapá [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Pará [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Suriname [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Decameria amazonica (Kirby) Perreyia amazonica Kirby, 1882: 91. Type locality: Brazil: “Amazons”. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. Hemiperreyia amazonica: Malaise, 1937: 63. Change of combination. Acherdocerus amazonica: Benson & Conde, 1938: 142-143. Change of combination. Decameria amazonica: Smith, 1978: 165. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 304]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 40]; Malaise 1937 [illustration of female: 64]; Benson & Conde 1938 [description of female, distribution (range), key, taxonomy: 123, 142-143]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, nomenclature: 165]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, type information: 77, 78]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Smith 1978] (Amazonas [Konow 1905a, Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1990, Smith (in print) (?)]); Guatemala? [Smith 1978].

Decameria annulicornis (Benson & Conde) Acherdocerus annulicornis Benson & Conde, 1938: 137-138. Type locality: Brazil: Espírito Santo. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂. Illust. Decameria annulicornis: Smith, 1978: 165. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Benson & Conde 1938 [description of female, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, key: 123, 125, 129, 137-138]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 223]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, nomenclature: 165]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, taxonomy, type information: 71, 78]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Espírito Santo [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Decameria capitulum (Norton) Perreyia capitulum Norton, 1867: 223-224. Type locality: Mexico. Lectotype ♂, designated by Cresson, 1928: 4. Type depository: ANSP. Described: ♂♀. Brachytoma capitulum: Konow, 1905a: 41. Change of combination. Acherdocerus capitulum: Benson & Conde, 1938: 147. Change of combination. Decameria capitulum: Smith, 1978: 165. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Cresson 1880b [catalogue/checklist, distribution (range): 57]; Kirby 1882 [distribution record: 90]; Cameron 1883 [description: 63, pl. III]; Dalla Torre 116 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

1894 [catalogue/checklist: 304]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 41]; Cresson 1928 [distribution (range), type information: 4]; Benson & Conde 1938 [description, distribution (range), key: 123, 147]; Smith 1971 [distribution record, nomenclature, type information: 523]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, nomenclature: 165]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key, type information: 68, 69, 73, 77, 78]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic/Neotropical: Mexico [Cresson 1880b, Cameron 1883, Cresson 1928]. Neotropical: Belize [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; El Salvador [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Guatemala [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Mexico (Chiapas [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], (Veracruz [Kirby 1882, Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1971, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Decameria carbo (Malaise) Endecaria carbo Malaise, 1937: 63-64. Type locality: Ecuador: Mindo. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: NHRS. Described: ♀. Illust. Acherdocerus carbo: Benson & Conde, 1938: 145. Change of combination. Decameria carbo: Smith, 1978: 165. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Malaise 1937 [illustration of female: 63-64]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, nomenclature: 165]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, type information: 77, 78]; Benson & Conde 1938 [description of female, distribution (range), key, type information: 123, 144-145]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Ecuador [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Decameria chalybeata (Mocsáry) Brachytoma chalybeata Mocsáry, 1909: 10. Type locality: Peru: Marcapata, 1000 m. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: HNHM. Described: ♀. Acherdocerus chalybeata: Benson & Conde, 1938: 144. Change of combination. Decameria chalybeata: Smith, 1978: 165. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Benson & Conde 1938 [description of female, distribution record, key, type information: 123, 144]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, nomenclature: 165]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of male, key, type information: 68, 77, 78]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Decameria championi (Cameron) Perreyia championi Cameron, 1883: 64. Type locality: Guatemala: Perula. Syntype ♂. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂. Illust. Brachytoma championi: Konow, 1905a: 41. Change of combination. Acherdocerus championi: Benson & Conde, 1938: 142. Change of combination. Decameria championi: Smith, 1978: 166. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 304]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 41]; Benson & Conde 1938 [description, distribution record, key, synonymy, taxonomy, type information: 123, 142]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, nomenclature: 166]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, taxonomy, type information: 74, 76, 79]; Smith 1995b [distribution (range): 172]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 117

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith 1995b, Smith (in print)]; Guatemala [Konow 1905a, Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Decameria compta (Norton) Perreyia comptus Norton, 1867: 223. Type locality: Mexico. Lectotype ♂, designated by Smith, 1971: 523. Type depository: MHNG. Described: ♂. Brachytoma compta: Konow, 1905a: 41. Change of combination. Acherdocerus compta: Benson & Conde, 1938: 146-147. Change of combination. Decameria compta: Smith, 1978: 166. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Cresson 1880b [catalogue/checklist, distribution (range): 57]; Cameron 1883 [description, distribution (range), taxonomy: 63-64]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 304]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 41]; Benson & Conde 1938 [description, distribution (range), key, taxonomy: 123, 146-147]; Smith 1971 [distribution record, nomenclature, systematics - classification, type information: 523]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, nomenclature: 166]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of sawsheath, key, type information: 68, 74, 76, 79]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Mexico (Guerrero [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Veracruz [Smith 1971, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Decameria cordoviensis (Norton) Dictynna cordoviensis Norton, 1872: 81. Type locality: Mexico: Cordova. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: ANSP. Described: ♀. Dictynna politus Norton, 1872: 81. Type locality: Mexico: Cordova. Holotype ♂, by monotypy. Type depository: ANSP. Described: ♂. Synonymy by Benson & Conde, 1938: 140-141. Acherdocerus fumipennis Kirby, 1882: 93. Type locality: Mexico: Orizaba. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. Synonymy by Benson & Conde, 1938: 140-141. Decameria cordovensis [sic!]; Kirby, 1882: 94. Change of combination. Decameria polita: Kirby, 1882: 94. Change of combination. Decameria fascialis Cameron, 1883: 66-67. Type locality: Guatemala: Tamahu. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂. Synonymy by Benson & Conde, 1938: 141. Decameria facialis: Konow, 1905a: 40. Misspelling of species name. Acherdocerus cordoviensis: Benson & Conde, 1938: 140-141. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Cresson 1880a [description of male, distribution (range): 38]; Cresson 1880b [catalogue/checklist, distribution (range): 57]; Cameron 1882 [taxonomy: 132-133]; Kirby 1882 [distribution (range), illustration of female, new taxon, taxonomy: 93, 94, pl. vii, fig. 1]; Cameron 1883 [distribution (range): 62, 66]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 305, 306, 307]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 39, 40]; Cresson 1928 [distribution (range), type information: 5, 8]; Benson & Conde 1938 [description, distribution (range), key, synonymy, taxonomy: 123, 140-141]; Smith 1971 [systematics - classification, taxonomy, type information: 523-524]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, nomenclature: 166]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, key, type information: 68, 75, 77, 79]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy]. 118 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Distrito Federal [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]). Neotropical: Guatemala [Cameron 1883, Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Mexico (Chiapas [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]), Colima [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Veracruz [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Panama [Smith 1978].

Decameria fabulosa (Benson & Conde) Acherdocerus fabulosa Benson & Conde, 1938: 148. Type locality: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo. Syntype, ♂. Type depositories: PASW, HNHM. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATIONS: Benson & Conde 1938 [illustration of male, key, seasonal distribution: 123, 125, 143, 148]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 224]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, nomenclature: 166]; Smith 1990 [description of female, distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key, taxonomy, type information: 68, 74, 75, 76, 79]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Espírito Santo [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Rio de Janeiro [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Decameria florida Konow Decameria florida Konow, 1906b: 372. Type locality: Peru: Callanga, Cuzco. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. Acherdocerus floridus: Benson & Conde, 1938: 139-140. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Benson & Conde 1938 [description of female, key, type information: 123, 139-140]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 166]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), type information: 72, 79]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Decameria geminimacula (Malaise) Endecaria geminimacula Malaise, 1937: 64-65. Type locality: Brazil: Santa Catarina. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: NHRS. Described: ♀. Acherdocerus geminimacula: Benson & Conde, 1938: 144. Change of combination. Acherdocerus luederwaldti Benson & Conde, 1938: 145. Type locality: Brazil: São Paulo. Holotype ♂, by indication. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂. Synonymy by Smith, 1990: 80. Decameria geminimacula: Smith, 1978: 166. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Benson & Conde 1938 [distribution (range), key: 123, 144, 145]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, nomenclature: 166]; Smith 1990 [description of male, distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key, synonymy, taxonomy, type information: 68, 69, 74, 77, 80]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Santa Catarina [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], São Paulo [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Decameria godmani (Cameron) Lophyroides godmani Cameron, 1883: 62. Type locality: Guatemala: Las Mercedes. Holotype ♀. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 119

Perreyia godmani: Konow, 1905a: 40. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 307]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 40]; Benson & Conde 1938 [taxonomy: 143]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, synonymy, taxonomy, type information: 77, 80]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guatemala [Konow 1905a, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Decameria hegua Smith Decameria hegua Smith, 1990: 80. Type locality: Panama: Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Is. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key, type information: 72, 73, 80]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Panama [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Decameria horni (Benson & Conde) Acherdocerus horni Benson & Conde, 1938: 137. Type locality: Bolivia: Mapiri. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. Decameria horni: Smith, 1978: 166. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Benson & Conde 1938 [key: 123, 137]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 224]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, nomenclature: 166]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, taxonomy, type information: 70, 80-81]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; French Guiana? [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Decameria humeralis (Kirby) Camptoprium humerale Kirby, 1882: 92. Type locality: Brazil: “Amazons”. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂. Illust. Acherdocerus humeralis: Benson & Conde, 1938: 143-144. Change of combination. Decameria humeralis: Smith, 1978: 166-167. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 305]; Konow 1903b [key: 164]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 39]; Benson & Conde 1938 [description of male, distribution (range), key: 123, 143-144]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, nomenclature: 166-167]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, type information: 76, 81]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Konow 1905a] (Pará [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Decameria interrupta (Fabricius) Hylotoma interrupta Fabricius, 1804: 21. Type locality: “America meridionali”. Syntype ♂. Type depository: ZMUC. Described: ♂. Lophyrus interruptus: Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1823: 57. Change of combination. Decameria testacea Kirby, 1882: 93-94. Type locality: Brazil: “Amazons”. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂. Illust. Synonymy by Konow, 1896: 308-309. Decameria interrupta: Konow, 1896: 308-309. Change of combination. 120 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Decameria tricolor Jörgensen, 1913: 251, 263-264. Type locality: Brazil: Bompland, Santa Catarina. Holotype ♂, by monotypy. Type depository: MLPA. Described: ♂. Synonymy by Benson & Conde, 1938: 139. Acherdocerus interruptus: Benson & Conde, 1938: 139. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [illustration of male, distribution (range), new taxon: 93-94, pl. vii, fig. 2]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 294, 306]; Konow 1896 [description of female, taxonomy: 308-309]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 40]; Benson & Conde 1938 [description of male, taxonomy, key, synonymy, type information: 123, 139]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 167]; Smith 1990 [illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, host plant, distribution (range), key, type information: 68, 73, 81]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Misiones [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Brazil [Konow 1905a] (Amazonas? [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Mato Grosso [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Rio de Janeiro [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Santa Catarina [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MALVALES Malvaceae: Sida densiflora Hook. & Arn. [Jörgensen 1913, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Decameria lata Smith Decameria lata Smith, 1990: 81-82. Type locality: Panama: Fortuna Dam area, Chiriqui, 1100 m. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: CASC. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key: 75, 76, 81-82]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Panama [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Decameria leucophaea Konow Decameria leucophaea Konow, 1906b: 372-373. Type locality: Peru: Marcapata. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. Acherdocerus leucophaena: Benson & Conde, 1938: 146. Change of combination and misspelling of species name. Decameria leucophaena: Smith, 1978: 167. Misspelling of species name. Decameria leucophaena: Smith, 1990: 82. Misspelling of species name. CITATIONS: Benson & Conde 1938 [description of female, distribution (range), key: 123, 146]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 167]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, type information: 76, 82]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Decameria lontica Smith Decameria lontica Smith, 1990: 82. Type locality: Mexico: Tapias, Durango, 6400 feet. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: EMSU. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [illustration of male genitalia, distribution (range), key: 69, 76, 82]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Durango [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 121

Decameria luva Smith Decameria luva Smith, 1990: 82-83. Type locality: Brazil: Ducke Forest, Manaus, Amazonas. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: UCDC. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, distribution (range), key: 69, 71, 83]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Amazonas [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Decameria malaisei (Benson & Conde) Acherdocerus malaisei Benson & Conde, 1938: 148-149. Type locality: Brazil: Alter do Chão, Santarem, Pará. Holotype ♂, by monotypy. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂. CITATIONS: Benson & Conde 1938 [key: 123, 148-149]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 167]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, type information: 74, 83]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Pará [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Decameria mandibularis Smith Decameria mandibularis Smith, 1990: 83-84. Type locality: Venezuela: Yacambu National Park, 13 km SE Sanare, Lara, 4800 feet. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key: 68, 69, 72, 73, 83-84; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Venezuela [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Decameria mimaria (Konow) Tristegus mimarius Konow, 1906a: 371. Type locality: Bolivia: Mapiri. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂. Acherdocerus mimarius: Benson & Conde, 1938: 149-150. Change of combination. Decameria mimaria; Smith, 1978: 167. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Benson & Conde 1938 [description of male, key, taxonomy: 123, 149- 150]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, nomenclature: 167]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, nomenclature: 167]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key, type information: 69, 76, 84]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Brazil (Amazonas [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Peru [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Decameria nadona Smith Decameria nadona Smith, 1990: 84. Type locality: Mexico: just W of Chiapas border, 19 km W of Rizo de Oro ridge S Carro Baul, Oaxaca, 1615 m. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: CASC. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [illustration of male genitalia, distribution (range), key: 75, 84]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Mexico (Oaxaca [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

122 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Decameria nigriceps (Kirby) Camptoprium (?) nigriceps Kirby, 1882: 92, pl. VI, fig. 18. Type locality: Mexico: Orizaba. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. The original description states “a, b. ♂ (Types of species)”, but the specimen illustrated is a female, and the type in BMNH is a female. Decameria nigriceps: Cameron, 1883: 64. Change of combination. Acherdocerus nigriceps: Benson & Conde, 1938: 146. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Cameron 1883 [distribution (range), taxonomy: 64]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 305]; Konow 1903b [taxonomy: 164]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 40]; Benson & Conde 1938 [description of female, distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key: 123, 129, 146]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 167]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key, taxonomy, type information: 75, 77, 85]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Hidalgo [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]). Neotropical: Mexico (Veracruz [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Decameria nigriventris Cameron Decameria nigriventris Cameron, 1883: 65. Type locality: Panama: Volcan de Chiriqui. Holotype ♀. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. Acherdocerus nigriventris: Benson & Conde, 1938: 140-141. Incorrect synonymy (synonym of cordoviensis); discovered by Smith, 1990: 84. CITATIONS: Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 305]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 40]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of sawsheath, key, taxonomy, type information: 68, 73, 77, 84]; Smith 1995b [distribution (range): 172]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [Smith 1990, Smith 1995b, Smith (in print)]; Panama [Konow 1905a, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Decameria noxua Smith Decameria noxua Smith, 1990: 85. Type locality: Ecuador: Napo, Baeza, 2000 m. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: CNCI. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [illustration of male genitalia, distribution (range), key: 69, 74, 76, 85]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Ecuador [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Peru [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Decameria ruficollis (Cameron) Perreyia ruficollis Cameron, 1911: 329. Type locality: Guyana. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Homonym of Lophyroides ruficollis Cameron, 1883, discovered by Benson & Conde (1938:134). Lophyroides melangastra Rohwer, 1921: 163-164. Type locality: Guyana. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Benson & Conde, 1938: 134. Lophyroides melanogaster: Benson & Conde, 1938: 134. Change of combination and replacement name for Lophyroides ruficollis Cameron. This species belongs, contrary to Benson & Conde (1938), to Decameria, and not to Lophyroides (now a synonym of Perreyia). Decameria ruficollis: Smith, 1990: 86. Change of combination. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 123

CITATIONS: Benson & Conde 1938 [description of female, key, synonymy, taxonomy: 123, 134]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 164]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, synonymy, taxonomy, type information: 77, 86]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: French Guiana [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Guyana [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Panama? [Cameron 1883, Konow 1905a].

Decameria rufiventris Cameron Decameria rufiventris Cameron, 1883: 65. Type locality: Costa Rica, Irazu, 6000-7000 feet. Holotype ♂. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂. Holotype labelled “Cache, Costa Rica, H. Rogers”; the abdomen is missing. The specimen agrees with the description even though the locality data are not identical. Endecaria rufiventris: Malaise, 1937: 62. Change of combination. Acherdocerus rufiventris: Benson & Conde, 1938: 140. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 306]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 40]; Rohwer 1921 [distribution record: 163]; Benson & Conde 1938 [description, seasonal distribution, distribution (range), key: 123, 140]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 167]; Smith 1990 [illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, distribution (range), taxonomy, key, type information: 68, 69, 73, 86]; Smith 1995b [distribution (range), host plant: 172]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [Konow 1905a, Rohwer 1921, Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith 1995b, Smith (in print)]; Mexico (Chiapas [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Guerrero [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - AURICULARIALES Auriculariaceae: Auricularia sp. [Smith 1995b, Flores et al. 2000, Smith (in print)]. BIOLOGY: Auricularia sp. is a jelly fungus and this is the only confirmed report of fungivory in sawflies (Smith (in print)).

Decameria sandaracata Konow Decameria sandaracata Konow, 1906b: 373. Type locality: Brazil: Santos, São Paulo. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂. Acherdocerus sandaracatus: Benson & Conde, 1938: 139. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Benson & Conde 1938 [description of male, distribution record, key: 123, 139]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 167-168]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), taxonomy, key, type information: 71, 86]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (São Paulo [Konow 1906b, Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Decameria similis (Enderlein) Brachytoma similis Enderlein, 1919: 126-127. Type locality: Costa Rica. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: PASW. Described: ♀. Perreyia tropica: Enderlein, 1919: 125. Misidentification; discovered by Smith, 1990: 86. Acherdocerus multiannulatus Benson & Conde, 1938: 150. Type locality: Costa Rica: San José. Lectotype ♂, designated by Smith, 1990: 86. Type depository: PASW. Described: ♂. Synonymy by Smith, 1990: 86. 124 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Decameria multiannulata Smith, 1978: 167. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Malaise 1937 [illustration of female: 64]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 224]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, nomenclature: 167]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), host plant, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key, taxonomy, type information: 68, 75, 76, 77, 86-87]; Smith 1995b [distribution (range): 172]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Costa Rica [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith 1995b, Smith (in print)]; El Salvador [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Guatemala [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Mexico [Benson & Conde 1938] (Colima [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Jalisco [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Michoacan [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Oaxaca [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - SAPINDALES Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica L. [Smith 1990]. URTICALES Moraceae: Ficus sp. [Smith 1990]

Decameria unicolor (Rohwer) Perreyia unicolor Rohwer, 1921: 166-167. Type locality: Bolivia: Mapir. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: ZMHB. Described: ♂. Acherdocerus unicolor: Benson & Conde, 1938: 141-142. Change of combination. Decameria unicolor: Smith, 1978: 168. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Benson & Conde 1938 [description of male, distribution record, key: 123, 141-142]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, nomenclature: 168]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key, taxonomy, type information: 69, 73, 87]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; French Guiana [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Decameria varipes Cameron Decameria varipes Cameron, 1883: 66. Type locality: Guatemala: Cerro Zunil, 4000-5000 feet. Holotype ♂. Type depository: BMNH. CITATIONS: Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 306]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 40]; Benson & Conde 1938 [description of male, distribution record, key: 123, 145-146]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 168]; Smith 1990 [description of female, distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key, taxonomy, type information: 68, 72, 74, 77, 87]; Smith 1995b [distribution (range): 172]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Costa Rica [Smith 1990, Smith 1995b, Smith (in print)]; Ecuador [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; El Salvador [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Guatemala [Konow 1905a, Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Panama [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Venezuela [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Decameria vyssus Smith Decameria vyssus Smith, 1990: 87-88. Type locality: Argentina: Posta de Lozano, Jujuy. Holotype ♂. Type depository: IMLT. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key: 68, 71, 72, 88]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 125

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Jujuy [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Salta [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Tucumán [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Decameria sp. CITATION: Schulmeister 2003a [structure]; Schulmeister 2003b [illustration of male genitalia, structure].

Heteroperreyia Schrottky

Heteroperreyia Schrottky, 1915: 5. Type species: Ancyloneura joergenseni Schrottky, by original designation. Heteroperreyia (Decaperreyia) Benson & Conde, 1938: 152. Type species: Heteroperreyia pseudoleprieuri Benson & Conde. Subsequently designated by Malaise, 1955: 122. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 161. Decaperreyia; Malaise, 1955: 122. Change of status. Tenuiperreyia Malaise, 1955: 122. Type species: Heteroperreyia costata Rohwer, by original designation. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 162. CITATIONS: Malaise 1937 [key, type information: 62]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 382]; Benson & Conde 1938 [key, key to species, new taxon, systematics - classification: 122, 123, 127, 151-154]; Malaise 1955 [key, key to species, new taxon: 122-123]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 161-162]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 71, 100, 193]; Smith 1990 [diagnosis, distribution (range), key, revision/review, systematics - classification: 27, 28-33]; Abe & Smith 1991 [synonymy, systematics - classification: 24, 38, 84]. TAXONOMY: Malaise (1955) treated the genus as three separate genera: (1) Decaperreyia Malaise, 1955, with a filiform, 10- to 12-segmented antenna, (2) Tenuiperreyia Malaise, 1955, with a serrate, 17- to 20-segmented antenna, with the middle segments longer than broad, and with the maxillary and labial palpi 6- and 4-segmented, respectively, and (3) Heteroperreyia (sensu Malaise) with a 15- to 17-segmented antenna with the middle segments not longer than broad, shorter hind basitarsus, and the maxillary palpi 5- and 3-segmented, respectively. Of the seven known species, three (pseudoleprieuri, setava, and sordida) would belong to Decaperreyia, three (hubrichi, jorgenseni, and rensita) to Heteroperreyia, and one species (costata) to Tenuiperra). Smith (1990) included all species in a single genus.

Heteroperreyia costata Rohwer Heteroperreyia costata Rohwer, 1921: 165-166. Type locality: Brazil: São Paulo. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Tenuiperra costata: Malaise, 1955: 122. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Benson & Conde 1938 [description, distribution (range), key, seasonal distribution: 123, 151-152]; Malaise 1955 [illustration of female: 122]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 162]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key, type information: 26, 29, 31]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Geraís [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], São Paulo [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]). 126 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Heteroperreyia hubrichi Malaise Heteroperreyia hubrichi Malaise, 1955: 123. Type locality: Argentina: Santa Fé, Rosario. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type probably lost. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Malaise 1955 [description of female, description of male, distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, illustration of sawsheath, key: 122, 123]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 162]; Medal et al. 1999 [biological control, feeding, host plant, laboratory studies: 60-65]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), host plant, illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key, type information: 26, 29, 30, 31]; Cuda et al. 1999 [biological control, host plant, illustration of immature stages, impact/damage, life history: 2-3]; Pedrosa- Macedo et al. 2000 [biological control, host plant]; Vitorino et al. 2000 [behaviour, biological control, economic importance, host plant specificity, laboratory studies, life history, oviposition, seasonal distribution]; Hight 2002 [biological control, development, host plant, laboratory studies, oviposition: 30-44]; Hight et al. 2003 [biological control, host plant, laboratory studies: 461-476]; Cuda et al. 2004 [biological control, host plant, impact/damage: 439- 440]; Cuda et al. 2005 [biological control, host plant, impact/damage]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, economic importance, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Entre Rios [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Santa Fé [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Brazil (Paraná [Vitorino et al. 2000, Smith (in print)]); Paraguay [Smith (in print)]; Uruguay [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]. ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - SAPINDALES Anacardiaceae: Rhus sandwicensis A.Gray [Cuda et al. 2004] Schinus dependens Ortega [Smith 1990], Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi [Cuda et al. 1999, Vitorino et al. 2000, Pedrosa-Macedo et al. 2000, Hight 2002, Hight et al. 2003, Cuda et al. 2004, Cuda et al. 2005].

Heteroperreyia jorgenseni (Jörgensen) Ancyloneura Jörgenseni Jörgensen, 1913 (Oct.): 251, 264-266. Type locality: Argentina: Bompland, Misiones. Lectotype ♀, designated by Smith, 1990: 31. Type depository: MLPA. Described: ♀, male and larva. Illust. Ancyloneura joergenseni Schrottky, 1913 (Nov.): 703. Type locality: Argentina: Bompland, Misiones. Lectotype ♀, designated by Smith, 1990: 31. Type depository: MLPA. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Smith, 1990: 31. Heteroperreyia joergenseni: Schrottky, 1915: 5. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Benson 1934 [taxonomy: 474]; Benson & Conde 1938 [behavioural defence, description, description of immature stages, host plant, key, parasitism, sociality: 123, 152-153]; Malaise 1955 [description of female, distribution (range), illustration of female, key: 122, 123]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 162]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, taxonomy, type information: 30, 31]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Misiones [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Paraguay [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]. ASSOCIATIONS: Foe - DIPTERA Tachinidae [Smith 1990]. Host - SAPINDALES Anacardiaceae: Schinus molle L. [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, MedalViHaICZN1999, Smith (in print)]. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 127

Heteroperreyia nigerrima Benson & Conde Heteroperreyia (Decaperreyia) nigerrima Benson & Conde, 1938: 154. Type locality: Brazil: Espírito Santo, Sta. Thereza. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATIONS: Benson & Conde 1938 [illustration of male genitalia, key: 123, 129, 154]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 237]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 162]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, taxonomy, type information: 30, 31]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Espírito Santo [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]). TAXONOMY: Possibly the male of pseudoleprieuri (Smith 1990).

Heteroperreyia pseudoleprieuri Benson & Conde Heteroperreyia (Decaperreyia) pseudoleprieuri Benson & Conde, 1938: 153-154. Type locality: Brazil: Espírito Santo near Sta. Thereza. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. Heteroperreyia (Decaperreyia) pseudoleprieuri var. flavissima Benson & Conde, 1938: 154. Type locality: Brazil: Espírito Santo. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 162. In his description of the colour variety Conde mentions that he put the freshly emerged and almost completely yellow specimen in ethanol before its wings were developed (Benson & Conde 1938: 153-154), hence it is most probably a teneral specimen. CITATIONS: Benson & Conde 1938 [key, taxonomy: 123, 153-154]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 237]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 162]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, type information: 30, 32]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Espírito Santo [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Heteroperreyia rensita Smith Heteroperreyia rensita Smith, 1990: 32. Type locality: Brazil: Mafra, Santa Catarina. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: AMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key: 26, 29, 30, 32]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Santa Catarina [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Heteroperreyia setava Smith Heteroperreyia setava Smith, 1990: 32-33. Type locality: Brazil: Corcovado, Rio de Janeiro. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: MZSP. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key: 26, 29, 30, 32-33]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Heteroperreyia sordida Smith Heteroperreyia sordida Smith, 1990: 33. Type locality: Brazil: Santa Catarina (27º11'S, 52º23'W). Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂♀. Illust. 128 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key: 26, 29, 30, 33]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Santa Catarina [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Heteroperreyia sp. CITATION: Smith 1990 [illustration of male genitalia: 26]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Geraís [Smith 1990]).

Perreyia Brullé

Brachytomus Hartig, 1837: 88. Nomen nudum; discovered by Smith, 1990: 53. Perreyia Brullé, 1846: 661. Type species: Perreyia lepida Brullé, by monotypy. Brachytoma Westwood, 1874: 109. Type species: Brachytoma fumipennis Westwood. Subsequently designated by Ashmead, 1898: 230. Synonymy by Malaise, 1937: 61. Preoccupied by Brachytoma Swainson, 1840. Lophyroides Cameron, 1882: 133. Type species: Lophyrus tropicus Norton, by original designation. Synonymy by Smith, 1990: 53. Lophyridea Ashmead, 1898: 226. Type species: Lophyrus tropicus Norton, by original designation. Synonymy by Rohwer 1911a: 103. Paraperreyia Schrottky, 1915: 5. Type species: Paraperreyia grandis Schrottky, by original designation. Synonymy by Benson & Conde, 1938: 125. Discocerota Malaise, 1937: 61. Type species: Brachytoma nigriceps Westwood, by original designation. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 163. CITATIONS: Hartig 1837 [taxonomy: 88]; Brullé 1846 [new taxon: 661]; Norton 1867 [diagnosis: 223]; Cameron 1881 [taxonomy: 563]; Cameron 1882 [key to genera, new taxon: 133]; Kirby 1882 [new taxon, synonymy, taxonomy, type information: 89-91]; Cameron 1883 [diagnosis, key: 60-61, 63]; Ashmead 1898 [key, new taxon, systematics - classification: 225-226]; Konow 1899c [diagnosis: 406]; Konow 1903b [key, new taxon, systematics - classification, taxonomy: 162, 163, 165-166]; Konow 1905a [diagnosis, distribution (range), key: 38, 40-41]; Rohwer 1911a [type information: 82, 86]; Rohwer 1911c [systematics - classification: 220]; Rohwer 1921 [diagnosis, key, synonymy: 162, 163]; Wheeler & Mann 1923 [aggregation/swarming, behaviour, sociality: 9-11]; Malaise 1937 [key, new taxon, synonymy, type information: 61]; Benson 1938c [illustration of adult, systematics - classification: 380, 382]; Benson & Conde 1938 [key, key to species, revision/review, systematics - classification, taxonomy: 122, 123, 125, 126, 133-137, 150-151]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 160, 163-165]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 51, 76, 117, 150, 155]; Smith 1990 [diagnosis, key, systematics - classification, taxonomy: 28, 53-66]; Abe & Smith 1991 [synonymy, systematics - classification: 14, 26, 46, 62, 65]; Smith 1995b [diagnosis, distribution (range), illustration of adult: 160, 172]; Pschorn- Walcher 1998 [behaviour, oviposition, sociality: 460]. BIOLOGY: Larvae have been observed migrating in large groups with hundreds of individuals over the ground (Wheeler & Mann, 1923, Riet-Correa et al., 1998, Flores et al., 2000). TAXONOMY: Smith (1990) combined several genera of earlier authors, namely Perreyia, Lophyroides, and Discocerota, all of which were considered valid by Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 129

Malaise (1937) and the former two by Benson & Conde (1937). These were separated by their different types of antennae: simple and serrate in Perreyia, segments with rounded projections in the male for Discocerota, and pectinate in the male for Lophyroides. However, some species are intermediate in these characters. On the basis of genitalia, wings, palpi, and other structures of the head, all species belong to the same group.

Perreyia flavipes Konow Perreyia flavipes Konow, 1899c: 406-407. Type locality: Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul. Lectotype ♀, designated by Smith, 1990: 59. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂♀. Brachytoma flavipes: Konow, 1905a: 41. Change of combination. Lophyroides flavipes: Malaise, 1937: 64. Change of combination. Perreyia flavipes: Smith, 1990: 59. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 41]; Jörgensen 1913 [distribution record: 251, 266]; Malaise 1937 [illustration of female: 64]; Benson & Conde 1938 [description of female, description of male, distribution (range), illustration of female, key, taxonomy: 123, 129, 134-135]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 163]; Smith 1990 [behaviour, distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key, taxonomy, type information: 54, 55, 57, 58, 59]; Dutra et al. 1997 [chemical defence, distribution (range), economic importance, illustration of immature stages, impact/damage, laboratory studies, physiology: 281-286]; Oelrichs et al. 1998 [economic importance, laboratory studies, physiology: 517-520]; Riet-Correa et al. 1998 [distribution (range), economic importance, host plant, illustration of immature stages, seasonal distribution: 291-296]; MacLeod et al. 2000 [physiology: 293-297]; Soares et al. 2001 [description of adult, description of immature stages, economic importance, illustration of adult, illustration of immature stages, laboratory studies, life history, population dynamics: 669- 678]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Dutra et al. 1997, Smith (in print)], Entre Rios [Smith 1990, Dutra et al. 1997, Smith (in print)]); Brazil (Distrito Federal (=Brasilia) [Smith 1990, Dutra et al. 1997, Smith (in print)], Espírito Santo [Smith 1990, Dutra et al. 1997, Smith (in print)], Paraná [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978], Rio Grande do Sul [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Dutra et al. 1997, Smith (in print)], Santa Catarina [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Dutra et al. 1997, Smith (in print)]); Uruguay [Dutra et al. 1997, Riet-Correa et al. 1998, Smith (in print)]. ASSOCIATIONS: Host - POALES Poaceae [Riet-Correa et al. 1998, Smith (in print)]. BIOLOGY: Groups of about 100, ranging from 6-200, larvae have been found crawling over grass (their host plant) in groups of about 15 x 8 cm, this behaviour apparently being more frequent on some days than on others (Riet-Correa et al. 1998). In the laboratory larvae were observed to feed on young grass leaves, senescent vegetation, and cattle faeces. They pupate in the ground in September and adults emerged in February and March of the following year (Riet-Correa et al. 1998). The adults did not feed and died after 24 hours (females) and 36-72 hours (males). Females place their eggs under the vegetation or immediately below the soil surface in clusters of 100-400 eggs. Larval development takes 4 to 8 weeks. Larvae are toxic to cattle, sheep, and 130 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

swine and several cases of poisoning have been reported (Dutra et al., 1997). Similar observations have been made with Perreyia lepida (Smith (in print)), in Australia with Lophyrotoma interrupta) (Roberts 1932, Callow 1955, Oelrichs et al. 1977, Oelrichs 1982, McKenzie et al. 1985a, 1985b), and in Denmark with Arge pullata (Zaddach) (Thamsborg et al. 1985, Thamsborg & Jorgensen 1996).

Perreyia fumipennis (Westwood) Brachytoma fumipennis Westwood, 1874: 110. Type locality: Brazil: “Amazonia”. Syntype ♂. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♂. Illust. Perreyia fulva Mocsáry, 1909: 10. Type locality: Peru: Pachitea. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: HNHM. Described: ♂. Synonymy by Benson & Conde, 1938: 136. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [distribution (range): 91]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 304]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 40]; Benson & Conde 1938 [description, distribution (range), illustration of female, key, seasonal distribution, taxonomy: 123, 125, 135-136]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 163-164]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, key, taxonomy, type information: 54, 55, 56, 58, 59-60]; Smith 1995b [distribution (range): 172]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [Smith 1990, Smith2005]; Brazil (Amazonas [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Pará [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Colombia [Smith (in print)]; Costa Rica [Smith 1995b]; Ecuador [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; El Salvador [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Mexico (Chiapas [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Peru [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Venezuela [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Perreyia lepida Brullé Perreyia lepida Brullé, 1846: 661. Type locality: “l'Amérique méridionale”. Syntype, ♀. Type probably lost. Described: ♀. Illust. Brachytoma vitellina Westwood, 1874: 110. Type locality: Brazil. Syntype ♀. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♀. Illust. Synonymy by Benson & Conde, 1938: 150. Perreyia vitellina: Kirby, 1882: 91. Change of combination. Perreyia alvina Konow, 1899c: 408. Type locality: Brazil: Santa Catharina. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Benson & Conde, 1938: 150. Perreyia dorsuaria Konow, 1899c: 407. Type locality: Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul. Lectotype ♀, designated by Smith, 1990: 60. Type depository: MACN. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Benson & Conde, 1938: 150. Perreyia extensoria Konow, 1899c: 408. Type locality: Venezuela: Merida. Lectotype ♀, designated by Smith, 1990: 61. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Benson & Conde, 1938: 150. Perreyia persimilis Konow, 1899c: 407. Type locality: Brazil: Santos. Lectotype ♀, designated by Smith, 1990: 61. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Benson & Conde, 1938: 150. Brachytoma alvina: Konow, 1905a: 41. Change of combination. Brachytoma dorsuaria: Konow, 1905a: 41. Change of combination. Brachytoma extensoria: Konow, 1905a: 41. Change of combination. Brachytoma persimilis: Konow, 1905a: 41. Change of combination. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 131

Paraperreyia grandis Schrottky, 1915: 5. Type locality: Paraguay: Puerto Cantera. Lectotype ♀, designated by Smith, 1990: 61. Type depository: MNRJ. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Benson & Conde, 1938: 150. Lophyroides dorsuaria: Rohwer, 1921: 164. Change of combination. Lophyroides grandis: Rohwer, 1921: 163. Change of combination. Paraperreyia dorsuaria: Malaise, 1937: 64. Change of combination. Paraperreyia vitellina: Malaise, 1937: 64. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Brullé 1846 [distribution (range), illustration of adult: 661, pl. 46, fig. 2]; Norton 1867 [catalogue/checklist, distribution (range): 224]; Kirby 1882 [distribution (range), taxonomy: 90, 91]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 304, 305]; Konow 1903b [description of female: 162]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range), illustration of female: 40, 41, pl. 3]; Enderlein 1919 [description of male, distribution record: 126]; Rohwer 1921 [distribution record: 163, 164]; Malaise 1937 [illustration of female: 61, 64]; Benson & Conde 1938 [description of female, description of male, distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of male genitalia, seasonal distribution: 123, 125, 129, 150-151]; Camargo 1955a [behaviour, biology, description of female, description of immature stages, distribution record, economic importance, host plant, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages: 15-27]; Camargo 1955b [behaviour, biology, description of female, description of immature stages, distribution record, economic importance, host plant, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages: 23-29]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 160-161]; Smith 1990 [biology, distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key, taxonomy, type information: 54, 55, 56, 59, 60-61]; Dutra et al. 1997 [common name, economic importance, host plant, life history, sociality: 281-282]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Corrientes [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Bolivia [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Brazil (Espírito Santo [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Mato Grosso [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Paraná [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Pernambuco [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Rio Grande do Sul [Benson & Conde 1938, Camargo 1955a, Camargo 1955b, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Rio de Janeiro [Enderlein 1919, Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Santa Catarina [Rohwer 1921, Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], São Paulo [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Paraguay [Rohwer 1921, Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Uruguay [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Venezuela [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]. ASSOCIATIONS: Host - APIALES Apiaceae: Eryngium sp. [Camargo 1955a, Dutra et al. 1997]. ASTERALES Asteraceae: Senecio sp. [Smith (in print)], Baccharis sp. [Smith (in print)]. BIOLOGY: Adults may be poisonous to livestock if ingested (Smith (in print)).

Perreyia nigriceps (Westwood) Brachytoma nigriceps Westwood, 1874: 109-110. Type locality: Brazil: “Amazonia”. Syntype ♂. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♂♀. Illust. Perreyia nigriceps: Kirby, 1882: 91. Change of combination. 132 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Perreyia melanopyga Konow, 1899c: 409. Type locality: Argentina. Syntype, ♀. Type depositories: DEIC, MACN. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Smith, 1990: 61. One syntype from Bolivia at DEIC (Oehlke & Wudowenz, 1984: 395). Perreyia melanopyga Konow, 1899c: 409. Type locality: Brazil: Buenos Aires. Lectotype ♀, designated by Smith, 1990: 61-62. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Smith, 1990: 61. Brachytoma melanopyga: Konow, 1905a: 41. Change of combination. Lophyroides melanopyga: Rohwer, 1921: 164. Change of combination. Discocerota melanopyga: Malaise, 1937: 58. Change of combination. Discocerota nigriceps: Malaise, 1937: 61, 64. Change of combination. Lophyroides nigriceps: Benson & Conde, 1938: 133-134. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [distribution (range), taxonomy: 91]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 304]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 40, 41]; Jörgensen 1913 [distribution record: 252]; Enderlein 1919 [description of female, distribution record: 126]; Rohwer 1921 [distribution record: 164]; Malaise 1937 [illustration of female: 64]; Benson & Conde 1938 [description, distribution (range), illustration of female, key, seasonal distribution: 123, 125, 133-134]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 164]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, key, synonymy, taxonomy, type information: 54, 55, 56, 59, 61-62]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Konow 1905a, Jörgensen 1913]; Bolivia [Konow 1905a, Jörgensen 1913]; Brazil (Amapá [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Amazonas [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Distrito Federal (=Brasilia) [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Goiás [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Mato Grosso [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Pará [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], São Paulo [Enderlein 1919, Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Ecuador [Enderlein 1919, Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Guyana [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Paraguay [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Peru [Rohwer 1921, Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Perreyia odontea Smith Perreyia odontea Smith, 1990: 62. Type locality: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, Distrito Federal (=Brasilia). Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, key: 54, 57, 58, 62]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Geraís [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Rio de Janeiro [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], São Paulo [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Perreyia picea (Westwood) Brachytoma picea Westwood, 1874: 110. Type locality: Brazil: “Amazonia”. Syntype ♂. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [description of female, distribution record: 90]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 304]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 41]; Benson & Conde 1938 [description of male, distribution (range), key, taxonomy: 134]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 164]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, key, Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 133

taxonomy, type information: 54, 57, 58, 62-63]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Amazonas [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Distrito Federal (=Brasilia) [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Pará? [Kirby 1882]); Colombia [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Ecuador [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Peru [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Perreyia stangei Smith Perreyia stangei Smith, 1990: 63. Type locality: Argentina: Horco Molle, nr Tucumán. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: IMLT. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, key: 54, 56, 58, 59, 63]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Córdoba [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Tucumán [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Brazil (Paraná [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Perreyia townesi Smith Perreyia townesi Smith, 1990: 63-64. Type locality: Brazil: Santa Barbara, Minas Geraís. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: AEIC. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, key: 54, 55, 56, 63-64]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Geraís [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Paraná [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Rio de Janeiro [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Perreyia tropica (Norton) Lophyrus tropicus Norton, 1869: 322-323. Type locality: Mexico: Cordova, t.c. Holotype ♂, by monotypy. Type depository: MHNG. Described: ♂. Lophyrus cordoviensis Norton, 1869: 322, 323. Type locality: Mexico: Cordova, t.c. Holotype ♂, by monotypy. Type probably lost. Described: ♂. Synonymy by Benson & Conde, 1938: 136-137. Brachytoma cordoviensis: Cameron, 1882: 132. Change of combination. Brachytoma tropicus: Cameron, 1882: 132-133. Change of combination. Lophyroides cordoviensis: Cameron, 1882: 133. Change of combination. Lophyroides tropicus: Cameron, 1882: 133. Change of combination. Perreyia anomala Kirby, 1882: 90. Type locality: Mexico: Orizaba. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. Synonymy by Cameron, 1882: 133. Perreyia compta: Kirby, 1882: 90. Misidentification; discovered by Smith, 1990: 64. Lophyroides anomala: Cameron, 1883: 61. Change of combination. Lophyroides ruficollis Cameron, 1883: 62. Type locality: Panama: Volcan de Chiriqui. Holotype ♂. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂. Illust. Synonymy by Benson & Conde, 1938: 136. Lophyridea tropica: Ashmead, 1898: 226. Change of combination. Perreyia insignita Konow, 1899c: 409. Type locality: Peru: Callanga. Lectotype ♀, designated by Smith, 1990: 64. Type depository: MACN. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Benson & Conde, 1938: 137. Perreyia cordoviensis: Konow, 1905a: 40. Change of combination. Perreyia ruficollis: Konow, 1905a: 41. Change of combination. 134 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Perreyia tropica: Konow, 1905a: 41. Change of combination. Lophyorides [sic!] modesta Rohwer, 1921: 164-165. Type locality: Ecuador: Balzapamba. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂. Synonymy by Benson & Conde, 1938: 136-137. Lophyroides fulva: Rohwer, 1921: 165. Misidentification; discovered by Smith, 1990: 64. CITATIONS: Cameron 1882 [synonymy, taxonomy: 132-133]; Kirby 1882 [description of male, illustration of female, illustration of male, new taxon: 90, pl. vi, figs 13, 14, 15]; Cameron 1883 [description, distribution record, new taxon, systematics - classification: 61-62, pl. III]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 307]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 40, 41]; Enderlein 1919 [description of male, distribution record: 125]; Rohwer 1921 [distribution record: 166]; Benson & Conde 1938 [description of female, description of male, distribution (range), illustration of female, key, synonymy, taxonomy: 123, 125, 136-137, pl. III]; Smith 1971 [distribution record, taxonomy, type information: 524]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 164-165]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of male, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key, taxonomy, type information: 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 64-65]; Smith 1995b [distribution (range): 172]; Flores et al. 2000 [behaviour, description of immature stages, habitat, host plant, life history, oviposition, parasitism, rearing, seasonal distribution: 260-264]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [Benson & Conde 1938]; Colombia [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Costa Rica [Enderlein 1919, Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1990, Smith 1995b, Smith (in print)]; Ecuador [Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Guatemala [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Honduras [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Mexico (Chiapas [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Veracruz [Kirby 1882, Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Panama [Cameron 1883, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Peru [Konow 1905a, Enderlein 1919, Benson & Conde 1938, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Venezuela [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]. ASSOCIATIONS: Foe - DIPTERA Tachinidae: Vibrissina sp. [Flores et al. 2000]. BIOLOGY: Larvae travel in groups on the ground and feed on dead leaves and presumably fungi (Flores et al. 2000).

Perreyia ucita Smith Perreyia ucita Smith, 1990: 65. Type locality: Brazil: Sinop, Mato Grosso (12º31'S, 55º37'W). Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: AEIC. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, key: 54, 57, 58, 65]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Misiones [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Brazil (Mato Grosso [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Peru [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Perreyia vexita Smith Perreyia vexita Smith, 1990: 65-66. Type locality: Venezuela: Mucuy Fish Hatchery, Merida, 7 km E Tabay, 6600 feet. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂. Illust. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 135

CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of genitalia, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, key: 54, 55, 57, 65-66]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Distrito Federal (=Brasilia) [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Venezuela [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Perreyia wanatia Smith Perreyia wanatia Smith, 1990: 66. Type locality: Venezuela: Carrel Preoe, merc. la Griva. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: IZAM. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, key: 54, 55, 57, 66]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Venezuela [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Perreyia sp. Brachytoma sp. Forsius, 1925: 24. CITATION: Forsius 1925 [distribution record: 24].

Perreyiella Conde

Perreyiella Conde in Malaise, 1937: 60, 62. Type species: Lophyrus melanopterus Perty, by original designation. CITATIONS: Malaise 1937 [key, type information: 62]; Benson & Conde 1938 [key to species, systematics - classification: 123, 131-132]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 222]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 161]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 155]; Smith 1990 [diagnosis, distribution (range), key, taxonomy: 27, 42-53]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 65].

Perreyiella lacourti Smith Perreyiella lacourti Smith, 1990: 45-47. Type locality: French Guiana. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: MNHN. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key: 45-47, 48]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: French Guiana [Smith 1990, Smith2005].

Perreyiella melanoptera (Perty) Lophyrus melanopterus Perty, 1830: 130-131. Type locality: Brazil. Lectotype ♂, designated by Smith, 1990: 47. Type depository: ZSMG. Described: ♂. Illust. Brachytoma melanoptera: Westwood, 1874: 110. Change of combination. Perreyia melanoptera: Kirby, 1882: 91. Change of combination. Perreyiella melanoptera: Conde, 1937: 60. Change of combination. Perreyiella melanoptera: Benson & Conde, 1938: 123, 125, 131-132. The species referred to as melanoptera probably belongs to a different species and the association of nigra Konow with melanoptera is incorrect because nigra is a distinct species (Smith 1990: 47). Perreyiella melanoptera melanoptera: Smith 1978: 161. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [distribution (range), taxonomy: 91]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 304]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 41]; Benson & Conde 1938 [description, illustration of female, taxonomy: 123, 125, 131-132]; 136 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 161]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key: 44, 47]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Konow 1905a, Smith 1990, Smith2005] (Amazonas [Smith 1978], Espírito Santo [Smith 1978]).

Perreyiella mexicana Smith Perreyiella mexicana Smith, 1990: 47. Type locality: Mexico: El Triunfo, 49 km S Yaltenango, Chiapas. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key: 45, 47, 48]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Mexico (Chiapas [Smith 1990, Smith2005]). TAXONOMY: Possibly conspecific with ruficollis Cameron (Smith 1990).

Perreyiella nigra (Konow) Perreyia nigra Konow, 1903a: 166. Type locality: Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. Perreyiella melanoptera nigra Benson & Conde 1938: 132. Change of status. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of male: 40, pl. 2]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 161]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key, taxonomy, type information: 44, 46, 48]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith2005], Santa Catarina [Smith 1990, Smith2005], São Paulo [Smith 1990, Smith2005]).

Perreyiella pseudonigra Benson & Conde Perreyiella pseudonigra Benson & Conde, 1938: 132. Type locality: Peru: Callanga, Cuzco. Holotype ♂, by monotypy. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂. CITATIONS: Quinlan 1974 [type information: 243]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 161]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, type information: 44, 48]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith2005].

Perreyiella quiera Smith Perreyiella quiera Smith, 1990: 48-49. Type locality: Venezuela: Carret, Maracay, Choroni, 1500 m. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: IZAM. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key: 43, 44, 46, 48-49]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Venezuela [Smith 1990, Smith2005].

Perreyiella redata Smith Perreyiella redata Smith, 1990: 49-50. Type locality: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key: 43, 44, 45, 46, 49-50]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Smith 1990, Smith2005]). Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 137

Perreyiella sitava Smith Perreyiella sitava Smith, 1990: 50. Type locality: Brazil: Rolandia, Paraná. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: AMNH. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, key: 43, 45, 46, 50]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Paraná [Smith 1990, Smith2005]).

Perreyiella tavora Smith Perreyiella tavora Smith, 1990: 50. Type locality: Argentina: Dpto. Taf. Quebrada Cainzo, Tucumán. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: IMLT. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key: 45, 46, 50]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Tucumán [Smith 1990, Smith2005]).

Perreyiella teutoniensis Smith Perreyiella teutoniensis Smith, 1990: 51. Type locality: Brazil: Santa Catarina (27º11'S, 52º23'W). Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key: 43, 44, 45, 46, 51]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Misiones [Smith 1990, Smith2005]); Brazil (Santa Catarina [Smith 1990, Smith2005]).

Perreyiella tobagoensis Smith Perreyiella tobagoensis Smith, 1990: 51-52. Type locality: Tobago: Charlotteville, St. John. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key: 44, 46, 51-52]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Trinidad and Tobago [Smith 1990, Smith2005].

Perreyiella uata Smith Perreyiella uata Smith, 1990: 52. Type locality: Brazil: S.J. Barreiro, Serra da Bocaina, Rio de Janeiro. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: AEIC. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, key: 43, 45, 46, 52]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Smith 1990, Smith2005]).

Perreyiella vosura Smith Perreyiella vosura Smith, 1990: 52. Type locality: Brazil: Silva Jardim, Rio de Janeiro. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: AEIC. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key: 45, 46, 52]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Smith 1990, Smith2005]).

138 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Perreyiella wanata Smith Perreyiella wanata Smith, 1990: 52-53. Type locality: Brazil: Serra da Bocâina, S.J. Barreiro, Rio de Janeiro. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: MCZC. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, key: 43, 45, 46, 52-53]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Geraís [Smith 1990, Smith2005], São Paulo [Smith 1990, Smith2005]).

Subfamily Philomastiginae Rohwer

Pterygophorinae (pt.) Froggatt, 1890c: 696. Pterygophorides (pt.) Konow, 1898: 248. Pterygophorinae Ashmead, 1898: 231. Pterygophorides (pt.) Konow, 1905a: 31, 36-37. Philomastiginae Rohwer, 1911c: 224. CITATIONS: Smith 1860 [key, taxonomy]; Konow 1905a [key: 36]; Rohwer 1911c [key, systematics - classification: 224]; Benson 1935 [distribution (range), key: 224]; Benson 1938c [distribution (range), illustration of adult, key: 378, 379]; Riek 1970a [key: 218]; Riek 1970b [description, key: 891]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 159-160]; Smith 1990 [diagnosis, key, key to genera, systematics - classification, taxonomy: 13, 21-25]; Naumann 1991 [behaviour, key: 934-935]; Naumann & Groth 1998 [key to genera, new taxon, revision/review: 127-147]. TAXONOMY: Benson's (1938) questionable placement of Cerospastus in Philomastiginae was later confirmed by Smith (1990).

Cerospastus Konow

Cerospastus Konow, 1899c: 404-405. Type species: Cerospastus volupis Konow, by monotypy. Ceratospastus Schulz, 1906: 84. Unjustified emendation; discovered by Smith, 1978: 159. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a: [key: 36]; Schulz 1906 [nomenclature: 84]; Rohwer 1911a [type information: 76]; Rohwer 1911c [systematics - classification: 225]; Benson 1938c [distribution (range), systematics - classification: 379]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 159-160]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 57, 58]; Smith 1990 [diagnosis, illustration of adult, illustration of genitalia, key, revision/review, taxonomy: 23]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 18]; Naumann & Groth 1998 [description, distribution record, key: 129, 145-147].

Cerospastus volupis Konow Cerospastus volupis Konow, 1899c: 404-405. Type locality: Chile: Valdivia. Lectotype ♀, designated by Smith, 1990: 23. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 37]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 160]; Gara et al. 1980 [control description of adult, description of immature stages, economic importance, host plant, illustration of adult, seasonal distribution: 34]; Smith 1990 [description of male, distribution (range), host plant, illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 139

of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, taxonomy, type information: 22, 23]; Smith 1993 [economic importance: 11]; Smith & Pérez 1995 [distribution record, host plant: 105]; Bauerle et al. 1997 [economic importance, host plant, impact/damage, parasitism, oviposition, parasitism rates: 102, 104]; Naumann & Groth 1998 [description, distribution (range), host plant, illustration of female, illustration of male, type information: 130, 145-146]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Neuquén [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Naumann & Groth 1998, Smith (in print)]); Chile [Konow 1905a, Smith 1990, Smith & Pérez 1995] (Cautín [Smith (in print)]; La Araucanía [Naumann & Groth 1998], Los Lagos [Smith 1978, Naumann & Groth 1998], Malleco [Smith (in print)]; Maule [Smith 1978, Naumann & Groth 1998, Smith (in print)]; Valdivia [Smith (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Foe - HYMENOPTERA Ichneumonidae: Clasis sp. [Bauerle et al. 1997, Smith (in print)]. Hosts - FAGALES Fagaceae: Nothofagus alpina (Poepp. & Endl.) Oerst. [Gara et al. 1980, Bauerle et al. 1997], Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Oerst. [Bauerle et al. 1997], Nothofagus obliqua (Mirb.) Oerst. [Gara et al. 1980, Balciunas & Burrows 1993, Smith (in print)], Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp. & Endl.) Krasser [Bauerle et al. 1997], Nothofagus sp. [Smith 1990]. BIOLOGY: Larvae of C. volupis may defoliate Nothofagus in Chile and Argentina (Smith 1990).

Ecopatus Smith

Ecopatus Smith, 1990: 24. Type species: Ecopatus penai Smith, by monotypy and original designation. CITATIONS: Smith 1990 [illustration of female, distribution (range), diagnosis, key: 23, 24-25]; Abe & Smith 1991 [catalogue/checklist: 28]; Naumann & Groth 1998 [description, distribution record, key: 129, 146-147].

Ecopatus penai Smith Ecopatus penai Smith, 1990: 24-25. Type locality: Chile: Caramavida, Arauco. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♀. Illust. Ecopatus penai: Naumann & Groth, 1998: 146-147. Subsequent description. CITATIONS: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath: 24-25]; Smith & Pérez 1995 [distribution (range): 105]; Naumann & Groth 1998 [description, distribution (range), illustration of female, type information: 130, 146-147]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile (Arauco [Smith (in print)]; Bío-Bío [Smith & Pérez 1995, Naumann & Groth 1998]; Malleco [Smith & Pérez 1995, Naumann & Groth 1998, Smith (in print)]).

Philomastix Froggatt

Philomastix Froggatt, 1890b: 487-488. Type species: Perga nancarrowi Froggatt. Subsequently designated by Rohwer, 1911a: 87. 140 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

CITATIONS: Ashmead 1898 [key: 231]; Froggatt 1901 [description, description of immature stages, host plant: 8]; Konow 1905a [key: 36]; Rohwer 1911a [type information: 87]; Rohwer 1911c [systematics - classification: 220]; Morice 1919 [key, revision/review: 256, 287-288]; Tillyard 1926 [diagnosis: 265]; Benson 1938c [distribution (range), illustration of adult, systematics - classification: 374, 379, 380]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 159]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 157]; Smith 1990 [key: 22]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 65]; Naumann 1991 [distribution (range), host plant, illustration of adult: 933, 934, 935]; Macdonald & Ohmart 1993 [behaviour, biology, development, economic importance, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, life history, oviposition: 493-494]; Naumann & Groth 1998 [description, distribution (range), host plant, key, new taxon: 129-145]; Pschorn-Walcher 1998 [behaviour, oviposition, sociality: 460, 464]. BIOLOGY: Females of Philomastix spp. pierce the leaf from above and place the egg on the underside of the leaf (Macdonald & Ohmart 1993). All species of this genus exhibit maternal care. Females stand near their egg mass and young larvae or near the leaf petiole with the head directed to the stem and when disturbed they shake and create a buzzing sound with their wings (Macdonald & Ohmart 1993, Naumann & Groth 1998). This behaviour lasts until they die. Larvae feed during daylight hours (Macdonald & Ohmart 1993). A similar life history has been observed in Sericoceros krugii (Cresson) and S. mexicanus (Hymenoptera: Argidae) which live on Coccoloba spp. (Polygonaceae) and Chrysobalanus icaco L. (Chrysobalanaceae) (Martorell 1941, Ciesla 2002). Females of Philomastix lay their eggs on the surface on the underside of the leaf, apparently attached by a small petiole, in clusters varying from 15 to 40 eggs. Sometimes 3-4 cluster are found on a single leaf and guarded by the female. The eggs are initially bright red and turn pink later. The last moulting occurs before cocoon construction. Pupation occurs on twigs, branches, or on the trunk.

Philomastix macleaii (Westwood) Perga macleaii Westwood, 1880: 372-373. Type locality: Australia. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: OXUM. Described: ♀. Illust. Philomastix glabra Froggatt, 1890b: 489-490. Type locality: Australia: Dunoon, Richmond River, New South Wales. Syntype, ♂♀. Type depository: ANIC. Described: ♂♀. Synonymy by Froggatt, 1918: 671. Philomastix glaber: Froggatt, 1890c: 696. Misspelling of species name. Philomastix glaber: Froggatt, 1892: 201. Misspelling of species name. Perga macleayi Dalla Torre, 1894: 351. Unjustified emendation; discovered by Naumann & Groth, 1998: 136. Philomastix glabra: Konow, 1898: 248-250. Subsequent description. Philomastix glaber: Froggatt, 1901: 8. Misspelling of species name. Heptacola Macleayi: Konow, 1905a: 12. Misidentification; discovered by Schmidt & Smith, 2002. Philomastix glaber: Froggatt, 1907: 73. Misspelling of species name. Philomastix glaber: Froggatt, 1918: 671. Misspelling of species name. Philomastix glaber: Morice, 1919: 287-288. As synonym of macleayii Westwood, misspelling of species name. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 141

Philomastix nancarrowi: Forsius, 1927: 283. Misidentification; discovered by Naumann & Groth, 1998: 136. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [distribution (range): 26]; Shipp 1893 [distribution record, type information: 265]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 351]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist, distribution (range): 693, 696]; Froggatt 1892 [distribution record, host plant: 201]; Froggatt 1901 [common name, description, host plant, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male: 8, plates]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 12]; Froggatt 1907 [description of immature stages, host plant, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, illustration of male: 73, pl. XI]; Cleland 1918 [natural enemies: 52]; Froggatt 1918 [distribution record, host plant, synonymy: 671]; Morice 1919 [key, taxonomy, type information: 287-288]; Tillyard 1926 [illustration of adult: 265, pl. 21]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 136, 283]; Brimblecombe 1948a [distribution (range), distribution record, economic importance, host plant: 2, 3]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 159]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 342- 343]; Clyne 1986 [behaviour, behavioural defence, host plant, illustration of female, oviposition: 494]; Naumann et al. 1994 [type information: 71]; Naumann & Groth 1998 [description, habitat, host plant, illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, key: 132, 136-142, 144]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Froggatt 1890b, Froggatt 1892, Smith 1978, Naumann & Groth 1998, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Smith 1980b, Naumann & Groth 1998, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Foe - AVES Cuculidae: Cacomantis flabelliformis Latham [Cleland 1918]. Hosts - ROSALES Rosaceae: Rubus moluccanus L. [Froggatt 1892, Froggatt 1901, Schmidt (in print)], Rubus rosifolius Smith [Naumann & Groth 1998, Schmidt (in print)].

Philomastix nancarrowi Froggatt Philomastix nancarrowi Froggatt, 1890b: 488-489. Type locality: Australia: Cairns, Queensland. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: ANIC. Described: ♀. Philomastix naucarrowi: Dalla Torre, 1894: 308. Misspelling of species name. Philomastix naucarrowi: Konow, 1905a: 37. Misspelling of species name. Philomastix naucarrowi: Rohwer, 1911a: 87. Misspelling of species name. Philomastix nancarrowi: Forsius, 1927: 283. Misidentification; discovered by Naumann & Groth, 1998: 133. CITATIONS: Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist, distribution (range): 696]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 308]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 37]; Morice 1919 [illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, key, synonymy, type information: 287-288, pl. xi, fig. 13, pl. xii, figs 5, 6, 15, pl. xiii, fig. 9]; Leask 1943 [distribution record, host plant: 2]; Leask 1944a [behaviour, description of immature stages, distribution record, host plant, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, life history, oviposition: 1-3]; Brimblecombe 1948a [distribution (range), distribution record, economic importance, host plant: 2, 3]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 159]; Naumann et al. 1994 [type information: 71]; Naumann & Groth 1998 [description, habitat, host plant, illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, illustration of male 142 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

genitalia, key: 131-133, 134, 142, 144]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Konow 1905a, Leask 1943, Leask 1944a, Smith 1978, Naumann & Groth 1998, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - ROSALES Rosaceae: Rubus hillii F.Mueller [Leask 1944a, Schmidt (in print)], Rubus rosifolius Smith [Leask 1943, Leask 1944a, Schmidt (in print)]. BIOLOGY: Females place their eggs in groups of 30-40 on the leaf underside on both sides of the midvein and later position themselves at the base of the leaf where the larvae feed on, with the head directed towards the stem (Leask 1944d). They have been observed to guide young larvae to new leaves (Leask l.c.).

Philomastix xanthophylax Naumann & Groth Philomastix xanthophylax Naumann & Groth, 1998: 142-145. Type locality: Australia: Toowoomba, Queensland. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: ANIC. Described: ♀, male and larva. Illust. CITATIONS: Naumann & Groth 1998 [habitat, host plant, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, key: 142-145]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Naumann & Groth 1998, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - RHAMNALES Rhamnaceae: Alphitonia excelsa (Fenzl) Bentham [Naumann & Groth 1998, Schmidt (in print)].

Philomastix sp. CITATION: Riek 1970b [illustration of immature stages: 880].

Philoperra Smith

Philoperra Smith, 1995a: 163. Type species: Philoperra obscura Smith, by original designation.

Philoperra obscura Smith Philoperra obscura Smith, 1995a: 165. Type locality: Chile: Ñuble, Las Trancas. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: MNSC. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Smith 1995a [illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath: 167]; Smith & Pérez 1995 [distribution (range): 105]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile (Bío-Bío [Smith 1995a, Smith & Pérez 1995], Ñuble [Smith (in print)]).

Subfamily Phylacteophaginae Rohwer

Lobocerotides (pt.) Konow, 1905a: 31-32, 36. Phylacteophaginae Rohwer, 1911c: 226. CITATIONS: Rohwer 1911c [key, new taxon, systematics - classification: 225, 226]; Konow 1900 [key to genera: 67-68]; Benson 1935 [distribution (range), key: 223]; Benson 1938c [distribution (range), illustration of adult, key: 378, 379- Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 143

380]; Riek 1970a [biology, diagnosis, host plant, new taxon: 215, 218]; Riek 1970b [distribution (range), host plant, key, life history: 891]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 147]; Naumann 1983 [key to genera, new taxon, revision/review: 237-242]; Naumann 1991 [behaviour, distribution (range), host plant, key: 935]; Macdonald & Ohmart 1993 [common name, biology, development, host plant, life history, oviposition: 492-493].

Caloperga Naumann

Caloperga Naumann, 1983: 237, 240-241. Type species: Caloperga josephinae Naumann, by monotypy and original designation. CITATIONS: Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 53], Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 16].

Caloperga josephinae Naumann Caloperga josephinae Naumann, 1983: 241-242. Type locality: Australia: Moses Creek, 4 km N by E of Mt Finnigan, 15.47S, 145.17E, Queensland. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: ANIC. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Naumann 1983 [illustration of male: 241-242]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Naumann 1983, Schmidt (in print)]).

Leptoperga Riek

Leptoperga Riek, 1970a: 217. Type species: Leptoperga brunnea Riek, by monotypy and original designation. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 147]; Naumann 1983 [description, key: 237, 238]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 114]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 44].

Leptoperga brunnea Riek Leptoperga brunnea Riek, 1970a: 217. Type locality: Australia: Bunya Mountains, Queensland. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: ANIC. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Riek 1970a [illustration of female, illustration of sawsheath: 216, 217]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 147]; Naumann 1983 [description of female, description of male, distribution record, illustration of female, illustration of male, revision/review, type information: 238-240]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Naumann 1983, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Smith 1978, Naumann 1983, Schmidt (in print)]).

Phylacteophaga Froggatt

Phylacteophaga Froggatt, 1899: 130. Type species: Phylacteophaga eucalypti Froggatt, by monotypy. 144 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

CITATIONS: Konow 1900 [key: 68]; Konow 1905a [description, distribution (range), key: 32, 36]; Rohwer 1911a [type information: 87]; Rohwer 1911c [systematics - classification: 226]; Morice 1919 [key: 255]; Benson 1938c [illustration of adult, systematics - classification: 374, 380]; Riek 1955 [distribution (range), host plant, key to species, new taxon, parasitism, revision/review, seasonal distribution: 95-98, pl. 1]; Benson 1963 [key to species, taxonomy: 84]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 147]; Naumann 1983 [description, key: 237-238]; Jones & Elliot 1990 [description of adult, host plant, impact/damage: 166]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 157]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 66]; Dowton & Austin 1994 [molecular systematics: 9912-9915]; Connor& Taverner 1997 [ecology: 6-25]; Mayo et al. 1997 [diagnosis, key to species, new taxon, revision/review, taxonomy: 599- 601], BIOLOGY: Larvae leaf miners in Eucalyptus and Tristania (Myrtaceae) (Benson 1935, Riek 1970a).

Phylacteophaga amygdalini Mayo, Austin & Adams Phylacteophaga amygdalini Mayo, Austin & Adams, 1997: 605-606. Type locality: Australia: 1.5 km N of Richmond, Tasmania. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: ANIC. Described: ♂♀. Illust. Additional type information: on Eucalyptus amygdalina. CITATION: Mayo et al. 1997 [description of immature stages, distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, isozymes/DNA, key: 597-598, 600, 601, 602, 603, 605-606]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus amygdalina Labill. [Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)]. BIOLOGY: The species has been recorded only from Eucalyptus amygdalina where it forms mines which are quite different from those of P. froggatti in that the larva extends the mine beyond the midrib of the leaf (Mayo et al. 1997).

Phylacteophaga eucalypti Froggatt Phylacteophaga eucalypti Froggatt, 1899: 131-133. Type locality: Australia: Melbourne, Victoria. Lectotype ♀, designated by Mayo, Austin & Adams, 1997: 602. Type depository: NSWA. Described: ♂♀. Illust. Bred from Eucalyptus globulus. Phylacteophaga eucalypti tasmanica Riek, 1955: 97. Type locality: Australia: Boat Harbour, St. Helens, Tasmania. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: ANIC. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Mayo, Austin & Adams, 1997: 601. Phylacteophaga eucalypti eucalypti: Riek, 1955b: 96-97. Subsequent description. CITATIONS: Froggatt 1899 [host plant, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, life history, oviposition: 130-134]; French 1901 [distribution record, host plant, impact/damage: 116]; Froggatt 1901 [common name, behaviour, behavioural defence, description, description of immature stages, distribution record, host plant, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, illustration of lance/lancet, oviposition: 9, plates]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 36]; Froggatt 1907 [description of adult, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages: 73, pl. X]; Morice 1919 [description, illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 145

illustration of male, key: 255, pl. xi, fig. 6, pl. xii, figs 7, 16, pl. xiii, fig. 10]; Tillyard 1926 [behaviour, host plant: 265]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 284]; Anonymous 1950 [control by chemical pesticides, economic importance, host plant, description of immature stages, illustration of adult, illustration of immature stages, oviposition: 470-471]; Hadlington 1954 [control by chemical pesticides, development, host plant, illustration of adult, illustration of immature stages, impact/damage, life history, oviposition: 16-19]; Riek 1955 [distribution record, host plant, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, illustration of male, key, new taxon: 95-97, pl. 1]; Benson 1963 [distribution (range), host plant, key, new taxon, taxonomy: 84]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 147]; Naumann 1983 [illustration of female, taxonomy: 238-240]; Jones & Elliot 1990 [control, impact/damage: 166]; Schedl 1991 [host plant: 20]; Mayo et al. 1997 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, isozymes/DNA, key, revision/review, type information: 597-598, 600, 601-603, 604, 606]; Elliot et al. 1998 [distribution (range), host plant: 64]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Capital Territory [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], New South Wales [Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)], South Australia [Konow 1905a, Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)], Tasmania [Riek 1955, Benson 1963, Smith 1978, Mayo et al. 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [French 1901, Riek 1955, Smith 1978, Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Hadlington 1954, Schmidt (in print)], Corymbia ficifolia (F.Muell.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Anonymous 1950, Hadlington 1954, Schmidt (in print)], Corymbia maculata (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Hadlington 1954, Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus amygdalina Labill. [Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus botryoides Sm. [Anonymous 1950, Hadlington 1954, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. [Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus cladocalyx F.Muell. [Anonymous 1950, Hadlington 1954, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus globulus Labill. [Froggatt 1892, Anonymous 1950, Hadlington 1954, Riek 1955, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill [Riek 1955, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus mannifera Mudie [Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus nitens (Deane & Maiden) Maiden [Mayo et al. 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus racemosa Cav. [Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus robusta Sm. [Hadlington 1954, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus saligna Sm. [Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus sideroxylon A.Cunn. ex Woolls [Hadlington 1954, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. [Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print)], Lophostemum confertus (R.Br.) Peter G.Wilson & J.T [Anonymous 1950]. BIOLOGY: Females oviposit a single egg, rarely two eggs usually near the midrib of a leaf; larvae develop in leaf mines and pupate within the mine (Froggatt 1899). The full grown larva forms a transparent cocoon and the development from larva to pupa takes about three days. The pupa has been observed to produce a distinct sound when the leaf is touched by rapping the walls of the cocoon with the tip of the abdomen (Froggatt 1901).

146 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Phylacteophaga froggatti Riek Phylacteophaga froggatti Riek, 1955: 97-98. Type locality: Australia: Schofields, New South Wales. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: ANIC. Described: ♂♀. Illust. Phylacteophaga eucalypti froggatti: Benson, 1963: 84. Change of status. Phylacteophaga froggatti: Mayo, Austin & Adams, 1997: 603-605. Revived status. CITATIONS: Riek 1955 [distribution (range), illustration of immature stages, key, new taxon: 97-98, pl. 1]; Benson 1963 [distribution (range), key, taxonomy: 84]; Moore 1966 [distribution record, economic importance, host plant, parasitism, seasonal distribution: 341, 344, 347]; Moore 1972 [host plant: 33]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 147]; Farrel & New 1980 [biology, description of egg, description of immature stages, development, distribution record, illustration of immature stages, laboratory studies, oviposition, parasitism rates: 83-89]; Curry 1981 [biological control by parasites, control by chemical pesticides, distribution (range), economic importance, host plant, illustration of adult, illustration of immature stages, life history, oviposition, parasitism rates: 61-62]; Naumann 1983 [taxonomy: 239]; Nuttall 1985 [economic importance, host plant, illustration of immature stages, impact/damage, life history: 124- 125]; Kay 1986 [behaviour, control, description of adult, description of immature stages, distribution (range), economic importance, host plant, illustration of adult, illustration of immature stages, impact/damage]; Austin & Faulds 1989 [biological control, distribution record, natural enemies, parasitism: 208-209]; Faulds 1990a [biological control by predators, economic importance, laboratory studies: 54-64]; Faulds 1990b [biological control by natural enemies: 290-293]; Jones & Elliot 1990 [control, impact/damage: 166]; Faulds 1991 [biological control by natural enemies, economic importance: 185- 193]; Naumann 1991 [illustration of adult: 933]; Farrow et al. 1994[control, economic importance, host plant, impact/damage, life history: 65-67]; Thumlert & Austin 1994 [biology, description of egg, description of immature stages, development, distribution (range), economic importance, fecundity, host plant, impact/damage, laboratory studies, life history, mating, oviposition, parasitism, parasitism rates, seasonal distribution, taxonomy: 99-113]; Dowton et al. 1997 [phylogeny]; Mayo et al. 1997 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, isozymes/DNA, key, revision/review: 597-598, 600, 601, 602, 603- 605, 606]; Elliot et al. 1998 [behaviour, description of immature stages, development, distribution (range), host plant, impact/damage, natural enemies, oviposition: 63-64]; Vilhelmsen 1998 [internal anatomy, structure]; Farrow 1996b [control by chemical pesticides, description of immature stages, distribution (range), economic importance, host plant, illustration of immature stages, impact/damage, life history, natural enemies, parasitism: 1-4]; Schulmeister 2003a [structure]; Schulmeister 2003b [structure]; Vilhelmsen 2000a [internal anatomy, musculature, structure]; Vilhelmsen 2000b [internal anatomy, phylogeny, structure]; Vilhelmsen 2000c [musculature, structure]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]; Loch et al. 2004 [biological control by natural enemies, host plant, parasitism rates, seasonal distribution]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Capital Territory [Benson 1963, Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)], New South Wales [Benson 1963, Moore 1966, Smith 1978, Curry 1981, Mayo et al. 1997, Elliott & Bashford 1995, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Riek 1955, Benson 1963, Smith 1978, Curry 1981, Mayo Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 147

et al. 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print)], South Australia [Thumlert & Austin 1994, Mayo et al. 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print)], Tasmania [Mayo et al. 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Benson 1963, Farrel & New 1980, Curry 1981, Austin & Faulds 1989, Mayo et al. 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print)], Western Australia [Curry 1981, Austin & Faulds 1989, Mayo et al. 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print)]); New Caledonia [Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)]; New Zealand [Mayo et al. 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print)]. ASSOCIATIONS: Foes - HYMENOPTERA Braconidae: Apanteles sp. [Curry 1981], Bracon confusus Austin [Austin & Faulds 1989, Thumlert & Austin 1994, Loch et al. 2004], Bracon phylacteophagus Austin [Austin & Faulds 1989, Faulds1990, Thumlert & Austin 1994], ?Bracon sp. [Moore 1966, Farrel & New 1980, Curry 1981]. Chalcididae: Brachymeria sp. [Thumlert & Austin 1994]. Eulophidae: Apleurotropis sp. [Thumlert & Austin 1994], Chrysonotomyia sp. 1 [Thumlert & Austin 1994], ?Chrysonotomyia sp. 2 [Thumlert & Austin 1994], Cirrospilus margiscutellum (Girault) [Thumlert & Austin 1994, Loch et al. 2004], Cirrospilus occipitis Girault [Thumlert & Austin 1994], Cirrospilus sp. [Farrel & New 1980, Curry 1981] (Bracon attack only the last two instars, prepupa or pupa of the host (Farrell & New, 1980). Parasitoid eggs are laid free in the mine or host cocoon, or attached to the host), Cirrospilus sp. 3 [Thumlert & Austin 1994], Cirrospilus sp. 4 [Thumlert & Austin 1994], Cirrospilus sp. 5 [Thumlert & Austin 1994], Diaulomorpha sp. [Thumlert & Austin 1994], Elasmus australensis Girault [Thumlert & Austin 1994], Elasmus sp. [Curry 1981], Pediobius sp. [Thumlert & Austin 1994]. Eupelmidae: Eupelmus sp. [Curry 1981, Thumlert & Austin 1994]. Ichneumonidae: Paraphylax sp. [Thumlert & Austin 1994]. Pteromalidae: Lariophagus sp. [Thumlert & Austin 1994]. Hosts - FAGALES Betulaceae: ?Betula sp. [Kay 1986]. Fagaceae: ?Quercus palustris Muenchh. [Nuttall 1985, Schmidt (in print)], ?Quercus robur L. [Nuttall 1985, Schmidt (in print)], Quercus sp. [Kay 1986, Schmidt (in print)]. MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Corymbia calophylla (Lindl.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)], Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Moore 1966, Nuttall 1985, Thumlert & Austin 1994], Corymbia ficifolia (F.Muell.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Moore 1966, Nuttall 1985, Thumlert & Austin 1994, Schmidt (in print)], Corymbia maculata (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Moore 1966, Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus botryoides Sm. [Moore 1966, Nuttall 1985, Kay 1986, Thumlert & Austin 1994, Mayo et al. 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. [Curry 1981, Nuttall 1985, Thumlert & Austin 1994, Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus cinerea F.Muell. ex Benth. [Nuttall 1985, Kay 1986, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus cladocalyx F.Muell. [Moore 1966, Thumlert & Austin 1994, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus dunii Maiden [Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus globulus Labill. [Moore 1966, Nuttall 1985, Farrow et al. 1994, Thumlert & Austin 1994, Mayo et al. 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus gomphocephala DC. [Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex Maiden [Moore 1972, Curry 1981, Thumlert & Austin 1994, Mayo et al. 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus kitsoniana Maiden [Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus lehmannii (Schauer) Benth. [Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)], 148 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Eucalyptus leucoxylon F.Muell. [Nuttall 1985, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus macarthurii H.Deane & Maiden [Nuttall 1985, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus mannifera Mudie [Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus marginata Sm. [Austin & Faulds 1989, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus nicholii Maiden & Blakely [Nuttall 1985, Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus nitens Maiden [Kay 1986, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus ovata Labill. [Nuttall 1985, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus perriniana F.Muell. ex Roadway [Nuttall 1985, Kay 1986, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus robusta Sm. [Moore 1966, Curry 1981, Mayo et al. 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus rudis Endl. [Curry 1981, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus saligna Sm. [Moore 1966, Moore 1972, Nuttall 1985, Kay 1986, Mayo et al. 1997, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus sideroxylon Cunn. ex Woolls [Moore 1966, Nuttall 1985, Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. [Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. [Nuttall 1985, Austin & Faulds 1989, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print)], Tristania conferta R.Br. [Anonymous 1950, Kay 1986, Schmidt (in print)]. POALES Poaceae: Agonis flexuosa (Willd.) Sweet [Kay 1986, Schmidt (in print)]. BIOLOGY: Larvae develop in mines of several Eucalyptus species and show morphological adaptations typical for leaf-mining insects, e.g. they are dorsoventrally flattened, have small legs and the body is pale with dark patches. The preferred host site appears to be mature foliage (Farrell & New 1980) but juvenile and maturing foliage is also susceptible (Elliot et al. 1998). The mine is constructed on the upper surface. Trees grown on poor sites are more heavily attacked than trees on good sites (Hadlington 1954). Thumlert & Austin (1994) and Elliot et al. (1998) gave a detailed description of the biology. Females place their eggs singly close to the midvein on the underside of the leaf. Larvae hatch after about a week. In the laboratory larval development took 15-18 days (5 instars), and a complete life cycle about 30-35 days. The cocoon is formed in the centre of the mine after the larva moults to the prepupa and adults emerge after about 8 days. The longevity of adults was significantly longer when given food and water. In some areas pupae apparently develop until mid winter and the emerging adults remain quiescent until early spring (Thumlert & Austin 1994).

Phylacteophaga occidens Benson Phylacteophaga eucalypti occidens Benson, 1963: 84. Type locality: Australia: Nollamara, Western Australia. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: WAMP. Described: ♂♀. Phylacteophaga occidens: Mayo, Austin & Adams, 1997: 605. Change of status. CITATIONS: Benson 1963 [distribution record, host plant, key, taxonomy: 84]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 243]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 147]; Curry 1981 [distribution (range), economic importance: 61]; Naumann 1983 [taxonomy: 239]; Mayo et al. 1997 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, key, revision/review: 600, 601, 602, 603, 604, 605, 606]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Smith 1978, Curry 1981, Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)]). Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 149

ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus marginata Sm. [Benson 1963, Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus rudis Endl. [Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)].

Phylacteophaga rubida Riek Phylacteophaga rubida Riek, 1970a: 215. Type locality: Australia: Mount Gravatt, Queensland. Lectotype ♀, designated by Naumann, 1983: 239. Type depository: ANIC. Described: ♂♀. CITATIONS: Naumann 1983 [distribution record, host plant, nomenclature, taxonomy, type information: 239]; Mayo et al. 1997 [distribution record, host plant, illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, key, revision/review: 600, 601, 602, 603, 605, 606]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Naumann 1983, Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Tristania conferta R.Br. [Naumann 1983, Mayo et al. 1997, Schmidt (in print)].

Phylacteophaga sp. CITATION: Riek 1970b [illustration of immature stages: 880].

Phylacteophaga sp. CITATION: Vilhelmsen 2001 [structure].

Subfamily Pterygophorinae Cameron

Pterygophorinae Cameron, 1878a: 2. Pterygophorides Konow, 1898: 248. Pterygophorinae Ashmead, 1898: 229-232. Pterygophorides (pt.) Konow, 1905a: 31, 36-37. CITATIONS: Ashmead 1898 [key, key to genera, systematics - classification: 228, 229- 231]; Rohwer 1911c [key, systematics - classification: 218, 225]; Jörgensen 1913 [key: 284]; Benson 1934 [distribution (range), key: 463]; Ross 1937 [diagnosis, phylogeny: 37-38, 56]; Benson 1938c [distribution (range), key: 378, 382]; Riek 1970a [key: 218]; Riek 1970b [behaviour, key: 891-892]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 221]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 148- 151]; Naumann 1991 [diagnosis, description of immature stages, distribution (range), host plant, key: 935]; Macdonald & Ohmart 1993 [biology, feeding, host plant, illustration of immature stages, life history, oviposition: 490-492, 496].

Lophyrotoma Ashmead

Lophyrotoma Ashmead, 1898: 230. Type species: Pterygophorus interruptus Klug, by original designation. Pterygophorinus Ashmead, 1898: 230. Type species: Pterygophorus analis O. Costa, by original designation. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 149. 150 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Platypsectra Benson, 1938a: 614, 618-622. Type species: Pterygophorus analis O. Costa, by original designation. Synonymy by Benson, 1958a: 15. CITATIONS: Rohwer 1911a [type information: 82, 103]; Benson 1938a [key, key to species, new taxon, revision/review: 614, 618-622]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 382]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 223]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, synonymy: 149-151]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 117, 159]; Abe & Smith 1991 [synonymy, systematics - classification: 46, 67]; Pschorn-Walcher 1998 [behaviour, oviposition, sociality: 460].

Lophyrotoma analis (Costa) Pterygophora analis Costa, 1864: 66. Type locality: Australia. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: IEUN. Described: ♀. Pterygophorinus analis: Ashmead, 1898: 230. Change of combination. Pterygophorus gaudialis Konow, 1907: 218, 219. Type locality: Australia. Syntype, ♂♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂♀. Synonymy by Rohwer, 1910: 469. Platypsectra analis: Benson, 1938a: 620-621. Change of combination. Pterygophorus cinctus: McKeown, 1944: 169-170. Misidentification. Lophyrotoma analis: Benson, 1958a: 15. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [distribution record: 83]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 695]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 307]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 37]; Konow 1907 [description of female, key, new taxon: 219]; Rohwer1910 [catalogue/checklist, synonymy: 469]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of female, key, synonymy, type information: 290, 293, pl. xii, fig. 10]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 284]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 81]; Benson 1938a [distribution (range), host plant, illustration of adult, illustration of female, key, revision/review: 613, 612, 620, 621]; McKeown 1944 [host plant: 169-170]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 149-150]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 335]; Muche 1986 [distribution record: 152]; Yeoh & Scott 1996 [biological control, host plant, impact/damage, life history: 162]; Scott & Shivas 1998 [distribution (range), host plant, seasonal distribution: 770]; Schulmeister 2003a [structure]; Schulmeister 2003b [illustration of male genitalia, structure]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant, synonymy]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [behaviour, communication, courtship behaviour, description of immature stages, development, distribution (range), host plant, host selection, illustration of adult, illustration of immature stages, laboratory studies, life history, mating, oviposition, pheromones, rearing, reproduction, seasonal distribution, structure]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Capital Territory [Benson 1938a, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], New South Wales [Kirby 1882, Benson 1938a, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Queensland [Benson 1938a, Smith 1978, Muche 1986, Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], South Australia [Kirby 1882, Benson 1938a, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Victoria [Forsius 1929a, Benson 1938a, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Western Australia [Benson 1938a, Smith 1978, Yeoh & Scott 1996, Scott & Shivas 1998, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - POLYGONALES Polygonaceae: Emex australis Steinheil [Benson 1938a, Yeoh & Scott 1996, Scott & Shivas 1998, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 151

Schmidt et al. (in print)], Muehlenbeckia sp. [Yeoh & Scott 1996, Schmidt (in print)], Rumex brownii Campd. [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)], Rumex sp. [Benson 1938a, Yeoh & Scott 1996, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)].

Lophyrotoma cibdeliformis Benson Lophyrotoma cibdeliformis Benson, 1958a: 15-16. Type locality: Indonesia: Wisselmaren, Paniai, 1750 m. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: RMNH. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Benson 1958a [diagnosis, distribution record, illustration of adult, illustration of genitalia, new taxon: 15-16]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 150]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 335]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (West Papua [Smith 1978, Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)]).

Lophyrotoma cyanea (Leach) Pterygophorus cyanea Leach, 1817: 119. Type locality: “Australasia”. Syntype ♂♀. Type depository: ANIC. Described: ♂♀. Platypsectra cyanea: Benson, 1938a: 620. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Leach1817 [description, distribution (range): 119]; Lepeletier de Saint- Fargeau 1823 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 51]; Blanchard 1840 [description of adult, distribution (range): 231]; Kirby 1882 [distribution record: 81]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 696]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 308]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 37]; Konow 1907 [key: 218]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), key, taxonomy: 292, 293]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 284]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Benson 1938a [distribution (range), key, revision/review: 620]; Leask 1944d [behaviour, biology, host plant: 2]; Naumann et al. 1994 [type information: 71]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 150]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 335]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Benson 1938a, Smith 1978, Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Kirby 1882, Morice 1919, Forsius 1929a, Benson 1938a, Leask 1944d, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus radiata Sieber ex DC. [Leask 1944d, Schmidt (in print)].

Lophyrotoma cygna (Kirby) Pterygophorus cygnus Kirby, 1882: 81. Type locality: Australia: Swan River, Western Australia. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂. Illust. Platypsectra cygnus: Benson, 1938a: 619. Change of combination. Lophyrotoma cygna: Benson, 1958a: 15. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 696]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 308]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 37]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), key, type information: 292-293]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 284]; Benson 1938a [distribution (range), key, revision/review: 619]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 150]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. 152 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Konow 1905a, Morice 1919, Benson 1938a, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Lophyrotoma interrupta (Klug) Pterygophorus interruptus Klug, 1814: 279-280. Type locality: Australia. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: ZMHB? Described: ♀. Illust. Lophyrotoma interrupta: Ashmead, 1898: 230. Change of combination. Pterygophorus analis: Froggatt, 1918: 671-672. Misidentification. Pterygophorus analis: Froggatt, 1921: 268. Misidentification. Pterygophorus analis: Tryon, 1921: 208-216. Misidentification; discovered by Smith, 1978: 150. Pterygophorus interruptus var. queenslandicus Forsius, 1929a: 81-82. Type locality: Australia: Westwood, Queensland. Holotype ♂, by monotypy. Type depository: MVME. Described: ♂. Synonymy by Benson, 1938a: 619. Pterygophorus analis: Roberts, 1932: 41. Misidentification. Platypsectra interrupta: Benson, 1938a: 619. Change of combination. Pterygophorus analis: McKeown, 1944: 169-170. Misidentification. CITATIONS: Klug 1814 [description of female, illustration of female: 279-280]; Leach1817 [description, distribution (range): 118-119]; Lepeletier de Saint- Fargeau 1823 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 50-51]; Blanchard 1840 [description of adult, distribution (range): 230]; Kirby 1882 [distribution record: 82]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 696]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 308]; Turner 1900 [distribution record, feeding: 517, 518]; Froggatt 1901 [common name, description: 8]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 37]; Froggatt 1907 [description of adult: 73]; Konow 1907 [key: 217]; Froggatt 1918 [behaviour, distribution record, host plant, impact/damage, seasonal distribution: 671-672]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), key: 291, 293]; Tryon 1921 [description of adult, description of immature stages, illustration of adult, illustration of immature stages, economic importance, life history, seasonal distribution: 208-216]; Tillyard 1926 [behaviour: 265, pl. 21]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 284]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record, new taxon: 81-82]; Roberts 1932 [description of egg, description of female, description of immature stages, distribution (range), economic importance, host plant, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, illustration of male, life history, seasonal distribution: 41-52]; Roberts 1937 [ecology, impact/damage: 141]; Benson 1938a [distribution (range), host plant, key, revision/review: 611, 612, 619]; Seddon 1940 [distribution (range), economic importance, host plant, impact/damage: 26]; McKeown 1944 [behaviour, description of adult, host plant, impact/damage: 169-170]; Roberts 1952 [control, description of immature stages, development, economic importance, host plant, illustration of adult, illustration of immature stages, impact/damage, life history: 29, 56-57]; Callow 1955 [description of adult, development, distribution (range), economic importance, host plant, illustration of male, illustration of adult, illustration of immature stages, life history, pest status: 155-161]; Oelrichs et al. 1977 [economic importance, host plant, impact/damage, laboratory studies, physiology: 209-214]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 150]; Smith 1980b [illustration of lance/lancet, distribution record: 334, 335]; Oelrichs 1982 [behaviour, description of adult, description of immature stages, development, distribution (range), economic importance, host plant, impact/damage, life history, oviposition, physiology: 110-112]; Williams et al. 1983 [economic importance, laboratory studies, Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 153

physiology: 1869-1983]; Dadswell et al. 1985 [control, economic importance, host plant, pest status: 94-97]; McKenzie et al. 1985b [behaviour, control, description of adult, description of immature stages, impact/damage, distribution (range), economic importance, host plant, life history, seasonal distribution]; Muche 1986 [distribution record: 152]; Kannan et al. 1988 [behaviour, impact/damage, physiology: 224-226]; Jones & Elliot 1990 [behaviour, control, description of adult, host plant, impact/damage: 176]; Schedl 1991 [behaviour, defence: 37, 47]; Macdonald & Ohmart 1993 [biology, common name: 490]; Elliott & Bashford 1995 [description of immature stages, feeding, host plant, illustration of adult, illustration of immature stages, development, economic importance, life history, mortality, oviposition, parasitism: 28-35]; Vilhelmsen 1996 [internal anatomy, musculature, structure]; Elliot et al. 1998 [behaviour, description of adult, description of immature stages, development, host plant, impact/damage: 82- 83]; Oelrichs et al. 1998 [economic importance, laboratory studies, physiology: 515-520]; Oelrichs et al. 1999 [illustration of immature stages, physiology: 537-544]; Vilhelmsen 2000a [internal anatomy, musculature, structure]; Vilhelmsen 2000b [internal anatomy, phylogeny, structure]; Vilhelmsen 2000c [musculature, structure: 107, 108, 119-120, 126]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Capital Territory [Benson 1938a, Oelrichs 1982, Schmidt (in print)], New South Wales [Froggatt 1890d, Morice 1919, Benson 1938a, Smith 1978, Smith 1980b, Oelrichs 1982, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Turner 1900, Froggatt 1918, Morice 1919, Froggatt 1921, Forsius 1929a, Benson 1938a, Roberts 1952, Callow 1955, Smith 1978, Oelrichs 1982, Muche 1986, Schmidt (in print)], South Australia [Smith 1978, Oelrichs 1982, Schmidt (in print)], Tasmania [Kirby 1882, Morice 1919, Smith 1978, Oelrichs 1982, Elliott & Bashford 1995, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Kirby 1882, Benson 1938a, Smith 1978, Oelrichs 1982, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Angophora floribunda (Sm.) Sweet [Roberts 1952, McKenzie et al. 1985b, Schmidt (in print)]. Corymbia gummifera (Gaertn.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Roberts 1932], Corymbia maculata (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson [Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. [Roberts 1932, McKenzie et al. 1985b, Elliott & Bashford 1995, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus crebra F.Muell. [Froggatt 1918 (Only “ironbark” given as host plant, but Eucalyptus crebra is a common ironbark in the region where the larvae were found), Froggatt 1921, McKenzie et al. 1985b, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus intermedia R.T.Baker [Roberts 1932, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus melanophloia F.Muell. [Tryon 1921, Roberts 1932, Roberts 1952, Oelrichs et al. 1977, Oelrichs 1982, Dadswell et al. 1985, McKenzie et al. 1985b, Elliot et al. 1998, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus moluccana Roxb. [Roberts 1932, McKenzie et al. 1985b, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus nicholii Maiden & Blakely [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus obliqua L'Her. [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus ovata Labill. [Elliott & Bashford 1995, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus populnea F.Muell. [Roberts 1932, McKenzie et al. 1985b, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus siderophloia Benth. [Roberts 1932, McKenzie et al. 1985b, Schmidt (in print)], Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. 154 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

[Elliott & Bashford 1995, Schmidt (in print)], Leptospermum sp. [Froggatt 1890d, Schmidt (in print)] BIOLOGY: Tryon (1921), Roberts (1932), Callow (1955), McKenzie et al. (1985), and Elliot et al. (1998) provided accounts of the biology of this cattle-poisoning sawfly and describe the damage caused by the larvae. Adults occur in the field from February to April. Females place eggs in rows of 12 or more into the leaf margin of their eucalypt hosts, apparently preferring young, well-formed leaves. The larvae hatch after about three weeks and feed initially side by side upon the edge of the leaf. Later the groups split up and last instar larvae usually feed independent of each other. The larvae feed during the day. When disturbed larvae lift their tailed abdomen. The prepupal moult occurs when larvae are still on the leaf before they leave the host tree and enter the ground for pupation. The single-walled cocoons are usually solitary, but in heavier soils aggregations can be observed. During outbreaks, larvae can be harmful to cattle. After having defoliated a tree larvae move downward and aggregate at the base of the trunk, exposed to the sun and high temperatures. In these situations larvae often die in large numbers and become very attractive to cattle to which they are highly toxic when ingested. In Tasmania mature larvae do not form aggregations and they often drop individually from the tree to find pupation sites (Elliot et al. 1998).

Lophyrotoma leachii (Kirby) Pterygophorus leachii Kirby, 1882: 82. Type locality: Australia: Port Bowen, Queensland. Syntype, ♂♀. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂♀. Illust. Platypsectra leachii: Benson, 1938a: 612, 620. Change of combination. Lophyrotoma leachii: Benson, 1958a: 15. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 696]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 308]; Turner 1900 [distribution record, feeding, habitat: 517-518]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 37]; Konow 1907 [description of female, key: 218]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), key, taxonomy, type information: 292, 293]; Benson 1938a [distribution (range), host plant, illustration of lance/lancet, key, revision/review: 612, 615, 620]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 151]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 335- 336]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Turner 1900, Morice 1919, Benson 1938a, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). BIOLOGY: Adults caught mostly on species of Eucalyptus (Benson 1938a).

Lophyrotoma minuta Smith Lophyrotoma minuta Smith, 1980b: 336. Type locality: Papua New Guinea: S Highlands, Dimifa SE of Mount Giluwe, 2200 m. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BPBM. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1980b [illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath: 332, 334, 336]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)].

Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 155

Lophyrotoma nacenta Smith Lophyrotoma nacenta Smith, 1980b: 336-337. Type locality: Papua New Guinea: Port Moresby. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BPBM. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1980b [illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath: 332, 334, 336-337]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)].

Lophyrotoma nigripes (Benson) Platypsectra nigripes Benson, 1938a: 621-622. Type locality: Australia: Studley Park, Victoria. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: MVME. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Benson 1938a [distribution record, key, revision/review: 620, 621-622]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 244]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 151]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Lophyrotoma opima (Konow) Pterygophorus opimus Konow, 1908: 83. Type locality: Australia: New South Wales. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. Platypsectra opima: Benson, 1938a: 620. Change of combination. Lophyrotoma opima: Benson, 1958a: 15. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Benson 1938a [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key, revision/review: 611, 615, 620]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 151]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Konow1908, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Benson 1938a, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Lophyrotoma ramosa (Benson) Platypsectra ramosa Benson, 1938a: 622. Type locality: Australia: Melbourne, S Yarra, Victoria. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. Lophyrotoma ramosa: Benson, 1958a: 15. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Benson 1938a [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, revision/review: 615, 620, 621, 622]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 244]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 151]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Lophyrotoma towenda Smith Lophyrotoma towenda Smith, 1980b: 337-338. Type locality: Papua New Guinea: E Highlands, Purosa, 1700 m. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BPBM. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1980b [illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath: 332, 337-338, 340]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Indonesia (West Papua [Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)]); Papua New Guinea [Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)].

Lophyrotoma uniformis (Kirby) Pterygophorus uniformis Kirby, 1894: 46. Type locality: Australia: Mackay, Queensland. Syntype, ♂♀. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂♀. 156 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Platypsectra uniformis: Benson, 1938a: 612, 620. Change of combination. Lophyrotoma uniformis: Benson, 1958a: 15. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Turner 1900 [distribution record, habitat, host plant, seasonal distribution: 517, 518]; Rohwer1910 [catalogue/checklist, synonymy: 469]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, key, type information: 290, 293, pl. xi, fig. 12, pl. xii, figs 8, 9, 17, pl. xiii, fig. 11]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 284]; Benson 1938a [distribution record, host plant, key, revision/review: 612, 620]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 151]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Turner 1900, Morice 1919, Benson 1938a, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). BIOLOGY: Larvae feed on creeper in rainforest (Benson 1938a).

Lophyrotoma zimba Smith Lophyrotoma zimba Smith, 1980b: 338-339. Type locality: Papua New Guinea: Morobe District, Aseki, 1 km SE, 1260 m. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BPBM. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1980b [illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet: 332, 334, 338-339]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)].

Lophyrotoma zonalis (Rohwer) Pterygophorus zonalis Rohwer, 1910: 470-471. Type locality: Australia: Mackay, Queensland. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Platypsectra zonalis: Benson, 1938a: 618. Change of combination. Lophyrotoma zonalis: Benson, 1958a: 15. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Morice 1919 [distribution (range), key, taxonomy, type information: 291- 292]; Benson 1938a [distribution (range), key, revision/review: 611, 618]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 151]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 336]; Balciunas 1990 [biological control, development, distribution (range), host plant, illustration of immature stages, life history, reproduction, seasonal distribution]; Balciunas & Burrows 1993 [biological control, description of immature stages, host plant, distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, laboratory studies, life history, oviposition, parasitism rates: 1-16]; Macdonald & Ohmart 1993 [biological control, development, host plant, laboratory studies: 500]; Burrows & Balciunas 1997 [behaviour, biological control, development, economic importance, host plant, host selection, laboratory studies, life history, mortality, oviposition, parasitism, parasitism rates, seasonal distribution: 299-311]; Wood 1997 [biological control, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages: 5-7]; Buckingham 1998 [behaviour, biological control, description of adult, development, distribution (range), experimental host, host plant, life history, laboratory studies, oviposition, parasitism rates: 1-43]; Buckingham 2001 [behaviour, biochemical control, development, host plant, impact/damage, oviposition: 363-386]; Oelrichs et al. 2001 [host plant, laboratory studies, physiology: 1933-1936]; Rayamajhi et al. 2002 [biological control, host plant, laboratory studies: 121, 122, 124-125]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [BalciuBu1990, Burrows & Balciunas 1997, Buckingham 1998, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Morice Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 157

1919, Benson 1938a, Smith 1978, Balciunas & Burrows 1993, Burrows & Balciunas 1997, Buckingham 1998, Schmidt (in print)]); Papua New Guinea [Smith 1980b, Buckingham 1998, Schmidt (in print)]. ASSOCIATIONS: Foes - DIPTERA Tachinidae: Anagonia sp. [Balciunas & Burrows 1993, Buckingham 1998], Apatemyia sp. [Balciunas & Burrows 1993, Burrows & Balciunas 1997, Buckingham 1998]. HYMENOPTERA Eulophidae: Australsecodes sp. [Balciunas & Burrows 1993, Burrows & Balciunas 1997, Buckingham 1998], Chrysonotomyia sp. [Balciunas & Burrows 1993, Burrows & Balciunas 1997, Buckingham 1998]. Ichneumonidae: Aprix sp. [Burrows & Balciunas 1997, Buckingham 1998]. Tachinidae: Froggattimyia sp. [Balciunas & Burrows 1993, Burrows & Balciunas 1997, Buckingham 1998]. Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Melaleuca dealbata S.T. Blake [Balciunas & Burrows 1993, Burrows & Balciunas 1997, Schmidt (in print)], Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L. [Balciunas 1990, Balciunas & Burrows 1993, Burrows & Balciunas 1997, Buckingham 1998, Schmidt (in print)], Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T.Blake [Balciunas 1990, Balciunas & Burrows 1993, Macdonald & Ohmart 1993, Burrows & Balciunas 1997, Buckingham 1998, Schmidt (in print)], Melaleuca viridiflora Sol. ex Gaertn. [Buckingham 1998]. BIOLOGY: Host plant preferences of L. zonalis seem to vary with locality and season but Melaleuca leucadendra and M. quinquenervia seem to be the preferred hosts (Balciunas 1990).

Lophyrotoma sp. CITATION: Smith 1980b [distribution record: 339]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Smith 1980b].

Lophyrotoma sp. nr leachi (Kirby) CITATION: Leask 1943 [distribution record: 2] (as Platypsectra). DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Leask 1943].

Pterygophorus Klug

Pterygophorus Klug, 1814: 276-278. Type species: Pterygophorus cinctus Klug. Subsequently designated by Ashmead, 1898: 230. CITATIONS: Billberg 1820 [catalogue/checklist: 99]; Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau 1823 [diagnosis: xv, 50]; Latreille 1829 [diagnosis: 275-276]; Norton 1869 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 330-331]; Cameron 1878a [distribution (range), systematics - classification: 2, 3, 5, 9]; Kirby 1882 [description, new taxon, systematics - classification: 81-83, 91-92]; Blanchard 1840 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 230]; Froggatt 1901 [behaviour, description, description of immature stages, host plant: 7]; Konow 1905a [key: 36]; Froggatt 1907 [biology, description, description of immature stages, host plant: 72]; Konow 1907 [key to species, new taxon, revision/review: 217-219]; Rohwer 1911a [type information: 89, 103, 104]; Rohwer 1911c [systematics - classification: 225]; Morice 1919 [key, key to species, revision/review: 256, 289-293]; Tillyard 1926 [diagnosis: 265]; Benson 1938a [key, key to species, revision/review: 613, 610-618]; Benson 1938c [illustration of adult, systematics - classification: 380, 382]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 148- 149]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 173]; Abe & Smith 158 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

1991 [synonymy, systematics - classification: 74]; Naumann 1991 [illustration of adult: 933]; Pschorn-Walcher 1998 [behaviour, oviposition, sociality: 460]. BIOLOGY: Species live on Melaleuca and Leptospermum, and larvae pupate in timber or bark (Macdonald & Ohmart 1993).

Pterygophorus biroi Mocsáry Pterygophorus Birói Mocsáry, 1909: 9. Type locality: Papua New Guinea: Sattelberg, Huon Golf, Morobe. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: HNHM. Described: ♂. CITATION: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 148]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)].

Pterygophorus breviantennatus Smith Pterygophorus breviantennatus Smith, 1980b: 333-335. Type locality: Papua New Guinea: Fly River, Kiunga, 35 m. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BPBM. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1980b [illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath: 332, 333-335]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)].

Pterygophorus cinctus Klug Pterygophorus cinctus Klug, 1814: 278-279. Type locality: Australia. Syntype, ♂♀. Type depository: ZMHB? Described: ♂♀. Illust. Tenthredo (Pterygophorus) cinctus: Blanchard, 1844: pl. 108, fig. 8. Change of combination. Pterygophorus civetus: Rohwer, 1910: 469. Misspelling of species name. CITATIONS: Leach1817 [description, distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of male: 119]; Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau 1823 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 51]; Blanchard 1840 [description of adult, distribution (range): 230]; Guérin-Méneville 1844 [distribution (range), illustration of female: 401, pl. 64, fig. 9]; Blanchard 1844 [illustration of female: Pl. 108, Fig. 8]; Kirby 1882 [distribution record: 82]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist, distribution (range): 695]; Froggatt 1890d [description of immature stages, distribution record, host plant, life history, rearing, seasonal distribution: 654]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 308]; Froggatt 1901 [common name, description, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male: 7-8, plates]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of male: 37, pl. 3]; Froggatt 1907 [description of adult, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages: 72, pl. XI]; Konow 1907 [key: 217]; Rohwer1910 [catalogue/checklist, synonymy: 469]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), key: 291, 293]; Tillyard 1926 [behaviour, illustration of adult: 265]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record, taxonomy: 284, 287]; Forsius 1929a [distribution record: 84]; Benson 1938a [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, key, revision/review: 613, 615, 616]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 148-149]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 333]; Elliot et al. 1998 [host plant, impact/damage: 86]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Kirby 1882, Froggatt 1890d, Froggatt 1901, Morice 1919, Smith 1978, Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Morice 1919, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Tasmania Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 159

[Guérin-Méneville 1844, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Kirby 1882, Morice 1919, Forsius 1929a, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Leptospermum sp. [Froggatt 1890d, Schmidt (in print)]

Pterygophorus distinctus Rohwer Pterygophorus distinctus Rohwer, 1910: 469-470. Type locality: Australia: Woodford, New South Wales. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Morice 1919 [distribution (range), key, type information: 291]; Benson 1938a [distribution (range), key, taxonomy: 611, 614]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 149]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Morice 1919, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Pterygophorus facielongus Benson Pterygophorus facielonga Benson, 1938a: 616-618. Type locality: Australia: Woodford, New South Wales. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Benson 1938a [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, key: 615, 616-618]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 246-247]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 149]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 333]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Smith 1978, Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Benson 1938a, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)], Victoria [Benson 1938a, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]).

Pterygophorus insignis Kirby Pterygophorus insignis Kirby, 1894: 45-46. Type locality: Australia: Mackay, Queensland. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Turner 1900 [distribution record, feeding: 517, 518]; Rohwer1910 [catalogue/checklist, synonymy: 460, 469]; Morice 1919 [distribution (range), key, type information: 291, 293]; Forsius 1927 [distribution record: 284]; Benson 1938a [distribution (range), key, revision/review: 611, 616]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 149]; Smith 1980b [distribution record: 333]; Jones & Elliot 1990 [behaviour, control, description of adult, description of immature stages, host plant, illustration of immature stages, impact/damage: 176-177]; Purcell & Goolsby 2005 [behaviour, biological control, distribution (range), host plant, laboratory studies, life history, parasitism]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Turner 1900, Morice 1919, Smith 1978, Smith 1980b, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Callistemon sp., Leptospermum sp. [Jones & Elliot 1990, Schmidt (in print)], Melaleuca armillaris (Sol. ex Gaertn) Sm. [Jones & Elliot 1990, Schmidt (in print)].

Pterygophorus turneri Rohwer Pterygophorus turneri Rohwer, 1910: 470. Type locality: Australia: Cairns, Queensland. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. 160 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

CITATIONS: Morice 1919 [distribution (range), key, type information: 292, 293]; Benson 1938a [distribution (range), key, revision/review: 614]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 149]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Morice 1919, Smith 1978]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Syzygium francisii (Bailey) L.A.S.Johnson [Schmidt (in print)].

Pterygophorus sp. CITATION: Cleland 1918 [natural enemies: 70]. ASSOCIATIONS: Foe - AVES Pachycephalidae: Pachycephala pectoralis (Latham) [Cleland 1918].

Pterygophorus sp. CITATION: Moore 1972 [host plant: 33]. ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus pilularis Sm. [Moore 1972].

Pterygophorus sp. CITATION: Southwell et al. 2003 [antifeedants, host plant, laboratory studies: 86, 90]. ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MYRTALES Myrtaceae: Melaleuca alternifolia Maiden & Betche ex Cheel [Southwell et al. 2003].

Subfamily Pteryperginae Benson

Pteryperginae Benson, 1938c: 381. CITATIONS: Benson 1938c [distribution (range), key: 378, 381]; Riek 1970b [key: 891]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 148]; Naumann 1991 [host plant, key: 935]; Macdonald & Ohmart 1993 [biology, life history, oviposition: 494-495]; Schmidt et al. 2002 [diagnosis, revision/review: 134-140]. BIOLOGY: One of the three known species lives on Elaeocarpus (Schmidt et al. 2002).

Pteryperga Benson

Pteryperga Benson, 1938a: 622-623. Type species: Pteryperga galla Benson, by original designation. CITATIONS: Benson 1938a [new taxon, revision/review: 622-625]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 381]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 223]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 148]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 173]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 74]; Pschorn-Walcher 1998 [behaviour, oviposition, sociality: 460]; Schmidt et al. 2002 [diagnosis, key to species, new taxon, revision/review: 135-140].

Pteryperga bifasciata (Brullé) Pterygophorus bifasciatus Brullé, 1846: 660-661. Type locality: Australia: Tasmania. Syntype, ♀. Type probably lost. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Brullé 1846 [distribution (range), illustration of female: 660-661; pl. 46, fig. 1]; Kirby 1882 [distribution record: 82]; Froggatt 1890c [catalogue/checklist: 695]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 308]; Konow Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 161

1905a [distribution (range): 37]; Konow 1907 [key, taxonomy: 218]; Benson 1938a [diagnosis, taxonomy, type information: 611, 625]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 148]; Schmidt et al. 2002 [illustration of female, key, taxonomy, type information: 136, 137]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Kirby 1882, Konow 1905a, Smith 1978, Schmidt et al. 2002, Schmidt (in print)]). TAXONOMY: The type of bifasciata, a female from Tasmania, is lost and the species has not been found since its description (Brullé 1846). Several earlier references to this species (e.g., Froggatt 1918, 1919) belong to Pteryperga galla (Benson 1938a: 625, Schmidt et al. 2002: 136).

Pteryperga galla Benson Pterygophorus bifasciatus: Froggatt, 1918: 670-671. Misidentification; discovered by Schmidt et al., 2002. Pterygophorus bifasciatus: Froggatt, 1919: 112. Misidentification; discovered by Schmidt et al., 2002. Pterygophorus bifasciatus: Morice, 1919: 290. Misidentification; discovered by Schmidt et al.2002. Pteryperga galla Benson, 1938a: 623-625. Type locality: Australia: Tweed River, New South Wale. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: ANIC. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Froggatt 1918 [common name, description of female, description of male, distribution record, rearing: 670-671]; Froggatt 1919 [distribution record: 112]; Morice 1919 [description of female, distribution (range), key, type information: 290]; Benson 1938a [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, new taxon: 613, 615, 623-625]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 247]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 148]; Jones & Elliot 1990 [behaviour, description of immature stages, host plant: 178]; Pschorn-Walcher 1998 [behaviour, defence, sociality: 464]; Schmidt et al. 2002 [behaviour, description of female, description of immature stages, description of male, distribution (range), host plant, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, key, oviposition, sociality, taxonomy, type information: 136-139]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Froggatt 1918, Froggatt 1919, Smith 1978, Schmidt et al. 2002, Schmidt (in print)], Queensland [Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - MYRTALES Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus reticulatus Smith [Jones & Elliot 1990, Schmidt et al. 2002, Schmidt (in print)].

Pteryperga hyaloptera Schmidt & Smith Pteryperga hyaloptera Schmidt & Smith in Schmidt et al., 2002: 139-140. Type locality: Australia: Bunya Mountains, 26°51'S 151°33'E, Queensland. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: ANIC. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Schmidt et al. 2002 [description of immature stages, habitat, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, illustration of lance/lancet, key]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Schmidt et al. 2002, Schmidt (in print)]). 162 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

BIOLOGY: The species was collected in a subtropical rainforest in southeastern Queensland in an area with a high diversity of different species of ferns, trees and vines and the larvae possibly feed in the canopy area (Schmidt et al. 2002).

Subfamily Styracotechyinae Benson

Styracotechyinae Benson, 1935: 223. CITATIONS: Benson 1938c [distribution (range), key: 378, 381]; Riek 1970a [key: 217]; Riek 1970b [key: 891]; Quinlan 1974 [type information: 221]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 157]; Naumann 1991 [key: 935].

Styracotechys Benson

Styracotechys Benson, 1935: 223, 224-225. Type species: Styracotechys dicelysma Benson, by monotypy. CITATIONS: Benson 1935 [key: 223, 224-226]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 381]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 157]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 188]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 82].

Styracotechys dicelysma Benson Styracotechys dicelysma Benson, 1935: 225-226. Type locality: Australia: Tooloom, New South Wales. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: QMBA. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Benson 1935 [distribution record, illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath: 225-226]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 157]; Schmidt (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant]; Schmidt et al. (in print) [behaviour, behavioural defence, development, description of adult, description of immature stages, distribution (range), host plant, illustration of male, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, life history, oviposition]. DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Benson 1935, Smith 1978, Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)]). ASSOCIATIONS: Host - FABALES Fabaceae: Austrosteenisia blackii (F.Muell.) Geesink [Schmidt (in print), Schmidt et al. (in print)].

Subfamily Syzygoniinae Cameron

Cimbicinae (pt.) Kirby, 1882: 32-33. Lobocerides (pt.) Cameron, 1883: 53. Syzygonides Cameron, 1883: 52. Lobocerinae (pt.) Ashmead, 1898: 228-229. Pterygophorinae (pt.) Ashmead, 1898: 230. Lobocerotides (pt.) Konow, 1905a: 31-32, 34-36. Syzygoniides (pt.) Konow, 1905a: 10-11. Cimbicinen (pt.) Mallach, 1929: 285. Syzygoniinae Benson, 1934: 224. Loboceridea (pt.) Malaise, 1955: 117. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 163

Paralypiinae Smith, 1978: 75. Synonymy by Smith, 1990: 96. CITATIONS: Cameron 1883 [diagnosis, systematics - classification: 51-52]; Konow 1900 [key to genera: 67-68]; Konow 1905a [description, key to genera, systematics - classification: 10-11, 32, 34-36]; Jörgensen 1913 [diagnosis, key: 284, 285]; Benson 1935 [distribution (range), key, new taxon: 224]; Benson 1938c [distribution (range), key, new taxon: 378, 381]; Smith 1990 [diagnosis, key, key to genera, synonymy, systematics - classification, taxonomy: 13, 96- 125]; Smith 1995b [distribution (range), diagnosis, key: 171, 172].

Incalia Cameron

Incalia Cameron, 1878b: 143-144. Type species: Incalia hirticornis Cameron, by monotypy. CITATIONS: Cameron 1881 [taxonomy: 563]; Kirby 1882 [description, systematics - classification: 32]; Cameron 1883 [diagnosis: 52-53]; Ashmead 1898 [key: 229]; Konow 1900 [key: 68]; Konow 1905a [description, distribution (range), key: 32, 34-35]; Rohwer 1911a [type information: 81]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 381]; Malaise 1955 [description, key to species, type information: 117-119]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 106]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 173]; Smith 1990 [diagnosis, distribution (range), key, key to species, taxonomy: 98, 102-104]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 40]; Smith 1995a [diagnosis, distribution (range): 172].

Incalia americana (Linnaeus) Tenthredo americana Linnaeus, 1758: 555. Type locality: America. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: NHRS. Hylotoma americana: Fabricius, 1804: 24. Change of combination. Incalia hirticornis Cameron, 1878b: 144-145. Type locality: Brazil: Ega. Holotype ♀. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Synonymy by Malaise, 1955: 119. Ptenus americanus: Kirby, 1882: 51. Change of combination. Incalia americana: Malaise, 1935: 163. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Cameron 1881 [taxonomy: 563]; Kirby 1882 [description of female, distribution (range), illustration of female, synonymy, taxonomy: 32, 51, pl. ii, fig. 16]; Cameron 1883 [distribution record, illustration of female: 53, pl. III]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 323, 347, 348]; Konow 1900 [description of male, distribution record: 71-72]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 35]; Enderlein 1919 [distribution record: 125]; Malaise 1955 [description, distribution (range), illustration of female, key: 118, 119]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 173]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), host plant, illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, key, oviposition, type information: 94, 103] Smith 1995b [distribution (range): 172]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Brazil (Amazonas [Konow 1905a, Malaise 1955, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Bahía [Kirby 1882, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]); Colombia [Enderlein 1919, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Costa Rica [Smith 1990, Smith 1995b, Smith (in print)]; Panama [Cameron 1883, Konow 1905a, Malaise 1955, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]; Peru? [Konow 1905a]; Suriname [Malaise 1955, Smith 1978]. 164 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

ASSOCIATIONS: Host - RHAMNALES Vitaceae: Vitis sp. BIOLOGY: Two females from Costa Rica have most of a leaf of Vitis sp. on the same pin each with ca. 70 eggs on the surface (Smith 1990).

Incalia fulviventris Malaise Incalia fulviventris Malaise, 1955: 119. Type locality: Colombia: Bogota. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: MNHN. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATIONS: Malaise 1955 [illustration of female, key: 118, 119]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 173]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, taxonomy, type information: 102, 103]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Incalia nigrinotum Smith Incalia nigrinotum Smith, 1990: 103-104. Type locality: Suriname: Nassau Mountains, Mazowyne. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: RMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, key, type information: 95, 103-104]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Suriname [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Incalia ultimajor Malaise Incalia ultimajor Malaise, 1955: 119. Type locality: Peru: Changemajo, 1300 m. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: NHRS. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Malaise 1955 [illustration of female, key: 118, 119]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 173]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key, type information: 94, 95, 103, 104]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Incalia sp. CITATION: Smith 1990 [illustration of adult, illustration of male genitalia: 94, 95].

Lagideus Konow

Lagideus Konow, 1905c: 160. Type species: Lagideus crinitus Konow, by monotypy. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [description, distribution (range), key: 32, 35-36]; Rohwer 1911a [type information: 81]; Benson 1935 [systematics - classification: 224]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 381]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 174]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 111]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, key to species, taxonomy: 100, 107-125]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 43]; Smith 1995a [diagnosis, distribution (range): 172]; Smith 1995b [illustration of adult: 161]; Smith & Bado 2004 [diagnosis, distribution (range), host plant: 120].

Lagideus albitarsis Malaise Lagideus albitarsis Malaise, 1942: 110-112. Type locality: Brazil: Santa Catarina. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: NHRS. Described: ♂. Illust. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 165

CITATIONS: Malaise 1949 [description: 19]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 174]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key, taxonomy, type information: 108, 114]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Santa Catarina [Smith 1978, Smith (in print)], São Paulo [Smith 1990]; Uruguay [Smith (in print)]).

Lagideus badoae Smith Lagideus badoae Smith in Smith & Bado, 2004: 120-124. Type locality: Argentina: Cap. Fed. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: MLPA. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith & Bado 2004 [description of immature stages, host plant, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male: 120-124]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Smith & Bado 2004, Smith (in print)]); Uruguay [Smith & Bado 2004, Smith (in print)]. ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - MYRTALES Onagraceae: Fuchsia sp. [Smith & Bado 2004, Smith (in print)], Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) Raven [Smith & Bado 2004, Smith (in print)].

Lagideus besus Smith Lagideus besus Smith, 1990: 114. Type locality: Brazil: Caraguatatuba, São Paulo. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: MZSP. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key: 99, 109, 110, 114]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (São Paulo [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Lagideus cellius Smith Lagideus cellius Smith, 1990: 114-115. Type locality: Brazil: Mount Roraima, Arabupu, 4200 feet. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of sawsheath, key: 99, 110, 114-115]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Roraima [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Lagideus crinitus Konow Lagideus crinitus Konow, 1905c: 161. Type locality: Argentina. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 36]; Jörgensen 1913 [distribution record: 251]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 174]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of female, key, taxonomy: 98, 110, 115]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Konow 1905a, Jörgensen 1913, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Lagideus effus Smith Lagideus effus Smith, 1990: 115-116. Type locality: Peru: Machu Picchu, Cuzco. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: AEIC. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key: 98, 109, 110, 115-116]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]. 166 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Lagideus gerus Smith Lagideus gerus Smith, 1990: 116. Type locality: Brazil: Serra do Caraça, S Bárbara, Minas Geraís. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: AEIC. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key: 99, 109, 112, 116]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Geraís [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Lagideus inonus Smith Lagideus inonus Smith, 1990: 116-117. Type locality: Brazil: Teresopolis, Rio de Janeiro. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: AEIC. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key: 99, 112, 113, 116-117]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Lagideus kolonus Smith Lagideus kolonus Smith, 1990: 117. Type locality: Ecuador: Runtun-Banos. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, key: 99, 109, 112, 117]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Ecuador [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Lagideus longicus Smith Lagideus longicus Smith, 1990: 118. Type locality: Costa Rica: Pta. Monteverde Res., 1500 m. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: CNCI. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATIONS: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, key: 98, 99, 108, 112, 118], Smith 1995b [distribution (range): 172]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Costa Rica [Smith 1990, Smith 1995b, Smith (in print)].

Lagideus luticus Smith Lagideus luticus Smith, 1990: 118. Type locality: Argentina: Horco Molle, Tucumán. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: MCZC. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key: 99, 111, 112, 118]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Tucumán [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Lagideus mexicanus Smith Lagideus mexicanus Smith, 1990: 119. Type locality: Mexico: El. Triunfo, 49 km S Jaltenango, Chiapas. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♀. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of genitalia, key: 110, 119]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Mexico (Chiapas [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 167

Lagideus mulsus Smith Lagideus mulsus Smith, 1990: 119-120. Type locality: Brazil: S.J. Barreiro, Serra da Bocaina. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: AEIC. Described: ♀. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of sawsheath, key: 99, 112, 119-120]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (São Paulo [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Lagideus oranus Smith Lagideus oranus Smith, 1990: 120. Type locality: Bolivia: Yungas, 2000 m. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: MHNB. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key: 98, 112, 113, 120]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Lagideus rious Smith Lagideus rious Smith, 1990: 120-121. Type locality: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, Distrito Federal (=Brasilia). Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: USNM. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, key: 99, 110, 111, 120-121]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Lagideus romius Smith Lagideus romius Smith, 1990: 121-122. Type locality: Ecuador: Napo, Limoncocha, 250 m. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: CNCI. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key: 98, 99, 111, 112, 121-122]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Ecuador [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Lagideus townesi Smith Lagideus townesi Smith, 1990: 122-123. Type locality: Argentina: Villa Nogues, S Tucumán, 2000 feet. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: AEIC. Described: ♂♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, key: 98, 99, 108, 110, 111, 11]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Tucumán [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Lagideus ucratus Smith Lagideus ucratus Smith, 1990: 123. Type locality: Bolivia: Alto Beni, Palos Blancos. Holotype ♀, by original designation. Type depository: AMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key: 98, 99, 111, 112, 123]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [Smith 1990]; Peru [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]. 168 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Lagideus votatus Smith Lagideus votatus Smith, 1990: 123-124. Type locality: Brazil: S.J. Barreiro, Serra da Bocaina, 1650 m. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: AEIC. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, key: 99, 108, 113, 123-124]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (São Paulo [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Lagideus wuncatus Smith Lagideus wuncatus Smith, 1990: 124. Type locality: Argentina: Punta Lara. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: AEIC. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, key: 99, 108, 113, 124]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Lagideus wygodzinskyi Malaise Lagideus wygodzinskyi Malaise, 1949: 18-19. Type locality: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, 900 m. Holotype ♀, by monotypy. Type depository: NHRS. Described: ♀. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 174]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of sawsheath, key, type information: 99, 109, 112, 124]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], São Paulo [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Lagideus yantuus Smith Lagideus yantuus Smith, 1990: 124-125. Type locality: Brazil: Serra da Bocaina, S.J. Barreiros. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: MCZC. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, key: 99, 108, 113, 124-135]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (São Paulo [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Lagideus zisetus Smith Lagideus zisetus Smith, 1990: 125. Type locality: Peru: Carpish Mountains N of Huanuco, 2600 m. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, key: 98, 108, 113, 125]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Paralypia Kirby

Paralypia Kirby, 1882: 33. Type species: Paralypia picipes Kirby, by monotypy. CITATIONS: Kirby 1882 [description, systematics - classification: 33, 91-92]; Ashmead 1898 [key: 229]; Konow 1900 [key: 68]; Konow 1905a [description, distribution (range), key: 32, 35]; Rohwer 1911a [type information: 86]; Benson 1935 [systematics - classification: 224]; Benson 1938c [systematics - Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 169

classification: 381]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 173]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 149]; Smith 1990 [diagnosis, distribution (range), key, key to species, taxonomy: 100, 104-106]; Abe & Smith 1991 [systematics - classification: 61].

Paralypia colombiana Smith Paralypia colombiana Smith, 1990: 105. Type locality: Colombia: Lake Sapatoza, Chiriguana. Holotype ♂, by original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♂. Illust. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of male genitalia, key: 98, 105]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)].

Paralypia lacertosa Konow Paralypia lacertosa Konow, 1906b: 368-369. Type locality: Brazil: Pará. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: DEIC. Described: ♂. CITATIONS: Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 173]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), key, type information: 105, 106]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Pará [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Paralypia picipes Kirby Paralypia picipes Kirby, 1882: 33. Type locality: Brazil: Santarem, Pará. Holotype ♀, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: BMNH. Described: ♀. Illust. CITATIONS: Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 347]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 35]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 173]; Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of adult, illustration of sawsheath, key, type information: 98, 105, 106]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Pará [Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Paralypia zikani Smith Paralypia zikani Smith, 1990: 106. Type locality: Brazil: Itatiaya, 700 m, Rio de Janeiro. Holotype ♂, by monotypy and original designation. Type depository: MNRJ. Described: ♂. CITATION: Smith 1990 [distribution (range), illustration of male genitalia, key: 98, 105, 106]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]).

Syzygonia Klug

Syzygonia Klug, 1824: 177-178. Type species: Syzygonia cyanocephala Klug. Subsequently designated by Ashmead, 1898: 230. Sizygonia: Brullé, 1846: 671. Misspelling of genus name. Syzygonidea Ashmead, 1898: 230. Type species: Syzygonia cyanea Brullé, by original designation. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 172. Bergiana Konow, 1899c: 397-399. Type species: Syzygonia cyanocephala Klug, by original designation. Synonymy by Rohwer, 1911a: 102. CITATIONS: Latreille 1829 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 272]; Klug 1834 [diagnosis: 229]; Brullé 1846 [diagnosis, distribution (range): 671, pl. 48, fig. 170 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

2]; Cameron 1878a [distribution (range), systematics - classification: 2, 3, 5]; Cameron 1881 [taxonomy: 563]; Kirby 1882 [systematics - classification: 31- 32]; Konow 1905a [description, distribution (range), key, systematics - classification: 3, 10-11]; Rohwer 1911a [key to genera, taxonomy, type information: 75, 90, 101-102, 104]; Benson 1938c [systematics - classification: 381]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist: 172]; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 1990 [catalogue/checklist: 48, 183, 191]; Smith 1990 [diagnosis, key, taxonomy: 97, 100-101]; Abe & Smith 1991 [synonymy, systematics - classification: 13, 78- 79, 83]; Smith 1995b [illustration of adult: 161]; Pschorn-Walcher 1998 [behaviour, oviposition, sociality: 460].

Syzygonia cyanocephala Klug Syzygonia cyanocephala Klug, 1824: 180. Type locality: Brazil. Syntype, ♀. Type depository: ZMHB. Described: ♀. Syzygonia aenea Perty, 1830: 130. Type locality: Brazil: Piauí. Syntype, ♂. Type depository: ZSMG. Described: ♂. Illust. Synonymy by Smith, 1978: 172. Sizygonia cyanea: Brullé, 1846: pl. 48, fig. 2. Misspelling of genus name. Caption of plate under figure is cyanea, but in legends for figures, Brullé stated that it should be cyanocephala (“par erreur sur la planche”). Syzygonidea cyanea: Ashmead, 1898: 230. Change of combination. “S. cyanea Brullé” cited as type species of Syzygonidea; no further description. Bergiana cyanocephala: Konow, 1899b: 397-399. Change of combination. Parasyzygonia aenea: Rohwer, 1911a: 102. Change of combination. CITATIONS: Klug 1834 [diagnosis, distribution record, illustration of female: 299, pl. II]; Brullé 1846 [illustration of adult: pl. 48, fig. 2]; Kirby 1882 [distribution (range): 32]; Dalla Torre 1894 [catalogue/checklist: 348]; Konow 1905a [distribution (range): 10, 11]; Enderlein 1919 [distribution record: 113]; Mallach 1929 [key: 288]; Conde 1932 [distribution record, illustration of lance/lancet: 437, 439]; Azevedo Marques 1933 [biology, description of egg, description of female, description of immature stages, development, habitat, host plant, illustration of female, illustration of immature stages, illustration of lance/lancet, life history, oviposition: 1-11]; Monte 1941 [distribution record, host plant: 145]; Costa Lima 1968 [distribution (range), host plant: 622]; Smith 1978 [catalogue/checklist, host plant: 172]; Smith 1990 [biology, host plant, illustration of adult, illustration of female, illustration of lance/lancet, illustration of male, illustration of male genitalia, illustration of sawsheath, taxonomy: 94, 95, 101]; Smith 1993 [economic importance: 11]; Vilhelmsen 1996 [musculature, phylogeny, structure]; Pschorn-Walcher 1998 [behaviour, defence, sociality: 464]; Vilhelmsen 2000a [internal anatomy, musculature, structure]; Vilhelmsen 2000b [internal anatomy, phylogeny, structure]; Vilhelmsen 2000c [musculature, structure]; Smith (in print) [catalogue/checklist, host plant, synonymy]. DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Smith 1978]; Brazil [Klug 1834, Konow195a] (Minas Geraís [Monte 1941, Costa Lima 1968, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Piauí [Kirby 1882, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Rio Grande do Sul [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Rio de Janeiro [Enderlein 1919, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], Santa Catarina [Smith 1990, Smith (in print)], São Paulo [Conde 1932, Smith 1978, Smith 1990, Smith (in print)]). Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 171

ASSOCIATIONS: Hosts - MYRTALES Melastomataceae: Tibouchina mutabilis (Vell.) Cogn. [Azevedo Marques 1933, Costa Lima 1968, Smith (in print)], Tibouchina sp. [Monte 1941, Costa Lima 1968] BIOLOGY: The species is biologically similar to species of Philomastix. The female attaches clusters of eggs to the midrib of the leaf and guards eggs and offspring (Azevedo Marques 1933). The gregarious larvae resemble larvae of Philomastix spp., in particular the two caudal appendages are very similar in both groups.

172 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Food Plants

The following lists the family and food plants alphabetically by order, family, genus, and species, followed by the sawflies that have been recorded from them. See species entries for additional information on the food plants such as preferred hosts and questionable records that need confirmation.

APIALES Nothofagus sp. Apiaceae Cerospastus volupis Eryngium sp. Quercus alba Perreyia lepida Acordulecera dorsalis Acordulecera sp. AURICULARIALES Quercus borealis Auriculariaceae Acordulecera dorsalis Auricularia sp. Quercus palustris Decameria rufiventris Phylacteophaga froggatti Decameria sp. Quercus robur Phylacteophaga froggatti ASTERALES Quercus sp. Asteraceae Acordulecera dorsalis Baccharis sp. Phylacteophaga froggatti Perreyia lepida Quercus velutina Senecio sp. Acordulecera dorsalis Perreyia lepida GENTIANALES CELASTRALES Apocynaceae Hippocrataceae Mesechites trifida Hippocratea volubilis Aulacomerus daktus Anathulea bimaculata Rubiaceae Posoqueria latifolia FABALES Acordulecera binelli Fabaceae Austrosteenisia blackii GERANIALES Styracotechys dicelysma Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum havanense FAGALES Acordulecera liami Betulaceae Betula sp. JUGLANDALES Phylacteophaga froggatti Juglandaceae Fagaceae Carya cordiformis Castanea sp Acordulecera dorsalis Acordulecera dorsalis Carya ovata Nothofagus alpina Acordulecera dorsalis Cerospastus volupis Carya porcina Nothofagus dombeyi Acordulecera dorsalis Cerospastus volupis Carya sp. Nothofagus obliqua Acordulecera dorsalis Cerospastus volupis Juglans sp. Nothofagus pumilio Acordulecera dorsalis Cerospastus volupis Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 173

MALVALES Corymbia gummifera Malvaceae Acanthoperga cameronii Sida densiflora Perga bicolor Decameria interrupta Perga dorsalis Tiliaceae Lophyrotoma interrupta Luehea seemannii Pergagrapta bella Anathulea sp. Pergagrapta polita Pergagrapta spinolae MARSILEALES Pseudoperga ferruginea Marsileaceae Pseudoperga lewisii Marsilea drummondii Corymbia maculata Warra froggatti Lophyrotoma interrupta Perga kirbii MYRTALES Pergagrapta spinolae Elaeocarpaceae Phylacteophaga eucalypti Elaeocarpus reticulatus Phylacteophaga froggatti Pteryperga galla Eucalyptus acmenoides Melastomataceae Polyclonus atratus Tibouchina mutabilis Eucalyptus amygdalina Syzygonia cyanocephala Perga affinis Tibouchina sp. Pergagrapta bella Syzygonia cyanocephala Phylacteophaga amygdalini Myrtaceae Phylacteophaga eucalypti Acmena smithii Eucalyptus bicostata Acanthoperga marlatti Perga affinis Angophora costata Pergagrapta polita Polyclonus atratus Eucalyptus blakelyi Angophora floribunda Perga affinis Lophyrotoma interrupta Eucalyptus botryoides Perga dahlbomii Pergagrapta polita Pergagrapta polita Phylacteophaga eucalypti Angophora intermedia Eucalyptus bridgesiana Polyclonus atratus Perga affinis Callistemon sp. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Perga dorsalis Lophyrotoma interrupta Pterygophorus insignis Perga affinis Corymbia calophylla Perga dorsalis Perga schiodtei Perga kirbii Phylacteophaga froggatti Phylacteophaga eucalypti Corymbia citriodora Phylacteophaga froggatti Perga dorsalis Eucalyptus cinerea Pergagrapta polita Phylacteophaga froggatti Phylacteophaga eucalypti Eucalyptus cladocalyx Phylacteophaga froggatti Phylacteophaga eucalypti Corymbia ficifolia Phylacteophaga froggatti Perga affinis Eucalyptus cladocalyx Phylacteophaga eucalypti Phylacteophaga froggatti Phylacteophaga froggatti 174 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Eucalyptus crebra Eucalyptus lehmannii Lophyrotoma interrupta Perga dahlbomii Perga vollenhovii Phylacteophaga froggatti Pergagrapta glabra Eucalyptus leucoxylon Pergagrapta polita Perga affinis Pseudoperga ferruginea Perga dorsalis Eucalyptus deanei Pergagrapta latreillii Pergagrapta polita Pergagrapta spinolae Eucalyptus dives Phylacteophaga froggatti Pseudoperga guerinii Eucalyptus macarthurii Pseudoperga lewisii Phylacteophaga froggatti Eucalyptus dunii Eucalyptus maculosa Phylacteophaga froggatti Perga affinis Eucalyptus elaeophora Eucalyptus mannifera Perga affinis Perga affinis Eucalyptus elata Phylacteophaga eucalypti Pergagrapta polita Phylacteophaga froggatti Eucalyptus globulus Eucalyptus marginata Perga affinis Phylacteophaga froggatti Perga dorsalis Phylacteophaga occidens Perga klugii Eucalyptus melanophloia Perga schiodtei Lophyrotoma interrupta Pergagrapta polita Eucalyptus melliodora Phylacteophaga eucalypti Perga affinis Phylacteophaga froggatti Pergagrapta polita Eucalyptus gomphocephala Eucalyptus moluccana Phylacteophaga froggatti Lophyrotoma interrupta Eucalyptus goniocalyx Pergagrapta polita Perga affinis Eucalyptus nicholii Eucalyptus grandis Lophyrotoma interrupta Lophyrotoma interrupta Perga affinis Perga affinis Pergagrapta gravenhorstii Perga dorsalis Pergagrapta polita Perga kirbii Phylacteophaga froggatti Pergagrapta polita Pseudoperga sp. Pergagrapta turneri Eucalyptus nitens Phylacteophaga eucalypti Perga affinis Phylacteophaga froggatti Phylacteophaga eucalypti Polyclonus atratus Phylacteophaga froggatti Eucalyptus haemastoma Pseudoperga lewisii Perga affinis Eucalyptus nova-anglica Perga dorsalis Perga dorsalis Pergagrapta bicolor Eucalyptus obliqua Polyclonus atratus Lophyrotoma interrupta Eucalyptus intermedia Perga affinis Lophyrotoma interrupta Perga dorsalis Eucalyptus kitsoniana Pseudoperga lewisii Phylacteophaga froggatti Eucalyptus obtusiflora Eucalyptus lansdowneana Perga dorsalis Perga affinis Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 175

Eucalyptus occidentalis Eucalyptus rudis Perga affinis Phylacteophaga froggatti Eucalyptus ovata Phylacteophaga occidens Perga affinis Eucalyptus saligna Perga dorsalis Pergagrapta bicolor Phylacteophaga froggatti Pergagrapta polita Eucalyptus parramattensis Phylacteophaga eucalypti Pergagrapta polita Phylacteophaga froggatti Eucalyptus pauciflora Polyclonus atratus Cerealces scutellata Eucalyptus scoparii Perga affinis Pergagrapta polita Pergagrapta bella Eucalyptus siderophloia Pergagrapta bicolor Lophyrotoma interrupta Pseudoperga guerinii Eucalyptus sideroxylon Pseudoperga lewisii Perga affinis Xyloperga forsiusi Pergagrapta gravenhorstii Eucalyptus perriniana Pergagrapta polita Pergagrapta latreillii Pergagrapta spinolae Phylacteophaga froggatti Phylacteophaga eucalypti Eucalyptus pilularis Phylacteophaga froggatti Pergagrapta polita Eucalyptus sp. Polyclonus atratus Cerealces scutellata Pterygophorus sp. Pseudoperga belinda Eucalyptus piperita Eucalyptus stellulata Pergagrapta bella Xyloperga forsiusi Pergagrapta castanea Eucalyptus tereticornis Pseudoperga guerinii Pergagrapta glabra Eucalyptus polyanthemos Phylacteophaga froggatti Perga affinis Pseudoperga lewisii Eucalyptus populnea Eucalyptus torquata Lophyrotoma interrupta Perga dorsalis Eucalyptus propinqua Eucalyptus transcontinentalis Pergagrapta polita Perga konowi Pseudoperga ferruginea Eucalyptus umbra Eucalyptus punctata Perga dorsalis Pergagrapta spinolae Eucalyptus viminalis Eucalyptus racemosa Lophyrotoma interrupta Phylacteophaga eucalypti Perga affinis Eucalyptus radiata Pergagrapta bella Lophyrotoma cyanea Pseudoperga lewisii Eucalyptus resinifera Phylacteophaga eucalypti Polyclonus atratus Phylacteophaga froggatti Eucalyptus risdonii Leptospermum sp. Pseudoperga sp. Lophyrotoma interrupta Eucalyptus robusta Pterygophorus cinctus Phylacteophaga eucalypti Pterygophorus insignis Phylacteophaga froggatti Lophostemum confertus Eucalyptus rubida Phylacteophaga eucalypti Perga affinis 176 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Melaleuca sp. POLYGONALES Antiperga enslini Polygonaceae Perga sp. Emex australis Melaleuca alternifolia Lophyrotoma analis Pterygophorus sp. Muehlenbeckia sp. Melaleuca armillaris Lophyrotoma analis Pterygophorus insignis Rumex brownii Melaleuca dealbata Lophyrotoma analis Lophyrotoma zonalis Rumex sp. Melaleuca leucadendra Lophyrotoma analis Lophyrotoma zonalis Melaleuca quinquenervia PROTEALES Lophyrotoma zonalis Proteaceae Pergagrapta polita Roupala montana Melaleuca viridiflora Corynophilus pumilus Lophyrotoma zonalis RANUNCULALES Psidium cattleianum Ranunculaceae Haplostegus epimelas Ranunculus sp. Truqus magnus Clarissa tasbates Psidium guajava Enjijus megacephalus RHAMNALES Haplostegus epimelas Rhamnaceae Haplostegus humeralis Alphitonia excelsa Haplostegus scutater Philomastix xanthophylax Sutwanus nigriceps Vitaceae Syncarpia procera Vitis sp. Perga sp. Incalia americana Syzygium francisii Pterygophorus turneri ROSALES Tristania conferta Rosaceae Phylacteophaga froggatti Rubus hillii Phylacteophaga rubida Philomastix nancarrowi Onagraceae Rubus moluccanus Fuchsia sp. Philomastix macleaii Lagideus badoae Rubus rosifolius Ludwigia peploides Philomastix macleaii Lagideus badoae Philomastix nancarrowi

POALES SAPINDALES Poaceae Anacardiaceae Perreyia flavipes Mangifera indica Agonis flexuosa Decameria similis Phylacteophaga froggatti Rhus sandwicensis Digiterea sp. Heteroperreyia hubrichi Dalia graminis Schinus dependens Pennisetum glaucum Heteroperreyia hubrichi Dalia graminis Schinus molle Poa sp. Heteroperreyia jorgenseni Clarissa tasbates Schinus terebinthifolius Heteroperreyia hubrichi Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 177

SCROPHULARIALES SOLANALES Bignoniaceae Solanaceae Arrabidaea patellifera Solanum tuberosum Acordulecera dashielli Tequus ducra Spathodea campanulata Tequus munroi Ancyloneura varipes Tequus ruficeps Tequus willei

URTICALES Moraceae Ficus sp. Decameria similis 178 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Acronyms of Depositories

AEIC Gainesville: American Entomological Institute, FL, USA AMNH New York: American Museum of Natural History, NY, USA ANIC Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, Division of Entomology, CSIRO, Australia ANSP Philadelphia: Academy of Natural Sciences, PA, USA BMNH London: The Natural History Museum = British Museum of Natural History, UK BPBM Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, HI, USA CASC San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, CA, USA CNCI Ottawa: Canadian National Collection of Insects, Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research, ON, Canada CUIC Ithaca: Cornell University Insect Collection, Cornell University, NY, USA DEIC Müncheberg: Deutsches Entomologisches Institut im Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschafts- und Landnutzungsforschung, Germany EMSU East Lansing: Entomological Museum, Michigan State University, MI, USA HNHM Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary IBGE Brasilia: Colecao Zoologia da Reserva Ecologia, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica, Divisao de Ecologia Animal, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil IEUN Portici: Istituto de Entomologia Agraria, Universita degli Studi de Napoli, Italy IMLT Tucumán: Fundación e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina INBI Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Costa Rica INHS Champaign: Illinois Natural History Survey Insect Collection, IL, USA IZAM Maracay: Instituto de Zoología Agrícola, Universidad Central de Venezuela LACM Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, CA, USA MACN Buenos Aires: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Division Entomologia, Argentina MAMU Sydney: Macleay Insect Collection, Macleay Museum, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia MANT Darwin: Museum & Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, Australia MCZC Cambridge: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, MA, USA MHNB Basel: Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle (Naturhistorisches Museum), Switzerland MHNG Geneva: Muséum d'Historie Naturelle, Switzerland MLPA La Plata: Museo de la Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Division Entomologia, Argentina MNHN Paris: Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, France MNRJ Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil MNSC Santiago: Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile MPEG Belém: Museo Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Brazil MRSN Torino: Spinola Collection, Museo Regionale Scienze Naturali, Italy MVMA Abbotsford: Department of Entomology, Museum of Victoria, Australia MVME Melbourne: Museum of Victoria, Australia MZSP São Paulo: Museo de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil NHMW Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria NHRS Stockholm: Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Sweden NSMT Tokyo: National Science Museum (Natural History), Japan NSWA Sydney: New South Wales Department of Agriculture Collection, Australia OXUM Oxford: Hope Entomological Collections, University Museum, UK PASW Warszawa: Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 179

QMBA Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia RMNH Leiden: Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, The Netherlands SAMA Adelaide: South Australian Museum, South Australia, Australia UCDC Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, CA, USA UDCR San Jose: Universidad de Costa Rica ULSF St. Foy: Université Laval, St. Foy, QC, Canada USNM Washington: National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, DC, USA WAMP Perth: Western Australian Museum, Western Australia, Australia ZIMG Hamburg: Zoologisches Museum Hamburg, Germany ZMHB Berlin: Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Germany ZMUC Copenhagen: Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Denmark ZSMG Munich: Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Munich, Germany 180 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

References

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Thamsborg, S.M. & Jorgensen, R.J. 1996. Putative effect of silymarin on sawfly (Arge pullata)- induced hepatoxicosis in sheep. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 38: 89-91. Thamsborg, S.M., Jorgensesn, R.J., Brummerstedt, E. & Jensen, A.M. 1985. Mulig forgiftning af far pa graes (possible poisoning of sheep on pasture (birch sawfly larvae, Arge pullata)). Dansk Veterinaertidsskrift 68: 807-808. Thumlert, T.A. & Austin, A.D. 1994. Biology of Phylacteophaga froggatti Riek (Hymenoptera: Pergidae) and its parasitoids in South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 118: 99-113. Tillyard, R.J. 1925. Hymenoptera. Pages 641–643, pl. 19 in Jose, A.W. and Carter, H.J. (eds), The illustrated Australian encyclopaedia. Vol. 1. Angus and Robertson: Sydney. _____. 1926. The Insects of Australia and New Zealand. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. xvi + 560 pp. Togashi, I. 1981. Some sawflies (Hymenoptera, Pergidae and Tenthredinidae) from New Britain, Papua New Guinea, and Palawan Is., Philippines. Kontyû 49: 414-421. Tryon, H. 1921. Special cattle fatality in the Maranoa district and its relation to the larvae of Pterygophorus analis, Costa. Queensland Agricultural Journal 16: 208-216. Tryon, H. & Illidge, R. 1910. Report on the Sandgate excursion - 12th March, 1910. Ornithological and entomological notes. Queensland Naturalist 1: 144-146. Turner, G. 1900. Two new species of phytophagous Hymenoptera belonging to the families Oryssidae and Tenthredinidae, with notes on other sawflies. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 25: 514-518. Vilhelmsen, L. 1996. The preoral cavity of lower Hymenoptera (Insecta): comparative morphology and phylogenetic significance. Zoologica Scripta 25: 143-170. _____. 1997. The phylogeny of the lower Hymenoptera (Insecta), with a summary of the early evolutionary history of the order. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 35: 49-70. _____. 1998. The occipital region in the basal Hymenoptera (Insecta): a reappraisal. Zoologica Scripta 28: 75-85. _____. 2000a. Before the wasp-waist: comparative anatomy and phylogenetic implications of the skeleto-musculature of the thoraco-abdominal boundary region in basal Hymenoptera (Insecta). Zoomorphology 119: 185-221. _____. 2000b. The ovipositor apparatus of basal Hymenoptera (Insecta): phylogenetic implications and functional morphology. Zoologica Scripta 29: 319-345. _____. 2000c. Cervical and prothoracic skeleto-musculature of the basal Hymenoptera (Insecta): Comparative analysis and phylogenetic implications. Zoologischer Anzeiger 239: 105-138. _____. 2001. Phylogeny and classification of the extant basal lineages of the Hymenoptera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 393-442. Vitorino, M.D., Pedrosa-Macedo, J.H. & Cuda, J.P. 2000. Biology and specificity test of the sawfly - Heteroperreyia hubrichi Malaise, 1955 (Hymenoptera: Pergidae) a potential biological control agent for Brazilian Peppertree - Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae). Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, 4-14 July 1999, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA, p. 645-650. Webb, D.W. 1980. Primary insect types in the Illinois Natural History Survey Collection, exclusive of the Collembola and Thysanoptera. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 32 (2): 51-191. Weinstein, P. 1989. Cycloalexy in an Australian pergid sawfly (Hymenoptera, Pergidae). Bulletin & Annales de la Société royale belge d'Entomologie 125: 53-60. _____. 1990. Leaf petiole chewing and the sabotage of induced defences. Oikos 58: 231-233. _____. 1991. Undermining spitfire defence strategies. Australian Natural History 23: 848-857. Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 197

_____. 1992. The biology of the parasitic wasp Taeniogonalos venatoria Riek (Trigonalidae) and its Eucalyptus-defoliating host Perga dorsalis Leach (Hym.; Pergidae). Adelaide: PhD thesis, University of Adelaide. Weinstein, P. & Austin, A.D. 1995. Primary parasitism, development and adult biology in the wasp Taeniogonalos venatoria Riek (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae). Australian Journal of Zoology 43: 541-555. Weinstein, P. & Maelzer, D.A. 1997. Leadership behaviour in sawfly larvae Perga dorsalis (Hymenoptera: Pergidae). Oikos 79: 450-455. Westwood, J.O. 1836. P. 234 in postscript to Lewis, R.H., Case of maternal attendance on the larva by an insect of the tribe of Terebrantia, belonging to the genus Perga, observed at Hobarton, Tasmania. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1: 232-234. _____. 1842. Descriptions of some exotic species of sawflies. Arcana Entomologica: or Illustrations of New, Rare, and Interesting Insects 1: 23-24. _____. 1874. Thesaurus Entomologicus Oxoniensis; or illustrations of new, rare, and interesting insects, for the most part contained in the collections presented to the University of Oxford by the Rev. F. W. Hope, 205 pp., 40 pls. _____. 1880. A monograph of the sawflies composing the Australian genus Perga of Leach. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1880: 359-379, pls xxxiii-xxxvii. Wheeler, W.M & Mann, W.M. 1923. A singular habit of sawfly larvae. Psyche 30: 9-13. Wikler, C. & Smith, C.W. 2002. Strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum): prospects for biological control. University of Hawaii Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit Technical Report 129: 108-116. Wille, T.J.E. 1943. Entomologia Agricola del Peru. Lima, Estac. Exp. Agric. de la Molina, 468 pp. Williams, D.H., Santikarn, S., De Angelis, F., Smith, R.J., Reid, D.G., Oelrichs, P.B. & MacLeod, J.K. 1983. The structure of a toxic octapeptide from the larvae of sawfly. Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions 1: 1869-1878. Wilson, F.E. 1932a. A new Victorian sawfly. Victorian Naturalist (Melbourne) 49: 43-46. _____. 1932b. Notes on Perga guerini Westw. and Perga lewisi Westw. Victorian Naturalist (Melbourne) 49: 45-46. Wood, M. 1997. Aussie weevil opens attack on rampant melaleuca. Agricultural Research. United States Department of Agriculture 45: 4-7. Yeoh, P.B. & Scott, J.K. 1996. Utilizing existing natural enemies to enhance the control of Emex australis in south-west Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 11: 162-164. Yuasa, H. 1920. A classification of the larvae of the Tenthredinoidea. Illinois Biological Monographs 4: 172 pp. 198 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Index of Food Plants

Acmena smithii...... 75, 173 Eucalyptus goniocalyx...... 79, 174 Agonis flexuosa ...... 148, 176 Eucalyptus grandis 57, 79, 85, 86, 96, 97, Alphitonia excelsa ...... 142, 176 145, 147, 153, 174 Angophora costata ...... 57, 173 Eucalyptus haemastoma. 57, 79, 85, 92, 174 Angophora floribunda...... 82, 96, 153, 173 Eucalyptus intermedia...... 153, 174 Angophora intermedia ...... 57, 173 Eucalyptus kitsoniana ...... 147, 174 Arrabidaea patellifera ...... 13, 177 Eucalyptus lansdowneana ...... 79, 174 Auricularia sp...... 123, 172 Eucalyptus lehmannii...... 82, 147, 174 Austrosteenisia blackii...... 162, 172 Eucalyptus leucoxylon 79, 85, 94, 97, 148, Baccharis sp...... 131, 172 174 Betula sp...... 147, 172 Eucalyptus m. mannifera ...... 79 Callistemon sp...... 85, 159, 173 Eucalyptus macarthurii ...... 148, 174 Carya cordiformis ...... 15, 172 Eucalyptus macrorrhyncha...... 80 Carya ovata...... 15, 172 Eucalyptus maculosa...... 80, 102, 174 Carya porcina...... 15, 172 Eucalyptus mannifera...... 145, 148, 174 Carya sp...... 15, 172 Eucalyptus marginata...... 148, 149, 174 Castanea sp...... 15 Eucalyptus melanophloia...... 153, 174 Corymbia calophylla...... 88, 147, 173 Eucalyptus melliodora ...... 79, 80, 96, 174 Corymbia citriodora....85, 96, 145, 147, 173 Eucalyptus moluccana ...... 96, 153, 174 Corymbia ficifolia...... 79, 145, 147, 173 Eucalyptus nicholii 79, 94, 96, 102, 148, Corymbia gummifera 74, 85, 91, 92, 96, 97, 153, 174 99, 101, 153, 173 Eucalyptus nitens 79, 101, 145, 148, 174, Corymbia maculata86, 97, 145, 147, 153, 186 173 Eucalyptus nova-anglica ...... 85, 174 Elaeocarpus reticulatus ...... 161, 173 Eucalyptus obliqua..... 79, 85, 101, 153, 174 Emex australis...... 150, 176, 194, 197 Eucalyptus obtusiflora ...... 85, 174 Eryngium sp...... 131, 172 Eucalyptus occidentalis...... 79, 175 Erythroxylum havanense ...... 17, 172 Eucalyptus ovata ...... 80, 85, 148, 153, 175 Eucalyptus acmenoides...... 57, 173 Eucalyptus parramattensis ...... 96, 175 Eucalyptus albens ...... 80 Eucalyptus pauciflora 70, 71, 80, 91, 92, Eucalyptus amygdalina 79, 91, 144, 145, 100, 101, 175 173 Eucalyptus pauciflora niphophila 70, 71,100 Eucalyptus bicostata ...... 79, 80, 96, 173 Eucalyptus perriniana...... 94, 148, 175 Eucalyptus blakelyi...... 79, 80, 173 Eucalyptus pilularis...... 57, 96, 160, 175 Eucalyptus botryoides...... 96, 145, 147, 173 Eucalyptus piperita...... 91, 92, 100, 175 Eucalyptus bridgesiana ...... 79, 80, 173 Eucalyptus polyanthemos ...... 80, 175 Eucalyptus camaldulensis 79, 80, 85, 86, Eucalyptus populnea ...... 153, 175 145, 147, 153, 173 Eucalyptus propinqua...... 96, 99, 175 Eucalyptus cinerea...... 147, 173 Eucalyptus punctata ...... 95, 97, 175 Eucalyptus cladocalyx ...... 145, 147, 173 Eucalyptus racemosa...... 145, 175 Eucalyptus crebra ...88, 93, 96, 99, 153, 174 Eucalyptus radiata...... 151, 175 Eucalyptus deanei...... 96, 174 Eucalyptus resinifera...... 57, 175 Eucalyptus dives...... 100, 101, 174 Eucalyptus risdonii ...... 102, 175 Eucalyptus dunii ...... 147, 174 Eucalyptus robusta...... 145, 148, 175 Eucalyptus elaeophora...... 79, 80, 174 Eucalyptus rossi ...... 80 Eucalyptus elata...... 96, 174 Eucalyptus rubida ...... 80, 175 Eucalyptus globulus 79, 85, 86, 88, 96, 144, Eucalyptus rudis...... 148, 149, 175 145, 147, 174, 184, 188 Eucalyptus saligna 57, 92, 96, 145, 148, 175 Eucalyptus gomphocephala ...... 147, 174 Eucalyptus scoparii ...... 96, 175 Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 199

Eucalyptus siderophloia...... 153, 175 Nothofagus pumilio ...... 139, 172 Eucalyptus sideroxylon 80, 94, 96, 97, 145, Nothofagus sp...... 139, 172 148, 175 Poaceae ...... 46, 129, 148, 176, 193 Eucalyptus sp...... 70, 98, 175 Posoqueria latifolia ...... 12, 172 Eucalyptus stellulata ...... 71, 175 Psidium cattleianum. 38, 105, 176, 191, 197 Eucalyptus tereticornis..... 93, 101, 148, 175 Psidium guajava. 32, 34, 105, 107, 176, 195 Eucalyptus torquata ...... 85, 175 Quercus alba ...... 15, 25, 172 Eucalyptus transcontinentalis .... 87, 97, 175 Quercus borealis ...... 15, 172 Eucalyptus umbra ...... 85, 175 Quercus palustris...... 147, 172 Eucalyptus viminalis 80, 91, 101, 145, 148, Quercus robur ...... 147, 172 153, 175 Quercus sp...... 15, 147, 172 Eucalyptus woollsiana ...... 80 Quercus velutina ...... 15, 172 Ficus sp...... 124, 177 Ranunculus sp...... 46, 176 Fuchsia sp...... 165, 176 Rhus sandwicensis ...... 126, 176 Hippocratea volubilis...... 29, 172 Roupala montana ...... 31, 176 Juglans sp...... 15, 172 Rubus hillii...... 142, 176 Leptospermum sp...... 154, 159, 175 Rubus moluccanus ...... 141, 176 Lophostemum confertus ...... 145, 175 Rubus rosifolius ...... 141, 142, 176 Ludwigia peploides...... 165, 176 Rumex brownii ...... 151, 176 Luehea seemannii ...... 28, 173 Rumex sp...... 151, 176 Mangifera indica...... 124, 176 Schinus dependens...... 126, 176 Marsilea drummondii...... 58, 173 Schinus molle...... 126, 176 Melaleuca alternifolia ...... 160, 176 Schinus terebinthifolius 6, 126, 176, 183, Melaleuca armillaris ...... 159, 176 186, 189, 196 Melaleuca dealbata ...... 157, 176 Senecio sp...... 131, 172 Melaleuca leucadendra ...... 157, 176 Sida densiflora ...... 120, 173 Melaleuca quinquenervia 6, 96, 157, 176, Solanum sp...... 35, 36, 38 180, 182, 192 Solanum tuberosum ...... 35, 36, 37, 38, 177 Melaleuca sp...... 76, 89, 176 Spathodea campanulata...... 43, 177 Melaleuca viridiflora ...... 157, 176 Syncarpia procera...... 89, 176 Mesechites trifida ...... 60, 172 Syzygium francisii ...... 160, 176 Muehlenbeckia sp...... 151, 176 Tibouchina mutabilis ...... 171, 173 Nothofagus alpina...... 139, 172 Tibouchina sp...... 171, 173 Nothofagus dombeyi...... 139, 172 Tristania conferta ...... 148, 149, 176 Nothofagus obliqua...... 139, 172, 180 Vitis sp...... 164, 176

200 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3)

Index

The index lists only names of Symphyta. Valid names in roman, synonyms in italics.

Acanthoperga Shipp...... 74 atriceps (Malaise), Acorduloceridea ...... 25 Acherdocerus Kirby...... 114 atriceps Konow, Camptoprium ...... 109 Acordulecera Say...... 6, 10 atriventris (Malaise), Aulacomerus...... 59 Acorduleceridae...... 9, 10 Aulacomerus Spinola...... 58 Acordulecerinae MacGillivray ...... 10 aurora Benson, Neoeurys...... 51 Acordulecerini ...... 10 aurulenta (Morice), Xyloperga...... 71 Acorduleceros Konow ...... 10 aztoa Smith, Acorduloceridea...... 26 Acordulocera Enderlein...... 11 badoae Smith, Lagideus...... 165 Acorduloceridea Rohwer...... 25 bakua Smith, Acorduloceridea...... 26 aenea Perty, Syzygonia ...... 170 Barilochia Malaise ...... 108 aeratus Newman, Eurys ...... 48 basirufa Rohwer, Acordulecera ...... 13 affinis atrata Riek, Perga...... 6, 77 belinda (Kirby), Pseudoperga ...... 98 affinis Forsius, Neoeurys...... 51 bella (Newman), Pergagrapta...... 68, 90 affinis insularis Riek, Perga...... 6, 77 bella var. rubripes Forsius, Perga ...... 90 affinis Kirby, Perga...... 6, 68, 77 bellus (Rohwer), Eurys ...... 49 aglaia Benson, Eurys ...... 48 bensoni Smith, Clarissa...... 44 agnata Morice, Perga ...... 80 bensoni Smith, Pergagrapta ...... 91 albilabre Benson & Conde, Camptoprium Bergiana Konow...... 169 ...... 109 besus Smith, Lagideus ...... 165 albitarsis Malaise, Lagideus...... 164 biclinius Konow, Acorduleceros...... 13 alboclypeata Enderlein, Acordulecera ..... 11 bicolor (Leach), Pergagrapta...... 91 altilis Konow, Decameria ...... 115 bicoloripes Malaise, Haplostegus ...... 103 alvina Konow, Perreyia ...... 130 bifasciata (Brullé), Pteryperga ...... 160 amazonica (Kirby), Decameria...... 115 bigrammata Konow, Acordulecera ...... 11 amenaida (Kirby), Xyloperga ...... 70 bimaculata (Cameron), Anathulea ...... 28 americana (Linnaeus), Incalia...... 163 binelli Smith, Acordulecera ...... 12 amygdalini Mayo, Austin & Adams, binotatus Konow, Loboceros ...... 65 Phylacteophaga ...... 144 biroi Mocsáry, Pterygophorus...... 158 analis (Costa), Lophyrotoma...... 150 bisecta Kirby, Perga...... 87 anantha Smith, Acordulecera...... 11 blassa Smith, Acordulecera...... 12 Anathulea Malaise ...... 28 bleaka Smith, Acorduloceridea...... 26 Ancyloneura Cameron...... 41 Brachytoma Westwood...... 128 annulicornis (Benson & Conde), Decameria Brachytomus Hartig ...... 128 ...... 115 bradleyi Benson, Perga ...... 81 annulicornis Benson, Ancyloneura...... 41 breviantennatus Smith, Pterygophorus... 158 anomala Kirby, Perreyia...... 133 brevipes Forsius, Perga ...... 81 anomocera (Rohwer), Warra...... 57 brevisetosa Benson, Ancyloneura...... 41 antennata Benson, Clarissa ...... 43 brevitarsis Morice, Perga ...... 81 antennata Rohwer, Acordulecera ...... 13 brevivalvis Benson, Neoeurys...... 52 antiopa (Morice), Antiperga ...... 75 brullei Westwood, Perga...... 81 Antiperga Benson ...... 75 brunnea Riek, Leptoperga...... 143 apicalis Forsius, Diphamorphos...... 47 brunneovirens Malaise, Barilochia ...... 108 apicalis Smith, Aulacomerus ...... 59 buquetii Spinola, Aulacomerus...... 59 arcticornis Konow, Acordulecera ...... 11 Busalus Smith ...... 30 armatipes (Malaise), Conocoxa ...... 39 buyssoni Konow, Heptacola...... 72 atrata Turner, Clarissa...... 43 calcar (Norton), Aulacomerus...... 60 atratus Kirby, Polyclonus...... 56 calceolata Konow, Acordulecera ...... 12 Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 201 calliphenges Benson, Eurys...... 49 Corynophilus Kirby ...... 6, 31 Caloperga Naumann ...... 143 costata Rohwer, Heteroperreyia...... 125 cameronii (Westwood), Acanthoperga .... 74 cressonii Westwood, Perga...... 81 Camptoperga Shipp...... 77 cretoa (Smith), Tequus...... 35 Camptoprium Spinola...... 109 crinitus Konow, Lagideus ...... 165 candirus Smith, Aulacomerus...... 60 cyanea (Leach), Lophyrotoma ...... 151 capitulum (Norton), Decameria ...... 115 cyanea Brullé, Sizygonia ...... 170 carbo (Malaise), Decameria...... 116 cyanocephala Klug, Syzygonia...... 170 carbonarius (Forsius), Neoeurys...... 52 cyanoptera (Klug), Parasyzygonia ...... 67 caryae Rohwer, Acordulecera ...... 13 cyathiformis Kirby, Cerealces...... 69 castanea (Kirby), Pergagrapta...... 92 cygna (Kirby), Lophyrotoma ...... 151 cataphractus Konow, Haplostegus...... 103 dacua Smith, Acorduloceridea ...... 26 caudatus Morice, Neoeurys ...... 52 dahlbomii Westwood, Perga ...... 82 cellius Smith, Lagideus...... 165 daktus Smith, Aulacomerus ...... 60 Cephalocera Klug...... 31 Dalia Schmidt ...... 46 Ceratoperia Enderlein ...... 30 dalmanni Westwood, Perga ...... 94 Ceratospastus Schulz...... 138 dashielli Smith, Acordulecera...... 13 Cerealces Kirby ...... 69 Decameria Lepeletier & Serville...... 114 Cerealcini...... 69 decepta Rohwer, Eurys ...... 48 Cerospastus Konow ...... 138 dentata (Kirby), Xyloperga ...... 71 cervicata Konow, Acordulecera...... 12 diana Benson, Clarissa...... 44 cestata Konow, Acordulecera ...... 12 dicelysma Benson, Styracotechys...... 162 chalicipoda Rohwer, Conocoxa ...... 39 Dictynna Brullé...... 109 chalybea Froggatt, Perga ...... 91 Dictynna Westwood...... 48 chalybeata (Mocsáry), Decameria ...... 116 dimorpha Freymuth, Cacosyndia ...... 114 championi (Cameron), Decameria...... 116 Diphamorphos Rohwer ...... 47 chilensis (Smith), Tequus ...... 34 discalis Konow, Haplostegus ...... 104 chloe Benson, Eurys ...... 49 Discocerota Malaise ...... 128 christii Westwood, Perga...... 82 distinctus Rohwer, Pterygophorus ...... 159 cibdeliformis Benson, Lophyrotoma ..... 151 divaricata Kirby, Perga...... 90 Cimbicinae...... 10, 162 divergens Kirby, Clarissa...... 44 Cimbicinen...... 162 dorius Smith, Haplostegus ...... 104 Cimbicini ...... 9 dorsalis castanea Riek, Perga...... 83 cinctus Klug, Pterygophorus...... 158 dorsalis Leach, Perga ...... 6, 83 Cladomacra Smith ...... 5, 6, 112 dorsalis nitida Riek, Perga...... 6, 83 Clarissa Kirby...... 43 dorsalis rustica Smith, Perga...... 6, 83 clarki Benson, Antiperga ...... 76 dorsalis Say, Acordulecera...... 13 clitellarius Konow, Haplostegus...... 103 dorsuaria Konow, Perreyia...... 130 Coccolobis ...... 140 dubia Kirby, Perga...... 81 colombiana Smith, Paralypia ...... 169 ducra (Smith), Tequus...... 35 colombianus (Smith), Tequus...... 35 Ecopatus Smith ...... 139 compressicornis Rohwer, Acorduloceridea ecuadoriensis (Enderlein), Aulacomerus . 60 ...... 26 effus Smith, Lagideus ...... 165 compta (Norton), Decameria ...... 117 Endecaria Malaise ...... 114 condei Benson, Pergagrapta...... 92 enderleini Mallach, Acordulecera...... 15 Conocoxa Rohwer ...... 39 Enjijus Smith...... 6, 31 Conocoxinae Rohwer...... 38 enslini Benson, Antiperga...... 76 Conocoxini...... 38 entusa Smith, Acorduloceridea ...... 27 cordoviensis (Norton), Decameria...... 117 enus Smith, Aulacomerus ...... 61 cordoviensis Norton, Lophyrus...... 133 epimelas Konow, Haplostegus...... 104 corrugata Forsius, Perga ...... 98 erectus Benson, Neoeurys...... 52 202 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3) erythrogaster Rohwer, Acordulecera...... 13 glabra Froggatt, Philomastix ...... 140 esenbeckii (Westwood), Pergagrapta...... 93 globulicornis (Konow), Acordulecera...... 15 eucalypti Bennett & Scott, Perga...... 83 godmani (Cameron), Decameria...... 118 eucalypti Froggatt, Phylacteophaga...... 144 graminis Schmidt, Dalia...... 46 eucalypti tasmanica Riek, Phylacteophaga grandis Schrottky, Paraperreyia...... 131 ...... 144 gravenhorstii (Westwood), Pergagrapta... 93 Euriinae ...... 41 gregalis (Konow), Acordulecera...... 16 Euryinae Konow...... 6, 40 guajavae Smith, Sutwanus ...... 34 Euryopsis Kirby...... 48 guerinii (Westwood), Pseudoperga...... 99 Eurys Newman ...... 48 hackeri Benson, Pergagrapta...... 97 Eurytides...... 40 halidaii (Westwood), Xyloperga...... 71 evansi Benson, Neoeurys...... 52 Haplostegus Konow...... 6, 103 extensoria Konow, Perreyia...... 130 hartigii Westwood, Perga ...... 93 fabulosa (Benson & Conde), Decameria 118 hebe Benson, Clarissa ...... 45 facielongus Benson, Pterygophorus...... 159 hegua Smith, Decameria ...... 119 fascialis Cameron, Decameria ...... 117 Hemiperreyia Malaise...... 114 fatima (Kirby), Anathulea...... 29 Heptacola Konow...... 70 ferruginea (Leach), Pseudoperga ...... 98 herbsti Konow, Lycosceles ...... 40 flammea Benson, Clarissa ...... 44 Heteroperreyia (Decaperreyia) Benson & flavicornis Benson, Clarissa ...... 45 Conde ...... 125 flavipes Konow, Perreyia...... 129 Heteroperreyia Schrottky...... 125 flavipes Rohwer, Acordulecera...... 14 hicoriae Rohwer, Acordulecera ...... 14 florida Konow, Decameria...... 118 hippolyte (Kirby), Aulacomerus ...... 61 foersteri Westwood, Perga...... 90 hirticornis Cameron, Incalia ...... 163 forsiusi Benson, Xyloperga ...... 71 horni (Benson & Conde), Decameria..... 119 foveata Rohwer, Acordulecera ...... 14 hubrichi Malaise, Heteroperreyia...... 6, 126 frater Konow, Loboceras...... 63 humeralis (Kirby), Decameria...... 119 froggatti (Rohwer), Warra ...... 58 humeralis Malaise, Haplostegus ...... 105 froggatti Riek, Phylacteophaga...... 5, 146 hyaloptera Schmidt & Smith, Pteryperga froggatti Rohwer,Perga...... 98 ...... 161 frontalis Benson, Ancyloneura ...... 42 Hyperoceros Konow ...... 66 fulva Mocsáry, Perreyia...... 130 icaco L., Chrysobalanus...... 140 fulva Togashi, Cladomacra...... 112 illotus (Konow), Acordulecera...... 16 fulviventris Malaise, Incalia ...... 164 Incalia Cameron...... 163 fumipennis (Westwood), Perreyia ...... 130 inconspicuus (Kirby), Neoeurys ...... 53 fumipennis Kirby, Acherdocerus ...... 117 inglorius (Konow), Acordulecera ...... 16 fuscipenne Cameron, Loboceras...... 63 inonus Smith, Lagideus...... 166 fuscipennis Benson, Ancyloneura...... 42 inquinatus (Konow), Acordulecera ...... 16 fusciventre (Mocsáry), Camptoprium.... 110 insignis (Konow), Acordulecera ...... 16 fuscoapicalis (Malaise), Acorduloceridea 27 insignis Kirby, Pterygophorus...... 159 fuscus Benson, Neoeurys...... 53 insignita Konow, Perreyia ...... 133 galla Benson, Pteryperga ...... 161 insularis Ashmead, Acordulecera ...... 16 gastricus Brèthes, Giladeus...... 32 interrupta (Fabricius), Decameria ...... 119 gaudialis Konow, Pterygophorus ...... 150 interrupta (Klug), Lophyrotoma..... 130, 152 Gayana Malaise...... 39 interruptus var. queenslandicus Forsius, geminimacula (Malaise), Decameria ..... 118 Pterygophorus ...... 152 geraesinus (Malaise), Aulacomerus...... 61 intricans Morice, Perga...... 77, 83 gerus Smith, Lagideus ...... 166 isomus Smith, Aulacomerus ...... 62 gibbifrons (Konow), Aulacomerus ...... 61 jimus Smith, Aulacomerus...... 62 Giladeus Brèthes...... 32 jorgenseni (Jörgensen), Heteroperreyia . 126 glabra (Kirby), Pergagrapta ...... 93 josephinae Naumann, Caloperga...... 143 Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 203 jucunda (Kirby), Paraperga...... 76 Lophyrides ...... 108 jujua Smith, Acorduloceridea ...... 27 Lophyridinae...... 40 jurinei Westwood, Perga ...... 72 Lophyrinae...... 40 karpa (Smith), Tequus ...... 35 Lophyrini...... 9 kirbii Leach, Perga...... 85 Lophyroides Cameron...... 128 klugii (Cameron), Aulacomerus ...... 62 Lophyrotoma Ashmead...... 149 klugii Westwood, Perga...... 86 lucida (Rohwer), Pseudoperga ...... 101 knabi Rohwer, Acordulecera ...... 17 lucida Benson, Clarissa...... 45 kochi Muche, Eurys...... 49 lucidus (Kirby), Aulacomerus...... 63 kohli Konow, Perga ...... 86 luederwaldti (Enderlein), Acordulecera... 18 kolonus Smith, Lagideus ...... 166 luederwaldti Benson & Conde, konowi (Malaise), Aulacomerus...... 62 Acherdocerus ...... 118 konowi Benson, Perga ...... 87 luridinotum (Enderlein), Acordulecera .... 18 krugii (Cresson), Sericoceros...... 140 luridistigma (Enderlein), Acordulecera.... 18 lacertosa Konow, Paralypia ...... 169 luteolus Conde, Haplostegus...... 105 lacourti Smith, Perreyiella ...... 135 luticus Smith, Lagideus...... 166 laetus (Westwood), Eurys...... 49 luva Smith, Decameria...... 121 Lagideus Konow...... 164 Lycosceles Konow...... 39 lalage (Kirby), Xyloperga...... 72 macleaii (Westwood), Philomastix ...... 140 languidum Konow, Camptoprium ...... 110 macleayi Dalla Torre, Perga...... 140 lata Smith, Decameria...... 120 Macroclada Konow ...... 112 latreillii (Leach), Pergagrapta ...... 94 macropus Smith, Cladomacra ...... 112 leachii (Kirby), Lophyrotoma...... 154 maculata MacGillivray, Acordulecera ..... 18 leachii (Westwood), Xyloperga ...... 72 magnus Smith, Truqus ...... 38 leai Forsius, Neoeurys ...... 53 malaisei (Benson & Conde), Decameria 121 leaski Benson, Perga...... 87 malaisei Benson & Conde, Camptoprium lepida ...... 128, 130, 172 ...... 110 lepida Brullé, Perreyia ...... 130 malaisei Benson, Pergagrapta...... 93 leprieurii Spinola, Camptoprium ...... 110 mandibularis Smith, Decameria...... 121 leptocoleum Benson, Neoeurys ...... 53 marina MacGillivray, Acordulecera ...... 13 Leptoperga Riek ...... 143 marlatti Benson, Acanthoperga...... 75 leucomelas (Rohwer), Acanthoperga...... 75 maura MacGillivray, Acordulecera ...... 13 leucophaea Konow, Decameria ...... 120 maxima MacGillivray, Acordulecera...... 13 lewisii (Westwood), Pseudoperga...... 100 mayrii Westwood,Perga...... 87 liami Smith, Acordulecera...... 17 media MacGillivray, Acordulecera...... 13 lituratus (Konow), Acordulecera ...... 17 megacephalus (Benson), Enjijus...... 31 Loboceras Kirby...... 58 melangastra Rohwer, Lophyroides...... 122 Loboceratinae...... 10, 38 melanocera Benson, Acanthoperga...... 75 Loboceratinae Kirby ...... 58 melanoptera (Perty), Perreyiella ...... 135 Loboceridae...... 9, 58 melanopyga Konow, Perreyia...... 132 Loboceridea...... 162 meleca MacGillivray, Acordulecera ...... 14 Lobocerides ...... 10, 58, 162 mellina MacGillivray, Acordulecera...... 19 Lobocerinae...... 10, 58, 69, 162 metallicus Rohwer, Neoeurys ...... 54 Loboceros Konow...... 58 mexicana Smith, Perreyiella ...... 136 Lobocerotides .10, 38, 58, 69, 102, 142, 162 mexicanus (Kirby), Aulacomerus ...... 63 longica Smith, Acordulecera ...... 17 mexicanus Rohwer, Haplostegus ...... 106 longicornis (Enderlein), Acordulecera..... 17 mexicanus Smith, Lagideus ...... 166 longicus Smith, Lagideus...... 166 miacha Smith, Acorduloceridea...... 27 longimanus (Konow), Acordulecera...... 18 mimaria (Konow), Decameria...... 121 lontica Smith, Decameria...... 120 minima MacGillivray, Acordulecera...... 13 Lophyridea Ashmead...... 128 minor Rohwer, Diphamorphos...... 47 204 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3) minuta MacGillivray, Acordulecera ...... 20 nigriventris Cameron, Decameria ...... 122 minuta Smith, Lophyrotoma...... 154 nitens (Kirby), Eurys...... 50 mixta MacGillivray, Acordulecera ...... 19 Nithulea Rohwer...... 40 mocsaryi (Konow), Xyloperga ...... 73 nitidus Kirby, Eurys...... 50 modesta Rohwer, Lophyroides ...... 134 notium Smith, Camptoprium...... 111 monda Smith, Acordulecera ...... 19 noxua Smith, Decameria...... 122 montana Forsius, Perga ...... 90 obscura Benson, Clarissa...... 44 montserratensis Smith, Acordulecera ...... 19 obscura Smith, Philoperra...... 142 moricei (Forsius), Pseudoperga ...... 102 occidens Benson, Phylacteophaga ...... 148 mulsus Smith, Lagideus...... 167 odontea Smith, Perreyia...... 132 multiannulatus Benson & Conde, olemus Smith, Aulacomerus ...... 64 Acherdocerus ...... 123 opa Smith, Cladomacra...... 113 munda MacGillivray, Acordulecera...... 13 opima (Konow), Lophyrotoma ...... 155 munroi (Smith), Tequus...... 36 oranus Smith, Lagideus...... 167 muscicornis Enderlein, Ceratoperia...... 30 orlda Smith, Acordulecera ...... 20 musta MacGillivray, Acordulecera...... 14 owanda Smith, Pergagrapta ...... 95 nacenta Smith, Lophyrotoma...... 155 padeus Smith, Aulacomerus...... 64 nadona Smith, Decameria...... 121 pallicornis Benson, Diphamorphos...... 47 nancarrowi Froggatt, Philomastix...... 141 pallida (Konow), Acordulecera...... 20 nantina Smith, Acorduloceridea ...... 27 pallidior Malaise, Parasyzygonia ...... 68 nastus Smith, Aulacomerus ...... 64 paraguayensis Brèthes...... 110 nemoralis Wilson, Perga...... 98 Paralypia Kirby...... 168 Neoeurys Rohwer ...... 51 Paralypiinae...... 163 Neoperga Ashmead ...... 70 Paraperga Ashmead ...... 76 newmanni Westwood, Perga...... 98 Paraperreyia Schrottky ...... 128 nexa (Smith), Tequus...... 36 Parasyzygonia Rohwer...... 67 niger Benson, Neoeurys...... 54 Parasyzygoniinae Smith...... 67 nigerrima Benson & Conde, Heteroperreyia parva Rohwer, Acordulecera ...... 14 ...... 127 peletierii Westwood, Perga...... 93 nigra (Konow), Perreyiella ...... 136 pellucida (Konow), Acordulecera...... 20 nigra (Say), Acordulecera...... 19 penai Smith Giladeus ...... 33 nigra Benson, Pergagrapta...... 90 penai Smith, Ecopatus...... 139 nigrata Rohwer, Acordulecera ...... 14 Perantherix Westwood ...... 10 nigrata Rohwer, Nithulea...... 40 Perga Leach...... 77 nigrescens Rohwer, Diphamorphos ...... 47 Pergadopsis Shipp ...... 77 nigriceps (Cameron), Sutwanus...... 34 Pergagrapta Benson ...... 90 nigriceps (Kirby), Decameria ...... 122 Perginae Ashmead ...... 6, 68 nigriceps (Westwood), Perreyia...... 131 Pergini...... 74 nigriceps Benson, Cladomacra ...... 113 Pergula Morice...... 107 nigriceps Enderlein, Aulacomerus...... 61 Pergulinae Benson ...... 5 nigriceps Konow, Anathulea ...... 29 Pergulinae Benson ...... 102 nigriceps Konow, Thulea...... 29 perkinsi Benson, Xyloperga...... 73 nigricoma (Konow), Acordulecera ...... 20 Perreyia Brullé ...... 6, 128 nigricrus Conde, Haplostegus...... 106 Perreyides ...... 41, 108 nigrinotum Smith, Incalia ...... 164 Perreyiella Conde...... 135 nigripectus Malaise, Anathulea...... 29 Perreyiidae...... 9, 41, 108 nigripenne (Fabricius), Camptoprium.... 110 Perreyiides...... 108 nigripennis (Enderlein), Acordulecera..... 20 Perreyiinae Cameron...... 5 nigripes (Benson), Lophyrotoma ...... 155 Perreyiinae Cameron...... 108 nigripes (Smith), Ancyloneura...... 42 Perreyina ...... 108 nigritarsis Rohwer, Acordulecera...... 14 persimilis Konow, Perreyia...... 130 Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 205 peruanus Konow, Hyperoceros...... 66 ricata (Konow), Acordulecera...... 21 Philomastiginae Rohwer...... 5, 6, 138 Rioana Malaise ...... 25 Philomastix Froggatt...... 139 rious Smith, Lagideus ...... 167 Philoperra Smith...... 142 ritsemei Westwood, Perga ...... 81 Phylacteophaga Froggatt ...... 6, 143 rohweri Benson, Pergagrapta...... 90 Phylacteophaginae Rohwer ...... 6, 142 romius Smith, Lagideus ...... 167 piccha Smith, Acorduloceridea...... 27 rossi Benson, Pergagrapta...... 90 picea (Westwood), Perreyia...... 132 rubida Riek, Phylacteophaga...... 149 picipes Kirby, Paralypia...... 169 rubripes Rohwer, Perga ...... 90 Plagioperga Shipp...... 77 rudis (Konow), Acordulecera...... 21 Platypsectra Benson ...... 150 rufescens Blanchard, Tenthredo...... 100 polita (Leach), Pergagrapta...... 95 ruficeps (Konow), Tequus ...... 37 politus Norton, Dictynna ...... 117 ruficeps (Malaise), Acorduloceridea...... 28 Polyclonus Kirby ...... 56 ruficollis (Cameron), Decameria...... 122 porteri (Brèthes), Nithulea...... 40 ruficollis (Cameron), Haplostegus ...... 106 porteri (Smith), Tequus...... 36 ruficollis Benson, Clarissa ...... 45 portiae Rohwer, Acordulecera...... 14 ruficollis Cameron, Lophyroides ...... 133 pseudoleprieuri Benson & Conde, rufithorax Malaise, Haplostegus ...... 106 Heteroperreyia ...... 127 rufiventris Cameron, Decameria...... 123 pseudoleprieuri var. flavissima Benson & rufomaculata Kirby, Perga...... 70 Conde, Heteroperreyia ...... 127 rufosternalis Mallach, Parasyzygonia...... 67 pseudonigra Benson & Conde, Perreyiella rugiceps (Forsius), Pseudoperga ...... 102 ...... 136 russata (Konow), Acordulecera...... 22 Pseudoperga Ashmead ...... 90 rutilans Morice, Eurys...... 50 Pseudoperga Guérin...... 97 saginata Provancher, Acordulecera ...... 13 Pterygophoridae ...... 9, 10 sahlbergi (Forsius), Acordulecera ...... 22 Pterygophorides...... 138, 149 Saltia Malaise ...... 25 Pterygophorinae ...... 10 sandaracata Konow, Decameria...... 123 Pterygophorinae Cameron ...... 149 saussurii Cameron, Loboceras...... 63 Pterygophorinus Ashmead ...... 149 scabra Newman, Perga ...... 98 Pterygophorus Klug...... 157 schiodtei Westwood, Perga...... 87 Pteryperga Benson...... 160 schrottkyi (Konow), Tequus ...... 37 Pteryperginae Benson ...... 160 schuhi (Smith), Tequus ...... 37 pulcher Benson, Eurys...... 50 scottii Bennett, Perga ...... 83 pullata (Zaddach), Arge...... 130 scutater Conde, Haplostegus...... 106 pullus Smith, Aulacomerus...... 64 scutellata Kirby, Cerealces...... 69 pumilio (Westwood), Acordulecera...... 21 scutellata Rohwer, Acordulecera...... 20 pumilus (Klug), Corynophilus ...... 31 scutellata Westwood, Perga...... 83 pupula (Konow), Acordulecera...... 21 scutellatus Forsius, Neoeurys...... 54 pusillus Forsius, Neoeurys...... 54 sellata Kirby, Perga ...... 98 pyqua (Smith), Tequus...... 36 sembla Smith, Eurys ...... 51 quercus Rohwer, Acordulecera...... 14 semipurpurata Morice, Xyloperga ...... 73 querna Smith, Acorduloceridea ...... 28 semipurpurata var. melanaspis Morice, Quetutus Smith ...... 33 Xyloperga...... 73 quiera Smith, Perreyiella ...... 136 sericea Kirby, Perga...... 99 quivus Smith, Aulacomerus...... 64 serjus Smith, Busalus...... 30 ramosa (Benson), Lophyrotoma ...... 155 setava Smith, Heteroperreyia ...... 127 ratinus Smith, Aulacomerus...... 64 silvatica (Jörgensen), Acordulecera ...... 22 redata Smith, Perreyiella...... 136 similis (Enderlein), Decameria ...... 123 rensita Smith, Heteroperreyia ...... 127 simplicica Greenbaum, Skelesyzygonia... 59 retusicornis (Konow), Aulacomerus ...... 65 sinta Smith, Acorduloceridea...... 28 206 Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(3) sitava Smith, Perreyiella ...... 137 Truqus Smith...... 38 Skelosyzygonia Malaise ...... 66 trux (Konow), Acordulecera ...... 23 smithii Westwood, Perga ...... 99 turneri Benson, Neoeurys...... 55 sonoda Smith, Pergagrapta ...... 96 turneri Benson, Pergagrapta...... 68 sordida Smith, Heteroperreyia ...... 127 turneri Benson,Pergagrapta...... 97 spathulata (Konow), Acordulecera ...... 22 turneri Morice, Pergula ...... 107 spinipes Malaise, Skelosyzygonia ...... 66 turneri Rohwer, Pterygophorus...... 159 spinolae (Westwood), Pergagrapta ...... 96 tuvius Smith, Haplostegus ...... 107 stangei Smith, Perreyia ...... 133 tuxius Smith Giladeus...... 33 stigmatica (Konow), Acordulecera...... 22 uata Smith, Perreyiella...... 137 Styracotechyinae Benson...... 162 ucita Smith, Perreyia...... 134 Styracotechys Benson...... 162 ucratus Smith, Lagideus...... 167 subclavatus Malaise, Haplostegus ...... 107 ultimajor Malaise, Incalia ...... 164 subviolaceum Mocsáry, Camptoprium .. 111 unicolor (Rohwer), Decameria...... 124 Sutwanus Smith ...... 6, 33 uniformis (Kirby), Lophyrotoma ...... 155 Syzygonia Klug ...... 169 univittata (Kirby), Xyloperga...... 73 Syzygonidea Ashmead ...... 169 vacillans Morice, Perga ...... 81 Syzygonides...... 162 variabilis (Forsius), Neoeurys...... 55 Syzygoniides...... 68, 162 variabilis var. collaris Forsius, Clarissa .. 55 Syzygoniinae Cameron...... 6, 31, 162 variabilis var. obscura Forsius, Clarissa.. 55 tannum Smith, Camptoprium...... 111 variabilis var. sternalis Forsius, Clarissa. 55 taoi Shinohara, Cladomacra...... 113 varicornis (Cameron), Aulacomerus ...... 65 tasbates Naumann, Clarissa ...... 6, 45 varipes Cameron, Ancyloneura...... 42 tasmanicus Rohwer, Neoeurys...... 54 varipes Cameron, Decameria ...... 124 tavora Smith, Perreyiella ...... 137 venezuelaensis Smith, Camptoprium..... 111 tegularis (Konow), Acordulecera...... 22 ventralis (Guérin), Pseudoperga...... 102 telya Smith, Acordulecera ...... 23 ventralis (Konow), Acordulecera...... 23 Tenthredinetae...... 9, 68 ventralis Forsius, Neoeurys...... 55 Tenthredinidae...... 9 vericulata (Konow), Acordulecera...... 23 Tenthredinidea...... 9, 68 vexita Smith, Perreyia...... 134 Tenuiperreyia Malaise...... 125 vikrea (Smith), Tequus...... 37 Tequus Smith...... 6, 34 viridipes (Konow), Quetutus...... 33 terricola Naumann, Cladomacra ...... 113 viridipes Enderlein, Acordulocera ...... 15 testacea Kirby, Decameria...... 119 vitellina Westwood, Brachytoma...... 130 teutoniensis Smith, Perreyiella ...... 137 vollenhovii Westwood, Perga ...... 88 thomsoni Benson, Perga...... 86 volupis Konow, Cerospastus...... 6, 138 thoracalis (Konow), Acordulecera...... 23 vosura Smith, Perreyiella...... 137 thoracica Morice, Clarissa ...... 46 votatus Smith, Lagideus...... 168 Thulea Say...... 10 vyssus Smith, Decameria ...... 124 titschacki Forsius, Perga ...... 94 waitei Forsius, Perga...... 89 tobagoensis Smith, Perreyiella...... 137 walkerii Westwood, Perga ...... 88 towenda Smith, Lophyrotoma ...... 155 wanata Smith, Perreyiella ...... 138 townesi Smith, Lagideus...... 167 wanatia Smith, Perreyia ...... 135 townesi Smith, Perreyia...... 133 waquus Smith, Aulacomerus...... 65 tricolor Jörgensen, Decameria...... 120 Warra Benson ...... 57 trimaculatus Rohwer, Loboceras...... 61 westwoodii (Brullé), Camptoprium ...... 111 trinotatus Konow, Loboceros ...... 65 westwoodii (Cameron), Acordulecera ..... 23 Tristegus Konow...... 114 willei (Smith), Tequus ...... 38 tristis Forsius, Perga...... 88 wilsoni Benson, Clarissa...... 46 trochilus Benson, Neoeurys ...... 55 wollastoni Rohwer, Ancyloneura...... 42 tropica (Norton), Perreyia...... 133 wuncatus Smith, Lagideus ...... 168 Schmidt & Smith: World Catalogue of Pergidae 207 wygodzinskyi Malaise, Haplostegus...... 107 yantuus Smith, Lagideus...... 168 wygodzinskyi Malaise, Lagideus...... 168 yikasus Smith, Aulacomerus...... 65 xanthophylax Naumann & Groth, yursinum Smith, Camptoprium...... 112 Philomastix ...... 142 zikani Smith, Paralypia ...... 169 xanthostigma Cameron, Loboceras...... 61 zimba Smith, Lophyrotoma...... 156 Xyloperga Shipp...... 70 zisetus Smith, Lagideus ...... 168 xyntus Smith, Aulacomerus...... 65 zonalis (Rohwer), Lophyrotoma ...... 6, 156