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Islamic Revivalism and Politics in Post Suharto Indonesia: a Study of Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (Pks, the Prosperous Justice Party)

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Islamic Revivalism and Politics in Post Suharto Indonesia: a Study of Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (Pks, the Prosperous Justice Party) ISLAMIC REVIVALISM AND POLITICS IN POST SUHARTO INDONESIA: A STUDY OF PARTAI KEADILAN SEJAHTERA (PKS, THE PROSPEROUS JUSTICE PARTY) BY NOSTALGIAWAN WAHYUDHI A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Human Sciences (Political Science) Kuliyyah of Islamic Reveal Knowledge and Human Sciences International Islamic University Malaysia AUGUST 2012 ABSTRACT This thesis addresses the issue of contemporary Islamic revivalism and politics in Post-Suharto Indonesia, with special reference to the role of Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS, the Prosperous Justice Party). It studies the origin of the party, its ideology, structure and political platform; and explains why they had changed in post- Suharto Indonesia. Based on Douglas C. North theory of ‗transactional cost world‘, the study argues that the dynamics of the Indonesian democratic political environment have determined the strategy of PKS. Political constraints create transactional politics that triggered the party to adjust its ideology and structures to the prevailing political needs in order to increase its electability. The discourse maintains that, firstly, the revivalist party has roots in Indonesian politics and takes lessons from the experience of two Indonesian Islamic organizations, namely Sarekat Islam (Muslim Union) and Masyumi (The Shūrā Council of Muslim Indonesians). Secondly, the party has an ideological linkage to the Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt. Finally, in order to maximize its electoral appeal, the PKS adjusted its ideology and structure to the needs and interests of the core electorate. It shifts its ideology to the centre of political spectrum as an inclusive nationalist-religious party, which is close to the character of a catch-all party. On the other hand, it still maintains the character of a mass party by embracing Islam through the Muslim Brotherhood‘s cadre system. ii خﻻصة البحث تتناول ىذه الدراسة قضية اﻹحياء اﻹسﻻمي وسياساتو يف عهد إندونيسيا مابعد سوىارتو، مع تركيز خاص على الدور الذي لعبو حزب العدالة )PKS( يف ىذه الفًتة. ويتضمن ذلك نشأة احلزب، إيديولوجيتو وبناءه، كما حتاول إيضاح التحّول الذي طرأ على احلزب يف إندونيسيا ما بعد سوىارتو . وبناءاً على نظرية دوجﻻس س . نورث، فإ ّن قيمة التعامل التجاري العاملي وديناميكية املناخ الدميقراطي والسياسي يف إندونيسيا ىي اليت حّددت اسًتاتيجية حزب العدالة )PKS(. إ ّن الكوابح السياسية ختلق منطاً من التعامل السياسي يدفع احلزب إىل تعديل إيديولوج يتو مبا يتماشى مع اﻻحتياجات السياسية الراىنة، وذلك حىت يزيد من فرصو يف الفوز يف اﻻنتخابات . تتكد الدراسة أوﻻ ً: أ ّن ىذا احلزب الذي يدعو إىل اﻹحياء اﻹسﻻمي لو جذور يف السياسة اﻹندونيسية ىذا باﻹضافة إىل أنّو يستهدي بتجارب منظمتني إسﻻميتني يف إندونيسيا مها اﻹحتاد اﻹسﻻمي )Sarekat( وجملس شورى مسلمي إندونيسيا )Masyumi(، انيا ً: للحزب عﻻقة باﻹخوان املسلمني يف مصر . أخرياً، ومن أجل مضاعفة رصيده اﻻنتخايب، عّدل احلزب من إيديولوجيتو وبنيتو حىت يتواءم مع احتياجات ومصاحل املتحمسني من مجهور ناخبيو . لقد حّول احل زب إيديولوجيتو إىل مركز الطبق السياسي كحزب قومي وديين منفتح على اجلميع مما جيعلو يُتصف بـ "حزب الكل" ويف اجلانب اﻵخر مازال احلزب حيتفظ بشخصيتو اجلماىريية بتبنيو لﻹسﻻم على نسق كادر اﻹخوان املسلمني. iii APPROVAL PAGE I certify that I have supervised and read this study and that in my opinion; it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Master of Human Science (Political Science). ….………………..…………… Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim Supervisor ……………………………….. El-Fatih A. Abdel Salam Co-Supervisor I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion; it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Master of Human Science (Political Science). .……………..………………… Wahabuddin Ra‘ees Examiner This dissertation was submitted to the Department of Political Science and is accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Human Science (Political Science). ……………..…………………. Md. Moniruzzaman Head, Department of Political Science This dissertation was submitted to the Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences and is accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Human Sciences (Political Science). ..………………………………. Mahmood Zuhdi Ab. Majid Dean, Kulliyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences iv DECLARATION I hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted as a whole for any other degrees at IIUM or other institutions. Nostalgiawan Wahyudhi Signature …………………...……………… Date ……………..…… v INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND AFFIRMATION OF FAIR USE OF UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH Copyright © 2012 by Nostalgiawan Wahyudhi. All rights reserved. ISLAMIC REVIVALISM AND POLITICS IN POST SUHARTO INDONESIA: A STUDY OF PARTAI KEADILAN SEJAHTERA (PKS, THE PROSPEROUS JUSTICE PARTY) I hereby affirm that The International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) holds all rights in the copyright of this Work and henceforth any reproduction or use in any form or by means whatsoever is prohibited without the written consent of IIUM. No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Affirmed by Nostalgiawan Wahyudhi ………………….. …………………. Signature Date vi DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to all Muslim Ummah and my precious family: Diana, Fatih, Aisha and El-Din. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the name of Allah, the most compassionate and the most merciful. Praise be to Allah, Lord of the universe, and peace and prayers be upon His final Prophet and Messenger. I would like to take this opportunity to extend my deepest gratitude to all those who assisted me during my Master studies at International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Chief among these are my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, and my co-supervisor, Prof. Dr. El-Fatih Abdullahi Abdel Salam, whose critical comments and passionate guidance enabled me to complete my research project and also for their tireless and generous advices during the very initial stages of this thesis. Prof. Dr. Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, with his patience and expertise, enlightened me in matters of Islamic movement and revivalism and helped me deal with the hardship and complexities of my studies within his valuable and busy time as the Director of the International Institute of Muslim Unity (IIMU) and the Dean of International Islamic Thought and Civilization (ISTAC). The earlier stage of this work benefitted from Prof. Dr. El-Fatih Abdullahi Abdel Salam‘s advice to simplify the scope of this study and his fatherly advice to keep my spirit in completing this research. Words are simply insufficient to express my deepest gratitude to both of them. I would also like to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wahabuddin Raees for reading this thesis and giving valuable advices and supports for further development of this study. I am indebted for valuable guidance, constructive advices and critical comments from Prof. Dr. Abdul Rashid Moten to improve the theoretical framework of this study. I am thankful for his patience and kindness in responding to my requests for assistance in the early stages of this thesis. I also address my highest gratitude to him for his timely and valuable lectures during his Islamization of Knowledge classes that shaped my worldview and inspired me to take this topic for my Master Research. I also wish to express my deep gratitude to the Head of Department of Political Science, Dr. Tunku Mohar Tunku Mokhtar, and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ishtiaq Hossain, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Garoot Suleiman Eisa, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Md. Moniruzzaman, Dr. Muhamad Fuzi Omar, Dr. Danial Yusof and all lecturers in the Department of Political Science. I am also deeply thankful to Prof. Dr. Noore Alam Siddiquee, a senior lecturer from Flinders University, Australia, for his interesting discussion on Indonesia during his stay as Visiting Professor at IIUM. I also express my gratitude to the Dean and Deputy Dean of The Kulliyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences (KIRKHS), Dean and Deputy Dean of Centre for Postgraduate Studies. My special acknowledgement is to Dr. Ali Muhammad for helping me in collecting ‗scarce‘ journal articles at the Leiden University and KITLV, the Netherlands. Acknowledgements also go to my Doctoral colleagues Saprinal Manurung, Abdul Rashid, Dr. Malki A. Nasir, Adam Isiaka (Nigeria), Kakuba Sultan Juma (Uganda) and my Master‘s colleagues Syahril Khairul, Fahrur Rofi, Dewi Febrian, Ina Handayani, Maisarah Saniah, Nurliyana Fatin, Fiqih Risalah, Maulana Rifai, Abdurrahman (Somalia), Bendebka Ramzi (Algeria), Mohammad Zunnurain (Nigeria), Abdul Wasiu (Nigeria), Adekunle Daud (Nigeria), Belkin Altekov (Kazakhstan), Wan Idris Paduka (Thailand) and Abdul Ahad (China). I also thank to viii all colleagues at the Worldview of Islam Series (WISE) programme, in honour of the thoughts of Prof. Dr. Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas, Dr. Syamsudin Arif, Dr. Wan Suhaimi, Prof. Dr. Muhammad Zainiy Uthman, Prof. Dr. Wan Mohd. Nor Wan Daud and all seniors. I also would like to thank to Dr. Noorlide Abu Kassim, the Director of Centre for Professional Development (CPD), for her continuous support and trust in my academic abilities and providing me with opportunities to take
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