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Piaçabeiros E Piaçaba No Médio Rio Negro (Amazonas – Brasil), Socioeconomia Da Atividade Extrativista E Ecologia Da Leopoldinia Piassaba Wallace

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Piaçabeiros E Piaçaba No Médio Rio Negro (Amazonas – Brasil), Socioeconomia Da Atividade Extrativista E Ecologia Da Leopoldinia Piassaba Wallace INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZÔNIA – INPA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO AMAZONAS – UFAM Programa Integrado de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Tropical e Recursos Naturais. Piaçabeiros e piaçaba no médio rio Negro (Amazonas – Brasil), socioeconomia da atividade extrativista e ecologia da Leopoldinia piassaba Wallace. Ignacio Oliete Josa MANAUS - AM Julho, 2008 Ignacio Oliete Josa. Piaçabeiros e piaçaba no médio rio Negro (Amazonas – Brasil), socioeconomia da atividade extrativista e ecologia da Leopoldinia piassaba Wallace. ORIENTADOR: Dr. Victor Py-Daniel Dissertação apresentada ao Programa Integrado de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Tropical e Recursos Naturais do convênio INPA/UFAM, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS, área de concentração em AGRICULTURA NO TRÓPICO ÚMIDO. MANAUS – AM Julho, 2008. O46 Oliete Josa, Ignacio Piaçabeiros e piaçaba no médio rio Negro (Amazonas-Brasil), socioeconomia da atividade extrativista e ecologia da Leopoldinia piassaba Wallace/ Ignacio Oliete Josa.--- Manaus : [s.n.], 2008. 107f. : il. Dissertação (mestrado) --- INPA/UFAM, Manaus, 2008 Orientador : Victor Py-Daniel Área de concentração: Agricultura no Trópico Úmido 1. Piaçaba - Exploração – Barcelos (AM). 2. Extrativismo. 3. Aviamento. 4. Recursos florestais - Amazônia. 5. Fibras naturais. I. Título. CDD 19. ed. 633.174 Sinopse: Caracterizaram-se as relações socioeconômicas da cadeia comercial, usos, produção, processo e formas de coleta no extrativismo de fibra de piaçaba (Leopoldinia piassaba Wallace) no médio rio Negro (Amazonas-Brasil), enfatizando na análise dos impactos derivados da exploração do recurso, na descrição da biologia e ecologia da espécie e na modelagem preliminar de distribuição provável. Palavras-chave: 1. Piaçaba - Exploração – Barcelos (AM). 2. Extrativismo. 3. Aviamento. 4. Recursos florestais - Amazônia. 5. Fibras naturais. I. Título. Aos meus filhos. A mis padres. Por el ejemplo de vida. AGRADECIMENTOS Aos professores Henrique Pereira e Victor Py-daniel. O primeiro por ter aceitado coordenar o projeto e pela ajuda nos momento chaves, é como eu um apaixonado pelo extrativismo. O segundo pela orientação e apoio em todos os sentidos e dimensões, por ensinar o outro olhar. A ambos pela liberdade. Também no INPA ao professor Rogério de Jesus, pela paciência diante um aluno pouco respeitoso com a normativa e pela articulação que possibilitou apoio econômico. Ao professor Charles Clement pela visão clara e sentido crítico, fundamentais na pesquisa, e pelas oportunidades 'extras'. Ao prof. Sidnei Ferreira e sua colaboradora Beth, pelas informações científicas e ajuda com as sementes. Na Fundação Vitória Amazônica, a toda equipe, fundamentais na aceitação e 'liberação' para poder realizar a pesquisa. Especialmente aos camaradas Carlos Durigan e Sergio Borges pelos inestimáveis conselhos científicos e não tão científicos, ao Marcelo Moreira pelo apoio com SIG nos momentos críticos e a Karla Tavares, tanto pela ajuda em Barcelos, como por estar do meu lado todos os dias. Duas pessoas determinantes em tudo foram Fabiano e Satya, nos sucessos alcançados no 2006 e 2007 e também na superação dos momentos difíceis. Obrigado. Aos pesquisadores: Laure Emperaire, Andres Etter, Arnaldo Carneiro, Ângela Junqueira, Pedro Albajar e todos aqueles que colaboraram de alguma forma com a proposta. Destaco ao companheiro 'Brasa' (Marcelo Santos) pelas orientações com MAXENT e derivados (Valeu!) Aos companheiros do ATU, o tempo passa rápido. A FAPEAM, pela bolsa nos primeiros meses e pelo financiamento do projeto, e ao INPA com a colaboração financeira com combustível. Aos funcionários do CITEC/IBAMA/Manaus, especialmente a Susan, pelas facilitações no registro das ATPF. v Ao comerciante-patrão L.C. que fez um esforço sincero de mostrar o outro lado, e em parte conseguiu. Embora temos divergências na forma compartilhamos nossa paixão pela piaçaba. A Ilenise, minha esposa e Dona Iracema, mulheres temperamentais, guerreiras e muito trabalhadoras, por tudo. A todos os PIAÇABEIROS, eles são os atores principais, estando no final da fila. Espero que este trabalho os ajude. Especialmente: Seia (Mateiro), L. Barbosa (pelas informações no Buracão), galera do branco (pela descoberta da serra 'Diniz pés descalços'), galera do Javarí (pela alucinação da serra do Aracá), seu Otílio e Dona Juliana (pela ajuda com o óleo) e Delegado e Mocinho (pela ajuda com as toras). A aqueles que esqueci e que são do bem. Desculpem. vi RESUMO. O extrativismo de fibra de piaçaba permanece no médio rio Negro como importante atividade econômica para as famílias da cidade e das comunidades do interior. A carência de dados e de sistematização do conhecimento atual relativos à socioeconomia da atividade e de dados biológicos da espécie não tem ajudado na avaliação objetiva das relações comerciais pelo aviamento no contexto geográfico e histórico em que se dá a exploração do recurso. Por um lado, o endemismo da espécie (Leopoldinia piassaba Wallace), as novas estratégias produtivas, a manutenção das demandas de mercado e as restrições territoriais no uso do recurso podem conduzir a cenários de sobre-pressão desta palmeira, susceptível às mudanças climáticas. Por outro, o êxodo rural acontecido nas últimas décadas e a falta de alternativas no entorno urbano consolida o extrativismo de recursos florestais para os moradores da cidade como destacada atividade econômica. Neste contexto se propõe a caracterização da atividade extrativista no contexto histórico, social, cultural, econômico e ambiental em que se insere, comparando as formas de exploração do recurso entre as diferentes estratégias de uso e visando avaliar o impacto ao nível de indivíduo, população e ambiente. A sistematização e complementação de dados sobre a biologia e ecologia da espécie subsidiarão esta análise. A metodologia deste estudo combina a coleta e análise bibliográfica, de cartografias e imagens geográficas, dados produtivos em órgãos oficiais, de coordenadas de presença da espécie, por meio da observação e experimentação biológica e ecológica (com marcação de transectos e contagem de indivíduos, testes de germinação e extração de óleo) e da pesquisa social junto aos atores e agentes da cadeia comercial. A descrição detalhada do aviamento mostra relações alem do ato econômico, mediadas por estratégias (jogo d'água, tara, desconto na balança e impurezas) que geram conflitos e desacordos. O balanço econômico da cadeia ilustra a corrente de crédito e débito que vai do exportador ao freguês e a concentração do lucro. A falta de alternativas, a solidez do aviamento no espaço geográfico, o hábito da prática e as funções extra-econômicas do relacionamento comercial devem nortear a análise do sistema que pode ser aprimorado por meio da agregação de valor e integração dos pequenos patrões locais. A sobre-pressão detectada nas áreas de coleta no médio rio Negro e a deterioração urbana reforçam a necessidade de levar em conta o uso de recursos dos coletores urbanos em futuras delimitações territoriais através de acordos de uso. A modelagem por meio dos algoritmos de máxima entropia (MAXENT) e a complementação de dados biológicos e ecológicos consolida a piaçaba como espécie indicadora dos impactos das mudanças climáticas, com o objetivo de prever alternativas caso os cenários mais dramáticos sejam confirmados. vii viii ABSTRACT. The piaçaba fiber extractivism remains in the middle Negro river as an important economical activity to the families in the city and for the communities in the interland. The lack of data and current knowledge systematization related to the activity socio- economical and the biological data of the species have not helped in the objective evaluation of the commercial relations by the shipment in the historical and geographical context where the resource exploration is done. In one hand, the species endemism (Leopoldinia piassaba Wallace), the new productive strategies, the market demands maintenance and the territorial restrictions in the use of the resource can lead to under-pressure sceneries of this palm tree which is susceptible to weather changes. In the other hand, the rural exodus that happened in the last decades and the lack of alternatives in the urban buffer area consolidates the extractivism of forest resources to the city inhabitants as a highlighted economical activity. In the context, it is proposed the characterization of the extractivist activity in the historical social, cultural, economical and environmental contexts in which is inserted, comparing the resources exploration ways among the different uses strategies and aiming to evaluate the impact to the level of the human being, the population and the environment. The systematization and complementation of data about the species biology and ecology will support this analysis. This study methodology combines the gathering and bibliography analysis of cartographies and geographical images, productive data in official organs of coordinates of the species presence, through the observation and biological and ecological experimentation (with demarcation of transects and individuals counting, germination tests and oil extraction) and of the social research along with the actors and commercial chain agents. The detailed shipment description show relations over the economical act, halved by strategies (‘jogo d’água’, tare, deduction of the weight of balance and impurities) that generate conflicts and disagreements. The economical balance of the chain illustrates the credit and debit flow that
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